1.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
2.
Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher
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Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher is an American politician currently serving in the California State Assembly. A Democrat, she represents the 80th Assembly District, which encompasses southern San Diego and is the southernmost Assembly district in the state. Gonzalez was first elected to the Assembly in a 2013 special election to replace then-Assemblymember Ben Hueso, prior to being elected to the Assembly, Gonzalez served as secretary-treasurer and CEO of the San Diego-Imperial Counties Labor Council, AFL-CIO. The current Vice-Chair of the California Latino Legislative Caucus, Gonzalez Fletcher became the first Latina to ever serve as the Chair of the powerful Assembly Appropriations Committee in 2016, Gonzalez Fletcher is the daughter of an immigrant farmworker and a nurse. She attended public schools in San Diego County before earning a degree from Stanford University, a masters degree from Georgetown University. A community organizer and activist, Gonzalez was elected in 2008 as CEO and Secretary-Treasurer of the San Diego and Imperial Counties Labor Council and she is the first woman and person of color to be elected to head the Labor Council since the organization was founded in 1891. Gonzalez Fletcher lives in San Diego with her two children, Tierra and Antonio, on January 1,2017 she married former assemblyman Nathan Fletcher, the two had been dating since 2015. Gonzalez ran for San Diego City Council during a 2005 special election, however, Gonzalez ultimately lost the race to Faulconer by a margin of 724 votes out of 29,448 cast. Gonzalez was elected to Californias 80th State Assembly district in an election held May 21,2013. She defeated former Chula Vista Councilmember Steve Castaneda with 70. 75% of the vote and she is also the first Chair of the Select Committee on Women in the Workplace. Several pieces of Gonzalez Fletchers legislation have been among the bills to secure passage. In January 2014, Gonzalez introduced AB1522, which requires employers grant sick days to part-time employees, the legislation was signed by Governor Jerry Brown in September 2014, granting paid sick leave to about 6.5 million Californians. In 2015, Gonzalez introduced a measure that would require double pay when a company makes workers come in on the Christmas or Thanksgiving holidays
3.
California Democratic Party
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The California Democratic Party is the state branch of the United States Democratic Party in the state of California. Headquartered in Sacramento, it is chaired by veteran Democratic politician and former United States Representative John L. Burton and it is the majority party in both chambers of the California State Legislature, i. e. the State Assembly and the Senate. In regards to businesses and economics, the California Democratic party takes a stance that protects consumers, small businesses, unions, the platform also makes a point to champion the economic reforms of President Barack Obama. The 2012 platform addresses the issues of family in several sections, the platform promises to protect seniors, children and all types of families with fair economic and social policies. These policies range from continuing Medicare for the elderly and keeping playgrounds safe for children, the platform also highlights the right of a woman to make choices for her own body and claims that healthcare is a natural right of all people. The California democrats further promise to protect the dignity of disabled citizens, the platform is dedicated to advocating for the rights of women through equal pay and affirmative action. The party prioritizes the creation of a sustainable and earth-friendly state, focus is placed on the development of alternative forms of energy and how energy is consumed. In addition, the stresses that green jobs are a solution to economic. Finally, the platform takes stances on open internet use, immigration, the Democrats of California support the right of the people to express their thoughts and ideas through any media, and their right to assemble. The party believes that laws should be fair and that immigrants should not be discriminated against. The party wishes to bring education to the forefront, aiming to turn California into a state for academic achievement. A Detailed description of the California Democratic Partys position on all of the issues can be found in their 2012 Platform document. The California Democratic Party passes multiple resolutions every year as a way of expressing their opinion to lawmakers statewide, while the partys resolutions have no legal force themselves, they are official documents that elected representatives should take into account when making decisions. A few recent resolutions are summarised below,2012 Buy American This resolution, written 18 November 2012, encourages all arms of government to favor American suppliers of goods and services. The above are three of a long list of Resolutions passed by the California Democratic Party in 2012 and in preceding years. The history of the Democratic Party of California is complex and long, the State has traded hands every few cycles since its admission into the union in 1850. At that time, the state was firmly in the hands of the Democratic Party, until the early 1880s after the Republican Party abolished slavery, the Republicans held the state through the power and influence of railroad men. The Democratic Party responded by taking an anti-corporate, anti freedom of attainment position, in 1894, Democrat James Budd was elected to the governorship, and the Democratic Party attempted to make good on their promises to reform the booming railroad industry
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San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
5.
White Americans
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White Americans are Americans who are considered or reported as White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those having origins in any of the peoples of Europe. Like all official U. S. racial categories, White has a not Hispanic or Latino and a Hispanic or Latino component, the term Caucasian is often used interchangeably with White, although the terms are not synonymous. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of about 246,660,710, non-Hispanic Whites totaled about 197,870,516, or 62. 06% of the U. S. population. Definitions of who is White have changed throughout the history of the United States, the term White American can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the 2000 U. S. census states that racial categories generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria, the Census Bureau defines White people as follows, White refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race as White or reported entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan or Caucasian. In U. S. Hispanic and Latino Americans as a make up a racially diverse group. In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U. S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported Muslim, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their race in the Some other race section, the US Census considers the write-in response of Caucasian or Aryan to be a synonym for White in their ancestry code listing. In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered White, the definition of White has changed significantly over the course of American history. Among Europeans those not considered White at some point in American history include Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Irish, Swedes, Germans, Finns, Russians, early on in the United States, white generally referred to those of British ancestry or northern and northwestern European descent. David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. The process of officially being defined as white by law came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. Scholars such as David Roediger, Paul Gilroy, and others have based some of their work on this notion, moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions. Whites made up 79. 8% or 75% of the American population in 2008 and this latter number is sometimes recorded as 77. 1% when it includes about 2% of the population who are identified as white in combination with one or more other races. The largest ethnic groups among White Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English, White Americans are projected to remain the majority, though with their percentage decreasing to 72% of the total population by 2050
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Hispanics and Latinos in California
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Hispanic and Latino Californians are residents of the state of California who are of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, Hispanics, cabrillo was commissioned by the Viceroy of New Spain and in 1542 he sailed into what is now San Diego, California. He continued north as far as Pt. Reyes, California, California became part of the Spanish trading route, but was not well explored due to its remoteness from Europe and challenging terrain. In the 1700s, it was claimed by Spain which divided California into two parts, Baja California and Alta California, as provinces of New Spain, Baja or lower California consisted of the Baja Peninsula and terminated roughly at San Diego, California where Alta California started. The Mexican government was unstable, leading to the annexation of California by the United States in 1846, during Mexican rule, California was sparsely populated, with only a few thousand Mexican residents, compared to tens of thousands of Native Americans, and a handful of Yankee entrepreneurs. At the time of the annexation, foreigners already outnumbered Californians of Spanish ancestry 9,000 to 7,500. The advent of the California Gold Rush in 1848 led to an influx of settlers - including thousands of Mexican miners. Other substantial immigrant groups included Chileans, and Chinese people, Spanish is the states second most spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial, by ethnicity,38. 1% of the total population is Hispanic. New Mexico and Texas have higher percentages of Hispanics, but California has the highest total number of Hispanics of any U. S. state, as of July 1,2013, it is estimated that Californias Hispanic population has equaled the population of non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics, mainly Mexican Americans, form major portions of the population of Southern California, especially in Los Angeles, the city of Los Angeles is often said to be the largest Mexican community in the United States. Census records kept track of the growth since 1850, but Mexican and Mexican Americans have lived in California since the Spanish period, however, the number and percentage population of Hispanics living in California increased rapidly in the late 20th century. The result is that, today, Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in Los Angeles County, at over 40 percent of the countys population. They also comprise sizable communities in Bakersfield, El Monte, Fresno, La Puente, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San José, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Stockton, in Santa Ana in Orange County, Hispanics comprise 75 percent of the population. Nearby Anaheim is over half Hispanic, and Orange Countys population is 30-35 percent Hispanic. The Imperial Valley on the U. S. -Mexican border is about 70–75% Hispanic, communities with many Hispanics can also be found in Riverside County, especially at its end. The Central Valley has many Mexican American migrant farm workers, Hispanics are the majority in Colusa, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, San Benito, Santa Cruz, Tulare and Yolo counties. Hispanics make up at least 20% of the San Francisco Bay Area, many live in San Mateo, Alameda and Santa Clara counties, as well in San Francisco
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Asian Americans in California
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Asian Californians are residents of the state of California who are of Asian ancestry. California has the largest Asian American population in the U. S. and second highest proportion of Asian American residents, as of the 2010 U. S. Census, Asian-Americans were 13. 6% of the states population. The largest Asian American ethnic subgroups in California are Filipino Americans, Chinese Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Asian Americans are concentrated in the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles area. There are many Cambodians in Long Beach, Stockton, and Fresno, San Francisco is 21. 4% Chinese, and the San Francisco Bay Area is 8% Chinese. Many of the Chinese Americans are Cantonese-speaking immigrants or descendants from Guangdong province, there are also many Taiwanese and mainland Chinese immigrants in the Silicon Valley area. Los Angeles is 1. 8% Chinese, and Los Angeles County is 4% Chinese, a large portion of the Chinese population resides in the San Gabriel Valley, many of whom are Taiwanese immigrants. San Jose is 10% Vietnamese, and the San Francisco Bay Area has a sizable Vietnamese population, orange County has a large Vietnamese population, with much of the population in Garden Grove. Hispanics, Californias Next Majority, The New York Times
8.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
9.
Pacific Islands Americans
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Pacific Islands Americans, also known as Oceanian Americans, are Americans who have ethnic ancestry among the indigenous peoples of Oceania. For its purposes, the US Census also counts Indigenous Australians as part of this group, Pacific Islander Americans make up 0. 5% of the U. S. population including those with partial Pacific Islander ancestry, enumerating about 1.4 million people. The largest ethnic subgroups of Pacific Islander Americans are Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Guamanian/Chamorros, Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tongans, and Chamorros have large communities in Hawaii, California, and Utah, with sizable communities in Washington, Texas, Nevada, and Oregon. American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam are insular areas, in the 2010 census 1,225,195 Americans claimed Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander as their race alone or in combination. Micronesian Americans are Americans of Micronesian descent, the largest Micronesian American subgroups are Marshallese and Chamoru Americans. Other significant groups include Yapese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean, Chuuk, Chamorro Americans, or the Chamoru, are the indigenous inhabitants of the Marianas, which are politically divided between Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The Chamoru have been subject to the jurisdiction of the United States since the U. S. captured Guam during the Spanish–American War in 1898, the rest of the archipelago did not become affiliated with the U. S. until it invaded in 1944. In the 2010 census,147,798 identified as Guamanian or Chamorro, because of economic conditions in the Marianas, particularly from the 1990s onward, many emigrated to the States in search of work and better opportunities. There are now more Chamorros in the 50 states than there are in the Marianas. S and it also revealed that the Chamoru people are the most geographically dispersed Oceanic ethnicity in the country. Marshallese Americans or Marshallese come from the Marshall Islands, in the 2010 census 22,434 Americans identified as being of Marshallese descent. Because of the Marshall Islands entering the Compact of Free Association in 1986, Marshallese have been allowed to migrate, there are many reasons why Marshallese came to the United States. Some Marshallese came for educational opportunities, particularly for their children, others sought work or better health care than what’s available in the islands. Massive layoffs by the Marshallese government in 2000 led to a big wave of immigration. Arkansas has the largest Mashallese population with over 6,000 residents, many live in Springdale, and the Marshallese comprise over 5% of the citys population. Other significant Marshallese populations include Spokane and Costa Mesa, Polynesian Americans are Americans of Polynesian descent. Large subcategories of Polynesian Americans include Native Hawaiians and Samoan Americans, in addition there are smaller communities of Tongan Americans, French Polynesian Americans, and Māori Americans. A Samoan American is an American who is of ethnic Samoan descent either from the independent nation Samoa or the American territory of American Samoa, Samoan American is a subcategory of Polynesian American. About 65,000 people live on American Samoa, while the US census in 2000 and 2008 has found 4 times the number of Samoan Americans live in the mainland USA
10.
California Republican Party
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The California Republican Party is the California affiliate of the United States Republican Party. The party chairman is Jim Brulte, and is based in Burbank, California, the CRP also has a headquarters in Sacramento. The partys stated goals are to enhance economic prosperity within the state, cut taxes, the CRP is active throughout the entire state of California, and the party prides itself on providing common sense solutions to the most troubling issues. As of 2016 Republicans represent approximately 28% of the registered voters. Crime and justice—The California Republican Party supports the governments protecting the welfare of the people and creating fair, the party advocates victims rights under the position that the victim is just as important as the offender in a crime. They believe overcrowding is an issue that should be solved by the creation of both private and public prisons. The party also supports the use of punishment for heinous crimes. The party call for a cut on unnecessary spending in order to create government infrastructure that will boost the economy, the party also supports Right-to-work laws and opposes closed shop establishments. Education— The California Republican Party believes that all children have the right to a first-class education, the party supports parents and local school boards being the primary regulators of the education system. The party also supports incentives for quality educators and that school admission, the party also believes that unions have too much influence in Californias schools and that has caused the degradation of the curriculum and the marginalization of involvement by parents. Environment—The California Republican Party believes in long-term responsible stewardship of Californias natural resources, the party supports California industry being a world leader in developing and manufacturing safe, renewable and sustainable energy. The party also believes that city governments should be held to the standards of cleaning waste water as are applied to private industry. Equal Opportunity—We oppose quotas, special rights, set asides, or guaranteed equality of results and we support laws prohibiting discrimination in employment and housing based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sex, sexual orientation, disability, or religion. Family values—We support the two-parent family as the best environment for raising children, the Supreme Courts ruling cannot and must not be used to coerce a church or religious institution into performing marriages that their faith does not recognize. We believe public policy and education should not be exploited to advocate or teach any social or political agenda, healthcare—The California Republican Party opposes government mandated health care plans and single payer plans. The party also opposes any government healthcare plan for California that would involve taxes on doctors or hospitals, coverage for illegal aliens, the party also supports private sector solutions such as small business insurance pools, employment pricing reductions, guaranteed insurability and medical savings accounts. Immigration—The California Republican Party contends that the state of California is rich in the history of immigration, English should be mandatory in the workplace and businesses should be able to require employees to speak the English and all immigrants should be required to learn the language. Illegal aliens should be deported if they engage in criminal activity, the party supports the government offering intensive English language instruction to all who need it, including stipends to help immigrants attend the programs
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California State Assembly
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The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. It consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people, members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman, assemblywoman, or assemblymember. The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, in the current session, the Democrats control 55 seats, forming a supermajority of the chamber. The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full assembly, other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon, the majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon, while the minority leader is Republican Chad Mayes. The chambers green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. According to Article 4, Section 2 of the California Constitution, the Chief Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly and this position has existed since December 15,1849, when Samuel N. Houston became the Assemblys first Sergeant-at-Arms. The Chief Clerk, the acting Chief Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature
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San Diego County, California
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San Diego County is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,095,313, making it Californias second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is San Diego, the eighth-most populous city in the United States and it is the south-westernmost county in the 48 contiguous United States. San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Carlsbad Metropolitan Statistical Area, San Diego is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico. Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas, San Diego County has 70 miles of coastline. Most of the county has a mild Mediterranean climate to climate, though there are mountains that receive frost. There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps, and these include the Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, and Naval Air Station North Island. From north to south, San Diego County extends from the borders of Orange County and Riverside County to the Mexico–United States border. From west to east, San Diego County stretches from the Pacific Ocean to its boundary with Imperial County, the area which is now San Diego County has been inhabited for more than 10,000 years by Kumeyaay, Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians. In 1542, the Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing for Spain, claimed San Diego Bay for the Spanish Empire, and he named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. European settlement in what is now San Diego County began with the founding of the San Diego Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá by Spanish soldiers and this county was part of Alta California under the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the Mexican declaration of independence. From 1821 through 1848 this area was part of Mexico, San Diego County became part of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the U. S. -Mexican War. San Diego County was one of the counties of California. At the time of its establishment in 1850, San Diego County was relatively large, as such it included areas of what are now Inyo County and San Bernardino County, as well as all of what is now Riverside County and Imperial County. During the later part of the 19th century, there were changes in the boundaries of San Diego County. The most recent changes were the establishments of Riverside County in 1893, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,526 square miles, of which 4,207 square miles is land and 319 square miles is water. The county is larger in area than the states of Rhode Island
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Chula Vista, California
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The population was 243,916 as of the 2010 census. Chula Vista is so named because of its location between the San Diego Bay and coastal mountain foothills. Founded in the early 19th century, fast population growth has recently observed in the city. In the year 3000 BCE, people speaking the Yuman language began movement into the region from the Lower Colorado River Valley, later the Kumeyaay tribe came to populate the land, on which the city sits today, who lived in the area for hundreds of years. In the year 1542 CE, a fleet of three Spanish Empire ships commanded by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailed into San Diego Harbor, early explorations by Spanish conquistadors, such as these, led to Spanish claims of the land. The historic land on which Chula Vista sits became part of the 1795 land grant known as Rancho del Rey or The Kings Ranch, the land eventually was renamed Rancho de la Nación. During the Mexican-American War, California was claimed by the United States, though California was now under the jurisdiction of the United States, land grants were allowed to continue in the form of private property. The San Diego Land and Town Company developed lands of the Rancho de la Nación for new settlement, the town began as a five thousand acre development, with the first house being erected in 1887, by 1889, ten houses had been completed. Around this time, the lemon was introduced to the city, Chula Vista can be roughly translated from Spanish as beautiful view. The 1888 completion of the Sweetwater Dam allowed for irrigation of Chula Vista farming lands, Chula Vista eventually became the largest lemon-growing center in the world for a period of time. The citizens of Chula Vista voted to incorporate on October 17,1911, although the Great Depression affected Chula Vista significantly, agriculture still provided considerable income for the residents. In 1931, the lemon orchards produced $1 million in revenue, the relocation of Rohr Aircraft Corporation to Chula Vista in early 1941, just months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, changed Chula Vista. The land never returned to being orchard groves again, the population of post-World War II Chula Vista tripled from 5,000 residents in 1940 to more than 16,000 in 1950. After the war, many of the workers and thousands of servicemen stayed in the area resulting in the huge growth in population. The last of the groves and produce fields disappeared as Chula Vista became one of the largest communities in San Diego County. From 1960 to 2013, the South Bay Power Plant, a 700 megawatt four boiler plant, in 1944, the state of California attempted to seize land in Chula Vista owned by Kajiro Oyama, a legal Japanese resident who was then interned in Utah. Oyama was correctly charged with putting the property in his son Freds name with the intent to evade the Alien Land Law because Fred was a native-born citizen. The case went to the U. S. Supreme Court as Oyama v. California where the court found that Kajiros equal protection rights had been violated, in January 1986, Chula Vista annexed the unincorporated community of Montgomery, which had previously rejected annexation in 1979 and 1982
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National City, California
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National City is a city located in the South Bay region of the San Diego metropolitan area, in southwestern San Diego County, California. The population was 58,582 at the 2010 census, up from 54,260 at the 2000 census, National City is the second-oldest city in San Diego County. For thousands of years, the Kumeyaay people, also known as Tipai-Ipai and later Diegeño, lived peacefully, the area known as National City today was part of the Kumeyaays ancestral territory which ranged east to El Centro, north to Escondido, and south into Baja California. The Kumeyaay were skilled hunters and innovative agriculturists, the Kumeyaay established their rich cultural identity and traditions, many of which are still practiced and honored today. The Kumeyaay first encountered Europeans with the arrival of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542 in what is now San Diego, the Spanish named the 26,000 acres of land El Rancho del Rey, used by Spanish soldiers to graze horses. After independence from Spain, in 1810, the Mexican government renamed it Rancho de la Nación, governor Pío Pico granted Rancho de la Nación to his brother-in-law John Forster in 1845. President Andrew Johnson, in issuing the patent, listed the name as simply The National Ranch. Frank Kimball first brought novelty and change to the area by building his personal residence and his home included a bathtub as well as hot, running water, making it the first modern house in the entire county. However, it was more than his personal innovative endeavors that allowed the region to flourish, the brothers also implemented the area’s first post office and a wharf for sea-bound imports and exports. These large ventures, coupled with personal missions, both contributed to the overall goal of creating a community unparalleled to the times. A lasting mark of the Kimballs was the trees they imported and planted from Europe and Asia and these trees can be found dotted throughout the city to this very day. It was the passion and influence of the Kimballs as well as early pioneers that made way for the city’s incorporation on September 17,1887. National City is located at 32°40′15″N 117°5′34″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.1 square miles. 7.3 square miles of it is land and 1.8 square miles of it is water, National City is bounded by San Diego to the north and northeast, Bonita to the southeast, and Chula Vista to the south across the Sweetwater River. San Diego Bay lies to the immediate west of the city, also, within the boundaries of National City on the eastern side of town is the unincorporated area of San Diego County known as Lincoln Acres. National City is 15 minutes away from the US–Mexico Border, National City has road access by the Interstate 5, Interstate 805, and California State Route 54, in addition to surface streets. It has rail access through the San Diego Trolleys Blue Line, the nearest commercial airport is San Diego International Airport. In 2012, National City was honored as the most walkable city in San Diego County and it currently holds a walk score of 71, among the highest scores for cities of similar size
15.
Barrio Logan, San Diego
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Barrio Logan is a neighborhood in south central San Diego, California. It is bordered by the neighborhoods of East Village and Logan Heights to the north, Shelltown and Southcrest to the east, San Diego Bay to the southwest, Interstate 5 forms the northeastern boundary. The community is subject to the California Coastal Act, in 1871, Congressman John A. Logan wrote legislation to provide federal land grants and subsidies for a transcontinental railroad ending in San Diego. A street laid in 1881 was named Logan Heights after him, plans for a railroad never successfully materialized, and the area was predominantly residential by the turn of the century, becoming one of San Diegos oldest communities. Its transformation began in 1910 with the influx of refugees from the Mexican Revolution, for this reason, the southern part of the original Logan Heights neighborhood came to be called Barrio Logan. The area was residential with access to the beach at San Diego Bay. During World War II this beach access was lost due to the expansion of Naval Station San Diego, the city council promised to build a community park under the bridge approaches, and a site was approved in June 1969. Students and others occupied the site and forced a halt to the construction, the occupation of the site lasted twelve days. Residents planted landscaping, and a local artist, Salvador Torres, after intense negotiation between the city and the state, the site was reclaimed for park use, and Chicano Park was built and dedicated. It was expanded several times and in 1990 it was extended all the way to the bay, the community contains many industrial areas, primarily shipbuilding and maritime uses, as well as many residences. However, the industry, which objected to the buffer zone. In June 2014 the voters rejected the community plan, a revised plan is in the draft stage as of 2015. Barrio Logan, in southeast San Diego, is referred to as el ombligo or navel, Barrio Logan is the home of Chicano Park, a Chicano-themed public park created in large part by the local residents. It is located at the site of a 1970s demonstration, land takeover and it features more than 60 colorful murals painted on the concrete support piers for the San Diego-Coronado Bridge and Interstate 5. It was designated an historic site by the San Diego Historical Site Board in 1980. Barrio Logan is home to Naval Base San Diego, also known as 32nd Street Naval Station, as well as the NASSCO shipyard, the neighborhood is also home to artist studios and galleries and hosts periodic Art Crawl. The painting of murals in Chicano Park had been discussed as part of the park development since 1967. Barrio Logan is part of City Council District 8 represented by Councilman David Alvarez, the Barrio Logan Community Planning Area was granted status as a redevelopment area, but the state of California abolished all redevelopment areas in 2012
16.
San Ysidro, San Diego
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San Ysidro is a district of the City of San Diego, immediately north of the U. S. -Mexico border. Major thoroughfares include Beyer Boulevard and San Ysidro Boulevard, San Ysidro is named for San Ysidro Labrador, patron saint of farmers. The Little Landers colony was a community founded by William Ellsworth Smythe in 1908 with the motto, A little land and a living surely is better than desperate struggle and wealth possibly. Each member of the community held a plot of land no bigger than they could themselves, averaging 2 acres each. Every person had a voice in the affairs of the community whose business affairs was conducted by a board of directors voted in by the community. All agricultural buying and selling was pooled on a cooperative basis, members agreed to forfeit their land should they leave the community. The city levied a commission on the sale of land which funded public improvements such as a library, park, irrigation systems, and they maintained a retail market in San Diego where harvested produce was sold. In addition to growing vegetables, the community raised and marketed ducks, rabbits, the Little Landers community is known as one of the nations first communes. It lasted until a flood wiped out its farms in 1916. San Ysidro, along with the rest of South San Diego, was annexed by the city of San Diego in 1957, the McDonalds site was razed in 1985. The site is now home to a Southwestern College satellite campus, the use of Y in other languages writing systems San Ysidro is home to what is often mistakenly stated to be the worlds busiest land border crossing, where U. S. Interstate 5 crosses into Mexico at Tijuana, however, the U. S. government only states that it is the busiest in the Western Hemisphere. Statistics from the U. S. Department of Transportation state more than 14 million vehicles and 33 million people entered the United States at the San Ysidro Port of Entry in 2015. The great majority of these are workers commuting from Tijuana to jobs in the greater San Diego area, there is also reverse traffic, both of workers traveling to maquiladoras in Mexico and those purchasing services or seeking entertainment in Tijuana. 2009 studies estimated that wait times for vehicles at the San Ysidro LPOE averaged 1.5 to 2 hours during the peak period. For pedestrians, in 2012, morning waits to enter the United States could last more than two hours — and twice that time during peak weekend periods. Roughly one-fifth of the 25,000 daily northbound crossers remained in San Ysidro to work, shop, many more boarded the San Diego Trolley or other public transportation to work, schools, stores, banks, medical appointments and family gatherings across San Diego County. In 2016 a second crossing was opened, PedWest, connecting Plaza Viva Tijuana via a walkway to the border next to the El Chaparral auto crossing
17.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
18.
United States Senate election in California, 2016
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Under Californias nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation, washington and Louisiana have similar jungle primary style processes for Senators. Incumbent Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer decided to not run for re-election to a term in office. This was the first open seat Senate election in California in 24 years, in the primary on June 7,2016, California Attorney General Kamala Harris and U. S. Representative Loretta Sanchez, both Democrats, finished in first and second place, respectively, and contested the general election, the highest Republican finisher in the primary won only 7. S. In the general election, Harris defeated Sanchez in a landslide, carrying all but Glenn, Barbara Boxer was re-elected with 52. 1% of the vote in 2010 against Republican Carly Fiorina. Towards the end of 2014, Boxers low fundraising and cash-on-hand numbers led to speculation that she would retire, on January 8,2015, Boxer announced that she would not run for re-election. President Cristina Grappo Kamala Harris, California Attorney General Massie Munroe, engineer Herbert G. Peters Emory Rodgers, activist Loretta Sanchez, Representative Steve Stokes, small business owner and Independent candidate for CA-28 in 2014 Stewart Albertson, attorney Xavier Becerra, U. S. Representative and candidate for Mayor of Los Angeles in 2001 Ami Bera, Representative Louis Caldera, former Director of the White House Military Office, former United States Secretary of the Army, and former State Assemblyman Tony Cárdenas, U. S. S. S. Representative and candidate for Governor in 1998 Jared Huffman, U. S. S, Representative Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook Adam Schiff, U. S. Representative Hilda Solis, Los Angeles County Supervisor, former United States Secretary of Labor, Representative Ellen Tauscher, former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs and former U. S. S. Senate in 2012 Jerry J. Yang, businessman Rocky Chavez, State Assemblyman Mary Bono, Representative Tom Campbell, former U. S. Representative, nominee for the U. S. Senate in 2000 and candidate for the U. S. S. Representative Larry Elder, talk radio host and attorney Kevin Faulconer, Mayor of San Diego Carly Fiorina, businesswoman and nominee for the U. S. Senate in 2010 Darrell Issa, U. S. Representative and candidate for the U. S. Senate in 1998 Ernie Konnyu, Representative and House Majority Leader Doug Ose, former U. S. S. The following are Federal Election Commission disclosures through the period ending March 31,2016. United States Senate elections,2016 Official campaign websites Kamala Harris for Senate Loretta Sanchez for Senate
19.
Kamala Harris
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Kamala Devi Harris is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from California. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served as the 32nd Attorney General of California, Harris graduated from Howard University and University of California, Hastings College of the Law. She worked as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, in 2003, she was elected District Attorney of San Francisco, defeating incumbent Terence Hallinan. She was re-elected in 2007 and served from 2004 to 2011, Harris was elected Californias Attorney General in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Harris was the first woman, the first Jamaican American, the first Asian American, Harris was born in Oakland, California. She has one sister, Maya, a lawyer and public policy advocate, who later married Tony West. The family moved to Berkeley, California where both of Kamalas parents attended graduate school and they also introduced their daughter to civil rights protests, which were common during that time in Berkeley. Kamalas parents divorced when she was young, Shyamala continued to raise her daughters in Berkeley, where the family lived in a black neighborhood and the girls sang in a Baptist choir. Her mother eventually moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, after graduating from Montreals Westmount High School in Quebec, Harris attended Howard University in Washington, D. C. where she majored in political science and economics. At Howard, Harris was elected to the liberal arts student council as freshman class representative, a member of the debate team, Harris then returned to California, earning her Juris Doctor from University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1989. Harris failed the California bar exam her first time, later observing and she was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1990. Harris served as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be at the table where decisions are made. After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorneys Office. In 2000, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil code enforcement matters. After the Fajitagate scandal, Harris defeated two-term incumbent Terence Hallinan in the 2003 election to become District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco, in April 2004, San Francisco Police Department Officer Isaac Espinoza was shot and killed in the line of duty. Three days later D. A. Harris announced she would not seek the death penalty, during Officer Espinozas funeral at St. Marys Cathedral U. S. Harris still refused. Officer Espinozas killer was convicted of the murder and sentenced to life in prison, as D. A. Harris started a program that gives first-time drug dealers the chance to earn a high-school diploma and find employment. Over eight years the program has produced fewer than 300 graduates and she was re-elected when she ran unopposed, in 2007
20.
California gubernatorial election, 2014
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Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown ran for re-election to a second consecutive and fourth overall term in office. Although Governors are limited to service of two terms in office, Brown previously served as Governor from 1975 to 1983 and the law only affects terms served after 1990. A primary election was held on June 3,2014, under Californias nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation, the top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate manages to receive a majority of the votes cast in the primary election. Washington is the other state with this system, a so-called top two primary. Brown and Republican Neel Kashkari finished first and second, respectively, and contested in the general election and he won the largest gubernatorial victory since 1986, despite running a virtually nonexistent campaign. A certified list of candidates was released by the Secretary of State on March 27,2014, the primary election took place on Tuesday, June 3,2014, from 7am to 8pm. S. S. S. He outperformed his majority margin from 2010, Brown as expected did very well in Los Angeles and in the San Francisco Bay Area. Kashkari conceded defeat right after the closed in California. California gubernatorial election,2014 at Ballotpedia Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney. org
21.
Jerry Brown
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Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown Jr. is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the 39th Governor of California since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, Brown previously served as the 34th governor from 1975 to 1983, as the only son of Edmund G. Pat Brown Sr. Elected governor in 1974 at age 36, Brown was the youngest California governor in 111 years, Brown was re-elected governor in 1978, and ran against fellow Democrat and incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 primaries. While challengers to incumbent presidents seldom gain traction, the challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts did, Brown declined to run for a third term in 1982, instead running for the United States Senate in 1982. However, Brown was defeated by Republican Pete Wilson, and many considered his career to be over. After traveling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party, after six years out of politics, Brown returned to public life, serving as Mayor of Oakland, and then Attorney General of California. Brown decided to run for another term as governor in 2010, the law limited a governor to two terms, however, the four living governors when the law was passed remained eligible. Brown defeated Meg Whitman in 2010 to become the 39th governor in 2011, on October 7,2013, he became the governor in California history. Brown was re-elected in 2014, with sixty percent of the vote, as a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor, and the oldest California governor in history. Browns father was of half-Irish and half-German descent, Browns great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during the California Gold Rush. Brown was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius High School, in 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year, and left to attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit novice house, intent on becoming a Catholic priest. Brown left the novitiate after three years, enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics in 1961, Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964. After law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner, returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt. He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor, in 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city, and placed first in a field of 124. In 1970, Brown was elected California Secretary of State, Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations. In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws, while holding this office, he discovered the use of falsely notarized documents by then-President Richard Nixon to fraudulently earn a tax deduction for donation of his pre-presidential papers. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Political Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, among other provisions, it established the California Fair Political Practices Commission. Brown won the primary with the recognition of his father, Pat Brown
22.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
23.
United States Senate election in California, 2012
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The primary election on June 5 took place under Californias new blanket primary law, where all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters voted for any candidate listed, or write-in any other candidate, the top two finishers — regardless of party — advanced to the general election in November, even if a candidate managed to receive a majority of the votes cast in the June primary. In the primary, less than 15% of the total 2010 census population voted, Senator Dianne Feinstein announced her intention to run for a fourth full term in April 2011 and finished first in the blanket primary with 49. 5% of the vote. The second-place finisher was Republican candidate and autism activist Elizabeth Emken, Feinstein and Emken contested the general election on November 6, with Feinstein winning re-election in a landslide, by 62. 5% to 37. 5%. Feinsteins 7.86 million votes set the record for the most votes cast for one candidate in one state in one election. Grundmann, chiropractor In July 2012, Taitz sued to block the certification of the election results, alleging rampant election fraud. Senator Elizabeth Emken, former Vice President of Autism Speaks No debates were scheduled, Senator Feinstein decided to focus on her own campaign rather than debate her challenger
24.
Dianne Feinstein
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Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein is the senior United States Senator from California. A member of the Democratic Party, she has served in the Senate since 1992 and she also served as the 38th Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988. Born in San Francisco, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955 with a B. A. in history, in the 1960s she worked in city government, and in 1970 she was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She served as the boards first female president in 1978, during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone, during her tenure as San Franciscos first female mayor she led a revamp of the citys cable car system and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention. After a failed campaign in 1990, she won a 1992 special election to the U. S. Senate. Feinstein was first elected on the ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer. Feinstein was the author of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban which expired in 2004, in 2013 she introduced a new assault weapons bill, which failed to pass. Feinstein is the first and only woman to have chaired the Senate Rules Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence from 2009 to 2015 and she is the only woman to have presided over a U. S. presidential inauguration. At the age of 83, Feinstein is the oldest currently serving United States Senator, Feinstein was born Dianne Emiel Goldman in San Francisco, to Betty, a former model, and Leon Goldman, a surgeon. Feinstein graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart High School, San Francisco in 1951, prior to elected service, Feinstein was appointed by then-California Governor Pat Brown to serve as a member of the California Womens Parole Board. Feinstein also served as a fellow at the Coro Foundation in San Francisco, in 1969, Feinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She remained on the Board for nine years and she was elected president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1978 with initial opposition from Quentin Kopp. Feinstein was close by in City Hall at the time of the shootings and discovered Milks body after hearing the gunshots, both Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk have been shot and killed. Feinstein appears in footage and is credited in the Academy Award-winning documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk. She appears again briefly in footage, announcing the death of Moscone. Feinstein and her position as President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors are also alluded to several times in the movie, as President of the Board of Supervisors upon the death of Moscone, Feinstein succeeded to the mayoralty on December 4,1978. Feinstein served out the remainder of Moscones term and she made no staffing changes to his team until she was elected in her own right in 1979. She was re-elected in 1983 and served a second term
25.
Ben Hueso
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Benjamin Ben Hueso is an American politician currently serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, he represents the 40th Senate District, which encompasses Imperial County, Hueso is currently serving as Chair of the California Latino Legislative Caucus. He previously served as Vice-Chair from 2015 to 2016, Hueso was elected to the State Senate in a 2013 special election to replace then-Senator Juan Vargas, who was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in November 2012. Before being elected to the State Senate, he served in the California State Assembly, representing the 80th Assembly District from 2012 to 2013, prior to that, he served on the San Diego City Council, including two years as Council President. Hueso was born in San Diego and grew up in Logan Heights and his parents were immigrants from Mexico and community activists, running an informal community medical clinic out of their home. He graduated from Point Loma High School and then from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in Sociology/Urban Studies and he studied at the University of Odessa, Ukraine and completed post-graduate work in Community and Economic Development at San Diego State University. He worked for the city as a redevelopment agency staffer and also owned his own business, Hueso was elected in a special 2005 election and reelected in the regular 2006 election to represent San Diego City Council District 8. He was the only Latino on the council at the time and he was chosen by his colleagues to serve as City Council President 2009-2010, the second person to serve in that post. He was also a member of the California Coastal Commission for two years serving on the City Council. He was elected in November 2010 to represent the 79th District in the California State Assembly of the California State Legislature, in 2012 he was elected to the 80th district due to redistricting. In January 2013 he declared his candidacy for the State Senate 40th district and he won the election on March 12,2013, avoiding a runoff by garnering 52. 3% of the vote against three other candidates. He took office on March 21,2013, Hueso is a lifelong resident of Logan Heights in San Diegos District 8. He is married to Laura Hueso, they have 4 sons, at 2,49 a. m. on Aug 22,2014, Sen. Hueso was arrested in downtown Sacramento on suspicion of DUI
26.
Libertarian Party of California
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The Libertarian Party is a Libertarian political party in the United States that promotes civil liberties, non-interventionism, laissez-faire capitalism and the abolition of the welfare state. The LP was conceived at meetings in the home of David F. Nolan in Westminster, Colorado in 1971 and was formed on December 11,1971, in Colorado Springs. The founding of the party was prompted in part due to concerns about the Nixon administration, the Vietnam War, conscription, the party generally promotes a classical liberal platform, in contrast to the Democrats modern liberalism and progressivism and the Republicans conservatism. Gary Johnson, the presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, states that the LP is more culturally liberal than Democrats. Current cultural policy positions include ending the prohibition of drugs, supporting same-sex marriage, ending capital punishment. Many libertarians believe in lowering the age to 18. While it is the third largest political party in the United States, there are 499,492 voters registered as Libertarian in the 27 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D. C. The LP was the party under which the first electoral vote was cast for a woman, Tonie Nathan, for Vice President in a United States presidential election, the first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972. In 1978, Dick Randolph of Alaska became the first elected Libertarian state legislator, in 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time. 1995 saw a membership and voter registration for the party. In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first third party to earn ballot status in all 50 states two presidential elections in a row, by the end of 2009,146 Libertarians were holding elected offices. He was renominated for president in 2016, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor William Weld as his running mate, johnson/Weld shattered the Libertarian record for a presidential ticket, earning over 4.4 million votes. Though the party has never won a seat in the United States Congress, it has seen success in the context of state legislatures. Three Libertarians were elected to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992, rhode Island State Representative Daniel P. Gordon was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011. Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016, dyer changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017. In 1972, Libertarian Party was chosen as the partys name, the current slogan of the party is The Party of Principle. Also in 1972, the Libersign—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation TANSTAAFL—was adopted as a party symbol, by the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the current Torch Eagle logo. In the 1990s several state libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin as their official mascot, another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006, that is also often associated with the Free State Project
27.
California State Assembly districts
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Californias State Assembly districts are numbered 1st through 80th, generally in north-to-south order. The California State Assembly is the house of the California State Legislature. The Assembly has 80 members, each representing one district, in accordance with the Article XXI of the California Constitution, assembly district boundaries are redrawn every ten years based on data from the United States Census. The current boundaries were drawn in 2011 by a California Citizens Redistricting Commission, the census enumerated population of each district was within 1% of 465,674 with an average absolute deviation of 0. 506%. S. House of Representatives has a larger ratio, since Proposition 28 passed in 2012, members of the Legislature are limited to a total of 12 years of legislative service, which can be served in the Assembly, Senate, or a combination of both
28.
California State Legislature
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The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of California. It is a body consisting of the lower house, the California State Assembly, with 80 members, and the upper house. New legislators convene each new session, to organize, in the Assembly and Senate Chambers, respectively. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round, the Democratic Party currently holds supermajorities in both chambers of the California Legislature. The state senate currently consists of 27 Democrats and 13 Republicans, except for the period from 1995 to 1996, the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election. The Senate has been in Democratic hands continuously since 1970, the first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre Don Pedro Sainsevain and his associates. The State Legislature currently meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento, members of the Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two-year terms. Members of the Senate are elected from forty districts and serve four-year terms, twenty Senate seats are up for election at each two-year election cycle. Term limits were established in 1990 following the passage of Proposition 140. In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28 which allows legislators to serve a maximum of 12 years without regard to whether the years are served in the State Assembly or the State Senate. The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes, reports produced by California executive agencies, as well as the Legislature, were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970. Since the 1990s, the legislature has provided a video feed for its sessions. Due to the expense and the obvious political downside, California did not keep records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly. As a result, reconstructing legislative intent outside of an acts preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before the 1990s. Since 1993, the Legislature has hosted a web/ftp site in one form or another, the most sought-after legislative committee appointments are to banking, agriculture and insurance. A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law, an Assembly Bill is one introduced in the Assembly, a Senate Bill, in the Senate. Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house, for example, AB16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly. The numbering starts afresh each session, there may be one or more extraordinary sessions
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California State Senate
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The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. The legislative body consists of 40 members, with each member representing approximately 931,000 people, due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per representative ratio of any state legislative house. Each member roughly represents a population equivalent to the state of Delaware, the State Senate convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. In the current session, Democrats control 27 seats, comprising a two-thirds supermajority of the chamber, prior to 1968, state senate districts were drawn so that each county had at most one state senator. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County being accorded the same number of senators as less populous counties such as Humboldt County. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population, as such, boundaries were changed to provide more equitable representation. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate, the President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Kevin de León, the minority leader is Republican Jean Fuller. The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature
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California's 1st State Senate district
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Californias 1st State Senate district is one of 40 California State Senate districts. It is currently represented by Republican Ted Gaines of El Dorado Hills, the district stretches along the eastern edge of the state from the Oregon border to the Lake Tahoe area. It wraps around the Sacramento Valley along the northern Sierra Nevada to the eastern Sacramento suburbs, most of the population is concentrated in the suburban southern parts, while the rest of the district is primarily rural. Due to redistricting, the 1st district has been moved around different parts of the state, the current iteration resulted from the 2011 redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission. California State Senate California State Senate districts Districts in California District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
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California's 2nd State Senate district
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Californias 2nd State Senate district is one of 40 California State Senate districts. It is currently represented by Democrat Mike McGuire of Healdsburg, the district stretches along the North Coast from the Oregon border in the north to the Golden Gate Bridge and the San Francisco Bay Area in the south. The northern part of district is rural, while the southern parts are more suburban. Due to redistricting, the 2nd district has been moved around different parts of the state, the current iteration resulted from the 2001 redistricting by the California State Legislature. California State Senate California State Senate districts Districts in California District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
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California's 3rd State Senate district
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Californias 3rd State Senate district is one of 40 California State Senate districts. It is currently represented by Democrat Bill Dodd of Napa, the district stretches over the northern San Francisco Bay Area and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta regions. It includes parts of the North Bay, Wine Country, due to redistricting, the 3rd district has been moved around different parts of the state. The current iteration resulted from the 2011 redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission, California State Senate California State Senate districts Districts in California District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
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