1.
San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
San Jose State University
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San José State University is a comprehensive public university located in San Jose, California, United States. Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres, SJSU offers 134 bachelors and masters degrees with 110 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations. The university also offers two joint doctoral programs and one independent doctoral program as of 2014. SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, SJSUs total enrollment was 32,154 in fall 2016, including nearly 5,800 graduate students. As of fall 2015, graduate student enrollment at SJSU was the second-highest of any campus in the CSU system, as of fall 2014, the top five most popular undergraduate majors at SJSU were psychology, accounting, marketing, business management, and biological sciences. As of fall 2014, the top five most popular programs were software engineering, electrical engineering, library and information sciences, social work. More San José State University alumni are hired by Silicon Valley firms than graduates of any college or university. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference, what is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco, founded by George W. Minns. In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School, the school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871, and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day. In 1881, a bell was forged to commemorate the school. The bell was inscribed with the words California State Normal School, A. D.1881, the original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals. In August 1882, a branch campus of the California State Normal School opened in Los Angeles. In 1921, the California State Normal School changed its name to the State Teachers College at San Jose, in 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the schools name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the name to San José State University. In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program and it holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the police school near Tower Hall. In 1942, the old gym was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps, coincidentally, Uchidas parents and siblings were among those processed in the building. In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions
4.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
AstroTurf
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AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. The original AstroTurf product was a synthetic turf. The prime reason to incorporate AstroTurf on game fields was to avoid the cost of laying natural turf, the name AstroTurf has evolved into a generic trademark and is sometimes used to refer to all brands of artificial turf. The original AstroTurf brand product was co-invented in 1965 by Donald L. Elbert, James M. Faria and it was patented in 1965 and originally sold under the name ChemGrass. It was re-branded as AstroTurf by an employee named John A. Wortmann after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Early iterations of the short pile turf swept the major stadia, concerns over directionality and traction led Monsantos R&D department to implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, in 1987, Monsanto consolidated its AstroTurf management, marketing, and technical activities in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the stock of AstroTurf Industries. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. acquired the AstroTurf brand, in 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc. While AstroTurf was the leader throughout the late 20th century. FieldTurf, AstroTurfs chief competitor in the early 2000s and today and this third generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third generation turf product, increased competition, despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. Out of the proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. of Dalton, Georgia, acquired the AstroTurf brand. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand under the company AstroTurf, LLC, in 2006, General Sports Venue became TMAs marketing partner for the AstroTurf brand for the American market. AstroTurf, LLC handled the marketing of AstroTurf in the rest of the world, in 2009, TMA acquired GSV in order to enter the marketplace as a direct seller. AstroTurf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid growth, AstroTurf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect and field prefabrication. AstroTurf also introduced a product called RootZone consisting of crimped fibers designed to encapsulate infill and this product has been adopted by many professional organizations and colleges in the United States. In 2016, SportGroup Holding announced that it would purchase AstroTurf,1964 The Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, installs ChemGrass
6.
FieldTurf
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FieldTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. It is manufactured and installed by FieldTurf Tarkett, a division of French company Tarkett Inc. headquartered in Calhoun, Georgia, in the late 1990s, the artificial surface changed the industry with a design intended to replicate real grass. The new system quickly began taking market share from AstroTurf, and is now the leader in the industry, the surface is composed of monofilament polyethylene blend fibers tufted into a polypropylene backing. The infill is composed of a layer of silica sand, a middle layer which is a mixture of sand and cryogenic rubber. The fibers are meant to replicate blades of grass, while the acts as a cushion. This cushion is intended to improve safety when compared to earlier artificial surfaces and allows players to plant, each square foot of turf contains approximately 3 kg of sand and 1.5 kg of cryogenic rubber. FieldTurf does not use shock absorbency pads below its infill, the backing of the turf is a combination of woven and non-woven polypropylene. These materials are permeable and allow water to drain through the backing itself, jean Prévost bought the patent of the FieldTurf product in 1988 and originally named his Montreal-based company SynTenni Co. a name which would eventually be dropped in favor of FieldTurf Inc. In 1995, John Gilman, a former Canadian Football League player and coach, in 1997, FieldTurf made its first major installation for a professional team, at the training facility for the English Premierships Middlesbrough F. C. As of 2012, FieldTurf has installed over 7000 athletic fields, in 2005, French flooring manufacturer and minority shareholder Tarkett increased its share in FieldTurf, which led to the integration of the two companies. FieldTurf is now a part of the Tarkett Sports division, part of the holding company Tarkett SA, the FieldTurf head corporate office is located in Calhoun, Georgia. In May 2010, FieldTurf acquired EasyTurf of San Diego, California, by late 2016, press reports were describing the companys product as defective. A number of agencies in New Jersey had joined together to file a lawsuit against the firm. The suits allege that the DuraSpine product it sold was inferior, internal company documents showed the company knew its sales claims were false. There is evidence showing higher player injury on artificial turf, in a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the American Journal of Sports Medicine, Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009. the injury rate of knee sprains as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a significantly higher than on grass. There are conflicting studies of the safety of FieldTurf, a five-year study funded by FieldTurf and published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine found that injury rates for high school sports were similar on natural grass and synthetic turf
7.
San Jose State Spartans
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The San Jose State Spartans are the athletic teams that represent San José State University. SJSU sports teams compete in the Mountain West Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level, the university has participated in athletics since it first fielded a baseball team in 1890. San José State University sports teams have won NCAA national titles in track and field, cross country, golf, boxing, fencing, as of July 2014, SJSU has won 10 NCAA national Division 1 team championships and produced 50 NCAA national Division 1 individual champions. SJSU also has achieved a reputation for its judo program. SJSU alumni have won 19 Olympic medals dating back to the first gold won by Willie Steele in track. Alumni also have won medals in swimming, judo and boxing, the track team coached by Bud Winter earned San Jose the nickname Speed City, and produced Olympic medalists and social activists Lee Evans, John Carlos and Tommie Smith. Smith and Carlos are perhaps best remembered for giving the raised fist salute from the podium during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City. San José State University sponsors teams in seven mens and thirteen womens NCAA sanctioned sports, # = Gymnastics and womens water polo team compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. ## = The mens water polo team competes in the Golden Coast Conference * = Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which had its first national championship in the spring of 2016, San Jose State is currently an independent. Due to the original designation as a teachers college, SJSUs mascot changed many times before the school finally adopted the Spartans as the official mascot. Mascots and nicknames prior to 1922 included the Daniels, the Teachers, the Pedagogues, the Normals, the schools current mascot is Sammy the Spartan or Sammy Spartan for short. After 1887, the name of the San Jose campus was the State Normal School at San Jose. Despite the SNS identity, the continued to be referred to as the California State Normal School. A recent historical exhibit in the Martin Luther King Library on the San José State campus featured a number of pieces of State Normal School memorabilia, including a SNS pennant. San Jose State shares rivalries with fellow Mountain West members, Fresno State, San Diego State and Hawaii, as well as Stanford due to its close proximity, in all sports. With its shared history, CSU affiliate Fresno State University is SJSUs biggest rival, Athletic programs challenge for local turf, especially in SJSU vs SCU basketball and baseball games. The Event Center, Aquatic Center, and the Spartan Complex are the sports facilities on the main campus for athletes.5 mi south of the main campus. A north end zone building addition for CEFCU Stadium is currently in the planning stages, the estimated cost of the project is $40 million
8.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
9.
United Soccer Leagues
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The United Soccer Leagues is the organizer of several soccer leagues with teams in the United States, Canada and the Caribbean. It includes mens and womens leagues, both professional and amateur, Leagues currently organized are the United Soccer League, the Premier Development League and the youth Super Y-League and Super-20 League. It is directly affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation, the United States Adult Soccer Association,1986 Established as Southwest Indoor Soccer League 1989 Added an outdoor league known as the Southwest Outdoor Soccer League. This was soon changed to Southwest Independent Soccer League which included both the indoor and outdoor leagues,1996 Established Select League consisting of strongest teams from Division 3 Pro League and Amateur Premier League in hopes of gaining Division 2 sanctioning. 1997 Select League and the former American Professional Soccer League merged to form A-League under the USISL umbrella,1999 Umbrella USISL changed its name to the modern United Soccer Leagues. United Soccer League was a division in the temporary USSF Division 2 league,2010 USL announced the formation of USL Pro, which merged the USL First Division and USL Second Division. 2011 Inaugural season of USL Pro,2011 USL takes over operation of the Major Indoor Soccer League. 2013 The W-20 League is launched, a league that is operationally aligned with the USL W-League. 2015 USL Pro renamed United Soccer League 2015 USL W-League and W-20 League cease operations, founded in 1985 by Francisco Marcos, the Southwest Indoor Soccer League was first intended as a minor indoor league associated with Major Indoor Soccer League. The league began with five teams, all owned by individuals who owned or operated indoor soccer arenas in the Southwest United States, League headquarters was in Austin, Texas. In 1986, Marcos team, the Austin Sockadillos, entered the league giving it six teams, by 1989, the league had set its sights on greater prospects than remaining a small, semi-professional indoor league. The USL began operations in 1986 as the Southwest Indoor Soccer League, the league quickly expanded and added an outdoor season in 1989. In 1991, the league renamed itself the United States Interregional Soccer League, by then, the outdoor league overshadowed the indoor league which continued to slowly dwindle in importance. By the 1997–98 season, only five teams remained indoors while the season had over a hundred teams divided into a three-division structure. This led the league to stop running an indoor league, in 2010, the USL began to consider relaunching an indoor season. However, it decided instead to take operations of the Major Indoor Soccer League. The champions were determined by a games in 1987,1988,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996 and 1998. The champions were determined by a best of three series in 1998 and a best of five series in 1989,1990 and 1991, in 1989, the Southwest Indoor Soccer League added a summer, outdoor season known as the Southwest Outdoor Soccer League
10.
San Jose Earthquakes
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The San Jose Earthquakes is an American professional soccer team based in San Jose, California, United States, that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer. The franchise began play in 1996, as one of the clubs of the league. The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history, the Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles, in 2001 and 2003, and two Supporters Shields in 2005 and 2012. In 2002, the played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup. The team holds a rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico. In 2005, the owner of the Earthquakes, Anschutz Entertainment Group. The organization in Houston would be considered a team by the league, eventually being known as the Houston Dynamo. The Earthquakes returned after a hiatus, resuming play in 2008. Their head coach is Dominic Kinnear, who coached the team from 2004 to 2005. The Earthquakes play their games at Avaya Stadium beginning in 2015. The team previously played its games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara. The franchises roots trace back to 1974, when the North American Soccer League awarded a franchise to San Jose. The name Earthquakes originally came from a newspaper contest in the San Jose Mercury News, Earthquakes was chosen by the teams general manager Dick Berg, but was criticized due to San Joses proximity to the San Andreas Fault. The NASL folded after the 1984 season and the Earthquakes played in the Western Soccer League from 1985–88, in 1988, Bridgwater sold the team. When the team folded later that year, the WSL awarded a franchise to Dan Van Voorhis, Van Voorhis named his new team the Blackhawks, after a real estate development of his. The San Francisco Bay Blackhawks entered the WSL for the 1989 season, in 1991, Van Voorhis hired a former Earthquakes player, Laurie Calloway, as coach. Calloway coached a full of players who would later play for San Jose in MLS, including John Doyle, Troy Dayak, Paul Bravo. In a preview of what was to later in MLS
11.
Major League Soccer
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Major League Soccer is a mens professional soccer league, sanctioned by U. S. Soccer, that represents the sports highest level in both the United States and Canada. MLS constitutes one of the professional sports leagues of the United States. The league comprises 22 teams—19 in the U. S. and 3 in Canada, the MLS regular season runs from March to October, with each team playing 34 games, the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters Shield. The postseason includes twelve teams competing in the MLS Cup Playoffs through November and December, culminating in the championship game, MLS teams also play in other domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U. S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship. MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League, Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams, MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years, The league lost millions of dollars, teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums, and two teams folded in 2002. Instead of operating as an association of independently owned teams, MLS is an entity in which each team is owned and controlled by the leagues investors. The investor-operators control their teams as owners control teams in other leagues, MLS headquarters is located in New York City. Major League Soccers regular season runs from March to October, teams are divided into the Eastern and Western Conferences. Teams play 34 games in a schedule,23 matches against teams within their conference. Midway through the season, teams break for the annual All-Star Game, at the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters Shield. While MLS has looked into changing to a format, there are no current plans to do so. If the league were to change its schedule, a break would be needed, especially with several teams in colder climates. It would also have to compete with the more popular National Football League, National Hockey League, MLS teams also play in other competitions. Every year, up to five MLS teams play in the CONCACAF Champions League against other clubs from the CONCACAF region, two U. S. -based MLS teams qualify based on MLS regular-season results, the winner of the Western conference and the winner of the Eastern conference. The third U. S. team to qualify is the winner of the MLS Cup. A fourth U. S. -based MLS team can qualify via the U. S. Open Cup, Canadian MLS clubs play against lower division Canadian clubs in the Canadian Championship for the one Champions League spot allocated to Canada. MLSs 22 teams are divided between the Eastern and Western Conferences, each club is allowed up to 28 players on its first team roster
12.
San Jose CyberRays
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San Jose CyberRays was a professional soccer team that played in the Womens United Soccer Association. The team played at Spartan Stadium on the South Campus of San José State University in San Jose, stars included U. S. National Team star Brandi Chastain, WUSA Goalkeeper of the Year LaKeysia Beene, and leading scorer Julie Murray. Other memorable CyberRays were Brazilians Sissi and Katia, Tisha Venturini, and ironwoman Thori Bryan and they were coached by Ian Sawyers, who received WUSA Coach of the Year honors in 2001. The CyberRays were founded in 2000 as a member of the Womens United Soccer Association, the league featured many of the stars from the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup. The team featured United States womens national team players and league founding players Brandi Chastain, Tisha Venturini, the team won the WUSA title for the leagues inaugural season in 2001. The CyberRays triumphed over the Atlanta Beat, in a 4-2 shootout after double overtime of a 3-3 game and it was the only year in the countrys history that both a womens and mens professional soccer team won championship titles in the same city. The bold changes didnt have the effect, however. One bright spot was the emergence of Katia, who scored 15 goals, the CyberRays had high hopes for 2003, but an anemic offense hurt the team all year. The team remained in contention until the end of the season, but even bigger problems were brewing in the background, as the WUSA continued to struggle financially. The CyberRays folded on September 15,2003, when the league announced it was suspending operations, where a player has not declared an international allegiance, nation is determined by place of birth. Squad correct as of August 15,2003, the CyberRays played at Spartan Stadium on the South Campus of San José State University in San Jose, California. The stadium was used for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup and was also the home of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer from 1996 to 2005, at the time, the stadium featured a grass pitch and up to 30,456 capacity. In 2002, games were broadcast on television via PAX TV, California Bears assistant coach Jennifer Thomas provided color commentary while KCBS Radio sports announcer Hal Ramey was the play-by-play announcer. A number of games were broadcast on Turner Sports and CNN/Sports Illustrated. Womens Professional Soccer National Womens Soccer League San Jose CyberRays website WUSA on Fun While It Lasted
13.
Women's United Soccer Association
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The Womens United Soccer Association, often abbreviated to the WUSA, was the worlds first womens soccer league in which all the players were paid as professionals. Founded in February 2000, the league began its first season in April 2001 with eight teams in the United States, the league suspended operations on September 15,2003, shortly after the end of its third season, after making cumulative losses of around US $100 million. As a result of the US Womens National Teams first-place showing in the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup, at various times, games were televised on TNT, CNNSI, ESPN2, PAX TV, and various local and regional sports channels. The WUSA franchises were located in Philadelphia, Boston, New York City, Washington, the Founders Cup was awarded to the winner of a four-team, single-elimination postseason playoff. WUSAs sudden death overtime was 15 minutes long and only used in the play-offs, the WUSA played for three full seasons, suspending operations on September 15,2003, shortly after the conclusion of the third season. Neither television ratings nor attendance met forecasts, while the league spent its initial $40 million budget, planned to last five years, by the end of the first season. Even though the players took salary cuts of up to 30% for the season, with the founding players taking the largest cuts. In the hopes of a relaunch of the league, all rights to team names, logos. Efforts to line up new sources of capital and operating funds continued, a new womens professional soccer league in the United States called Womens Professional Soccer started in 2009. However, that league suspended operations in January 2012, list of WUSA drafts Womens Professional Soccer National Womens Soccer League Womens United Soccer Association on FunWhileItLasted. net
14.
Silicon Valley Football Classic
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It had a contractual tie-in with the Western Athletic Conference and the Pac-10. The bowl was initially televised on Fox Sports Net and later moved to ESPN2, the Silicon Valley Bowl got off to a positive start as the 2000 game matched conference powers Air Force against Fresno State. The game drew about 85% of the capacity and fans saw an exciting 37–34 contest with one of the most memorable finishes of the year. With Air Force leading 37–34 with 14 seconds left, Fresno State faked a field goal, the 2001 edition proved to be just as entertaining as Big Ten power Michigan State accepted an invitation to play Fresno State. The game was a sellout with over 30,000 fans in attendance. Michigan State would defeat Fresno 44–35 in a shootout that would be the last college game for the 2002 NFL Draft first pick, David Carr. Carr would throw for 531 yards and 4 touchdowns in a game also featured future NFL players Jeff Smoker, Charles Rogers, TJ Duckett. Things would eventually take a turn for the worse in 2002 when only 10,132 fans attended the third Silicon Valley Bowl, which featured Fresno St. and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team. The 2002 game was hampered by bad weather combined with Georgia Tech bringing very few fans across the country to the game, Fresno State defeated Georgia Tech 30–21. Fellow California team UCLA accepted an invitation to the 2003 game against Fresno State, after the 2003 game, the NCAA instituted new rules for the 2004-05 Bowl Season stating that stadiums had to draw at least 70% of their capacity for bowl games in order to continue hosting them. The 2004 game would mark the end of the bowl, although the bowl once again would have pre-season bowl tie-ins with the WAC and Pac-10, neither conference would produce enough bowl-eligible teams to fulfill their obligations to the Classic. Silicon Valley Bowl officials would have to make do and invited Northern Illinois of the Mid-American Conference, the two schools fielded relatively low-profile teams that year, and both schools were located more than 2,000 miles away from the games location. The two teams also represented two of the three lowest-ranked bowl eligible teams in the NCAA that season, the only other bowl eligible team that could have been picked was another team from the MAC in Akron. The 2004 Silicon Valley Bowl game itself was a disaster from the start, also, just prior to the opening kickoff, the driving rain and wind caused an electrical transformer outside the stadium to malfunction, causing two light stanchions inside the stadium to fail. There also were persistent problems with the feed that included starting the game 23 minutes late. Game attendance was a dismal 5,494, which represented approximately 18% of Spartan Stadiums capacity of 30,456, even though the play by both teams was competitive and exciting, the inclement weather, empty stands and bad lighting amounted to a very unattractive national television broadcast. Aside from the failure of the 2004 game, there were other issues that led to the bowl games demise. Three out of the five games were played in horrible weather conditions, the type of rain experienced during the 2002,2003 and 2004 games is highly uncommon in the San Jose area at that time of year
15.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
16.
San Francisco Dragons
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The San Francisco Dragons were a professional field lacrosse team based in San Francisco and San Jose, California. From 2006–2008, they played in Major League Lacrosse and they ceased operations before the 2009 season due to the situation in the United States. The San Francisco Dragons were awarded an MLL franchise in July 2005, the original owners were Michael Levitt, Chris Bulger, and Charley Biggs. The inaugural season commenced on May 28,2006, against the Denver Outlaws and they lost the game 15–11, but went on to beat the Outlaws two times later in the season. The Dragons spent their first 2 seasons in Kezar Stadium, the Dragons had a strong inaugural season led by league MVP and Offensive Player of the Year, Ryan Powell. They finished the season 7–5 and a playoff team and they lost in the semifinals to emerging rivals the Denver Outlaws, 23–14. On April 4,2007 the Dragons were acquired by a local Bay Area investment group from the Dragons previous East Coast owner, the 2007 season began on May 19, with a loss in Denver to the Denver Outlaws, 14–21. The 2007 Home Opener was played on June 2 with a loss against the Long Island Lizards, for the 2008 season it was announced the Dragons would be moving 50 miles south to San Jose, California to play at Spartan Stadium. They were however still called the San Francisco Dragons
17.
Major League Lacrosse
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Major League Lacrosse is a field lacrosse league consisting of nine teams in the United States. Founded in 1999, the inaugural season was in 2001. MLL averaged 4,268 spectators per game during the 2016 season, MLL players reportedly earn annual salaries in the $10, 000–$25,000 range, players and staff generally hold other jobs. Major League Lacrosse was founded in 1998 by Jake Steinfeld, Dave Morrow, Steinfeld is the creator of the Body By Jake line of exercise equipment and videos, Morrow is a former All-American lacrosse player and the president of Warrior Sports. MLL began regular play in June 2001 with six teams in the northeastern U. S. split into two divisions. The American Division included teams in Boston, Bridgeport CT, and Long Island, the National Division included teams in Baltimore, New Jersey, the MLL played a 14-game regular season its first two years, in 2003, the schedule was cut to 12 games. MLL added four teams for the 2006 season, bringing the number of teams up to ten. The league expand to Los Angeles for the 2006 season, with the team playing its games at The Home Depot Center, AEG. Denver, Colorado was also home to a team playing at Invesco Field at Mile High. The league also added teams in the Chicago, Illinois and San Francisco, MLL created a western conference for these four teams, and the MLL Western Conference play began with the 2006 season. In addition the Barrages home game against Boston was played in Boston, at the end of the 2008 season, four teams folded due to financial problems. Several of these teams had suffered from poor average attendance — New Jersey and this contraction forced the remaining six teams to form one conference. At the start of the 2009 season, the Toronto Nationals bought the rights to the Rochester Rattlers, the Toronto team gained the staff and players of the Rochester team, but the Rochester name and the team colors were left in Rochester for the possibility of a future team. The new Rochester franchise played at Sahlens Stadium, the stadium the older Rochester Rattlers used at the end of their tenure in Rochester before relocating to Toronto. During the early years of MLL, the league did not have any teams in the southeast, commissioner David Gross announced on December 9,2010 that two expansion teams would be created for the 2012 season. Charlotte and Columbus were approved in January 2011 to host expansion teams to play in 2012. Gross also stated there would be two more expansion teams for 2013, and that the long-term goal is to have 16 teams by 2020. For the 2011 season, the MLL had an attendance of 6,417
18.
Sequoia sempervirens
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Sequoia sempervirens /sᵻˈkɔɪ. ə sɛmpərˈvaɪrənz/ is the sole living species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae. Common names include coast redwood, coastal redwood and California redwood and it is an evergreen, long-lived, monoecious tree living 1, 200–1,800 years or more. This species includes the tallest living trees on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet in height and these trees are also among the oldest living things on Earth. The name sequoia sometimes refers to the subfamily Sequoioideae, which includes S. sempervirens along with Sequoiadendron, here, the term redwood on its own refers to the species covered in this article, and not to the other two species. Scottish botanist David Don described the redwood as the evergreen taxodium in his colleague Aylmer Bourke Lamberts 1824 work A description of the genus Pinus, austrian botanist Stephan Endlicher erected the genus Sequoia in his 1847 work Synopsis coniferarum, giving the redwood its current binomial name of Sequoia sempervirens. The redwood is one of three living species, each in its own genus, in the subfamily Sequoioideae, molecular studies have shown the three to be each others closest relatives, generally with the redwood and giant sequoia as each others closest relatives. However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood, further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that Sequoia was the result of a hybridization event involving Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron. Thus, Yang and colleagues hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among Metasequoia, Sequoia, the coast redwood can reach 115 m tall with a trunk diameter of 9 m. It has a crown, with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The bark can be thick, up to 1-foot, and quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed. The root system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading lateral roots, the leaves are variable, being 15–25 mm long and flat on young trees and shaded shoots in the lower crown of old trees. On the other hand, they are scale-like, 5–10 mm long on shoots in full sun in the crown of older trees. They are dark green above and have two blue-white stomatal bands below, leaf arrangement is spiral, but the larger shade leaves are twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane for maximum light capture. The species is monoecious, with pollen and seed cones on the same plant, the seed cones are ovoid, 15–32 millimetres long, with 15–25 spirally arranged scales, pollination is in late winter with maturation about 8–9 months after. Each cone scale bears three to seven seeds, each seed 3–4 millimetres long and 0.5 millimetres broad, the seeds are released when the cone scales dry out and open at maturity. The pollen cones are ovular and 4–6 millimetres long and its genetic makeup is unusual among conifers, being a hexaploid and possibly allopolyploid. Both the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of the redwood are paternally inherited, the prevailing elevation range is 98–2,460 ft above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to 3,000 ft. They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater, the tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular
19.
Western United States
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The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
20.
San Jose State Spartans football
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The San Jose State Spartans represent San José State University in NCAA Division I FBS college football. The Spartans play all games in CEFCU Stadium, which offers a seating capacity of just over 30,000. On July 1,2013, SJSU left the Western Athletic Conference, SJSU first fielded a football team in 1893 and has won 16 conference championships dating back to 1932. The first regular football seasons began in 1898 and mostly consisted of games against local schools and some colleges. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Spartan football program was considered a powerhouse, posting 12 consecutive winning seasons, the 1932 and 1939 teams went 7–0–2 and 13–0 respectively, the only undefeated seasons in school history. Spartan Stadium was completed in 1933 with a capacity of 18,000, the Spartans won the first football game played in the stadium, 44–6, over San Francisco State on October 7,1933. Two stadium expansions and renovations in the 1980s increased the capacity from 18,000 to 30,456. The San Jose State Spartans football team served unexpectedly with the Honolulu Police Department during World War II, SJSUs first win over a nationally ranked opponent occurred in 1971 when the Spartans defeated #10 Stanford 13–12 on November 13. Stanford would go on to defeat the University of Michigan in the Rose Bowl that season, SJSUs second win over a ranked opponent occurred four years later in 1975, when the Spartans defeated #18 Stanford 36–34 in a nationally televised game on September 27. SJSU first appeared in the rankings in 1939 when the AP Poll ranked the Spartans #19 in week seven. The team would climb to #18 in week eight, the Spartans did not appear in a national poll again until 1975 when the team was ranked #20 in the AP Poll in week 13. SJSU garnered its first post-season national ranking in 1990 when the Spartans finished #20 in the Coaches Poll, SJSU would not appear in the post-season national rankings again until 2012 when the Spartans finished #21 in both the AP Poll and Coaches Poll. The San Jose Mercury News reported in March 2004 that budget cuts led some faculty members at San Jose State to advocate removing the SJSU football program from Division IA athletics. In 2004, San Jose State defeated the Rice Owls 70–63 in a game set the NCAA Division I record for total points scored. From 2005 through the 2009 season, the San Jose State football program was hit with heavy NCAA sanctions for failing to meet Academic Progress Rate standards, by the start of 2009 season, the Spartans had lost 57 scholarships over a four-year period. By the spring of 2010, the NCAA penalties were lifted, SJSU has produced over 70 All-America team members, including five first-team selections. Coach Dick Tomey took over the program in 2005 amid APR shortcomings that would result in severe penalties imposed by the NCAA, after showing moderate improvement that year, the Spartans had a breakout season in 2006. It was the teams best season since joining the WAC ten years prior, Tomey guided the Spartans to a 9–4 record, a win over rival Fresno State, and a win in the 2006 New Mexico Bowl, thus ending the teams 16-year bowl drought
21.
High school football
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High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada. It ranks among the most popular sports in both countries. It is also popular amongst American High school teams in Europe, High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many college, other traditions of high school football such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football. No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football, therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition. The National Federation of State High School Associations establishes the rules of high school football in the United States, two states, Texas and Massachusetts, use NCAA playing rules except as shown below. Kickoffs take place at the kicking teams 40-yard line, as opposed to the 35 in college, if an attempted field goal is missed it is treated as a punt, normally it would be a touchback and the opposing team will start at the 20-yard line. However, if it not enter the end zone, it can be downed or returned as a normal punt. Any kick crossing the line is automatically a touchback, kicks cannot be returned out of the end zone. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot. The defense cannot return an extra-point attempt for a score, any defensive player that encroaches the neutral zone, regardless of whether the ball was snapped or not, commits a dead ball foul for encroachment. 5-yard penalty from the previous spot, prior to 2013, offensive pass interference resulted in a 15-yard penalty AND a loss of down. The loss of down provision has been deleted from the rules starting in 2013, in college and the NFL, offensive pass interference is only 10 yards. The use of overtime, and the type of overtime used, is up to the state association. The NFHS offers a suggested overtime procedure based on the Kansas Playoff, intentional grounding may be called even if the quarterback is outside the tackle box. The home team must wear dark-colored jerseys, and the team must wear white jerseys. In the NFL, the team has choice of jersey color, and in the NCAA
22.
Soccer Bowl '75
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Soccer Bowl 75 was the championship final of the 1975 NASL season, played between the Tampa Bay Rowdies and the Portland Timbers. The match took place on August 24,1975 at Spartan Stadium, in San Jose and it was the first North American Soccer League championship to be known as the Soccer Bowl. The Tampa Bay Rowdies won the match, 2–0, to claim their first North American championship and this was the third consecutive year that an expansion team won the NASL title. The Tampa Bay Rowdies qualified for the playoffs by virtue of winning the Eastern Division with 135 points, the point total earned them the number 2 seed and the right to host all preliminary rounds of the playoffs. The Rowdies defeated the Toronto Metros-Croatia in the match, 1–0. Three days later they dispatched the Miami Toros, 3–0, in their game played on August 16,1975. The Portland Timbers qualified for the playoffs by virtue of winning the Western Division with 138 points, the point total earned them the number 1 seed and the right to host all preliminary rounds of the playoffs. The Timbers defeated the Seattle Sounders in the match, 2–1. Five days later beat the St. Louis Stars, 1–0, in a semifinal game played on August 17,1975. 1975 NASL Champions, Tampa Bay RowdiesTelevision, CBSAnnouncers, Frank Glieber, Jack Whitaker 1975 North American Soccer League season Video highlight of game
23.
Jumbotron
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Manufactured by Sony, the JumboTron is recognized as one of the largest non-projection video displays ever manufactured. Each display consisted of multiple modules composed of 16 or more small flood-beam CRTs, each of which included from 2 to 16 pixels composed of red, green, Sony displayed one of the earliest versions at the Expo 85 Worlds Fair in Tsukuba. It was actually Mitsubishi Electric that pioneered the development of video screens. That year, the first Diamond Vision board was introduced at the 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Sony creative director Yasuo Kuroki is credited with the development of the JumboTron. Eventually, JumboTron systems adopted LED technology as blue and pure green LEDs were developed, LED-based systems have about 10 times the lifespan of CRT-based systems, a key reason for the change. While the JumboTron and similar large-screen displays are physically large, they were low in display resolution. The JumboTron at the now-demolished Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, measured 30 ft diagonally with a resolution of only 240×192 pixels, screen size since then varies depending on the venue. The display introduced in 1985 was 40 meters wide by 25 meters tall, newer, LED-based large screens have an order of magnitude greater than the early JumboTron resolution at a fraction of the cost. For example, the much publicized center-hung video board in the Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium is 72 feet tall and 160 feet wide, displaying HDTV at 1920 x 1080 resolution,45 times more pixels. The largest JumboTron in use was located at SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, by comparison, a similar-sized LED system sold today would cost around $3 million. The Rogers Centre JumboTron was replaced in 2005 by a Daktronics ProStar as a part of a revitalization project. Precedents and Issues with Billboard Lives JumboTron, The First Electronic Board on West Hollywoods Sunset Strip, media related to Jumbotron at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of jumbotron at Wiktionary Quotations related to Jumbotron at Wikiquote
24.
Daktronics
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The company is known for its electronic LED displays. Daktronics was founded in 1968 by Aelred Kurtenbach and Duane Sander, professors of engineering at South Dakota State University in Brookings. The company began with the design and manufacture of electronic voting systems for state legislatures,1971 Daktronics developed the patented Matside wrestling scoreboard, the first product in the companys line. 1976 Daktronics scoreboards were first used at Olympics, became a publicly traded company, offering shares under the symbol DAKT on the NASDAQ National Market system. 2014 Daktronics installs worlds largest HD display for the Jacksonville Jaguars at EverBank Field, Daktronics acquired Keyframe Inc. a video production and consulting company, in 2000. Today, Daktronics Creative Services designs digital content in HD video, 3D animation and motion graphics, specializing in media networks, Daktronics has been supplying scoreboards and video displays for the Olympics for several years. However, the Olympic Games often have contracts with corporations, such as Swiss Timing. Daktronics has been an influence in NBA rule changes in the 2000s, the company manufactured the first backboard light strips to comply with buzzer beater instant replay rulings, and in 2004, developed a see-through shot clock to improve spectator visibility. Aquatic timing system Scoreboard Official website
25.
FIFA
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The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international governing body of association football, futsal, and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations, although FIFA does not control the rules of football, it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2013, FIFA had revenues of over 1.3 billion U. S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million and those among these officials who were also indicted in the U. S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well. Many officials were suspended by FIFAs ethics committee including Sepp Blatter, in early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee during the FIFA congress in May 2017. The need for a body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries, the founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Also, that day, the German Association declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram. The first president of FIFA was Robert Guérin, Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by then a member of the association. Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina in 1912, Canada and Chile in 1913, and the United States in 1914. During World War I, with players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann and it was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations, who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership, the FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum at Urbis in Manchester, England. The first World Cup in the world was in 1930 in Montevideo, FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and is an association established under the Law of Switzerland. FIFAs supreme body is the FIFA Congress, a made up of representatives from each affiliated member association. Each national football association has one vote, regardless of its size or footballing strength, the Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year, and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998. The congress makes decisions relating to FIFAs governing statutes and their method of implementation and application, only the Congress can pass changes to FIFAs statutes
26.
California State University
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The California State University is a public university system in California. Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff, CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States. It is one of three higher education systems in the state, with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System. The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University, the California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach, California. The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, with nearly 100,000 graduates annually, the CSU is the countrys greatest producer of bachelors degrees. The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state, altogether, about half of the bachelors degrees, one-third of the masters degrees, and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU. Furthermore, the CSU is one of the top U. S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph. D. degrees in a related field. The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is twice as many as any other collegiate system. Since 1961, nearly three million alumni have received their bachelors, masters, or doctoral degrees from the CSU system, CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas. In Fall of 2015,9,282 of CSUs 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track. The school was taken over by the state in 1862 and moved to San Jose and renamed the California State Normal School, a southern branch of the California State Normal School was created in Los Angeles in 1882. In 1887, the California State Legislature dropped the word California from the name of the San Jose and Los Angeles schools, later Chico, San Diego, and other schools became part of the State Normal School system. In 1919, the State Normal School at Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California, in 1927, in May 1921, the legislature enacted a comprehensive reform package for the states educational system, which went into effect that July. This meant that they were to be managed from Sacramento by the deputy director of the division, who in turn was under the state Superintendent of Education, by this time it was already commonplace to refer to most of the campuses with their city names plus the word state. The resulting administrative situation from 1921 to 1960 was quite complicated, at least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue. During the 1920s and 1930s, the State Teachers Colleges started to transition from normal schools into teachers colleges whose graduates would be qualified to teach all K–12 grades. A leading proponent of this idea was Charles McLane, the first president of Fresno State, in 1932, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was asked by the state legislature and governor to perform a study of California higher education. This recommendation spectacularly backfired when the faculties and administrations of the State Teachers Colleges rallied to protect their independence from the Regents
27.
Mountain West Conference
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The Mountain West Conference is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the NCAA Division I FBS. The MW officially began operations in July 1999, geographically, the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States, with member schools located in California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999, before forming the Mountain West Conference, seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference. Half of these had been members of that conference from 1962. Overall, each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West, the 2013–14 academic year was the 15th anniversary season of the MW. The WAC, which had announced plans to expand beyond its then-current 10 members to at least 12. Ultimately, the WAC took in three of the four SWC schools left out of the Big 12 merger—Rice University, Southern Methodist University, however, the newly expanded WAC was soon wracked by tension between the established and new members. The final straw came in spring 1998, when BYU and Utah proposed a permanent split into two eight-team divisions, previously, the WACs 16 teams had been divided into four four-team quadrants, two of which rotated between the Mountain and Pacific Divisions every two years. A two-division setup would have forced some schools into an unnatural alignment because of the distribution of the conference. Air Force was the most strident opponent of this proposal, threatening to become an independent and they invited the WAC members New Mexico, San Diego State, and UNLV, to join them in what became the Mountain West Conference. The next move for the MW came in 2005, when the conference added TCU, on June 11,2010, Boise State University agreed to join the conference as its tenth member. On June 17,2010, Utah announced it would be leaving the Mountain West to join what would become the Pac-12 Conference, both schools accepted and would become the tenth and eleventh members of the league. BYU announced on August 31,2010 that it would leave the Mountain West Conference and go Independent in football, on November 29,2010, TCU announced all athletic teams would move to the Big East Conference effective in 2012. On December 10,2010, the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa accepted a bid to become the 10th member of the conference for football only and these changes would leave the Mountain West Conference with 10 teams for the 2012 football season. However, two of the three schools that qualified are no longer with the conference, on October 14,2011, the Mountain West and C-USA announced a plan for a football only alliance. However, when the two discussed their plans with the NCAA, they were told that due to NCAA rules. As a result, the Mountain West and C-USA backed away from a full merger, in the end, this alliance never materialized due to both conferences soon adding new teams. On May 2,2012, San Jose State and Utah State agreed to join the conference for the 2013–14 academic year
28.
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup
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The 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup, the third edition of the FIFA Womens World Cup, was held in the United States and won by the host team. The final between the U. S. and China, held on July 10 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, U. S. President Bill Clinton was among those in attendance. The final was scoreless after extra time and won by the U. S. in a penalty shootout and this remains the only Womens World Cup tournament in which the host nation has won. An official music video of the number Lets Get Loud by Jennifer Lopez was filmed live at the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup,16 teams participated in the final tournament. The teams were, For a list of all squads that played in the final tournament, a No extra time was played. The following awards were given for the tournament, Sissi of Brazil, in total,123 goals were scored by 74 different players, with three of them credited as own goals
29.
San Jose Municipal Stadium
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The Giants play in the northern division of the California League. The stadium is home to the San Jose State University Spartans college baseball team for some regular season games. The local high school baseball divisions also use Municipal Stadium as their championship field, the stadium also hosts concerts, weddings, dog shows, and many other local events. In the past Muni Stadium has been the field for the San Jose Owls, San Jose Red Sox, San Jose Pirates, San Jose Missions, the San Jose Bees. San Jose Municipal Stadium was built in 1941–1942 as a WPA project at a cost of $80,000 and it was one of the first stadiums to be built entirely of reinforced concrete and opened in 1942. The first game featured the San Francisco Seals as the home team, fans sit very close to the field in four distinct seating areas. The first 7 rows of the grandstand are numbered box seats. General admission seating is available in the rows of the main grandstand on straight backed benches. Down the left and right field lines are several bleachers that are accessible for general admission use, and finally there is table seating down the third base line as part of the famous Turkey Mikes BBQ Area. The stadium has remained unchanged from its original configuration. However, renovations to the facilities and clubhouse were done in 1994 and 3 extra rows of box seating were added in 1996. In 1999, the dugouts were expanded toward the field, players sign autographs before and after every game as California League rules prohibit them from doing so during the game. The outfield walls are lined with advertisements much like the stadiums of the 1920s and 1930s were, over the scoreboard in right field is a Diamond Vision video screen. The out of town scoreboard for other California League games are also hand hung, fans are treated to a variety of games and entertainment in-between innings. Around July 4th every year, fireworks shows help San Jose Municipal Stadium draw its largest attendance of the year, in 1997, the bullpens moved from along the foul lines to the outfield. The visitor and home bullpens create artificial home run porches in left, in 2007, the outfield fence was replaced and moved in 10–20 feet in some areas and bullpens moved once again. Municipal Stadium is located one block from Spartan Stadium, home to the SJSU football team, the area across Alma from Muni is also home to the San Jose State practice fields for soccer, baseball, and softball. Additionally part of Municipal Stadiums parking lot was converted into an indoor ice area named Sharks Ice at San Jose which is the venue for the San Jose Sharks NHL hockey team
30.
San Jose Giants
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The San Jose Giants are a minor league baseball team in San Jose, California, USA. Home games are played at San Jose Municipal Stadium, San Jose, California has hosted multiple minor league baseball teams throughout its history. The current lineage can be traced back to the San Jose Bees who joined the California League in 1962 as an affiliate of the expansion Los Angeles Angels and they switched to a Kansas City Royals affiliate from 1970-1974 and a Cleveland Indians affiliate in 1975-1976. They returned to the California League the following season and became a Montreal Expos affiliate in 1982, the team then became an unaffiliated independent team until it got its current affiliation with the San Francisco Giants in 1988. Since the teams inception, the San Jose Giants have been one of the successful teams in the California League. They captured the championship in 1998,2001,2005,2007,2009. In 2005 and once again in 2007 after being down 2-0 in the best of 5 series, came back home, the team has also made the California League playoffs numerous times and won the Northern Division championship 8 times. The Giants also had the best record of any minor league class A team in the 1990s, the Giants success has shown at the turnstile as attendance has increased 14 of the last 17 years. The SJ Giants are now in their 22nd season being affiliated with the San Francisco Giants and this makes the SJ Giants affiliation the longest currently enjoyed by a team in the California League. 2008 marked a second highest team record attendance of 183,788 for the season, in addition, many players on the Kansas City Royals teams of the 1970s and 1980s, such as George Brett, Amos Otis, and Dennis Leonard, knew their way to San Jose. San Jose Giants games are very rooted in the older traditions of baseball. A simple scoreboard shows basic game data like runs, strikes, balls and this was updated in 2005 to feature lights to denote the count rather than numbers much like Fenway Park in Boston. The out-of-town scoreboard for other California League games is also hand hung, in 2006, the simple scoreboard was replaced with a 21-by-15-foot video screen costing $500,000, and the hand hung out-of-town scoreboard is no longer used. Between innings, fans are treated to a variety games and entertainment, such as a tire toss, the San Jose Giants also added a mascot, Gigante, for the 2006 season. Before Gigantes introduction, San Francisco Giants mascot Lou Seal made occasional appearances, San Jose Giants games were often the home of Krazy George. George is a known fan in the San Francisco Bay Area who attends not only SJ Giants games but also many of the MLB, NFL, NHL
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Minor League Baseball
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All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses. Most are members of the organization known as Minor League Baseball. Several leagues, known as independent baseball leagues, do not have any links to Major League Baseball. Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball teams may enter into a PDC for a two- or four-year term. At the expiration of a PDC term, teams may renew their affiliation, or sign new PDCs with different clubs, though many relationships are renewed and endure for extended time periods. Minor League teams that are owned directly by the major league club do not have PDCs with each other and are not part of the reaffiliation shuffles that occur every other year, several more independent leagues operate in the United States and Canada. The earliest professional baseball association, the National Association of 1871 to 1875 and this system proved unworkable, however, as there was no way to ensure competitive balance, and financially unsound clubs often failed in midseason. This problem was solved in 1876 with the formation of the National League, with a membership which excluded less competitive. Professional clubs outside the National League responded by forming regional associations of their own, there was a series of ad hoc groupings, such as the New England Association of 1877 and the Eastern Championship Association of 1881. These were loose groups of independent clubs which agreed to play a series of games for a championship pennant, the first minor league is traditionally considered to be the Northwestern League of 1883 to 1884. Unlike the earlier minor associations, it was conceived as a permanent organization and it also, along with the National League and the American Association, was a party to the National Agreement of 1883. Included in this was the agreement to respect the reserve lists of clubs in each league, teams in the National League and the American Association could only reserve players who had been paid at least $1000. Northwest League teams could reserve players paid merely $750, implicitly establishing the division into major and minor leagues, over the next two decades, more minor leagues signed various versions of the National Agreement. Eventually, the minor leagues joined together to negotiate jointly, in the late 1890s, the Western League run by the fiery Ban Johnson decided to challenge the National Leagues position. Representatives of the different minor leagues met at the Leland Hotel in Chicago on September 5,1901, in response to the National–American battle, they agreed to form the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, called the NAPBL, or NA for short. The purpose of the NA at the time was to maintain the independence of the leagues involved, several did not sign the agreement and continued to work independently. Powers was made the first president of the NAPBL, whose offices were established in Auburn, in 1903, the conflict between the American and National Leagues ended in the National Agreement of 1903. The NAPBL became involved in the stages of the negotiations to develop rules for the acquisition of players from their leagues by the National
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San Francisco Giants
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The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams, and renamed three years later to the New York Giants, the team moved to San Francisco in 1958. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League West division. As one of the longest-established and most successful baseball teams. The team was the first major team based in New York City. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records, the Giants eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall. The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times –14 times in New York, six in San Francisco –, the Giants franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball. The Giants rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest-standing, the teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season. The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco and those three championships have come in 2010,2012, and most recently in 2014, having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series. The Giants began as the baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie, the Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, Louis Browns in a pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. It is said that one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie. From then on, the club was known as the Giants, the Giants original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, the Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889. But nearly all of the Giants stars jumped to the upstart Players League, whose New York franchise was named the Giants. The new team built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds
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Fort Collins, Colorado
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Fort Collins is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Larimer County, Colorado, United States. Situated on the Cache La Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range, with a 2016 estimated population of 161,000, it is the fourth most populous city in Colorado after Denver, Colorado Springs, and Aurora. Fort Collins is a college city, home to Colorado State University. Fort Collins was founded as a military outpost of the United States Army in 1864 and it succeeded a previous encampment, known as Camp Collins, on the Cache La Poudre River, near what is known today as Laporte. Camp Collins was erected during the Indian wars of the mid-1860s to protect the Overland mail route that had recently relocated through the region. Travelers crossing the county on the Overland Trail would camp there, the post was manned originally by two companies of the 11th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry and never had walls. Settlers began arriving in the vicinity of the fort nearly immediately, the fort was decommissioned in 1867. The original fort site is now adjacent to the present historic Old Town portion of the city, the first school and church opened in 1866, and the town was platted in 1867. The civilian population of Fort Collins, led by local businessman Joseph Mason, led an effort to relocate the county seat to Fort Collins from LaPorte, the citys first population boom came in 1872, with the establishment of an agricultural colony. Hundreds of settlers arrived, developing lots just south of the original Old Town, tension between new settlers and earlier inhabitants led to political divisions in the new town, which was incorporated in 1873. Although the Colorado Agricultural College was founded in 1870, the first classes were held in 1879, the 1880s saw the construction of a number of elegant homes and commercial buildings and the growth of a distinctive identity for Fort Collins. Stone quarrying, sugar-beet farming, and the slaughter of sheep were among the areas earliest industries, in 1901 the Great Western sugar processing plant was built in the neighboring city of Loveland. Although the city was affected by the Great Depression and simultaneous drought, it nevertheless experienced slow, during the decade following World War II, the population doubled and an era of economic prosperity occurred. Old buildings were razed to make way for new, modern structures, along with revitalization came many changes, including the closing of the Great Western sugar factory in 1955, and a new city charter, adopting a council-manager form of government in 1954. Similarly, Colorado State Universitys enrollment doubled during the 1960s, making it the primary economic force by the end of the century. During that same period, civil activism and anti-war disturbances heightened tensions in the city. During the late 20th century, Fort Collins expanded rapidly to the south, adding new development, management of city growth patterns became a political priority during the 1980s, as well as the revitalization of Fort Collins Old Town with the creation of a Downtown Development Authority. In late July 1997, the city experienced a flood after
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Stevens Stadium
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Stevens Stadium is a 7, 000-seat soccer stadium at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California. The stadium is the current home of the Santa Clara Broncos soccer teams and was the home of the now defunct Santa Clara football team as well as the Santa Clara baseball team. The baseball team moved to their new home at Stephen Schott Stadium in 2005, the stadium is the former home of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer. The stadiums capacity was increased in the winter of 2007 from a capacity of 6,800 to 10,300, the stadium was named Buck Shaw Stadium before a renovation in 2015. Stevens Stadium opened its gates for the first time on September 22,1962 when it hosted a game between UC Davis and Santa Clara. The stadium was named for Lawrence T. Buck Shaw. The playing surface still retains his name to the present day being named the Buck Shaw Field and it was used for football games until 1992 and baseball games until 2005. In 2005, Stevens Stadium was converted from a facility to a soccer-only facility when the dugouts, baseball infield. Stevens Stadium is the current location of the commencement ceremonies for the university and it was first used for the undergraduate commencement on Saturday, June 9,2001. On October 26,2007, the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer announced that they play a majority of their home games during the 2008 season at the stadium. Upgrades such as seating and bathrooms were added to the stadium in order for it to comply with MLS standards. The capacity was increased from 6,800 seats to 10,300 seats, in addition the field was moved closer to the existing grandstand with a small section removed from section 107 to accommodate the shift. Additionally the Santa Clara practice field between the Leavey Center and Stevens was replaced with an Italgrass artificial turf surface, drainage improvements were also be made to the stadiums field in concert with the field crown being removed to produce a flat pitch. A new video scoreboard was added along with concession and merchandising stands. General facilities were modernized or improved including the addition of new lighting, a TV press box, new sound system. The new grandstand included all of the additions made to the stadium. About half of the new grandstand included tip up seating, overall the enhancements cost around $4 million. In their place a new smaller permanent west side grandstand, press box, capacity of the stadium was reduced back to 7,000 permanent seats as a result
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Bobby Dodd Stadium
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Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field is the football stadium located at the corner of North Avenue at Techwood Drive on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. It has been home to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, often referred to as the Ramblin Wreck, in form since 1905. The team participates in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference and it is the oldest stadium in the FBS and has been the site of more home wins than any other FBS stadium. The stadium is located on the east side of the Georgia Tech campus, across from freshman housing facilities and just a walk from the campus library. The facility is located in Midtown Atlanta, just off Interstate 75/85, the stadiums atmosphere is unique in its setting, with a picturesque view of the downtown and Midtown Atlanta skylines looming overhead during games. Grant Field is the oldest continuously used site for college football in the Southern United States. Football has been played at the current site since 1905, in 1913, permanent grandstands were built for the first time, mostly by Tech students. It was originally named for Hugh Inman Grant, son of John W. Grant, from 1913 to 1919, the stadium grew from a capacity of 7,000 to one of 25,000. In 1988, the stadium was renamed in honor of Bobby Dodd, the playing surface is still named Grant Field. The stadium bears little, if any, resemblance to its original form, the original facility, roughly corresponding to the lower level of the current stadiums west grandstands, seated 5,600. The terrain in the area slopes upward from north to south, due to that natural grade, much of the field itself is below street level. The houses observable in the background of photos were replaced by dormitory buildings in the 1930s. By 1925, the east and south stands were completed, making the stadium a 30, the west stands were rebuilt and a large press box was added in 1947, bringing capacity up to 44,000. In 1985 the South stands were razed to make room for the William C, Wardlaw Center, a modern field house and athletic office facility to replace the facilities in the old Heisman Gym, which was located just to the north of the stadium. The current, modern west grandstand covers the old concrete one, the high interstitial space is currently used for storage. The lighting was replaced in 1998, following the 2001 season, a major expansion and renovation project was started, which was done in two phases in order to play the 2002 season in the stadium. For the 2002 season, seating was returned to the South end in front of the Wardlaw Center, after the 2002 season, the expansion was completed by adding a massive free standing upper deck in the north end zone. This addition of an end zone upper deck brought Bobby Dodd Stadium to its current capacity
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NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship
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The tournament has been formally held since 1959, when it was an eight-team tournament. Since then, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams, in which every Division I conference tournament champion is allocated a berth, among the most successful programs, Saint Louis won 10 titles during dynasty years between 1959 and 1973. Indiana has won 8 titles beginning in 1982, whereas Virginia has won 7 titles beginning in 1989, while the tournament is frequently referenced as the College Cup, the NCAA applies the title only to the semifinal and championship rounds of the tournament proper. Since the tournament began, the semifinal and final fixtures have been held at a neutral site predetermined by the NCAA prior to the start of the regular season, the NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Tournament is a 48-team, single-elimination tournament. In 2016,24 spots will be reserved for the winners of automatic bids, conferences granted automatic qualification are, Each conference determines the format for their conference championship, which determines the school who receives the automatic bid. Many use conference tournaments, although three conferences award the championship and automatic bid to the season champion. The remaining 24 teams have received at-large bids, the at-large teams are selected by a committee consisting of representatives from each of the eight regions the NCAA has divided the country into. The top 16 teams are seeded into the bracket and receive first round byes, the other 32 are grouped by geographical proximity. The first four rounds are played on campus sites, with matches being hosted by the higher seed, the College Cup, comprising the semifinal and final matches, is played at a predetermined site. Stanford are the current champions, defeating Wake Forest 0-0 in the final, side Notes, † Co-champions—Game called due to weather ‡ Co-champions—Game was declared a draw # Disqualified at a later time
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NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship
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The NCAA began conducting a single division Womens Soccer Championship tournament in 1982 with a 12-team tournament. The tournament became the Division I Championship in 1986, when Division III was created for non-scholarship programs, currently, the tournament field consists of 64 teams. The semifinals and final of the tournament, held at a single every year, are collectively known as the Womens College Cup. Historically, North Carolina has been the dominant school in Division I womens soccer, known widely as one of the most successful collegiate programs in any NCAA sport, the Tar Heels have won 21 national championships of the 31 NCAA tournaments contested. Also, they have reached the College Cup 26 times, head coach Anson Dorrance is considered one of the greatest womens soccer coaches in NCAA history, leading the Tar Heels since the inception of the program in 1979. Only two other schools have multiple titles, Notre Dame and Portland, the reported attendance for 2013 is the number of tickets sold for the match. Actual game attendance was less than 3000, probably related to extremely unfavorable weather conditions
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Gerald J. Ford Stadium
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Gerald J. Ford Stadium is a stadium in Dallas. The stadium is used primarily for football, and it is home to the Southern Methodist University Mustangs and is used for local high school football games. The stadium is named after Gerald J. Ford, a banker who provided most of the funding for its construction. Outside the northeast corner of the stadium is Doak Walker Plaza, honoring the former Heisman Trophy winner, the plaza includes a life-sized replica of the Doak Walker Award trophy, awarded annually to the nations top college football running back. The building stands on the site of the former Ownby Stadium, Ownby was demolished starting in late October 1998 in order to clear the land designated for the new stadium. Ford Stadium opened on September 2,2000 with a game against the University of Kansas. TCU won the game and the Iron Skillet 41–24, the overall attendance record is set at 36,742 for the 2010 Armed Forces Bowl between SMU and the Army Black Knights. The north-south oriented stadium is bowl-shaped, with stands on three sides, the stadium is expandable to 45,000 seats by enclosing the horseshoe on the south end. Gerald J. Ford Stadium from SMUMustangs. com
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Fresno State Bulldogs football
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The Fresno State Bulldogs football team represents California State University, Fresno in NCAA Division I FBS college football as a member of the Mountain West Conference. The green V on the Bulldogs helmets, uniforms, field symbolize California Central Valley, specifically the San Joaquin Valley, the current head coach, beginning in the 2017 season, is Jeff Tedford. Football was first played on the Fresno campus in 1921, Fresno State football experienced a stretch of seasons hovering around the.500 mark during the later 1960s and 70s. Yet despite also having a number of winning seasons, including two where the Bulldogs went undefeated, they participated in two university division bowl games before the 1980s. In 1976, Jim Sweeney took over a Bulldog squad that had had 8 winning seasons since its last bowl bid, and promptly took the 1977 squad to a 9-2 record in his second year as head coach. The Sweeney era bristled with confidence as the Bulldogs became, along with rival San Jose State, sweeneys 1985 squad is particularly memorable for Bulldog fans, as the team finished as the only unbeaten Division I-A team in the country, ranked 16th in the coaches poll. The 1985 squad did not, however, finish untied, after a 24-24 tie at home against the Rainbow clad Warriors of Hawaii, the face of Fresno State football changed with the construction of a university football stadium for the team for the 1980 season. Before then, the Bulldogs played their games in Fresno City Colleges Ratcliffe Stadium. The construction of a new stadium which held over 30,000 in attendance was an outstanding improvement for the Bulldogs. During the Sweeney era, the Bulldogs posted nine consecutive winning seasons,1994, however, marked the beginning of three consecutive losing seasons which ended the Sweeney era and brought in Pat Hill, who had worked both in the NFL and colleges for the past several decades. Fresno State began a renaissance under Hill, who continued the advances the program had made during the Sweeney era, noted for playing particularly difficult non-conference schedules, Hills teams routinely played elite, highly ranked teams. The Bulldogs have also been the only school to record three consecutive bowl victories over schools from BCS conferences. In 2001, the Bulldogs, under Hill and quarterback David Carr, the Bulldogs opened the season in Boulder against the Colorado Buffaloes, leaving with a 24-22 win over the eventual Big 12 champions. The next game of the 2001 season was at home against the Oregon State Beavers, in an electric game at Bulldog Stadium, the Bulldogs outplayed the Beavers in a 44-24 rout. Fresno State then headed to Madison to take on the Wisconsin Badgers, winners of the Sun Bowl over UCLA the previous year, the Bulldogs also topped the Badgers by a score of 32-20. This changed abruptly, however, when the Boise State Broncos and Hawaii Rainbows upset the Bulldogs in Fresno, the defeats led the team instead the Silicon Valley Classic against Michigan State, a game which was taken by the Spartans by a score of 44-35. Nonetheless, the performances of the regular season earned Fresno State its first number one overall NFL draft choice in David Carr. The 2002 squad, which had difficulty opening the season with a 1-3 record, finished strong to finish the regular season 8-5 and this resulted in a win for the Bulldogs, who beat the Yellow Jackets 30-21
