The Cagayan River, also known as the Cagayan de Oro River, is one of the rivers draining the northern central part of the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The river has its headwaters in the Kalatungan Mountain Range and Kitanglad Mountain Range found in the central part of the province of Bukidnon. It traverses the municipalities of Talakag, Baungon, and Libona, connecting tributaries along the way. It finally empties into Macajalar Bay in Cagayan de Oro.

The Kalatungan Mountain Range in the central portion of the province of Bukidnon, Philippines, is one of the few areas in the province covered with old growth or mossy forests. It covers an area of approximately 213.0134 km2 (82.24493 mi2), with about 113.7175 km2 (43.90657 mi2) identified as part of the critical watershed area declared under Presidential Decree 127, issued on June 29, 1987. The water from two rivers, the Muleta and Manupali Rivers, flood the multimillion dam project of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration (NIA). The rivers drain into the Pulangi River, the site of a National Power Corporation hydroelectric dam.