1.
California State Route 13
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State Route 13 is a state highway in California. It is a loop in Alameda County currently built from Interstate 580 in Oakland to Interstate 80/Interstate 580 in Berkeley. SR13 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, SR13 is known as the Warren Freeway from Route 24 to Route 580, as named by Assembly Concurrent Resolution 96, Chapter 166 in 1957. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the four-lane freeway takes a largely straight path as it runs through a scenic valley. In the event of an earthquake on the fault, this section of SR13 may sustain heavy damage. Numerous overpasses have recently undergone extensive seismic retrofitting, the tall trees on the highways side make the highway appear narrower, and until late 2004, a dense group of trees also lined most of the highways median. For most of the day, the freeway experiences only modest traffic, much of the traffic on this highway comes from SR 24s commute hour congestion backing up onto SR13 northbound via the exchange between the highways. After going through an interchange with State Route 24 near the entrance to the Caldecott Tunnel, however, the freeway ends at an uphill junction and the route is defaulted onto Tunnel Road, a much more narrow two-lane road that bends to the west and winds downhill. Upon reaching the foot of the hill, Tunnel Road becomes Ashby Avenue, entering Berkeley, UC Berkeley is north on Telegraph Avenue, while a BART station is located at Adeline Street. Past San Pablo Avenue, Route 13 runs through a more modest neighborhood before reaching its current end at Interstate 80/Interstate 580, SR13 was created to accommodate the construction of the Grove-Shafter Freeway, now designated State Route 24. Before the construction of the Grove-Shafter, Ashby Avenue was State Route 24, the main thoroughfare through the Montclair District in those days was Mountain Blvd. State Route 13 was formed out of the 1964 state highway renumbering, before its designation, it was known as several different legislative route numbers, including 258 from Interstate 580 to present-day SR61, and 227 from Warren Boulevard to U. S. Route 50. This latter segment was not finished in 1963 and only existed from SR24 to Joaquin Miller Road, however, the finished portion along Warren Boulevard was commissioned as part of the state highway system in 1947. The portion of SR13 between SR24 and I-80 was known as Sign Route 24, however, it was designated as Route 206 since 1935. The portion between I-80 and SR61 was also part of Legislative Route 206 and was commissioned into the highway system in 1959. Route 13 was to have been a bypass of Oakland and Berkeley. State law describes an even longer Route 13, which would start further south at Route 61, the latter end would require an interchange over water. However, local resistance to further construction in Oakland prevented the extension
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Barbara Lee
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Barbara Jean Lee is the U. S. Representative for Californias 13th congressional district, serving East Bay voters from 1998 to 2013 during a time when the region was designated Californias 9th congressional district and she is a member of the Democratic Party. She was the first woman to represent the 9th district and is also the first woman to represent the 13th district, Lee was the Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus and was the Co-Chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus. Lee is notable as the member of either house of Congress to vote against the authorization of use of force following the September 11,2001 attacks. This made her a hero among many in the anti-war movement, Lee has been a vocal critic of the war in Iraq and supports legislation creating a Department of Peace. Lee was born Barbara Jean Tutt in El Paso, Texas, the daughter of Mildred Adaire and Garvin Alexander Tutt, according to a DNA analysis, she descends primarily from the people of Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. She moved from Texas to California in 1960 with her military family parents and she was a young single mother of two receiving public assistance when she began attending college. Lee was educated at Mills College, and received an MSW from the University of California, Berkeley, also as a student, she was a volunteer at the Oakland chapter of the Black Panther Partys Community Learning Center and worked on Panther co-founder Bobby Seales 1973 Oakland mayoral campaign. Lee was a member for United States Representative Ron Dellums and a member of the California State Assembly. She ran for Congress in an election that created a year-long series of five special elections as various East Bay politicians vied for political office. She warned her colleagues to be not to embark on an open-ended war with neither an exit strategy nor a focused target. In granting these overly broad powers, the Congress failed its responsibility to understand the dimensions of its declaration, the president has the constitutional authority to protect the nation from further attack, and he has mobilized the armed forces to do just that. The Congress should have waited for the facts to be presented and this vote made nationwide news reports and brought about a large and extremely polarized response, with the volume of calls gridlocking the switchboard of her Capitol Hill office. Many of the responses included death threats against her or her family to the point that the Capitol Police provided round-the-clock plainclothes bodyguards and she was also criticized by politicians and in editorial pages of conservative-leaning newspapers, e. g. John Funds column in The Wall Street Journal. She was awarded the Seán MacBride Peace Prize by the International Peace Bureau in 2002 for that vote, in her speech, she quoted the Rev. Nathan Baxter, dean of National Cathedral, “As we act, let us not become the evil that we deplore. Death penalty Lees opposition to the penalty was recognized in 2002 by Death Penalty Focus. Foreign affairs Although Lee is considered a liberal Democrat, she has split with members of her own party throughout her congressional career. Lee voted against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002, Lee was one of only 46 Democrats to vote for the Online Freedom of Speech Act of 2005
5.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
6.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
7.
White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
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Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
9.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
10.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
11.
Cook Partisan Voting Index
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The Cook Political Report introduced the PVI in August 1997 to better gauge the competitiveness of each district using the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections as a baseline. The index is based on analysis by the Center for Voting, the national average for 2004 and 2008 was 51. 2% Democratic to 48. 8% Republican. For example, in Alaskas at-large congressional district, the Republican candidate won 63% and 61% of the two-party share in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, respectively. Comparing the average of two results against the average national share, this district has voted 13 percentage points more Republican than the country as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two elections to nationwide results for the most recent election. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, the most Democratic congressional district in the country is New Yorks 15th, located in the Bronx, with a PVI of D+43. The most Republican district is Texass 13th at R+32, as for states as a whole, Wyoming and Utah are the most Republican at R+22, and Hawaii is the most Democratic at D+20. The most Democratic congressional districts to be represented by a Republican are Iowas 1st, Iowas 1st is represented by Rod Blum and New Yorks 24th is represented by John Katko. The most Republican congressional district to be represented by a Democrat is Minnesotas 7th, in total there are nine Democratic-leaning House districts represented by Republicans following the 2014 elections and eight Republican-leaning House districts represented by Democrats. This represents a total of 17 out of 435 Representatives from districts with a PVI opposite to their own party, in the Senate, the most Republican-leaning state to have a Democratic senator is West Virginia, with Democrat Joe Manchin. The most Democratic-leaning state to have a Republican senator is Maine with Republican Susan Collins, the most Democratic-leaning state to have two Republican senators is Iowa, represented by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst. Four Republican-leaning states have governors from the Democratic Party while twelve Democratic-leaning states have governors from the Republican Party, all Republican-leaning states have a majority Republican house delegation, as well as six Democratic-leaning states and neutral Virginia. Note that the seven states with one representative must be among these. Psephology, the analysis of elections. Political party strength in U. S. states The Cook Political Report
12.
California's congressional districts
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California is the most populous U. S. state and as a result has the most representation in the United States House of Representatives, with 53 Representatives. Each Representative represents one congressional district, the 1990 census gave California seven additional congressional seats. Attempts by the legislature to draw up new districts were unsuccessful, in September 1991 the California Supreme Court took jurisdiction over the redistricting process to break the stalemate. Districts were drawn up by a panel of retired judges and it was mutually decided by legislators that the status quo in terms of balance of power would be preserved - a so-called Incumbent Protection Plan. A bipartisan re-districting effort was done, and districts were configured in such a way that they were dominated by one or the other party, in some cases this resulted in extremely convoluted boundary lines. In the 2004 elections, a win by less than 55 percent of the vote was quite rare and this was seen in only five out of 80 State Assembly seats and two out of 20 State Senate seats up for election. The congressional seats were less competitive than the state legislative districts - just three of the 53 districts were won with less than 60 percent majority in 2004. Since its creation in 1990, the district had been held by a Republican, Congressman Bill Baker and her district became safe and the subsequent congressional election drew no national attention to California. It was taken from long-time Republican incumbent Richard Pombo by Democratic political neophyte Jerry McNerney, mcClintock won by a slim margin. Indeed, California law prohibits poll workers from requesting ID under most circumstances, proposition 11, a California ballot proposition known as the Voters FIRST Act, was approved by the voters on November 4,2008. It removed from the California Legislature the responsibility for drawing the states congressional districts, the U. S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of removing the responsibility from the legislature. Several of these terms are not defined in law, the special election was held on November 8,2005. However, the initiative was defeated, with 59 percent voting no. All initiatives, including those proposed by the Governors allies and several independent initiatives, the California Citizens Redistricting Commission certified final district maps on August 15,2011, and they took effect with the 2012 election. An interactive map comparing the old districts with the new ones is available via the Los Angeles Times, the delegation has a total of 52 members, with 38 Democrats and 14 Republicans. There is currently a vacancy in the 34th district, following the resignation of Xavier Becerra on January 23,2017 to assume the office of California Attorney General, districts in California List of United States congressional districts
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
Alameda County, California
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Alameda County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271, Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region. The county was formed on March 25,1853, from a portion of Contra Costa County. The Spanish word alameda means a place where trees grow. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early explorers of a road lined with trees, the county seat at the time it was formed was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856 it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault, the county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872-1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873, much of what is now considered an intensively urban region, with major cities, was developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, the fair runs for three weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 82 square miles is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west, the crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary, and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay, and is Oaklands most populous region, Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge A2014 analysis found Alameda County to be the 4th most racially diverse county in the United States, the 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons,16. 4% Mexican,0. 8% Puerto Rican,0. 2% Cuban,5. 1% Other Hispanic. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31. In the county, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857. Males had an income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females
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Alameda, California
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Alameda is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located on Alameda Island and Bay Farm Island, and is adjacent to and south of Oakland and east of San Francisco across the San Francisco Bay. Bay Farm Island, a portion of which is known as Harbor Bay Isle, is not actually an island. The citys estimated 2016 population was 79,277, Alameda is a charter city, rather than a general law city, allowing the city to provide for any form of government. Alameda became a city and adopted a council–manager government in 1916. The island Alameda occupies what was originally a peninsula connected to Oakland, much of it was low-lying and marshy, but on higher ground than the peninsula and adjacent parts of what is now downtown Oakland were home to one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world. The area was therefore called Encinal, Spanish for forest of evergreen oak, Alameda is Spanish for grove of poplar trees or tree-lined avenue, and was chosen in 1853 by popular vote. The inhabitants at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the late 18th century were a band of the Ohlone tribe. The peninsula became part of the vast Rancho San Antonio granted in 1820 to Luis Peralta by the Spanish king who claimed California, the grant was later confirmed by the new Republic of Mexico upon its independence from Spain. Over time, the became known as Bolsa de Encinal or Encinal de San Antonio. The city was founded on June 6,1853, and the town contained three small settlements. Eventually, the Central Pacifics ferry pier became the Alameda Mole, the first post office opened in 1854. The first school, Schmermerhorn School, was opened in 1855, the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad opened the Encinal station in 1864. The Encinal area was known as Fasskings Station in honor of Frederick Louis Fassking. Encinals own post office opened in 1876, was renamed West End in 1877, the West End area was originally called Bowmans Point in honor of Charles G. Bowman, an early settler. The Alameda Terminal was the site of the arrival of the first train via the First Transcontinental Railroad into the San Francisco Bay Area on September 6,1869, the transcontinental terminus was switched to the Oakland Mole two months later, on November 8,1869. The borders of Alameda were made coextensive with the island in 1872, mark Twain described Alameda as being The Garden of California. In 1917, an attraction called Neptune Beach was built in the now known as Crab Cove
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Albany, California
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Albany is a city in Alameda County, California. The population was 18,539 at the 2010 census, in 1908, a group of local women protested the dumping of Berkeley garbage in their community. Armed with two shotguns and a rifle, they confronted the drivers of the wagons near what is now the corner of San Pablo Avenue. The women told the drivers of the horse-drawn garbage wagons to go home, shortly thereafter, the residents of the town voted to incorporate as the City of Ocean View. In 1909, voters changed the name of the city, primarily to distinguish the city from the adjacent section of Berkeley which had previously been named Ocean View. On a vote of 38 to 6 the city was renamed in honor of Albany, New York, the birthplace of the citys first mayor, Frank Roberts. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.5 square miles. The principal shopping street in Albany is Solano Avenue, which cuts across the city from west to east, another important street is San Pablo Avenue, which travels from north to south. Albany is located on the shore of San Francisco Bay, bordering the city of Berkeley to the south and east. Albanys northern and southern borders are defined by two creeks, Codornices Creek on the south and Cerrito Creek on the north, Cerrito Creek takes its name from El Cerrito de San Antonio, now known as Albany Hill. The hills unusual location near the bay makes it a prominent landmark in the East Bay. The rest of the city is flat by Bay Area standards. Albanys waterfront has undergone significant man-made changes, the most prominent landform is now the Albany Bulb, the bulb was the site of a small art colony and shanty town until it was cleared to turn the area into part of the new Eastshore State Park. University Village, a unit of the University of California Berkeley, is located in Albany. The 2010 United States Census reported that Albany had a population of 18,539, as of 2012, Albany had a population of 18,969. The population density was 3,392.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Albany was 10,128 White,645 African American,88 Native American,5,790 Asian,37 Pacific Islander,607 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,891 persons. The Census reported that 18,454 people lived in households,74 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 341 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 123 same-sex married couples or partnerships
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Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
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Emeryville, California
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Emeryville is a small city located in northwest Alameda County, California, in the United States. It is located in a corridor between the cities of Berkeley and Oakland, extending to the shore of San Francisco Bay and its proximity to San Francisco, the Bay Bridge, the University of California, Berkeley, and Silicon Valley has been a catalyst for recent economic growth. It is home to Pixar Animation Studios, Peets Coffee & Tea, Jamba Juice, The Center for Investigative Reporting, before the colonization of the area by Spain in 1776, this area was the site of extensive Ohlone Native American settlements. During the Spanish and Mexican eras, Emeryville was the site of a wharf near the mouth of Temescal Creek adjacent to the shellmound. The cattle processed here were raised in nearby ranches and farms, the odors emanating from this district were notorious and often mentioned in local newspapers of the 19th and early 20th century. Emeryvilles first post office opened in 1884, the Town of Emeryville was incorporated December 2,1896. It was named after Joseph Stickney Emery, who came during the Gold Rush, in 1884, Emery was president of a narrow-gauge railroad called the California and Nevada Railroad. The railroad was intended to extend from Oakland, through Emerys and then east across the Sierra Nevada to the gold mining town of Bodie. From Bodie the railroad would extend east through Nevada to a connection with the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, despite its grandiose intentions, the railroad was built only from Oakland to Orinda, and its right-of-way was sold to the Santa Fe Railway. The Santa Fe then constructed a yard and passenger depot below San Pablo between 41st Street and Yerba Buena Avenue. Although located in Emeryville, the depot, which opened in 1902, was called Oakland, the Key System established its main rail yard adjacent to the yard of the Santa Fe in a large tract west of San Pablo Avenue in the vicinity of Yerba Buena Avenue. The Key Systems main power plant, used to energize its streetcars, the immense smokestack was a local landmark for decades, surviving right through the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. It was demolished for safety reasons shortly thereafter, the old Key System mainline to the pier, and later, to the Bay Bridge, ran in a subway below Beach Street and the Southern Pacific mainline near the power plant. That subway survives and is used as a private entrance to the main sewage treatment plant of East Bay Municipal Utility District. In the late 19th century, a park was built around the shellmound. The park included two dance pavilions, one of which stood atop the shellmound, a trotting park was built nearby at the junction of the Berkeley Branch line with the mainline of the Southern Pacific. On February 22,1920 the first dog race track to employ an imitation rabbit opened in Emeryville, during the Depression, Emeryville was jammed with speakeasies, racetracks and brothels and became known as a somewhat lawless center for entertainment. The popular local restaurant The Townhouse is one such trace, a location that once was a speakeasy during Prohibition, today, this tradition is carried on to a degree by the Oaks Room Card Club, a legal gambling establishment on San Pablo Avenue
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Piedmont, California
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Piedmont is a small, mostly-residential, semi-suburban city located in Alameda County, California, United States. The City of Piedmont is completely surrounded by the city of Oakland, Piedmonts residential population was 10,667 at the 2010 census. The name comes after the region of Piedmont in Italy, Piedmont was incorporated in 1907, and was developed significantly in the 1920s and 1930s. The Piedmont Unified School District includes three schools, one middle school, and two high schools. The original neighborhood of Piedmont was larger than the current municipality of Piedmont, residents originally sought incorporation in 1907. According to the web page, In the Roaring Twenties Piedmont was known as the “City of Millionaires” because there were more millionaires per square mile than in any city in the United States. Many of these millionaires built mansions that still stand, notably on Sea View Avenue, Piedmont became a charter city under the laws of the state of California on December 18,1922. On February 27,1923, voters adopted the charter, which can only be changed by vote of the people. Piedmont celebrated the year 2007 as its Centennial Anniversary since incorporation, the Centennial Committee hosted celebratory events along a trail that runs through downtown Piedmont and denoted historical landmarks in the city. The Committee also created a float for the citys Fourth of July parade, the historical exhibit A Deluxe Autonomy, Piedmont’s First 100 Years was on display in the Oakland Public Library from January 5 to March 31,2007. Piedmont is located at 37°49′19″N 122°13′53″W and it is located near the Hayward Fault, a geological fault line that runs through the East Bay region. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.7 square miles. Piedmont is a small, residential community located in the East Bay hills, Piedmont is surrounded on all sides by the city of Oaklands more historic residential districts. Specifically, Piedmonts northwestern border is adjacent to Oaklands Piedmont Ave commercial district, lots in upper Piedmont are, on average, larger than lots in lower Piedmont. A nearby shopping district on Piedmont Avenue is located in Oakland, no major highways run within Piedmonts borders but entrances to scenic* CA Highway 13 and CA I-580 are quite near. *A scenic designation means no billboards or advertisements are permitted, Piedmont is almost entirely zoned for single-family dwelling residential use. Piedmont has minimal commerce compared with similar cities, and relies primarily on property taxes and fees for public revenues to support public services. The city also has relatively few multi-family or second units, the city has a very small number of businesses in its commercial district on Highland Avenue and a very small number of businesses on Grand Avenue near Piedmonts western border with Oakland
20.
San Leandro, California
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San Leandro is a suburban city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located on the shore of San Francisco Bay. The first inhabitants of the region which would eventually become San Leandro were the ancestors of the Ohlone people. The Spanish settlers called these natives Costeños or coast people and the English-speaking settlers called them Costanoans, San Leandro was first visited by Europeans on March 20,1772 by Spanish soldier Captain Pedro Fages and the Spanish Catholic priest Father Crespi. San Leandro is located on the Rancho San Leandro and Rancho San Antonio Mexican land grants, both were located along El Camino Viejo, modern 14th Street / State Route 185. The smaller, Rancho San Leandro, approximately 9,000 acres, was given to José Joaquín Estudillo in 1842, the larger, Rancho San Antonio, approximately 44,000 acres was given to another Spanish soldier Don Luis Maria Peralta in 1820. Beginning in 1855, two of Estudillos sons-in-law, John B, the city has a historic Portuguese population dating from when immigrants from the Azores and laborers from Hawaii began settling in the city in the 1880s and established farms and businesses. By the 1910 census, they had accounted for nearly two-thirds of San Leandros population, in 1856 San Leandro became the county seat of Alameda county, but the county courthouse was destroyed there by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault. The county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn, during the Civil War San Leandro and its neighbor, Brooklyn, fielded a California militia company, the Brooklyn Guard. As a result of the covenant, In 1960, the city was almost entirely white, the United States Supreme Court, in Shelley v. Kraemer, later declared such covenants unenforceable by the state. San Leandro was an 86. 4% white-non Hispanic community according in the 1970 census, the citys demographics began to diversify in the 1980s. By 2010, Asian Americans had become a plurality population in San Leandro, with one third of the population. The San Leandro Hills run above the city to the northeast, in the lower elevations of the city, an upper regionally contained aquifer is located 50 to 100 feet below the surface. At least one deeper aquifer exists approximately 250 feet below the surface, some salt water intrusion has taken place in the San Leandro Cone. Shallow groundwater generally flows to the west, from the foothills toward San Francisco Bay, shallow groundwater is contaminated in many of the locales of the lower elevation of the city. Contamination by gasoline, volatile compounds and some heavy metals has been recorded in a number of these lower elevation areas. The trace of the Hayward Fault passes under Foothill Boulevard in San Leandro, follow the link in the reference to see a series of photos of the fault cutting the asphalt between 1979 and 1987. The 2010 United States Census reported that San Leandro had a population of 84,950, the population density was 5,423.8 people per square mile
21.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
22.
United States Senate election in California, 2016
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Under Californias nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation, washington and Louisiana have similar jungle primary style processes for Senators. Incumbent Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer decided to not run for re-election to a term in office. This was the first open seat Senate election in California in 24 years, in the primary on June 7,2016, California Attorney General Kamala Harris and U. S. Representative Loretta Sanchez, both Democrats, finished in first and second place, respectively, and contested the general election, the highest Republican finisher in the primary won only 7. S. In the general election, Harris defeated Sanchez in a landslide, carrying all but Glenn, Barbara Boxer was re-elected with 52. 1% of the vote in 2010 against Republican Carly Fiorina. Towards the end of 2014, Boxers low fundraising and cash-on-hand numbers led to speculation that she would retire, on January 8,2015, Boxer announced that she would not run for re-election. President Cristina Grappo Kamala Harris, California Attorney General Massie Munroe, engineer Herbert G. Peters Emory Rodgers, activist Loretta Sanchez, Representative Steve Stokes, small business owner and Independent candidate for CA-28 in 2014 Stewart Albertson, attorney Xavier Becerra, U. S. Representative and candidate for Mayor of Los Angeles in 2001 Ami Bera, Representative Louis Caldera, former Director of the White House Military Office, former United States Secretary of the Army, and former State Assemblyman Tony Cárdenas, U. S. S. S. Representative and candidate for Governor in 1998 Jared Huffman, U. S. S, Representative Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook Adam Schiff, U. S. Representative Hilda Solis, Los Angeles County Supervisor, former United States Secretary of Labor, Representative Ellen Tauscher, former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs and former U. S. S. Senate in 2012 Jerry J. Yang, businessman Rocky Chavez, State Assemblyman Mary Bono, Representative Tom Campbell, former U. S. Representative, nominee for the U. S. Senate in 2000 and candidate for the U. S. S. Representative Larry Elder, talk radio host and attorney Kevin Faulconer, Mayor of San Diego Carly Fiorina, businesswoman and nominee for the U. S. Senate in 2010 Darrell Issa, U. S. Representative and candidate for the U. S. Senate in 1998 Ernie Konnyu, Representative and House Majority Leader Doug Ose, former U. S. S. The following are Federal Election Commission disclosures through the period ending March 31,2016. United States Senate elections,2016 Official campaign websites Kamala Harris for Senate Loretta Sanchez for Senate
23.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
24.
United States Senate election in California, 2012
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The primary election on June 5 took place under Californias new blanket primary law, where all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters voted for any candidate listed, or write-in any other candidate, the top two finishers — regardless of party — advanced to the general election in November, even if a candidate managed to receive a majority of the votes cast in the June primary. In the primary, less than 15% of the total 2010 census population voted, Senator Dianne Feinstein announced her intention to run for a fourth full term in April 2011 and finished first in the blanket primary with 49. 5% of the vote. The second-place finisher was Republican candidate and autism activist Elizabeth Emken, Feinstein and Emken contested the general election on November 6, with Feinstein winning re-election in a landslide, by 62. 5% to 37. 5%. Feinsteins 7.86 million votes set the record for the most votes cast for one candidate in one state in one election. Grundmann, chiropractor In July 2012, Taitz sued to block the certification of the election results, alleging rampant election fraud. Senator Elizabeth Emken, former Vice President of Autism Speaks No debates were scheduled, Senator Feinstein decided to focus on her own campaign rather than debate her challenger
25.
California gubernatorial election, 2010
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The 2010 California gubernatorial election was held November 2,2010 to elect the Governor of California. The primary elections were held on June 8,2010, former Governor Jerry Brown, to whom the term limits did not apply due to the grandfather clause, defeated Meg Whitman in the general election. Brown was sworn into office on January 3,2011. S, senator Gavin Newsom, Mayor of San Francisco Chelene Nightingale, business owner Markham Robinson, owner of a software firm Laura Wells, financial systems consultant S. Brown stands on the issues. The Los Angeles Times reported that nearly $250 million was spent on the Governors race, at least two spending records were broken during the campaign. Eliminate small business start-up tax 2, eliminate the state tax on capital gainsJerry Brown 1. Create strike team to focus on job retention 4, cut regulations (speed up regulatory processes and eliminate duplicative functions, develop CEQA guidelines, fully utilize administrative law, update outdated technology systems 5. Deliver targeted workforce training programs 7, invest in education Education, Meg Whitman 1. Direct more money to classroom 2, eliminate cap on charter schools 4. Establish fast-track parent process for charter school conversions 6, invest $1 billion in UC and CSU University systems 7. Utilize alternative paths to the classroom to attract high quality teachers Jerry Brown 1, change school funding formulas and consolidate the 62 existing categorical programs 4. Simplify the Education Code and return more decision-making to local school districts 6, a more balanced and creative school curriculum 7. Place special emphasis on teaching science, technology, engineering, improve high school graduation rates 10
26.
Jerry Brown
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Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown Jr. is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the 39th Governor of California since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, Brown previously served as the 34th governor from 1975 to 1983, as the only son of Edmund G. Pat Brown Sr. Elected governor in 1974 at age 36, Brown was the youngest California governor in 111 years, Brown was re-elected governor in 1978, and ran against fellow Democrat and incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 primaries. While challengers to incumbent presidents seldom gain traction, the challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts did, Brown declined to run for a third term in 1982, instead running for the United States Senate in 1982. However, Brown was defeated by Republican Pete Wilson, and many considered his career to be over. After traveling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party, after six years out of politics, Brown returned to public life, serving as Mayor of Oakland, and then Attorney General of California. Brown decided to run for another term as governor in 2010, the law limited a governor to two terms, however, the four living governors when the law was passed remained eligible. Brown defeated Meg Whitman in 2010 to become the 39th governor in 2011, on October 7,2013, he became the governor in California history. Brown was re-elected in 2014, with sixty percent of the vote, as a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor, and the oldest California governor in history. Browns father was of half-Irish and half-German descent, Browns great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during the California Gold Rush. Brown was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius High School, in 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year, and left to attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit novice house, intent on becoming a Catholic priest. Brown left the novitiate after three years, enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics in 1961, Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964. After law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner, returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt. He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor, in 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city, and placed first in a field of 124. In 1970, Brown was elected California Secretary of State, Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations. In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws, while holding this office, he discovered the use of falsely notarized documents by then-President Richard Nixon to fraudulently earn a tax deduction for donation of his pre-presidential papers. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Political Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, among other provisions, it established the California Fair Political Practices Commission. Brown won the primary with the recognition of his father, Pat Brown
27.
United States Senate election in California, 2010
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The 2010 United States Senate election in California took place on November 2,2010. The election was held alongside 33 other United States Senate elections in addition to congressional, state, Senator Barbara Boxer won re-election to a fourth term. Barbara Boxer, incumbent United States Senator Mickey Kaus, Journalist/Blogger Brian Quintana, Businessman/Educator In 2009, brigadier General Michael Walsh was testifying on the Louisiana coastal restoration process in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and answered Boxers query with maam when Boxer interrupted him. Do me a favor, Boxer said, can you say senator instead of maam. Its just a thing, I worked so hard to get that title, the Armys guide to protocol instructs service members to call members of the U. S. Senate sir, maam or senator. Fiorina used this incident prominently in ads, as did David Zucker. Tom Campbell, economist and former U. S, the Los Angeles Times research of public records indicated Fiorina had failed to vote in most elections. Fiorina responded by saying, Im a lifelong registered Republican but I havent always voted and you know, people die for the right to vote. And there are many, many Californians and Americans who exercise that civic duty on a regular basis, on March 5, the three principal Republican primary candidates, Campbell, DeVore, and Fiorina participated in a live, on-air debate, which was broadcast on KTKZ in Sacramento. The debate was called by Campbell, in order to respond to accusations of anti-Semitism, Campbell had also been criticized for having accepted campaign contributions, from then-University of South Florida professor Sami Al-Arian. Air it, and let me respond to it, but there’s no place for calling me anti-Semitic, then denying it. That whispering campaign, that silent slander, stops today, a dispute had been triggered as well by Campbells 2002 letter in defense of Al-Arian. Campbell said he had not been aware of the charges against Al-Arian when he wrote his January 21,2002, letter to USFs president, asking USF not to discipline Al-Arian. He also said he had not been aware that Al-Arian had said, in a speech discussed in an OReilly interview before Campbell wrote his letter, Jihad is our path. Campbell said, I did not hear, I did not read, and I would not have written the letter had I known about those. To say Death to Israel is abhorrent, its horrible, Campbell said he was sorry he wrote the letter, adding that he did not know about the statements at the time. He said he should have researched that matter more thoroughly, Campbell had initially maintained that Al-Arian had never contributed to Campbells 2000 Senate campaign. That turned out to be untrue, Campbell said his misstatements were the result of the events having taken place years prior
28.
Barbara Boxer
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Barbara Levy Boxer is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from California 1993 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the U. S. House of Representatives 1983 to 1993. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Boxer graduated from Brooklyn College and she worked as a stockbroker for several years before moving to California with her husband. During the 1970s, she worked as a journalist for the Pacific Sun and she served on the Marin County Board of Supervisors for six years and became the boards first female president. With the slogan Barbara Boxer Gives a Damn, she was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1982 and she sat on the House Armed Services Committee, and was involved in government oversight, passing several procurement reforms. Boxer won the 1992 election for the U. S. Senate, Boxer is the ranking member of the Environment and Public Works Committee and the vice chair of the Select Committee on Ethics. She is also the Democratic Chief Deputy Whip, on January 8,2015, Boxer announced that she would not seek re-election in 2016. She was succeeded by California Attorney General Kamala Harris, Boxer was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents Sophie and Ira Levy. She attended public schools, and graduated from George W. Wingate High School in 1958, in 1962, she married Stewart Boxer and graduated from Brooklyn College with a bachelors degree in Economics. While in college she was a member of Delta Phi Epsilon sorority and was a cheerleader for the Brooklyn College basketball team, Boxer worked as a stockbroker for the next three years, while her husband went to law school. Later, the moved to Greenbrae, Marin County, California. She first ran for office in 1972, when she challenged incumbent Peter Arrigoni, a member of the Marin County Board of Supervisors. Later during the 1970s, Boxer worked as a journalist for the Pacific Sun and as an aide to John Burton, in 1976, Boxer was elected to the Marin County Board of Supervisors, serving for six years. She was the Boards first woman president, Boxers husband, Stewart, a prominent attorney in Oakland, represents injured workers in workers compensation cases, keeping a very low political profile. On May 28,1994, their daughter Nicole married Tony Rodham, before ending in divorce, they had a child Zachary, born in 1995. So Boxer is genetically tied to the Clintons through this union, Zachary held a unique distinction of being both the grandson and nephew of sitting U. S. senators. In 2006, the Boxers sold their house in Greenbrae, where they had lived for many years, Boxers first novel, A Time to Run was published in 2005 by San Francisco-based publishing company Chronicle Books. Her second novel Blind Trust was released in July 2009 by Chronicle Books, Boxer, then a Marin County supervisor, was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1982, succeeding John Burton
29.
California gubernatorial election, 2006
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The 2006 California gubernatorial election occurred on November 7,2006. The primary elections took place on June 6,2006, the incumbent Republican Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, won re election for his first full term. His main opponent was California State Treasurer Phil Angelides, the California Democratic Party nominee, Peter Camejo was the California Green Party nominee, Janice Jordan was the Peace and Freedom Party nominee, Art Olivier was the California Libertarian Party nominee, and Edward C. Noonan was the California American Independent Party nominee, under the California Constitution, the Governor serves a four-year term, with a maximum limit of two consecutive terms. Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected during the 2003 California recall and served out the remainder of Gray Daviss term, as of 2017, this is the most recent time a Republican was elected Governor of California. Bar graph of statewide results Results by county The period for candidate nominations closed on March 24,2006, a pre-election poll had Westly leading Angelides by six percentage points. Of registered Democrats surveyed, 59% said they didnt know enough about Angelides to have any opinion about him, with 58% saying the same for Westly. The Los Angeles Times reported that the race for the Democratic nomination was a virtual tie, unusually, 28% of Democratic voters were undecided, and both candidates tried to earn the undecided vote. Angelides reported a recent increase in support for his campaign and gained support as well as support from the core liberal constituency. The California Democratic Party endorsed him prior to the primary, despite most polls showing that Westly would fare better against Schwarzenegger in the general election. However, many registered Democrats believed that Westly had a chance of winning against incumbent governor Schwarzenegger. In the end, Angelides won 47. 9% of the vote to Westlys 43. 4%. The turnout for the primary, was a record low 33. 6%, far below the 38% predicted by the Secretary of State, jeffrey Burns – General Contractor Bill Chambers – Railroad Switchman Robert C. Newman II – Psychologist & Farmer Arnold Schwarzenegger – Incumbent Governor of California Republican Schwarzenegger faced token opposition and won overwhelmingly in the held on June 6,2006. Later, Schwarzeneggers popularity with voters rebounded and he won reelection by a wide margin, Results by county Results showed Schwarzenegger won 52 counties while Angelides won 6. The results were contested in Los Angeles County and in Bay Area suburban counties. Angelides won substantially only in Alameda and San Francisco counties, newman II Arnold Schwarzenegger Peter Camejo George Fellows Janice Jordan Edward Noonan Art Olivier VoteCircle
30.
Phil Angelides
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Phillip Nicholas Phil Angelides is an American politician who was California State Treasurer and the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Governor of California in the 2006 elections. Angelides served as the Chair of the Apollo Alliance and of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Angelides was born in Sacramento, California, to Helen and Jerry Angelides, Greek immigrants. Growing up, Phil and his brother Kimon were encouraged by their father to learn about geography and their father would quiz them weekly on these topics. Angelides was educated at The Thacher School in Ojai, California and graduated from Harvard University in 1974, Angelides and his wife, Julie, reside in Land Park with their three now grown-up daughters, Megan, Christina, and Arianna. His eldest daughter, Megan Garcia-Angelides, was the coordinator for his 2006 campaign. Angelides interest in politics was ignited in 1971, during his freshman year. In 1973, while in college, Angelides unsuccessfully ran for Sacramento City Council against a popular incumbent, from 1975 to 1983, Angelides worked for Californias Housing and Community Development agency. During that time, he ran unsuccessfully for City Council in 1977. Angelides was a supporter and fundraiser of the eventual 1988 Democratic Presidential Nominee, Michael Dukakis. Dukakis has referred to Phil as one of the five or 10 best people in American politics today and his work with Dukakis led him to serve as the chairman of the California Democratic Party from 1991 to 1993. Angelides first ran for State Treasurer in 1994, losing in the election to Matt Fong. He served as Co-Chair of the Sacramento Mayor’s Commission on Education and he then ran again for State Treasurer in 1998 as a Democrat and won, and was re-elected in 2002. From 1999 to 2007, Angelides served as California State Treasurer, for example, in April 2006 CalSTRS board members unanimously supported Angelides’ motion to divest from Sudan to pressure an end to the government-backed genocide in Sudan. New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer complimented Angelides plan saying, today’s announcement is an important first step in ensuring that these reforms become the new market standard. Angelides, along with 10 other state treasurers and controllers, called on the SEC to approve a rule giving shareholders the right to nominate candidates for corporate boards of directors. On April 29,2006, Angelides was endorsed by the California Democratic Party at the California State Democratic Convention in Sacramento, despite this, polls from around that time showed that his opponent in the race, California State Controller Steve Westly, had an advantage in the primary. He also received the endorsement of the liberal San Francisco Bay Guardian, a Field Poll held on June 2,2006, had Westly leading Angelides by one percentage point, 35% to 34% with 26% undecided. Following his primary defeat on June 6, California State Controller Steve Westly endorsed the victorious Angelides as did Assemblyman Mark Leno, for a time, Angelides used California Democratic Party political operative Bob Mulholland
31.
United States Senate election in California, 2006
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The 2006 United States Senate election in California was held on November 7,2006. Senator Dianne Feinstein won re-election to her full term. Feinstein stood against Republican Dick Mountjoy, who had never held an elected position. Also running was Libertarian Michael Metti, Don Grundmann of the American Independent Party, Todd Chretien of the Green Party and Marsha Feinland of the Peace and Freedom Party. A review of the ships logs corroborated this and the website was changed to reflect his service aboard the Bremerton rather than the Missouri. I think it was just something that somebody picked up, it didnt come from me, final results from the Secretary of State of California. United States Senate elections,2006 JoinCalifornia 2006 General Election SmartVoter. org page on the California Senate race
32.
Dianne Feinstein
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Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein is the senior United States Senator from California. A member of the Democratic Party, she has served in the Senate since 1992 and she also served as the 38th Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988. Born in San Francisco, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955 with a B. A. in history, in the 1960s she worked in city government, and in 1970 she was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She served as the boards first female president in 1978, during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone, during her tenure as San Franciscos first female mayor she led a revamp of the citys cable car system and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention. After a failed campaign in 1990, she won a 1992 special election to the U. S. Senate. Feinstein was first elected on the ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer. Feinstein was the author of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban which expired in 2004, in 2013 she introduced a new assault weapons bill, which failed to pass. Feinstein is the first and only woman to have chaired the Senate Rules Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence from 2009 to 2015 and she is the only woman to have presided over a U. S. presidential inauguration. At the age of 83, Feinstein is the oldest currently serving United States Senator, Feinstein was born Dianne Emiel Goldman in San Francisco, to Betty, a former model, and Leon Goldman, a surgeon. Feinstein graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart High School, San Francisco in 1951, prior to elected service, Feinstein was appointed by then-California Governor Pat Brown to serve as a member of the California Womens Parole Board. Feinstein also served as a fellow at the Coro Foundation in San Francisco, in 1969, Feinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She remained on the Board for nine years and she was elected president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1978 with initial opposition from Quentin Kopp. Feinstein was close by in City Hall at the time of the shootings and discovered Milks body after hearing the gunshots, both Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk have been shot and killed. Feinstein appears in footage and is credited in the Academy Award-winning documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk. She appears again briefly in footage, announcing the death of Moscone. Feinstein and her position as President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors are also alluded to several times in the movie, as President of the Board of Supervisors upon the death of Moscone, Feinstein succeeded to the mayoralty on December 4,1978. Feinstein served out the remainder of Moscones term and she made no staffing changes to his team until she was elected in her own right in 1979. She was re-elected in 1983 and served a second term
33.
John Kerry
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John Forbes Kerry is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 and he was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing narrowly to Republican incumbent George W. Bush. Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and he graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and he appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes. After receiving a J. D. from Boston College Law School and he served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair, Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990,1996,2002, and 2008. In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War and he and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U. S. Senate, John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11,1943, in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He is the second of four born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes. His father was raised Catholic and his mother was Episcopalian and he was raised with an elder sister named Margaret, a younger sister named Diana and a younger brother named Cameron. The children were raised in their fathers faith, John Kerry served as an altar boy, Kerry grew up a military brat until his father was discharged from the Army Air Corps, causing the family to settle in Washington, D. C. in 1949. While in Washington, Richard took a spot in the Department of the Navys Office of General Counsel and his extended maternal family enjoyed great wealth as members of the Forbes and Dudley–Winthrop families. Kerrys parents themselves were upper-middle class, and a great aunt paid for him to attend elite boarding schools. In 1957, his father was stationed at the U. S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, and Kerry was sent back to the United States to attend boarding school. He first attended the Fessenden School in Newton, Massachusetts, and later St. Pauls, Concord, New Hampshire, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Pauls to debate the issues of the day, the Society still exists there. In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966
34.
United States Senate election in California, 2004
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Senator Barbara Boxer ran for re-election and defeated Republican former Secretary of State Bill Jones. Senator Danney Ball, activist Toni Casey, former Mayor of Los Altos Hills Barry L. S, Jones was widely considered as the underdog. Jones got a major endorsement form the popular Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, the two major candidates had a debate. Pre-election polling had Boxer leading in double digits, but he never released a single TV ad. Jones raised about $700,000 more than Boxer during the third quarter, but overall, Boxer has raised $16 million to Jones $6.2 million. And Boxer has spent about $7 million on radio and television ads alone, the election was not close, with Boxer winning by an authoritative 20 point margin. Jones only performed well in parts of the state. Boxer on the other hand won almost all metropolitan areas in the state. The race was called right when the polls closed at 11,00 P. M, Jones conceded defeat to Boxer at 11,12 P. M. Final results from the Secretary of State of California, joinCalifornia 2004 General Election SmartVoter. org page on the California Senate race. Final results from the Secretary of State of California
35.
California gubernatorial recall election
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The 2003 California gubernatorial recall election was a special election permitted under California state law. It resulted in voters replacing incumbent Democratic Governor Gray Davis with Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, Davis was ineligible to run for a third term due to term limits after the recall election. The recall effort spanned the latter half of 2003, other California governors, including Pat Brown, Ronald Reagan, Jerry Brown, and Pete Wilson, had faced unsuccessful recall attempts. S. In 1988, an election had been scheduled for Arizona governor Evan Mecham, but he was impeached, convicted. California is one of 19 states that allow recalls, the third U. S. gubernatorial recall election occurred in Wisconsin in 2012. The California recall process became law in 1911 as the result of Progressive Era reforms that spread across the United States in the late 19th, the ability to recall elected officials came along with the initiative and referendum processes. No illegality has to be committed by politicians in order for them to be recalled, if an elected official commits a crime while in office, the state legislature can hold impeachment trials. For a recall, only the will of the people is necessary to remove an official, before the successful recall of Gray Davis, no California statewide official had ever been recalled, though there had been 117 previous attempts. Only seven of those made it onto the ballot, all for state legislators. Davis also faced a petition in 1999, but that effort failed to gain enough signatures to qualify for the ballot. As Daviss recall transpired before he had served half of his term as governor, he remains eligible to serve another term, nineteen states, along with the District of Columbia, allow the recall of state officials, but Daviss recall was only the second in US history. The first governor recall occurred in 1921 when North Dakotas Lynn J. Frazier was recalled over a dispute about state-owned industries, the third recall occurred in Wisconsin in 2012. Under California law, any elected official may be the target of a recall campaign, to trigger a recall election, proponents of the recall must gather a certain number of signatures from registered voters within a certain time period. The number of signatures statewide must equal 12% of the number of votes cast in the election for that office. For the 2003 recall election, that meant a minimum of 897,156 signatures, based on the November 2002 statewide elections, but 1.2 million were needed to ensure that there were enough valid signatures. The effort was not taken seriously, until Rep. Darrell Issa and this infusion of money allowed Costa and Kaloogian to step up their efforts. Eventually, proponents gathered about 1.6 million signatures, of which 1,356,408 were certified as valid, if the recall campaign qualified less than 180 days prior to the next regularly scheduled election, then the recall becomes part of that regularly scheduled election. In the case of a recall against the governor, the responsibility for scheduling a special election falls on the lieutenant governor, who in 2003 was Cruz Bustamante
36.
Cruz Bustamante
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Cruz Miguel Bustamante is an American retired politician. He was the 45th Lieutenant Governor of California, a former Speaker of the State Assembly and he served with Governors Gray Davis and Arnold Schwarzenegger and was succeeded by John Garamendi in 2007. The eldest of six children, Cruz Bustamante was born in Dinuba and his family later moved to San Joaquin, California. He attended and graduated from Tranquillity High School in the 1970s, with his wife Arcelia, Bustamante has three daughters. As a resident of Fresno, Bustamante was elected to the California State Assembly in an election in 1993. He was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1998, the first Latino elected to office in California in more than 120 years. He was also the highest-ranking elected Latino officeholder in the United States until Bill Richardson became Governor of New Mexico in 2003, Bustamante earned his BA via distance learning from the California State University, Fresno in 2003. Bustamante had an icy relationship with Governor Davis, a fellow Democrat. They reportedly had not talked in months before the election approached. During the recall election, Bustamante ran on a slogan of No on Recall, Yes on Bustamante. Bustamante was the Democratic candidate for California Insurance Commissioner, in Bustamantes official candidate statement, he says I want to become an example to others to lead healthier lives by losing weight myself. Obesity in California costs $7.7 billion a year, Bustamante claims to have recently shed 43 pounds to 235 pounds by means of diet and exercise. Bustamante easily won the June 6,2006 Democratic primary, receiving 70. 5% of the vote and defeating his challenger, John Kraft. In the June Primary Bustamante received 1,606,913 Democratic votes, Kraft 674,309 Democratic votes, however, Kraft planned to actively campaign for Bustamante, and donated a significant portion of his fortune as an heir to Kraft Foods to Bustamante. Bustamante ran against Republican Steve Poizner in November, Bustamante announced that he would not be returning insurance industry contributions to his campaign, a position criticized by Poizner and campaign ethicists. Bustamante also failed to meet a deadline to submit a statement to voters. According to the Field Poll, on November 3,2006, and lost to Poizner by 12% in the general election. Bustamante was speculated to run for the U. S. House of Representatives in Californias 21st congressional district in 2012, California June Primary Results Cruz Bustamante on Manny Fernandez Internet Media Mogal
37.
California gubernatorial election, 2002
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The 2002 California gubernatorial election was an election that occurred on November 5,2002. Democrat Gray Davis defeated Republican Bill Simon by 5% and was re-elected to a second term as Governor of California. Davis would be recalled less than a year into his next term, the 2002 gubernatorial primary occurred in March 2002. Gray Davis faced no major competitor in the primary and won the nomination, Simon defeated former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan in the Republican primary. Gray Davis ran a series of ads against Riordan in the primary. Riordan was seen as a moderate and early state polls showed him defeating Gray Davis in the general election, during the 2002 election campaign, Davis took the unusual step of taking out campaign ads during the Republican primaries against Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan. Davis claimed that Riordan had attacked his record and that his campaign was defending his record, polls showed that, as a moderate, Riordan would be a more formidable challenger in the general election than a conservative candidate. Polls even showed that Riordan would defeat Davis, Davis attacked Riordan with negative ads in the primary. The ads questioned Riordans pro-choice stance by questioning Riordans support of pro-life politicians, the ads pointed out Riordans position of wanting a moratorium on the death penalty as being to the left of Gray Davis, who strongly supported it. In 2000, the United States Supreme Court in California Democratic Party v. Jones struck down Californias blanket primary, with the end of the blanket primary, only non-partisans and registered Republicans could vote for Richard Riordan in the 2002 primary. The end of the blanket primary made it difficult for the more moderate Riordan. It has long known in politics that primary voters are much more ideological. Additionally, the Republican primary included negative attacks between Bill Jones and Riordan, Jones highlighted in his attack ads against Riordan that Riordan had contributed money Davis in past campaigns and had called Bill Clinton the greatest leader in the free world. Riordans counter ads highlighted that Jones had also contributed money to Davis, by late February 2002, Riordians strong lead in the Republican primary had begun to slip. In the previous months of the campaign, Riordan focused his ads and energies on campaigning against Gray Davis, daviss negative ads against Riordan appear to have contributed to Riordans defeat in the Republican primary by the more staunchly conservative candidate Bill Simon. Final results from the Secretary of State of California, Davis was re-elected in the November 2002 general election following a long and bitter campaign against Simon, marked by accusations of ethical lapses on both sides and widespread voter apathy. Simon was also hurt by a fraud scandal that tarnished his reputation. Davis campaign featured several negative ads that highlighted Simons financial fraud scandal, the 2002 gubernatorial race was the most expensive in California state history with over $100 million spent
38.
Gray Davis
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Joseph Graham Gray Davis, Jr. is an American politician and attorney who served as the 37th Governor of California from 1999 to 2003. A member of the Democratic Party, only months into his term, in 2003 Davis was recalled and removed from office. Prior to serving as governor, Davis was chief of staff to Governor Jerry Brown, a California State Assemblyman, California State Controller, Davis holds a B. A. in history from Stanford University and a J. D. from Columbia Law School. He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service as a Captain in the Vietnam War, during his time as governor, Davis made education his top priority and California spent eight billion dollars more than was required under Proposition 98 during his first term. Under Davis, California standardized test scores increased for five straight years, Davis signed the nations first state law requiring automakers to limit auto emissions. Davis supported laws to ban assault weapons and he is credited with improving relations between California and Mexico. Voters were also alienated by Daviss record-breaking fundraising efforts and negative campaigning and he was succeeded in office on November 17,2003 by actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who won the recall replacement race. Davis spent 1,778 days as governor and signed 5,132 bills out of 6,244, vetoing 1,112 bills. Since being recalled, Davis has worked as a lecturer at the UCLA School of Public Affairs, as an attorney at Loeb & Loeb, Davis was born in the Bronx, New York City, the son of Doris Morell and Joseph G. Davis. Davis moved to California with his family as a child in 1954 and he was the first of the familys five children, three boys and two girls. He was raised a Roman Catholic, Davis and his family were one of the millions of Americans to migrate to the southwest and California as part of the post-World War II sun belt migration. His diverse educational experiences at public, private and Catholic schools allowed him an opportunity to all three systems as a lawmaker. Davis graduated from a North Hollywood military academy, the Harvard School for Boys, Davis family was upper middle class and was led by his demanding mother. Davis was nicknamed Gray by his mother and his father, Joseph Graham Davis, Sr. an advertising manager at Time Inc. and an alcoholic, was the son of businessman William Rhodes Davis. His strong academic accomplishments earned him acceptance to Stanford University and he played on the Stanford golf team with a two handicap. After Davis entered Stanford University, his left the family. The deal included a promise to enter the regular Army after completing his education and he earned a Bachelor of Arts in history at Stanford, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, graduating in 1964 with distinction. He then returned to New York City to attend Columbia Law School where he won the Moot Court award, during law school Davis had a romantic encounter with actress Cybill Shepherd
39.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
40.
United States Senate election in California, 2000
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The 2000 United States Senate election in California was held on November 7,2000. Senator Dianne Feinstein won re-election to her full term. By February, he spent barely $1 million without any PAC money, campbell has generally supported gay rights and abortion. He also opposes the War on Drugs and calls himself a maverick, campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points. Final results from the Secretary of State of California, United States Senate elections,2000 JoinCalifornia 2000 General Election
41.
California gubernatorial election, 1998
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The 1998 California gubernatorial election was an election that occurred on November 3,1998, resulting in the election of Gray Davis, the states first Democratic governor in 16 years. Davis won the election by an almost 20% margin over his closest opponent. Davis succeeded Pete Wilson who was term limited out of office for life, the primary occurred on June 2,1998. Davis defeated fellow Democrats Jane Harman and Al Checchi for the Democratic nomination, Davis received more votes than Dan Lungren who ran against less well-known opponents in the Republican primary. The primary set a record for spending in a California gubernatorial primary and she decided not to run in the race because of the difficulty of campaigning, the deteriorated nature of California statewide campaigns, and her desire to continue her work in the Senate. Former White House Chief of Staff Leon Panetta also decided not to run, Al Checchi, a Democratic airline executive and political newcomer, was among the first to declare for the race. Gray Davis also declared around the same time, congresswoman Jane Harman joined the contest in early April 1998. In early polling the three candidates were within 12 points of other, with Davis in last. Harman spent $14.4 million in her race for Governor, Checchi spent just under $39 million on his campaign. The airline executives campaign included numerous ads, one of which included school children trying to pronounce his name, Checchi did not identify himself as a Democrat in most of his early campaign ads. Harman briefly overtook Checchi in state polls but declined after Checchi launched a series of campaign ads against her. Many of Feinsteins top campaign advisers worked for Harman during the Gubernatorial primary, harmans campaign ran a biographical ad of her at the 1960 Democratic convention. Davis ran on the campaign slogan experience money cant buy, and he promised to make education his top priority, all three major Democratic candidates made education one of their top priorities in the campaign. Davis spent 9 million in campaign funds in the primary and later criticized Checchi for giving money to Republicans Steve Forbes. Lungren spent $7.7 million in the primary, Davis finished first in the primary, followed by Lungren, Checchi, and Harman. Gray Davis won the election by almost 20% over Dan Lungren. Davis outspent Lungren 28.6 million to 23.8 million, Davis tried to portray Lungren as too conservative. In one debate, Davis attacked Lungren for voting no on a Safe Drinking Water Bill in the 1980s while Lungren tried to cast himself as the heir of former California Governor Ronald Reagan
42.
United States Senate election in California, 1998
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The 1998 United States Senate election in California was held on November 2,1998. Senator Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term, senator John Pinkerton John M. Brown, businessman Linh Dao, activist Matt Fong, State Treasurer Darrell Issa, businessman Mark Raus, pharmacist Frank Riggs, U. S. Boxer as expected did very well in Los Angeles County, final results from the Secretary of State of California. United States Senate elections,1998 JoinCalifornia 1998 General Election SmartVoter. org page on the California Senate race
Charles Kramer
Norris Poulson
Ned R. Healy
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Ernest K. Bramblett
Charles M. Teague
Robert J. Lagomarsino
Norman Mineta
Pete Stark
Barbara Lee
