1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Pembroke, Ontario
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Pembroke is a city in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada, at the confluence of the Muskrat River and the Ottawa River in the Ottawa Valley. Pembroke is the location of the headquarters of Renfrew County. It is one-hundred fifty kilometres northwest of Ottawa, the first European settler to the area now known as Pembroke was Daniel Fraser in 1823, who squatted on land that was discovered to have been granted to a man named Abel Ward. Ward later sold the land to Fraser, and nearby Fraser Street is named after the family, peter White, a veteran of the Royal Navy arrived in 1828, squatting beside Fraser on the land where Dairy Queen is now located. Other settlers followed, attracted by the lumbering operations of the area. Originally named Miramichi, Pembroke became a village in 1856. Pembroke is indirectly named after Sidney Herbert, First Admiralty Secretary from 1841 to 1845 and son of George Herbert, Pembroke was incorporated as a town in 1878 and as a city in 1971. It was named seat for Renfrew County in 1861 and this set the stage for construction shortly thereafter on the Renfrew County Courthouse, which was finished in 1867, and the arrival of many civil servants, much wealth and much construction. In the 20-year period following 1861, Pembroke basically became the city it is today in terms of layout and buildings, although many homes, a fire in 1918 destroyed much of Pembrokes downtown. From 2005 to 2007, the courthouse and jail were re-constructed into one building, visitors on weekdays can view original 1867 jail cells in the basement, and the original courtroom, complete with a huge replica of the original brass light fixture. County meetings were held here for many years, three hangings occurred at the indoor gallows inside the Courthouse, two in the 1870s and one in 1952. Other historic buildings survive in Pembroke include a historic synagogue. A fire in 1918 downtown destroyed many buildings, including the Pembroke Opera House, in 1898 Pembroke became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pembroke. Pembroke is the largest commercial centre between North Bay and Ottawa, historically, forestry and farming formed the backbone of the local economy and remain important today. Local timber products include lumber, plywood, veneer, hydro poles, other local manufacturing operations produce office furniture. CFB Petawawa in nearby Petawawa and Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in Chalk River are also regional employers, Chalk River Laboratories is being restructured to a GOCO Laboratory. The economy also benefits from tourism, aided partly by Pembrokes location on the Trans-Canada Highway, Pembroke is a gateway to natural adventures on the Petawawa and Ottawa Rivers, Algonquin Park and to world-class white water rafting a short distance to the southwest. Local attractions include 30 historic murals in the area depicting the history of the city
3.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
4.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
5.
CTV Morning Live
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Each station produces its own version of the program. In areas where the program airs on a local CTV station, CTV Morning Live on CHRO Pembroke airs in the Ottawa market. It airs from 6-10 a. m. weekdays and it also runs a pre-recorded Saturday edition from 7-9am. Available over the air on 43.1 or cable channel 6, the program launched with a format similar to that of the Toronto version of BT, albeit with a greater emphasis on local musical guests. The program continued under its name and format under licence from CHUM even after ATV. The show presently runs for two hours, but in the past has aired for up to 2.5 hours, the program has always been broadcast in full on ASN, although for several years portions not conflicting with Canada AM also aired on ATV. Around 2002, the program had switched to a mostly pre-taped format, the show was relaunched on October 24,2005 with a unique, more news-oriented format that differs from the Citytv versions of BT, resuming live broadcasts in the process. Coming around the time as the cancellation of late-night news on ASN. The main difference is very few guests appeared in the studio live, instead. The number of guest appearances subsequently increased, with a guest in studio live every two or three shows. CTV Morning Live airs on CTV Winnipeg weekdays from 6,00 -9,00 am, starting September 26,2011, CTV Morning Live airs on CTV Regina weekdays from 6,00 -9,00 am starting October 31,2011. Hosts, Darrell Romuld, Sabeen Ahmed Phil Darlington Alex Brown CTV Morning Live airs on CTV Saskatoon weekdays from 6,00 -9,00 am starting October 31,2011. CTV Morning Live on CTV Calgary began on October 24,2011, CTV Morning Live on CTV Edmonton began on October 24,2011, and will air weekdays from 5,30 -9,00 a. m. CTV Morning Live began airing on CTV Vancouver on November 14,2011 and it is a revival of sorts of VTV Breakfast / CTV Breakfast, a program largely based on Citytv s Breakfast Television, which aired on the same station during its time as the independent VTV. Aamer Haleem, who was a host of VTV Breakfast for most of its run, initially served as a co-host of the revived program, but left in early 2014
6.
Analog television
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Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by variations of either the amplitude. Analog signals vary over a range of possible values which means that electronic noise. So with analog, a weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference. In contrast, a moderately weak signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality. Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a network using cable converters. All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television used analog signals, analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s. The earliest systems were mechanical systems which used spinning disks with patterns of holes punched into the disc to scan an image. A similar disk reconstructed the image at the receiver, synchronization of the receiver disc rotation was handled through sync pulses broadcast with the image information. However these mechanical systems were slow, the images were dim and flickered severely, camera systems used similar spinning discs and required intensely bright illumination of the subject for the light detector to work. Analog television did not really begin as an industry until the development of the cathode-ray tube, the electron beam could be swept across the screen much faster than any mechanical disc system, allowing for more closely spaced scan lines and much higher image resolution. Also far less maintenance was required of an all-electronic system compared to a spinning disc system, all-electronic systems became popular with households after the Second World War. Broadcasters using analog television systems encode their signal using different systems, the official systems of transmission are named, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, K1, L, M and N. These systems determine the number of lines, channel width, vision bandwidth, vision-sound separation, each frame of a television image is composed of lines drawn on the screen. The lines are of varying brightness, the set of lines is drawn quickly enough that the human eye perceives it as one image. The next sequential frame is displayed, allowing the depiction of motion, the analog television signal contains timing and synchronization information, so that the receiver can reconstruct a two-dimensional moving image from a one-dimensional time-varying signal. The first commercial systems were black-and-white, the beginning of color television was in the 1950s. A practical television system needs to take luminance, chrominance, synchronization, and audio signals, the transmission system must include a means of television channel selection
7.
Very high frequency
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Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meters. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency, and the higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude, some older DVB-T receivers included channels E2 to E4 but newer ones only go down to channel E5. VHF propagation characteristics are suited for terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter. VHF waves are restricted to the radio horizon less than 100 miles. VHF is less affected by noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Unlike high frequencies, the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF waves, the distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves, in engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station. The accuracy of calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles, for directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or beam antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth, helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas, vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antennas power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world, some national uses are detailed below. 108–118 MHz, Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser, 118–137 MHz, Airband for air traffic control, AM,121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–146 MHz, Amateur radio. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these, the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services and this was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies—channels 0, 5A and 11
8.
Digital terrestrial television
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Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network
9.
Program and System Information Protocol
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PSIP defines virtual channels and content ratings, as well as electronic program guides with titles and descriptions to be decoded and displayed by the ATSC tuner. PSIP can also send, the exact time referenced to UTC and GPS time, the short name, a maximum of seven characters can be used in a short name. PSIP is defined in ATSC standard A/65, the most recent revision of which is A/65,2013, a/69 is a recommended practice for implementing PSIP in a television station. PSIP also supersedes the A/55 and A/56 protocol methods of delivering program guide information, PSIP information may be passed through the airchain using proprietary protocols or through use of the XML-based Programming Metadata Communication Protocol facility metadata scheme. S
10.
CTV Two
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CTV Two is a Canadian English language television system that is owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of Bell Canada. CTV Two provides complementary programming to Bell Medias larger CTV network – primarily newer or younger-skewing series which have smaller audiences than those on the mainline CTV network, the system began to develop in September 1995, at CKVR in Barrie, Ontario. The resulting station became known as The New VR, most of these stations were also former CBC affiliates, and all were in markets where CKVRs sister station, CITY-TV, were already available on basic cable. CIVI in Victoria, British Columbia was added into the system by CHUM at its launch in October 2001, CHUM informally referred to these stations as the NewNet. That name was never used on-air on any of these stations, the rebrand took place on August 2,2005, the same date that the former A-Channel stations in Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary, recently acquired by CHUM from Craig Media, were relaunched as Citytv. The change reflected a shift towards a traditional broadcasting model at these stations. On July 12,2006, Bell Globemedia announced a takeover bid to buy CHUM Limited. At the same time, it was permitted to keep the A-Channel stations, on June 22,2007, CTVglobemedia finalized its purchase of the CHUM Limited stations, while the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers. The company initially intended to keep the A-Channel stations branding and programming independent from the CTV Television Network, notably, A-Channel picked up CTVs rights to 30 Rock, Scrubs, Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory and Jeff Ltd. In October, CTV also moved Dirty Sexy Money and Big Shots, later in the fall, CTV also replaced A-Channels daily entertainment newscast, Star. Daily, with MTV e2 and strip reruns of Degrassi, The Next Generation, on July 26,2007, CTVglobemedia named Richard Gray the head of news for the A-Channel stations and CKX-TV. Gray would report to the CTVgm corporate group, not CTV News, to preserve independent news presentation, Gray began to oversee the news departments for CKVR, CHRO, CFPL, CKNX, CHWI, CIVI and CKX. Shortly after CTV took control of A-Channel and most of the assets owned by CHUM. Viewer surveys in 2007 and 2008 suggested that the names Much TV, at its fall upfronts presentation on June 2,2008, CTV announced that it would reformat the A-Channel stations with a new look and new logo, becoming known as simply A. The on-air relaunch from A-Channel to A took place on August 11,2008, on that same date, Atlantic Canadas Atlantic Satellite Network also joined the A television system as A Atlantic, and began to carry the entire A program lineup. In addition, Albertas Access also adopted a new A-styled logo, in addition, CTV also announced on February 19,2009, that it would not apply to renew the licence of Brandons CKX-TV beyond its August 31,2009 expiration. CTV announced further cuts on March 3,2009, on the other hand, CHRO saw its A Morning program expanded from three hours daily to four hours daily, and launched a two-hour Saturday edition of A Morning, while cancelling its evening newscasts. In all,118 people, or 23% of all A employees, were laid off, no cuts were announced for A Atlantic, which is already tightly integrated with CTV Atlantic
11.
Bell Media
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CTVglobemedia, was one of Canadas largest private media companies. Its operations included newspaper publishing, television broadcasting and production, radio broadcasting, in September 2010, Bell announced plans to re-acquire full control of the groups broadcasting assets. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved the Bell/CTV portion of the deal in March 2011, the company was renamed Bell Media when the deal closed in April 2011, with Bells sympatico. ca Internet portal becoming part of Bell Media. CTVglobemedias main asset was CTV Inc. a major Canadian broadcaster, CTV and its subsidiaries own the following broadcast television assets, CTV, Canadas oldest, largest, and most-watched private broadcast television network, including 21 owned and operated stations. Along with broadcast television stations, CTVglobemedia also owned 30 cable television specialty channels, for all practical purposes, CTVglobemedia is the successor to Baton Broadcasting Inc. which by the late 1990s had become one of Canadas largest broadcasters. Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting Ltd. was originally formed in 1960 to operate Torontos first private TV station, the original investors included the Bassett and Eaton families, Joel Aldred and Ted Rogers, and Foster Hewitt in a much smaller role. Aldred sold his shares in 1961, followed by Rogers by 1970, with the Bassett and Eaton families firmly in control, CFTO was one of the charter affiliates of CTV when that network formed in 1961, becoming the networks flagship. In 1966, Baton became a part-owner in the network when it was reorganized as a station-owned cooperative, the Board of Broadcast Governors was initially skeptical about the proposal to turn CTV into a cooperative. Since CFTO was by far the largest and richest station in the network, additionally, if one owner ever bought another station, the acquired stations shares would be redistributed among the remaining owners so that each owner would still have one vote out of eight. In 1972, Baton began purchasing other CTV affiliates, starting with CFQC-TV in Saskatoon and this did not, however, give Baton a substantially higher investment in CTV, since its shares were redistributed among the other owners. As a result, Baton still had one vote out of eight. In 1987, Baton began an effort to take over CTV. It started this drive with an expansion into Saskatchewan, purchasing CKCK-TV in Regina, Yorkton twinstick CKOS-TV/CICC-TV. A twinstick CTV affiliate was soon launched in Prince Albert, CIPA-TV, in the late 1980s, Baton applied for a high-power station in Ottawa on channel 60. The licence was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, appealed to federal cabinet by rival broadcasters, however the licence was surrendered when Baton was instead able to acquire the local CTV affiliate, CJOH-TV, from Allan Slaights Standard Broadcasting. In 1990, Baton purchased the MCTV system of operations in Pembroke, North Bay, Sudbury, Timmins. In 1993, Baton purchased CFPL-TV in London, CKNX-TV in Wingham and received a licence for a new independent station, CHWI-TV, in 1991, the company launched Ontario Network Television, a secondary affiliation carried by Batons CTV and independent stations in Ontario. This was expanded in 1994 into the Baton Broadcast System, or BBS, BBS was meant as a backup in case Batons ongoing acquisitions did not translate into control of CTV itself
12.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
13.
CJOH-DT
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CJOH-DT, VHF channel 13, is a CTV owned-and-operated television station located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The station is owned by Bell Media, as part of a twinstick with CTV Two outlet CHRO-TV and it also operates rebroadcasters on channel 8 from Lancaster, Ontario, channel 6 from Deseronto and on channel 47 in Pembroke. This station can also be seen on Rogers Cable channel 7 and in high definition on digital channel 518 in Ottawa, Bell TV only carried CJOHs local programming, which consisted mainly of newscasts, on channel 197. This changed on October 18,2010, when Bell carried the local, CJOH provides CTV network coverage for all of Eastern Ontario, a large segment of Western Quebec and portions of Northern New York in the United States. Founded by Ernie Bushnell, CJOH signed on for the first time on March 12,1961, initially, studio facilities were located at 29 Bayswater Avenue until that September when operations were shifted over several weeks to a $2 million complex at 1500 Merivale. It acquired former Cornwall, Ontario CBC affiliate CJSS-TV as a rebroadcaster in 1963, the channel 6 transmitter in Deseronto became operational in 1972 to serve the Kingston and Belleville markets. Standard Broadcasting owned the station from 1975 to 1988, when it was sold to Baton Broadcasting, Baton was renamed CTV Inc. in 1998 after gaining control of the CTV network the preceding year. CTV in turn would be purchased by Bell Canada and folded into Bell Globemedia, now Bell Media, CJOH was available on cable in Montreal for most of the 1980s and 1990s, as the Cornwall transmitters footprint reaches the western Montreal suburbs. In the 1980s and early 1990s, when CTV offered Toronto Blue Jays baseball and this substitute programming often had no commercials, and often had no definite end, as the length of baseball games varied. This was discontinued when the Blue Jays left CTV, well-known celebrities who first appeared on CJOH include Rich Little, The Amazing Kreskin, Alanis Morissette, Sandra Oh and Peter Jennings. Jennings started his career with the station during its early years, anchoring the local newscasts and hosting a teen dance show, Saturday Date. Morissette was briefly part of the cast on a sketch comedy show, You Cant Do That On Television. From 1990 to 1997, the station was co-owned with Pembroke-based CHRO-TV, in 1997, as part of a major trade, CHRO was transferred to CHUM Limited, and became a NewNet station primarily serving Ottawa. This once again made CJOH and CHRO sister stations in a market with one other local English-language station. Smith died in hospital the following day, arenburg was released from a mental hospital in Penetanguishene in 2006, then imprisoned for two years for assaulting a U. S. border guard in 2008. CJOH changed its branding to CTV Ottawa in 2005, when CTVs owned-and-operated stations began to using their callsigns within each stations branding. The newsroom was destroyed by a fire during the early morning hours of February 7,2010, destroying equipment. The building itself remained intact until it was demolished by the end of December 2011, an adjacent office building housing former sister station CKQB-FM was not affected by the fire
14.
CFGO
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CFGO is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts at 1200 on the AM dial in Ottawa. The station broadcasts sports programming, using the brand name TSN Radio 1200, the station was launched in 1964 by Confederation Broadcasting, with the call letters CKPM at 1440 AM. CKPM aired an MOR music format, in 1970, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission revoked Confederations licence, alleging that the company had failed to live up to its financial and management obligations. Confederation appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, who ruled in April 1971 that Confederation had not had a hearing before the CRTC. In 1972, majority interest in the station was sold to Baton Broadcasting, the station also adopted its current CFGO callsign that year and moved to a Top 40 music format to compete with top-rated CFRA. On November 15,1984, CFGO Radio Ltd. received approval from the CRTC to change CFGOs frequency from 1440 kHz to 1200 kHz with power remaining at 50,000 watts day and night. The station moved to its current frequency on January 5,1986, on March 8,1988, Rawlco converted the station back to a CHR format, using the brand name Energy 1200. The station subsequently changed its callsign to CJBZ and its name to The Buzz in late 1997, with a focus on more alternative. On September 9,1998, at 7,30 AM and it was acquired the following year by CHUM Limited, reverting to its CFGO callsign. In 1999, the station adopted the Team 1200 brand name, on May 7,2001, the station formed the basis for CHUMs short-lived national sports radio network The Team, which adopted the Ottawa stations brand identity. The station retained its format and brand when CHUM subsequently folded the network, on June 22,2007, CFGO along with the other CHUM stations were sold to CTVglobemedia. On September 30,2013, CFGO re-branded as TSN Radio 1200, TSN1200 broadcasts a wide variety of sports programming, as well as news and weather, and the station streams Fox Sports Radio at night. As the official station of the Ottawa Senators, it broadcasts every Ottawa Senators game live. The station also broadcasts Ottawa 67s games, Ottawa Redblacks games, notable programs include 3 Guys on the Radio, In the Box, The Drive, Offside, RedBlacks Radio, The Buzz on Junior Hockey, i-Run, Corner Kicks Soccer Show, among several others
15.
CFRA
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CFRA is a conservative talk radio station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, owned by Bell Media. The station broadcasts at 580 kHz on the AM band, CFRAs studios are located in the Bell Media Building on George Street in the ByWard Market, while its 4-tower transmitter array is located near Manotick. Frank Ryan founded the station, which began broadcasting with a 1000 watt transmitter at 560 kHz on May 3,1947, the first studios were located at the Ottawa Auditorium on OConnor Street, where the station spent its first ten years. In 1962, the moved to its present frequency and increased its daytime power to 50 kW. After Ryans death in 1965, ownership of the passed to his wife Kathleen. CFRA played pop music until the mid-1980s as Ottawas leading Top 40 music station, known in the late 70s and early 80s for its hugely popular, so popular was Elliott at his peak that he was tapped to be a presenter at the Juno Awards in 1985. Much of Elliotts wildness on the air could be attributed to the fact that he was suffering from drug, one of Elliotts most eyebrow-raising behaviors came in 1986 when he quit on the air after a switch to an oldies-based format was announced. After a short time at competitor CFGO, Elliott went into rehab and managed to kick his addictions, on August 18,1986, CFRA changed formats to Favourites of Yesterday and Today, describing itself as a gold-based adult contemporary station. In 1991, CFRA changed the format again to an all-oldies station, many believe that CJMJ-FMs launch in 1991 led to the demise of CFRAs adult contemporary format. In 2002, CFRAs slogan became left on the dial, right on the issues, the current studios have been located at CHUMs downtown Market Media Mall since 2000. In 2007, CFRA, along with the other CHUM stations, were sold to CTVglobemedia, in January 2012, Bell Media applied to increase nighttime power to 30 kW noting that co-channel stations in Antigonish, Baie-Comeau and Thunder Bay have all switched to the FM band. All other technical parameters would remain unchanged, CFRA would remain on 580 kHz. Notable personalities include Bill Carroll, Brian Lilley, Evan Solomon, other less frequent show hosts are Rabbi Reuven Bulka, Geoff Franklin, Elliot Finkelman, Matt Skube, Norman Jack and Dr. Barry Dworkin. Newsroom staff is made up of anchors/producers Chris Holski, Jenn Pritchard, Jeremie Charron and Ted Raymond, along with reporters Alison Sandor, Kristy Cameron, and Cassie Aylward. Producers include Dean Staff, Chris Wyss, Kris Sims, Sebastien Tremblay, Matt Harris, Dave Tripp, Elias El-Zein, CFRA also broadcasts syndicated talk radio shows such as Coast to Coast AM and Renovations-cross Canada overnight and on weekends. Since April 2012, the feed of CTV affiliate and sister television station CJOH-DTs 6 PM newscast is simulcast on CFRA. A complaint against Lowell Green was launched in 2008 after a show on December 4,2008 about the Muslim faith. The topic began with Green speaking about a school which had named a teddy bear Muhammad, Green then led a discussion on whether the Muslim faith was radical and violent
16.
CJMJ-FM
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CJMJ-FM is Canadian radio station broadcasting at 100.3 FM in Ottawa, Ontario. The station uses its on-air brand name as Majic 100.3 with a contemporary format and is owned by Bell Media. CJMJs studios are located in the Bell Media Building on George Street in Downtown Ottawas ByWard Market, while its transmitter is located in Camp Fortune, on November 9,1989, Rawlco Communications, owner of CFGO, was granted a license for a new FM station. Rawlco proposed to use the frequency 92.1 MHz, but conflicted with CBO-FM, on April 5,1991, Rawlcos application to use the 100.3 MHz frequency was granted. The stations radiated power would be 80,000 watts, on August 12,1991, at 6,25 PM, the station signed on, with the official launch the following morning at 6 AM. The first song on Majic 100 was Do You Believe in Magic by The Lovin Spoonful, on March 11,1992, the station increased its power to 100,000 watts, with a transmitter on the Ryan Tower in Camp Fortune. CJMJ was acquired by CHUM Limited in 1999, which would be acquired by CTVglobemedia in 2007, and Bell Media in 2011. The station was known for being the #1 FM station in Ottawa for most of the 2000s, like its Brockville. This status was dropped in the late 2000s, whereas Majic has now officially been beaten by Newcap Radios contemporary hit radio outlet CIHT-FM, however, the station usually is ranked in the Top 5 Anglophone ratings for the Ottawa/Gatineau market according to BBM. In fact, 1960s songs have been dropped from the station. Most of the 1970s songs have been dropped as of mid-2013, mediabase and Nielsen BDS still report the station on the Canadian AC panel. Like many AC stations, CJMJ airs wall-to-wall Christmas music during the months of November and December, Majic 100 CJMJ-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CJMJ-FM
17.
CKKL-FM
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CKKL-FM is a Canadian radio station serving Ottawa, Ontario, broadcasting at 93.9 on the FM dial. The station broadcasts a music format branded as Ottawas New Country 94 and is owned by Bell Media. CKKLs studios are located in the Bell Media Building on George Street in Downtown Ottawas ByWard Market, while its transmitter is located in Camp Fortune, based on the current format, CKKL-FM competes with CKBY-FM. Frank Ryan originally launched the station in 1947 as CFRA-FM, simulcasting the programming of its AM sister station, in 1959, the station began airing some separate programming. In 1961, Ryan sought approval to increase power from 860 Watts to 146,000 Watts via a new site at Camp Fortune. The Ryan Tower would become the main radio and television transmission site. Two years later, in 1961, the programming became fully independent of CFRAs. CFRA and CFMO were subsequently acquired by CHUM Limited in 1968, CHUM dropped the stations longtime easy listening format on August 28,1992, adopting the CKKL-FM calls and the brand name Kool FM for its new Hot AC format. The first song was Time, Love & Tenderness by Michael Bolton, the CFMO calls and format were picked up by CHEZ-FM Inc. and adopted on what is now CKBY. During their Hot AC days, they aired mostly CHR music during the evening hours, during the 1990s, CKKL competed against Top 40 stations CKTF-FM and AM station Energy 1200. Station liners during this time promoted Hit Music on FM, directly targeting Energy 1200 listeners, after Energy flipped to alternative rock in 1997, CKKL was considered the default English-language hit music station in Ottawa. By February 2003, when CIHT-FM launched with its Rhythmic CHR format, on May 31,2003, at 9,39 AM, CKKL-FM dropped its CHR format, and began stunting with the audio from the movie What About Bob. After the movie aired, snippets of music played, with Bob FM launching at Noon that day, the first song on Bob was I Want A New Drug by Huey Lewis and The News. Bob FMs morning show, Cub & Company, was hosted by Cub Carson and Melanie Adams, the show was formerly hosted by Stuntman Stu Schwartz, who is now at CJMJ-FM. In 2007, CTVglobemedia bought CKKL-FM along with the other CHUM Limited properties, in 2011, Bell Canada acquired CTVglobemedia, renaming the company as Bell Media. On February 1,2013, Bell Media announced that longtime Bob FM announcers Steve Gregory, on November 10,2014, Bell Media announced that the Bob FM format would be discontinued, citing changing market conditions and the need to pursue a new opportunity. On November 12,2014 at 11,45 a. m. after playing Like a Virgin by Madonna, at Noon, CKKL flipped to country music as New Country 94—launching with a marathon of 10,000 songs played commercial-free, beginning with Cruise by Florida-Georgia Line. Official website CKKL-FM History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CKKL-FM
18.
CBC Television
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CBC Television is a Canadian English-language broadcast television network that is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the national public broadcaster. The network began operations on September 6,1952 and its French-language counterpart is Ici Radio-Canada Télé. Almost all of the CBCs programming is produced in Canada, on October 9,2006 at 6,00 a. m. the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the morning hours. Its French counterpart, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, still signs off every night, until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007-08 season, popular series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie, in 2002, CBC Television and CBC News Network became the first broadcasters in Canada that are required to provide closed captioning for all of their programming. On those networks, only outside commercials need not be captioned, all shows, bumpers, billboards, promos and other internal programming must be captioned. The requirement stems from a human rights complaint filed by deaf lawyer Henry Vlug, the CBCs flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10,00 p. m. EST and Saturdays at 6,00 p. m. EST. This second airing was replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBCs major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada. Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6,00 a. m. weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone. One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games and it has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties include Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC Soccer and it was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–2005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada, after the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. CBC Sports suffered another blow when it was announced that after the 2007 season, the CFL regular season games
19.
CTV Television Network
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CTV is an English-language broadcast television network in Canada launched in 1961. Since 2000 it is owned by the Bell Media division of BCE, Bell Media also operates additional CTV-branded properties, including the 24-hour national cable news network CTV News Channel and the secondary CTV Two television system. Calgary and Edmonton were served by privately owned CBC affiliates, the six markets by CBC owned-and-operated stations. Indeed, Baton had already begun quietly contacting the successful applicants in other cities to gauge their interest in forming a group to share Canadian programming among the stations. This led to the July 1960 formation of the Independent Television Organization, consisting of all eight of the newly licensed private stations, each station would have a single vote in the ITOs operations, regardless of the size of the stations audience. The ITO soon resolved to apply for a licence to link these second stations. The BBG – and particularly its chair Andrew Stewart – was not in favour of a station-owned network, although it did not immediately approve Caldwells proposal, it soon set several conditions on such a network that effectively made Caldwells group the only feasible applicant. That fall, the Caldwell group and the ITO faced off in a series of meetings with the BBG, ultimately, the BBG granted a licence to CTN, conditional on securing the affiliation of six of the eight ITO stations. Batons opposition to the CTN reversed in early 1961, soon after CFTO won the broadcast rights to the Canadian Football League Eastern Conference for the 1961 and 1962 seasons. Batons original plan was to operate a network to distribute the games incorporating CFTO, other independent stations. Although the plan was never officially rejected, various uncertainties eventually led John Bassett to decide to sign an agreement with CTN instead to ensure the games would air. The network finally launched as the CTV Television Network on October 1,1961, the CBC had objected to the networks initial name, apparently claiming it had exclusive rights to the term Canadian, and therefore the letters CTV have no official expanded meaning. The CTV networks first night on-air began with Harry Raskys promotional documentary on the new network and that was followed by a fall season preview program. At first, flagship CFTO was the station that carried programming live. During CBCs off-hours, CTV used CBCs microwave system to send programming to the rest of the country on tape delay, eventually, a second microwave channel opened up, enabling live programming from coast to coast. For example, most of the rights to American programming rested with the ITO, in many cases, CTV found itself competing with its own stations for the rights to programming. Caldwells departure in 1965 did little to alleviate the situation, in 1966, the networks affiliates sought permission to buy the network and run it as a cooperative. The BBG was initially skeptical of the proposal, since CFTO was by far the largest and richest station, the BBG feared that CFTO would dominate CTV if the stations were allowed to buy the network
20.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
21.
Kilowatt
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The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. Power has dimensions of M L2 T −3, when an objects velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton the rate at which work is done is 1 watt. 1 W =1 V ⋅ A Two additional unit conversions for watt can be using the above equation. 1 W =1 V2 Ω =1 A2 ⋅ Ω Where ohm is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, a person having a mass of 100 kilograms who climbs a 3-meter-high ladder in 5 seconds is doing work at a rate of about 600 watts. Mass times acceleration due to gravity times height divided by the time it takes to lift the object to the given height gives the rate of doing work or power. A laborer over the course of an 8-hour day can sustain an output of about 75 watts, higher power levels can be achieved for short intervals. The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, in 1960 the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units. For additional examples of magnitude for multiples and submultiples of the watt, technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and these input levels are often stated in dBf. This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75-ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300-ohm load, the picowatt is equal to one trillionth of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in picowatts are typically used in reference to radio and radar receivers, acoustics, the nanowatt is equal to one billionth of a watt. Important powers that are measured in nanowatts are also used in reference to radio. The microwatt is equal to one millionth of a watt, compact solar cells for devices such as calculators and watches are typically measured in microwatts. The milliwatt is equal to one thousandth of a watt, a typical laser pointer outputs about five milliwatts of light power, whereas a typical hearing aid for people uses less than one milliwatt. Audio signals and other electronic signal levels are measured in dBm. The kilowatt is equal to one thousand watts and this unit is typically used to express the output power of engines and the power of electric motors, tools, machines, and heaters. It is also a unit used to express the electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio. One kilowatt is equal to 1.34 horsepower
22.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
23.
Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In the broadcasting industry, the term owned-and-operated station refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television, on the other hand, the term affiliate only applies to stations that are not owned by networks, but instead are contracted to air programming from one of the major networks. The term station correctly applies to the ownership of the station, for example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as an ABC station or an ABC O&O, but normally should not be referred to as an affiliate. Likewise, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the networks programming is referred to as an ABC affiliate, that is. A correct formal phrasing could be, ABC affiliate WFAA is a Gannett station, some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network, but air another networks programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WBFS-TV in Miami is owned by the CBS networks parent company CBS Corporation, prior to the September 2006 shutdown of the CBS-owned UPN television network, WBFS aired that networks programming, therefore, WBFS was a UPN O&O. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception, the controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for a portion of networks existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications. While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles aired programming from The WB, a similar exception existed when UPN launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom. Each of the owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacoms buyout of Chris-Crafts share of the network in 2000, the stations were referred to informally as UPN O&Os. Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation, Entertainment became co-owners of the new CW Television Network, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, in Australia, Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas. These television markets together account for two thirds of the countrys population, in addition, Seven also owns and operates its local station in regional Queensland, and Nine owns and operates its station in Darwin. Nine also owns and operates NBN Television, based in Newcastle, the two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service, own and operate all of their local stations. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, the four largest of these – Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin, Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas
24.
Television station
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A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
25.
Downtown Ottawa
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Downtown Ottawa is the central area of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Like other downtowns it is the commercial and economic centre of the city and it is sometimes referred to as the Central Business District and contains Ottawas financial district. It is bordered by the Ottawa River to the north, the Rideau Canal to the east, Gloucester Street to the south and this area and the residential neighbourhood to the south are also known locally as Centretown. The total population of the area is 4,876, downtown Ottawa is dominated by government buildings, including Parliament Hill and the Supreme Court. Most prominent buildings are situated along Wellington, Sparks and Elgin streets, most of the buildings are office towers containing the various government departments. While most of Ottawas high tech industry is based elsewhere it also has a significant presence in the downtown core, the downtown also contains a number of apartments, hotels, and condominiums as well as the older single family homes and townhouses along its edges. There are also many prominent heritage buildings along Sparks Street, the downtown employs about 100,000 people and currently holds around 20 million square feet of office space. Downtown Ottawa has a pattern of streets, aligned either east-west or north-south with a number of the streets being one way. From east to west, the prominent streets are Elgin Street, Metcalfe Street, OConnor Street, Bank Street, Kent Street, the northernmost east-west street that crosses downtown is Wellington Street, site of the parliamentary precinct, National Library and Archives, and Supreme Court. It is a major four-lane thoroughfare, to the east, it connects to Rideau Street, and to the west, the Ottawa River Parkway. South of Wellington is Sparks Street, most of which is a pedestrian mall closed to vehicles, the heritage district runs from Bank to Elgin, with CBC broadcast studios at Metcalfe and Sparks. The streets to the south are dominated by office and hotel towers, Queen Street, Albert Street, Slater Street, Laurier Avenue, the City of Ottawa zoning restricts and regulates development to allow high-rises north of Gloucester St. and affords heritage designation to some areas and buildings. Albert and Slater carry the Transitway through downtown, a new 12.5 kilometer light rail line, called the Confederation Line, is currently under construction. Part of it will tunnel under downtowns Queen street and travel east to Rideau Street, construction of the 2.1 billion dollar line, including the 2,5 kilometer subway tunnel should end in time for the 2017 celebration of Confederations 150th anniversary. The line should be operational by 2018, East of the canal, but west of King Edward Avenue, including the Rideau Centre and the Byward Market, is also normally considered downtown, and is referred to locally as Lowertown or Lower Town. The residential neighbourhoods around the business district are also generally referred to as being downtown. These include Centretown to the south and Sandy Hill and Lower Town to the east, north of the Ottawa River the centre of Gatineau, Quebec can be considered an extension of Ottawas downtown. According to the Canada 2016 Census, area defined as the part of Ottawa north of Gloucester Street, east of Bronson, south of the Ottawa River and west of the Rideau Canal
26.
ByWard Market
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ByWard Market is a district in Lower Town located east of the government and business district, surrounding the market buildings and open-air market on George, York, ByWard and William Streets. The district is bordered on the west by Sussex Drive and Mackenzie Avenue and it stretches northwards to Cathcart Street, while to the south it is bordered by Rideau Street. The name refers to the old By Ward of the City of Ottawa, the district comprises the main commercial part of the historic Lower Town area of Ottawa. According to the Canada 2011 Census, the population of the area was 3,063, the market itself is regulated by the City of Ottawas Markets Management group, which also operates the smaller west-end Parkdale Market. The market building is open year-round, and open-air stalls are operated in the warmer months offering fresh produce, traditionally, the ByWard Market area has been a focal point for Ottawas French and Irish communities. The large Catholic community supported Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the largest and oldest Roman Catholic churches in Ottawa, the shape of the cathedral was taken into account in the design of the National Gallery of Canada, which was built across Sussex Drive. The ByWard Market has constantly been an area of change, adapting to the increasingly cosmopolitan nature of downtown Ottawa. Recently, a multitude of restaurants and specialty food stores have sprouted around the market area, a four-block area around the market provides the most dense concentration of eating places, bars and nightclubs in the National Capital Region. The areas beyond this zone also offer boutiques and restaurants in abundance, having acquired a reputation as the citys premier bar district, Byward Market is thronged at night with university students and other young adults. Over the years the city has developed a series of five small, human-scale, open air courtyards, immediately east of Sussex Drive and these cobblestone courtyards are filled with flowers, park benches, fountains and sculptures. Several of the houses surrounding them are historic buildings, at the other extreme on the west side of Sussex Drive is the United States Embassy. The buildings design, by noted architect David Childs, was controversial in Ottawa. Others complained that the structure overshadowed the historic market, the neighbourhood is today markedly heterogeneous, being visited by a mix of young professionals, many families and some homeless people. At one time, the area had a serious prostitution problem, the area is mainly English-speaking but there exists a significant francophone population as well. The Market is located in proximity to the downtown, to the Rideau Centre shopping mall, to Parliament Hill. It was out of this project that the small community of Bytown grew into a flourishing commercial. Colonel By prepared plans for two sites, one on the west side of the Rideau canal, which was known as Upper Town. The land was cleared and surveyed, both villages were laid out in a grid system and divided into building lots
27.
Digital television
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Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the channel bandwidth. It is a service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards and this standard has been adopted in Europe, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. Advanced Television System Committee uses eight-level vestigial sideband for terrestrial broadcasting and this standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting is a designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving and it supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC that been adopted in most of South America and is also being embraced by Portuguese-speaking African countries. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting adopts time-domain synchronous OFDM technology with a signal frame to serve as the guard interval of the OFDM block. The DTMB standard has adopted in the Peoples Republic of China, including Hong Kong. Digital TVs roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive and it wasnt until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. S. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration, then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a standard was feasible. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements, the final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the electronics industry and the computer industry over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior
28.
Rogers Cable
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In 1980, Rogers purchased Premier Cable, which controlled the system in Vancouver, parts of Ontario, and had investments in Irish cable companies in Dublin, Galway and Waterford. In 1986 Rogers sold their shares of Irish companies to the Irish state broadcaster and state telecoms company, these cable companies are now part of the UPC Ireland network. In 1981, Rogers entered the U. S. cable market, obtaining franchises in Orange County, California, Minneapolis, and Portland, Oregon, and purchased the cable system in San Antonio. These assets were acquired by Paragon Cable in 1989 for over US$1 billion, Paragon in turn was acquired by Time Warner Cable several years later. Rogers continued to buy other operators, the largest such acquisition came with Rogers 1994 acquisition of Maclean-Hunter, through its acquisition of Maclean-Hunter, Rogers has also briefly owned cable systems in the United States, which it promptly sold to Comcast in 1994. In March 2000, Rogers agreed to swap systems with Shaw Communications, exchanging its systems in British Columbia for Shaw systems in Quebec, the deals gave Rogers and Shaw more consistent service footprints in Eastern and Western Canada respectively. In 2008, Rogers announced an offer for Aurora Cable. Shaw argued that the agreement violated unfair competition laws, the suit was quickly thrown out by the Ontario Superior Court, arguing that the non-compete agreement limited competition, and that Rogers claims of future harm were speculative in the extreme. The sale would go through. In January 2013, as part of an exchange of assets between the two companies, Shaw pulled out of Hamilton and sold the Mountain Cablevision business to Rogers. In October 2015, Rogers announced that it would begin to offer 4K-compatible set-top boxes, beginning in Toronto, telecasts of 4K sporting events from Sportsnet and TSN began to be carried on these set-top boxes in January 2016. With the Rogers takeover of Aurora Cable Internet, Aurora, Ontario, over the years, and at various times, Rogers has owned all or part of various cable operators serving areas across Canada, including Vancouver, Victoria, Calgary, and Northern Ontario. All of the systems in Western Canada were traded to Shaw Communications in late 2000, in exchange for that companys assets in Ontario and New Brunswick, and many of the others were sold to Cogeco. Through Rogers Cable, Rogers is the largest shareholder in CPAC, a public affairs and politics cable channel based in Ottawa. CPACs main programming consists of live and delayed coverage of the House of Commons, Rogers Cable previously operated a chain of video rental stores known as Rogers Plus, it launched as Rogers Video in 1988, after which it grew by acquiring smaller chains. The Rogers Video chain and Rogers Wireless retail stores were merged into a chain known as Rogers Plus in 2007. After 23 years in business, Rogers Plus discontinued movie and game rentals in 2011, in the beginning of 1995, Rogers along with several other cable companies, added a number of new cable channels under a negative option billing plan. Subscribers opting out of paying for the new channels stood to lose much of their existing specialty channel programming, a representative for Rogers said that they were replacing WQLN and WPBS for WTVS, as viewers wanted a feed that has a higher-quality reception
29.
Ottawa Valley
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The Ottawa Valley is the valley of the Ottawa River, along the boundary between Eastern Ontario and the Outaouais, Canada. The valley is the transition between the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and the Canadian Shield, because of the surrounding shield, the valley is narrow at its western end, then becomes increasingly wide as it progresses eastward. The underlying geophysical structure is the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, approximately 1.3 million people reside in the valley, of these the majority, around 80%, reside in Ottawa, the remainder on the north side of the Ottawa River, in Quebec. The total area of the Ottawa Valley is 2.4 million hectares, the National Capital Region area has just over 1.4 million inhabitants in both provinces. The entire Ottawa Valley is Algonquin traditional territory and, like most populated areas of Canada, is presently under land claim, a majority of Algonquins reside on the Quebec side of the border, where all but two Algonquin communities are located. However, there are many Algonquin communities and individuals not recognized as such by the Government of Canada under the Indian Act and these individuals are referred to as Non-Status Indians. Ardoch Algonquin First Nation is one such community located in the Ottawa Valley fighting for the return of their land, after the arrival of European settlers in North America, the first major industry of the Ottawa Valley was fur trading. Later, lumber became the major industry, and it is still important in the far western part where the valley is narrow. Today, the vast majority of the residents live at its eastern end in Ottawa and its suburbs. In the areas of Morrison’s Island and the Allumette Island there were many sites found from the earlier years of the Algonquin First Nations tribes. Many of these sites were found by the late Clyde C, kennedy, who was a student of history, he was very interested in history and worked hard while researching the sites. The items found on the different sites are dated from about five years ago to about two thousand years ago, and are a range of different things from native copper, to spear heads. Petawawa is a located in Renfrew County, in the Ottawa Valley. It was thought to have been first settled by the Agolkin Natives, samuel de Champlain visited this town and it was used as an important location for the Hudsons Bay Company. Many of the first settlers were of Irish, Scottish, in 1865 the township of Petawawa was incorporated because of its rich natural resources and its important military role. It wasnt until Canada Day 1997 that it was recognized as the Town of Petawawa, today it is the home of one of the largest Canadian Forces Land Force Command bases in Canada CFB Petawawa. Pembroke is located in Renfrew County on the Ottawa River and it is known as “the heart of the Ottawa Valley”. It was established in 1828 by pioneers and became a centre for the logging industry, today, it is the largest regional service centre between Ottawa and North Bay
30.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
31.
CHVR-FM
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CHVR-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 96.7 FM in Pembroke, Ontario. The station airs a music format branded as Star 96.7. The station was launched in 1942 as AM1340 CHOV by Ottawa Valley Broadcasting. In the late 1940s CHOV moved to AM1350, in 1961, Ottawa Valley also launched CHOV-TV. Workers at CHOV unionized and labour disputes at the channel led to management closing the station, the television station was purchased by J. Conrad Lavigne in 1977, adopting the callsign CHRO and becoming part of the MCTV system in 1980. In 1981, Mid-Canada Communications also purchased the station, it subsequently adopted the CHRO callsign as well. In 1990, the MCTV television stations were sold to Baton Broadcasting, with the TV and radio stations now under different ownership again, the radio station adopted its current CHVR callsign. In 1991, Pelmorex also acquired CKOA in Arnprior and CKOB in Renfrew, CHVR moved to its current frequency at 96.7 FM in 1996. Due to its strength, the Renfrew and Arnprior AM rebroadcasters were both discontinued. Prior to the change of CHVR from 1350 kHz to 96.7 MHz, the 1350 kHz allocation would relocate to Gatineau, Quebec, where it was used for a local transmitter for Montreals CIRA-FM from 2009 to 2015. The station was acquired by Telemedia in 1998, and Telemedia was in turn out by Standard Broadcasting in 2002. In October 2007, Astral Media acquired Standard Broadcastings terrestrial radio and television assets, in July 2013, CHVR-FM was acquired by Bell Media, a subsidiary of Bell Canada as a result of a buyout of Astral Media. Star 96 CHVR history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CHVR-FM
32.
Mid-Canada Communications
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Mid-Canada Communications was a Canadian media company, which operated from 1980 to 1990. The company, a division of Northern Cable, had television and that temporary deal, however, would last 22 years. The stations were distinguished from each other by use of their network affiliation As well, MCTV owned CHRO in Pembroke, CHRO used the same logo and programming schedule as MCTVs other stations, but it used its own callsign, rather than MCTV, as its on-air identification. The system expanded in the half of the 1980s, with further acquisitions in Sault Ste. Marie, Wawa, North Bay and another station in Kapuskasing bringing the group to 15 stations by 1990, blind River - CJNR Elliot Lake - CKNR Espanola - CKNS Hearst - CFLH Kapuskasing - CFLK, CKAP North Bay - CHUR Pembroke - CHRO Sault Ste. In 1990, Northern Cable began divesting itself of its media properties, pelmorex purchased Mid-Canada Radio, and Baton Broadcasting acquired MCTV. Maries Huron Broadcasting in 1990, and converted CHBX and CJIC to the MCTV branding as well, under Batons ownership, the stations retained the MCTV branding, and became part of the Baton Broadcast System. The CBC stations were sold outright to CBC in 2002
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Baton Broadcast System
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This is about the defunct television system owned by Baton Broadcasting. For the history of Baton Broadcasting itself, see Bell Media, the Baton Broadcast System (BBS, Baton is pronounced was a Canadian system of television stations located in Ontario and Saskatchewan, owned by Baton Broadcasting. BBS was the successor to two provincial systems also owned by Baton, the Saskatchewan Television Network and Ontario Network Television. During the 1990s, BBS and its predecessors served as a programming service to the CTV Television Network. Shortly after Batons acquisition of CTV in 1997 and the sale of Batons independent stations, the BBS brand was eliminated. During its years as a cooperative, CTV did not broadcast a complete primetime schedule, many affiliate groups, such as Baton and WIC – the latter already owning several independent stations – decided they would prefer to buy and air more of their own programming. Accordingly, as part of CTVs 1993 restructuring, network programming was reduced to 42.5 hours, from this point on, CTV network programming only took up about half of affiliates primetime schedules. ONT was initiated in 1991, consisting of eight CTV affiliates - seven owned by Baton, initially providing 10.5 hours of common programming each week, this was soon expanded to 35 hours. While it was an affiliation, and not a separate network from CTV. Indeed, Baton began to bid against CTV for the rights to new U. S. series. However, Batons president at the time, Douglas Bassett, contended it was merely a vehicle to compete with CanWest Globals CIII-TV. In 1993, Baton acquired two independent stations, CFPL and CKNX, and launched a third, CHWI and these stations replaced CKCO within ONT. In response, CKCO and WICs CHCH-TV Hamilton announced a joint initiative of their own, known as Market One Television, however, this partnership was short-lived. In addition to the CTV affiliates and independent stations, some ONT, in the rest of Canada, Baton sublicensed its programming to individual stations, usually CTV affiliates. Even the ONT brand was seen from time to time in the rest of Canada, in October 1994, Baton hired the management consulting firm McKinsey & Company to help evaluate how to proceed with its national expansion plans. However, the report recommended that Baton create a new national brand as a backup, to help reduce the damage should Batons gambit fail. This new brand turned out to be BBS, with an adapted from the CFTO multicoloured-iris logo. Batons local stations dropped their individual logos and adopted the new BBS symbol with the call letters positioned beneath
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National Capital Region (Canada)
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The term National Capital Region is often used to describe the Ottawa–Gatineau metropolitan area. Its component parts are within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec and this area is smaller than that of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area, which is 6,287 km2 in size. Ottawa–Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces, Ottawa is located in the sub-region of Southern Ontario called Eastern Ontario. Gatineau is located in southwestern Quebec, although overall Ontario is west of Quebec, the boundary in this region is situated in such a way that Gatineau is north of Ottawa, and northwest of the city centre. The National Capital region is situated close to where the Canadian shield, the area has several major fault lines and small earthquakes do occur somewhat regularly, including the 2010 Central Canada earthquake that occurred in Quebec. The Gatineau Hills are the foothills of the Laurentian Mountains and located in the region and they supply great skiing and snowboarding opportunities within minutes of the city. The National Capital Commission is a corporation that was established by the government in 1959 to oversee federal buildings. In the Supreme Court of Canada case of Munro v. National Capital Commission, in 2006, the NCC completed work on the long-discussed Confederation Boulevard, a ceremonial route linking key attractions in the NCR on both sides of the Ottawa River. The NCC reports to Parliament through Mélanie Joly, MP for Ahuntsic-Cartierville, as the NCC is normally under the purview of the Minister of Heritage and its headquarters are in the Chambers Building on Elgin Street, between Queen and Sparks Streets. The NCR has numerous attractions, including world famous festivals, national museums, famous buildings and architecture, sports, Ottawa has some of the best examples of Gothic Revival architecture in North America. Ottawa and Gatineau have a number of national museums, the most prominent museums are the Canadian Museum of History, Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of Nature, Canada Science and Technology Museum, National Art Gallery, Canada Aviation Museum. The Canada Science and Technology Museum is closed until 2017, the National Capital Region has many sports teams. The Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League play in the City of Ottawas western suburban community of Kanata, the Ottawa Redblacks are members of the Canadian Football League. Ottawa is also home to a successful Ontario Hockey League club, Gatineau is home to the 2007-2008 QMJHL champions, the Gatineau Olympiques. The Ottawa area has three universities, two of which, Carleton University and the University of Ottawa, compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport, the Carleton Ravens are nationally ranked #1 in basketball, and the Ottawa Gee-Gees are nationally ranked in football and basketball. Algonquin College has also won national championships. During the decade of the 1990-2000, Ottawa was home to very successful tech companies, including Nortel Networks, JDS Uniphase. High-tech employment had doubled in five years to reach 80,000 by 2001, with Nortel failing to meet high earnings expectations and layoffs starting in 2002, the company started to decline, a devastating shock to the tech industry in Ottawa
35.
CBOT-DT
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CBOT-DT, virtual channel 4.1, is a CBC Television owned-and-operated television station located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The station is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, as part of a twinstick with Télévision de Radio-Canada station CBOFT-DT, the two stations share studios at the CBC Ottawa Broadcast Centre on Sparks Street in Downtown Ottawa, alongside the main corporate offices of the CBC. CBOTs transmitter is located on the Ryan Tower at Camp Fortune in Chelsea, Quebec and this station can also be seen on Rogers Cable channel 8 and in high definition on digital channel 514. This station is available on Bell TV channel 208 and in high definition on channel 1040. CBOT-DT serves as the default CBC affiliate for the Kingston, Ontario area, CBOT went on the air for the first time on June 2,1953, becoming the third television station in Canada. Before the launch of Télévision de Radio-Canada station CBOFT, CBOT aired both English language and French language programs, during the late 1970s into the early 1980s, CBOT was known as CBC4 Ottawa, and its newscasts were known as CBC4 News. In 1980, CBOTs 6 p. m. newscast was anchored by Ab Douglas, during the mid-1980s, the station was known as CBOT4, then as CBC Ottawa. CBOT-DT presently broadcasts ten hours and 40 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week, CBOT airs local news programming in the form of a 90-minute newscast from 5 to 6,30 p. m. and a half-hour newscast at 11 p. m. on weekdays. On weekends, the airs a half-hour 6 p. m. newscast on Saturdays. None of CBCs or Radio-Canadas television rebroadcasters were converted to digital, on August 31,2011, when Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, the stations digital signal remained on UHF channel 25. However, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display CBOT-DTs virtual channel as 4.1, CBC Ottawa Canadian Communications Foundation - CBOT History Query the RECs Canadian station database for CBOT Query TV Fools coverage map for CBOT
36.
CHUM Limited
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CHUM Limited was a media company based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1945 to 2007. In addition, CHUM controlled 33 radio stations across Canada, at various points in its history, CHUM owned other radio stations and ATV/Atlantic Satellite Network in Atlantic Canada. CHUM was taken over by Bell Globemedia, owner of the CTV Television Network in July 2006, regulatory approval was made conditional on the sale of CHUMs five Citytv stations to Rogers Communications. CTVglobemedia took control of CHUMs other assets effective June 22,2007, the company itself has since been renamed CTV Limited and continues operation as a subsidiary of Bell Media. Its radio broadcasting division, CHUM Radio has since became Bell Media Radio after Bell Canada took control of CTVs assets and its Toronto radio stations TSN RADIO1050 and 104.5 CHUM-FM continues use CHUM as their stations call sign. However, CHUM no longer operates as a company separate from its new parent. The headquarters were located at 299 Queen Street West in Toronto, with the sale of CTVglobemedia to Bell Canada as announced in September 2010, Bell would take control of most of CHUMs former assets for the first time. And CTVglobemedia became known as Bell Media in April 1,2011, after the deal to purchase the stations was finalized and the CHUM name was completely phased out from its new entity. CHUM Limited began its operations when CHUM-AM was founded in 1945 by four Toronto businessmen, including Al Leary, a former sportscaster, CHUM received its licence in late November 1944 to operate a station with 1000 watts. CHUM launched as a radio station under York Broadcasters Limited on 28 October 1945. Jack Part, an entrepreneur in the business of patent medicines, the station, then operating from studios in the Mutual Street Arena, broadcast a format typical of the late 1940s, with a combination of information, music, and sports. When CHUM was about to debut, Leary told the press that the new station would be known for community service and in-depth news, in addition to live talent, Allan Waters, a salesman from Parts patent medicine business took control of CHUM-AM in 1954. Waters first major move was to secure a licence for 24-hour-a-day broadcasting for CHUM, on April 17,1959, the name York Broadcasters was changed to Radio CHUM1050 Ltd. The CHUM studios were moved from 250 Adelaide Street West to 1331 Yonge Street, Toronto, CHUM-FM104.5, however, began broadcasting in 1963 under the Classical Music/Fine Arts format. Alex Forbes, whose accounting firm Ewin & Forbes had been CHUMs auditor since 1952 and he would play a pivotal role in the companys development. On May 12,1967, under the corporate name CHUM Limited, CHUM-AM launched the CHUM Christmas Wish, evolving out of The CHUM Kids Crusade, and operating in conjunction with The CHUM Charitable Foundation. This would become an event for over forty years under the CHUM-City Christmas Wish and currently. CITY-TV – the Toronto UHF station launched with great flair and style in 1972 by Moses Znaimer – ran into debt by 1975
37.
CTV Atlantic
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CTV Atlantic is a system of four television stations in the Canadian Maritimes, owned and operated by the CTV Television Network, a division of Bell Media. Despite the name, it is not available on cable or analog in Newfoundland. CJCB and CKCW simulcast CJCH for most of the day, but air separate commercials, CKLT is a full repeater of CKCW. However, all four stations are licensed by the Canadian Radio-television. Station information and history is discussed in each stations own article, CJCH was a charter CTV affiliate when it started in 1961. CJCB and CKCW were established as CBC Television stations in 1954, CKCW affiliated with CTV in 1969, adding sister station CKLT the same year. CHUM Limited, a Toronto broadcaster, bought CJCH in 1970, CJCB in 1971 and CKCW, later that year, it switched CJCBs affiliation to CTV and merged the four stations into the ATV system. Shortly afterward, CKCW opened a rebroadcaster in Charlottetown, making Prince Edward Island the last province to get CTV, in 1997, as part of a group deal, the ATV stations were sold to CTV and in 1998 renamed ATV/CTV. Although each station produced its own news and local programming in the beginning. On October 11,2005, ATV/CTV was renamed CTV Atlantic, most other CTV owned-and-operated stations had been renamed the prior week. CTV Atlantic produces 28 hours of programming each week. All news programs are produced in 16,9 high definition as of July 13,2014 at CJCHs Robie Street studio in Halifax, CTV News also has news bureaus in Sydney, New Glasgow, Saint John, Fredericton and Moncton. C
38.
The Maritimes
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The Maritimes, also called the Maritime provinces or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. The Maritimes had a population of 1,813,606 in 2016, the Maritimes, along with a fourth province – Canadas easternmost province, Newfoundland and Labrador – make up Atlantic Canada. Located along the Atlantic coast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as the Gulf of Maine, the region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebecs Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland. All three provinces are entirely south of the southernmost extremity of Western Canada, and are the provinces of Canada without large. The Mikmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people are indigenous to the Maritimes, while Acadian, the word maritime is an adjective that simply means of the sea, thus any land associated with the sea can be considered a maritime state or province. Nonetheless, the term Maritimes has historically been applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The Middle Period, starting 6,000 years ago, and this is also when what is called the Laurentian tradition started among Archaic Indians, existing First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian burial mounds and other ceremonial sites existing in the Saint John River valley has been uncovered, the primarily agrarian Maliseet Nation settled throughout the Saint John River and Allagash River valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. The Passamaquoddy Nation inhabited the coastal regions of the present-day Bay of Fundy. The Maritimes were the area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. Both Giovanni Caboto and Giovanni da Verrazzano are reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England, several Portuguese explorers/cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely Diogo Homem. However, it was French explorer Jacques Cartier who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power, and in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Champlain went on to fame as the founder of New Frances province of Canada which comprises much of the present-day lower St. Lawrence River valley in the province of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the comparatively enormous seasonal European fishing fleets based out of Newfoundland which took advantage of proximity to the Grand Banks. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 Acadia was ceded to Scotlands Sir William Alexander who renamed it Nova Scotia. By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was contemptuous at best. Frances priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on New France and the exploration and settlement of interior North America, over 74 years there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and Acadia. Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy, in the first war, King Williams War, natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia/ New England border in southern Maine
