1.
California State Capitol
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The California State Capitol is home to the government of California. The building houses the state legislature and the office of the governor. The building is based on the U. S. Capitol building in Washington, the west facade ends in projecting bays, and a portico projects from the center of the building. At the base of the portico, seven granite archways brace, eight fluted Corinthian columns line the portico. A cornice supports the pediment above depicting Minerva surrounded by Education, Justice, Industry, above the flat roof with balustrade are two drums supporting a dome. The first drum consists of a colonnade of Corinthian columns, the second, large arched windows line the drum walls. The dome is 64 m high, and supports a lantern with a dome capped with a gold-leafed orbed finial. The California Senate chamber seats its forty members in a chamber room decorated in red. The chamber is entered through a second floor corridor, from the coffered ceiling hangs an electric reproduction of the original gas chandelier. A hand-carved dais caps off a recessed bay framed by Corinthian columns, the Latin phrase Senatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri lines the cornice. A portrait of George Washington by Jane Stuart, the daughter of Gilbert Stuart, is on the wall above, statues of the Roman goddess Minerva once overlooked both chambers. Today, Minerva, sculpted by Michael H. Casey, appears only in the senate chambers, gilded Corinthian columns support the gallery above, and dark red curtains that can be drawn for privacy are tied back along the columns. High arched windows run along the bottom below rectangular pane windows, behind the rostrum, there are two chairs with red velvet cushions, reserved for the president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the assembly, but are never used. The California Assembly chamber is located at the end of the building. Its green tones are based on those of the British House of Commons, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with the central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a quotation from Abraham Lincoln in Latin, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Old Customhouse (Monterey, California)
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The Customhouse is the states first designated California Historical Landmark, marking the site where U. S. Commodore John Drake Sloat raised the American flag and declared California part of the United States in 1846, in 1821 New Spain—Mexico won independence from Spain, in the Mexican War of Independence, and for nearly 25 years Monterey was in the Mexican Territory of Alta California. Under Mexican rule the trade restrictions were lifted and coastal ports were opened to foreign trade and this drew in trade from British, American, and South American traders. To collect customs duties at the Monterey Bay port, the Mexican government built the Customhouse, on July 7,1846, during the Mexican-American war, Commodore John Drake Sloat raised the American Flag, declaring California part of the United States. The Monterey Customs House was a landmark that the Native Sons of the Golden West determined should not disappear if within their power to prevent it. The property belonged to the United States Government, but the Native Sons of the Golden West obtained a lease of the buildings and grounds and restored them in the early 1900s. The lease was transferred to a State Commission appointed under a legislative act passed in 1901 which act also carried an appropriation for further restoration of the building. The Customhouse became the first California Historical Landmark on June 1,1932 and it is part of the larger Monterey State Historic Park, itself a National Historic Landmark District along with the nearby Larkin House
5.
John D. Sloat
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John Drake Sloat was a commodore in the United States Navy who, in 1846, claimed California for the United States. Sloat was brought up by his maternal grandparents, Sloat then commanded the schooner Grampus during which he fought the Action of 2 March 1825 against the pirate ship of Roberto Cofresí. He later served on the ships Franklin and Washington, and from 1828 commanded the sloop St. Louis with the rank of master commandant and he was promoted to captain in 1837, and from 1840 to 1844 was in charge of the Portsmouth Navy Yard. He was a Military Governor of California for only twenty-two days and he retired with the rank of Captain in December 1861, and was promoted to Rear Admiral on the retired list in July 1866. Sloat was a Freemason, and belonged to St. Nicholas lodge No.321 in New York City and he died in New Brighton, New York, and was buried in Brooklyns Green-Wood Cemetery. Two destroyers have been named USS Sloat in his honor as well as a World War II Liberty ship, a major street, Sloat Boulevard, and Commodore Sloat elementary school, both in San Francisco, are named after him. Local streets in Monterey, California, Sacramento, California, there is a large monument erected in his honor on the Presidio of Monterey U. S. Army post. An elementary school in Sacramento is also named for him and his home town in New York was also named Sloatsburg, after his grandfather Stephen and his family. Castleman,2016, State University of New York Press Proclamation to the Inhabitants of California and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here
6.
Spanish missions in California
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The missions were part of a major effort by the Spanish Empire to extend colonization into the most northern and western parts of Spains North American claims. Following a long-term secular and religious policy of Spain in Latin America, Mexico achieved independence in 1821, taking Alta California along with it, but the missions maintained authority over native neophytes and control of vast land holdings until the 1830s. At the peak of its development in 1832, the mission system controlled an area equal to approximately one-sixth of Alta California. The Alta California government secularized the missions after the passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833 and this divided the mission lands into land grants, which became many of the Ranchos of California. In the end, the missions had mixed results in their objectives, to convert, educate, today, the surviving mission buildings are the states oldest structures, and its most-visited historic monuments. Prior to 1754, grants of lands were made directly by the Spanish Crown. The missions were to be interconnected by a route which later became known as the Camino Real. The detailed planning and direction of the missions was to be carried out by Friar Junípero Serra, work on the coastal mission chain was concluded in 1823, completed after Serras death in 1784. Plans to build a mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 were canceled. The Santa Ysabel Asistencia had been founded in 1818 as a mother mission, in addition to the presidio and pueblo, the misión was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish sovereign to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories. Each frontier station was forced to be self-supporting, as existing means of supply were inadequate to maintain a colony of any size. California was months away from the nearest base in colonized Mexico, to sustain a mission, the padres required converted Native Americans, called neophytes, to cultivate crops and tend livestock in the volume needed to support a fair-sized establishment. The scarcity of imported materials, together with a lack of skilled laborers, compelled the missionaries to employ simple building materials, although the missions were considered temporary ventures by the Spanish hierarchy, the development of an individual settlement was not simply a matter of priestly whim. The padres blessed the site, and with the aid of their military escort fashioned temporary shelters out of tree limbs or driven stakes and it was these simple huts that ultimately gave way to the stone and adobe buildings that exist to the present. The first priority when beginning a settlement was the location and construction of the church, once the spot for the church had been selected, its position was marked and the remainder of the mission complex was laid out. The cuadrángulo was rarely a perfect square because the missionaries had no surveying instruments at their disposal and it was a doctrine established in 1531, which based the Spanish states right over the land and persons of the Indies on the Papal charge to evangelize them. It was employed wherever the indigenous populations were not already concentrated in native pueblos, the civilized and disciplined culture of the natives, developed over 8,000 year, was not considered. A total of 146 Friars Minor, mostly Spaniards by birth, were ordained as priests, sixty-seven missionaries died at their posts, while the remainder returned to Europe due to illness, or upon completing their ten-year service commitment
7.
Lasky-DeMille Barn
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The Lasky-DeMille Barn is one of Hollywoods first film studios. It is a designated California State Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is now the site of the Hollywood Heritage Museum. The barn was built in about 1895 on the Hollywood, California citrus ranch of Robert Northam, located at the southeast corner of Selma and Vine, it housed horses, carriages, hay, and other farm supplies. It was sold in 1904 to Jacob Stern, the barn was at the southeast corner of Selma and Vine Streets. In March 1913, it was purchased by L. L. Burns, the pair rented the barn, now called the Burns and Revier Studio and Laboratory, as a film location. In December of that year, Cecil B, in 1926, the barn was moved to the back lot of United Studios, where present day Paramount was later built. It went through several uses as a set, research library, conference area. In a ceremony attended by its founders, the Lasky-DeMille Barn was dedicated on December 27,1956, as Hollywoods First Major Film Company Studio,554, representing the birth of the Hollywood motion picture industry and becoming the first landmark associated with it. In October 1979, the barn was moved off the Paramount lot to a vacant lot in Hollywood. It was then moved by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce to the lot of The Hollywood Palace theater. Hollywood Heritage Museum The Lasky-DeMille Barn was acquired by Hollywood Heritage and it was then moved to its present site at the southern end of the parking lot of the Hollywood Bowl, where it was restored and made into the Hollywood Heritage Museum. AFI entry for The Squaw Man IMDb entry for The Squaw Man The Story of the Lasky-DeMille Barn by Allan Ellenberger on Dec 22nd,2013
8.
Hollywood Heritage Museum
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The Hollywood Heritage Museum, also known as the Hollywood Studio Museum, is located on Highland Ave. in Hollywood, California, United States. The museum is opposite the Hollywood Bowl and is housed in the restored Lasky-DeMille Barn and it was dedicated on December 13,1985. Since 1985, Hollywood Heritage has funded the preservation, restoration, the museum features archival photographs from the silent era of motion pictures, movie props, historic documents and other movie related memorabilia. Also featured are photographs and postcards of the streets, buildings. Special events entitled Evenings at the Barn are open to the public and regularly programmed including speakers, occasionally, historic silent films are screened in cooperation with the Silent Society. A few other individually owned parcels were also contained within the eastern block, col. Northams home was on the West side, where the Hollywood Plaza Hotel is currently located. Col. Northam sold the property in 1903 to Jacob Stern, Hollywood became a city that year and the prohibitionist sentiments of the populace also made it illegal to show movies in Hollywood. Hollywood merged with the City of Los Angeles in 1910, and in October 1911, the Stern barn became the 2nd studio following the establishment of the Burns and Revier Company in May 1912. Louis Loss Burns and Harry Revier rented the barn from Mr. Stern sometime before May 1912, the Burns and Revier had the advantage of having a laboratory on the lot. The barn structure was used for dressing rooms and editing rooms, Burns and Revier at the Alexandria Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. The Lasky Company successfully produced the first feature length western made in Hollywood at the barn and other locations, at the same time, DeMille bought out the interests of Burns and Revier and entered into lease extensions with Mr. Stern. The original lease price was $250 a month, on a month-to-month basis, the sentimental founders moved the barn to the new lot with them and it became the studio gymnasium in 1929 and remained as the gym until 1979. It was moved to a couple of different locations on the Paramount lot, deMilles office and becoming an integral part of Paramounts Western Street backlot. The barn is visible in a number of movies including The Rainmaker, in 1979 Paramount donated the building to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerces Hollywood Historic Trust and was moved to a parking lot on the West side of Vine Street. It remained there until the Chamber and Paramount redonated it Hollywood Heritage in 1983, the building was moved to the Highland Ave. site in February 1982 and the following three years were spent in restoring the building with donated goods and services and with volunteer labor. 2015 will mark the 30th anniversary of the museum, making it one of the longest operating film museums internationally. It was closed from 1997 to 2003 due to a fire, the Lasky DeMille barn was registered as a California State Landmark in 1955 and was placed on the National Register in 2013,100 years after the arrival of Lasky and DeMille
9.
Cecil B. DeMille
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Cecil Blount DeMille was an American filmmaker. Between 1913 and 1956, he made a total of 70 features and he is acknowledged as a founding father of the cinema of the United States and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their scale and by his cinematic showmanship. He made silent films of every genre, social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved to writing and directing stage productions, some with Jesse Lasky, DeMilles first film, The Squaw Man, was also the first feature film shot in Hollywood. Its interracial love story made it a hit and it put Hollywood on the map. The continued success of his productions led to the founding of Paramount Pictures with Lasky and his first biblical epic, The Ten Commandments, was both a critical and financial success, it held the Paramount revenue record for twenty-five years. In 1927 he directed The King of Kings, a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, the Sign of the Cross was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. Cleopatra was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, after more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with Samson and Delilah, a biblical epic which did an all-time record business. Along with biblical and historical narratives, he directed films oriented toward neo-naturalism. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth and his last and most famous film, The Ten Commandments, is currently the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B, DeMille Award, which was later named in his honor. There are several variants of DeMilles surname and his familys Dutch surname was originally spelled de Mil and then became de Mille. As an adult, he adopted the spelling DeMille for professional purposes, the family name de Mille was used by his children Cecilia, John, Richard, and Katherine. DeMilles brother William and his daughters, Margaret and Agnes, as well as DeMilles granddaughter, Cecilia de Mille Presley, Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Churchill de Mille, was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church and his mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille, whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household. DeMilles mother was related to British politician Herbert Louis Samuel, DeMilles parents met as members of a music and literary society in New York
10.
Jesse L. Lasky
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Jesse Louis Lasky was an American pioneer motion picture producer. He was a key founder of Paramount Pictures with Adolph Zukor, born in San Francisco, California, he worked at a variety of jobs but began his entertainment career as a vaudeville performer that led to the motion picture business. In 1911 Lasky was the producer of two Broadway musicals, Hello, Paris and A La Broadway, presumably this is how Cecil B. DeMille knew him before they ventured into motion pictures in 1913. Laskys sister, Blanche, married Samuel Goldwyn and in 1913 Lasky, deMille and Oscar Apfel to form the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company. With limited funds, they rented a barn near Los Angeles where they made Hollywoods first feature film, known today as the Lasky-DeMille Barn, it is home to the Hollywood Heritage Museum. In 1916, their company merged with Adolph Zukors Famous Players Film Company to create the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, in 1920, Famous Players-Lasky built a large studio facility in Astoria, New York, now known as the Kaufman Astoria Studios. In 1927, Lasky was one of the people who founded the Academy of Motion Picture Arts. Financial problems arose within the industry as a result of the Great Depression, Lasky then partnered with Mary Pickford to produce films but within a few years she dissolved their business relationship. Lasky then found work as a producer at one of the big studios until 1945 when he formed his own production company and he made his last film in 1951 and in 1957 published his autobiography, I Blow My Own Horn. Jesse L. Lasky died at age 77 from an attack in Beverly Hills. He is interred in Hollywood Forever Cemetery, adjacent to Paramount Studios, for his contribution to the motion picture industry, Lasky has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6433 Hollywood Boulevard. Lasky Drive in Beverly Hills was named in his honor, works by or about Jesse L. Lasky at Internet Archive Jesse L. Lasky at the Internet Movie Database Jesse L. Lasky at Find a Grave
11.
HP Garage
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The HP Garage is a private museum where the company Hewlett-Packard was founded. It is located at 367 Addison Avenue in Palo Alto, California and it is considered to be the Birthplace of Silicon Valley. HP founders William Hewlett and David Packard are considered the first Stanford students who took Termans advice, the garage has since been designated California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is not open for tours, but the property can be viewed from the sidewalk. The home, originally designated as 367 Addison Avenue, was first occupied in 1905 by Dr. John Spencer, his wife Ione, Dr. Spencer became Palo Altos first mayor in 1909. In 1918, the house was divided two separate apartments, numbered 367 and 369. In 1937, David Dave Packard, then 25 years old, visited William Bill Hewlett in Palo Alto, both men attended Stanford University, where its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman encouraged his students to establish their own electronics companies in the area instead of leaving California. In 1938, newly married Dave and Lucile Packard moved into 367 Addison Ave, mrs. Spencer, now widowed, moved into the second-floor apartment,369 Addison. Hewlett and Packard began to use the garage, with $538 in capital. In 1939, Hewlett and Packard formed their partnership with a coin toss, hewlett-Packards first product, built in the garage, was an audio oscillator, the HP200A. California registered landmark,1987 National Register of Historic Places,2007 Rebuilding HPs Garage
12.
Silicon Valley
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Silicon Valley is a nickname for the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area, in the northern part of the U. S. state of California. The valley in its name refers to the Santa Clara Valley in Santa Clara County, which includes the city of San Jose and surrounding cities and towns, where the region has been traditionally centered. The region has expanded to include the half of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Mateo County. It was in the Valley that the integrated circuit, the microprocessor. As of 2013, the region employed about a quarter of an information technology workers. The term is now used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector. The first published use of Silicon Valley is credited to Don Hoefler, hostler used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. The series, entitled Silicon Valley in the USA, began in the papers January 11,1971, the term gained widespread use in the early 1980s, at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market. The silicon part of the name refers to the concentration of companies involved in the making of semiconductors. These firms slowly replaced the orchards and the fruits which gave the area its initial nickname — the Valley of Hearts Delight, Stanford University leadership was especially important in the valleys early development. Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success, the ship had been outfitted with a wireless telegraph transmitter by a local newspaper, so that they could prepare a celebration on the return of the American sailors. Local historian Clyde Arbuckle states in Clyde Arbuckles History of San Jose that California first heard the click of a key on September 11,1853. It marked completion of an enterprise begun by a couple of San Francisco Merchants Exchange members named George Sweeney and it was known as the Inner Station, the second, as the Outer Station. Both used their primitive mode of communication until Messrs, Sweeney and Baugh connected the Outer Station directly with the Merchantss Exchange by electric telegraph Wire. According to Arbuckle Sweeney and Baughs line was strictly an intra-city, San Francisco-based service, allen and C. Burnham led the way to build a line from San Francisco to Marysville via San Jose, Stockton, and Sacramento. Delays to construction occurred until September 1853, but, …San Jose became the first station on the line when the wire arrived here on October 15, the line was completed when Gambles northbound crew met a similar crew working southward from Marysville on October 24. The Bay Area had long been a site of United States Navy research. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose
13.
David Packard
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David Packard was an electrical engineer and co-founder, with William Hewlett, of Hewlett-Packard, serving as president, CEO, and Chairman of the Board. He served as U. S. Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1971 during the Nixon administration, Packard served as President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences from 1976 to 1981. He was also chairman of the Board of Regents from 1973 to 1982, Packard was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988 and is noted for many technological innovations and philanthropic endeavors. David Packard was born in Pueblo, Colorado, and attended Centennial High School, where early on he showed an interest in science, engineering, sports, and leadership. He earned his B. A. Stanford is where he met two people who were important to his life, Lucile Salter and Bill Hewlett, Packard then briefly attended the University of Colorado before he left to work for the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York. In 1938, he returned to Stanford from New York, where he earned a degree in Electrical Engineering in 1938. In the same year, he married Lucile Salter, with whom he had four children, David, Nancy, Susan, in 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard in Packards garage with an initial capital investment of $538. Packard mentions in his book The HP Way that the name Hewlett-Packard was determined by the flip of a coin, HP and their first product was an audio frequency oscillator sold to Walt Disney Studios for use on the soundtrack of Fantasia. The HP Way describes HPs management philosophy, which encourages creativity and shuns traditional business hierarchy, during World War II HP produced radio, sonar, radar, nautical, and aviation devices. The company, where Packard proved to be an administrator and Hewlett provided many technical innovations, grew into the worlds largest producer of electronic testing. It also became a producer of calculators, computers, and laser. He left HP in 1969 to serve in the Nixon administration until 1971, at time he returned to HP and was re-elected Chairman of the Board. In 1991, Packard oversaw a reorganization at HP. He retired from HP in 1993, at the time of his death in 1996, Packards stake in the company was worth more than $1 billion. Upon entering office in 1969, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Packard U. S. Deputy Secretary of Defense under Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, Packard resigned in December 1971 and returned to Hewlett-Packard in 1972 as Chairman of the Board. While serving in the Department of Defense, he brought concepts of resource management used in business to the military, in 1970, Packard issued a memorandum that contained a number of major reforms designed to address the real mess we have on our hands. A key reform was elimination of Robert MacNamaras Total Package Procurement except in rare situations, near the end of his time at DoD, Packard wrote the Packard Memo or Employment of Military Resources in the Event of Civil Disturbances. Providing military resources to civil authorities as prescribed in §215.9 of this part, according to Lindorff, these exceptions essentially reinstate the possibility of martial law in the U. S. prohibited since 1878
14.
William Redington Hewlett
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William Bill Redington Hewlett was an American engineer and the co-founder, with David Packard, of the Hewlett-Packard Company. Hewlett was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan where his father taught at the University of Michigan Medical School. In 1916 the family moved to San Francisco after his father, Albion Walter Hewlett, took a position at Stanford Medical School. He attended Lowell High School and was accepted at Stanford University as a favor to his father who had died of a brain tumor in 1925. He joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity during his time at Stanford, Hewlett attended undergraduate classes taught by Fred Terman at Stanford and became acquainted with David Packard. Packard and he began discussing forming a company in August 1937, a flip of a coin decided the ordering of their names. Their first big breakthrough came when Disney purchased multiple audio oscillators designed by Hewlett for use in the production of the film Fantasia, the company incorporated in 1947 and tendered an initial public offering in 1957. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard were very proud of their culture which came to be known as the HP Way. The HP Way is a culture that claimed to be not only centered on making money. Hewlett was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1954 and he was president of HP from 1964 to 1977, and served as CEO from 1968 to 1978, when he was succeeded by John A. Young. He remained chairman of the committee until 1983, and then served as vice chairman of the board until 1987. A young Steve Jobs, then age 12, called Hewlett, Hewlett, impressed with Jobs gumption, offered him a summer job assembling frequency counters. Jobs then considered HP one of the companies that he admired, regarding it among the handful of companies that were built “to last, Hewlett served in the Army during World War II as a Signal Corps Officer. He then led the section of the Development Division, a new part of the War Department Special Staff. After the war he was part of a team that inspected Japanese Industry. Hewlett was a Director for Hexcel Products Incorporated from 1956-1965, Hewlett served as a Director of Chase Manhattan Bank from 1969-1980. Hewlett was also elected to the Board of Directors for Chrysler Corporation in 1966, starting in the 1960s Hewlett committed much of his time and wealth towards numerous philanthropic causes. In 1966, William Hewlett and his wife Flora founded the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, aside from the foundation Hewlett gave millions to universities, schools, museums, non-profits, and other organizations
15.
Golden Gate Bridge
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The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, the one-mile-wide, one-point-seven-mile-long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and it has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommers travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed and it opened in 1937 and was, until 1964, the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco. Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacifics automobile ferries became very profitable, the trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County, San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. San Franciscos City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 and he asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less. One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis. At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project. Strausss initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts. A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy, Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California. The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources, the Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs, in May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Another ally was the automobile industry, which supported the development of roads. The bridges name was first used when the project was discussed in 1917 by M. M
16.
Sutter's Mill
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Sutters Mill was a sawmill, owned by 19th-century pioneer John Sutter, where gold was found, setting off the California Gold Rush. It was located on the bank of the South Fork American River in Coloma, California. On January 24,1848, James Wilson Marshall, an originally from New Jersey, found flakes of gold in the American River at the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Coloma. At the time, Marshall was working to build a sawmill owned by John Sutter. On February 2,1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in Mexico City which transferred the American Southwest to the United States. When the news got out about the gold, people all over the world headed for California, speeding statehood. Henry Bigler and Azariah Smith, like other workers at the mill, were veterans of the Mormon Battalion, Bigler recorded the actual date when gold was discovered, January 24,1848, in his diary. This gold find started the California Gold Rush the next year, the site of the mill is located on the South Fork American River. Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park is registered as California Historical Landmark #530, the current Sutters Mill is a replica of the original building. It was built based on Marshalls own drawings and an early day photo of the mill, the mill was the namesake and inspiration for a song by singer-songwriter Dan Fogelberg. The mill was also the namesake for a song by the New Riders of the Purple Sage, the original flake of gold discovered at the mill is currently at the Smithsonian Institution. Sutters Fort California gold coinage Sutters Mill meteorite Discovery of Gold, by John A. Sutter, Hutchings’ California Magazine, Sutter describes how he wanted a sawmill near the Sacramento and how Marshall told him of the gold. Early photographs, illustrations, and textual references to Sutters Mill, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
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Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park
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Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park is a state park of California, United States, marking the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in 1848, sparking the California Gold Rush. The park grounds include much of the town of Coloma, California. The park contains two California Historical Landmarks, a monument to commemorate James Marshall and the spot where he first discovered gold in 1848. Established in 1942, the park now comprises 576 acres, the entire route of California State Route 153 lies within the park, and allows visitors to drive to the top of the hill where the monument to James W. Marshall stands. The Gold Discovery Museum features gold-rush-era exhibits including mining equipment, horse-drawn vehicles, household implements, the American River Nature Center, operated by the American River Conservancy, features murals of local wildlife, hands-on exhibits, animal mounts and live small animals. In 1886 the members of the Native Sons of the Golden West, Placerville Parlor #9, a statue of Marshall stands on top of the monument, pointing to the spot where he made his discovery in 1848. The monument was rededicated October 8,2010 by the Native Sons of the Golden West, Georgetown Parlor #91, list of California state parks Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park Gold Discovery Park Association American River Nature Center
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James W. Marshall
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The mill property was owned by Johan Sutter who employed Marshall to build his mill. The wave of gold seekers turned everyones attention away from the mill eventually fell into disrepair and was never used as intended. Neither Marshall nor Sutter ever profited from the gold find, James Wilson Marshall, of English descent, was born to Philip Marshall and Sarah Wilson at the family homestead in Hopewell Township, New Jersey on October 8,1810. The family homestead was known as the Round Mountain Farm and is known as Marshalls Corner. He was the oldest of four children, and the only male, in 1816, the Marshall family relocated to nearby Lambertville, where Philip constructed a house on approximately five acres of land. James left New Jersey in 1834 and headed west, after spending time in Indiana and Illinois, he settled in Missouri in 1844, and began farming along the Missouri River. It was there that he contracted malaria, an affliction in the area. On the advice of his doctor, Marshall left Missouri in the hopes of improving his health and he joined an emigrant train heading west and arrived in Oregons Willamette Valley in the spring of 1845. He left Oregon in June 1845 and headed south along the Siskiyou Trail into California, eventually reaching Sutters Fort, the founder of Sutters Fort, an agricultural settlement. Sutter was also the alcalde of the area, as California was still a Mexican possession in 1845, Sutter hired Marshall to assist with work at the sawmill, and around the fort. He also helped Marshall to buy two leagues of land on the side of Butte Creek and provided him with cattle. It was here that Marshall began his stint as a farmer. Soon after this, the Mexican-American War began in May 1846, Marshall volunteered and served under Captain John C. Frémonts California Battalion during the Bear Flag Revolt, when he left the battalion and returned to his ranch in early 1847, he found that all his cattle had either strayed or been stolen. With his sole source of income gone, Marshall lost his land, Marshall soon entered into a partnership with Sutter for the construction of a sawmill. Marshall was to oversee the construction and operation of the mill, after scouting nearby areas for a suitable location, he eventually decided upon Coloma, located roughly 40 miles upstream of Sutters Fort on the American River. He proposed his plan to Sutter, and construction began in late August and his crew consisted mainly of local Native Americans and veterans of the Mormon Battalion on their way to Salt Lake City, Utah. Construction continued into January 1848, when it was discovered that the portion of the mill was too narrow and shallow for the volume of water needed to operate the saw
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California Gold Rush
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The California Gold Rush began on January 24,1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States, the Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the state of the first nominee for the Republican Party. The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial, whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called forty-niners. The first to hear confirmed information of the rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands, and Latin America. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California, in 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by vote, and the future states interim first governor. In September,1850, California became a state, at the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of staking claims was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service, by 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, Gold worth tens of billions of todays dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with more than they had started with. The Mexican–American War ended on February 3,1848, although California was firmly in American hands before that, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for, among other things, the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States. The California Gold Rush began at Sutters Mill, near Coloma, on January 24,1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River. Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter, and the two tested the metal. However, rumors started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher
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Fort Ross, California
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Fort Ross, originally Fortress Ross, is a former Russian establishment on the west coast of North America in what is now Sonoma County, California, in the United States. It was the hub of the southernmost Russian settlements in North America from 1812 to 1842 and it has been the subject of archaeological investigation and is a California Historical Landmark, a National Historic Landmark, and on the National Register of Historic Places. It is part of Californias Fort Ross State Historic Park, beginning with Columbus in 1492, the Spanish presence in the Western hemisphere, traveled west across the Atlantic Ocean, then around or across the Americas to reach the Pacific Ocean. The Russian expansion, however, moved east across Siberia and the northern Pacific, in the early nineteenth century, Spanish and Russian expansion met along the coast of Spanish Alta California, with Russia pushing south and Spain pushing north. By that time, British and American fur trade companies had established a coastal presence, in the Pacific Northwest. Mexico ceded Alta California to the United States of America following the Mexican-American War, the history of the Russian Fort Ross settlement began during Spanish rule and ended under Mexico. Russian personnel from the Alaskan colonies initially arrived in California aboard American ships, while guests of the Spanish, Rezanovs captain, Lt. Khvostov, explored and charted the coast north of San Francisco Bay and found it completely unoccupied by other European powers. Upon his return to New Archangel, Rezanov recommended to Baranov, and Emperor Aleksandr I, Fort Ross was established by Commerce Counselor Ivan Kuskov of the Russian-American Company. In 1808 Baranov sent two ships, the Kadyak and the Sv, Nikolai, on an expedition south to establish settlements for the RAC with instructions to bury secret signs. He also named the Russian River the Slav, on his return, Kuskov found American otter hunting ships and otter now scarce in Bodega Bay. After exploring the area ended up selecting a place 15 miles north that the native Kashaya Pomo people called Mad shui nui or Metini. Metini, the home of the native Kashaya Pomo people, had a modest anchorage and abundant natural resources. The present name of Fort Ross appears first on a French chart published in 1842 by Eugene Duflot de Mofras, the name of the fort is said to derive from the Russian word rus or ros, the same root as the word Russia and not from Scottish Ross. According to William Bright, Ross is a name for a Russian in the Russian language. Fort Ross was established as a base from which the northern settlements could be supplied with food. Yet during its ten years of operations the post provided the company with nothing. Fort Ross itself was the hub of a number of smaller Russian settlements comprising what was called Fortress Ross on official documents and charts produced by the Company itself, colony Ross referred to the entire area where Russians had settled. These settlements constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay, Fort Ross was the site of Californias first windmills and shipbuilding
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Russian colonization of the Americas
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The Russian colonization of the Americas covers the period from 1732 to 1867, when the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas. Russian colonial possessions in the Americas are collectively known as Russian America, Russian expansion eastward began in 1552, and in 1639 Russian explorers reached the Pacific Ocean. In 1725, Emperor Peter the Great ordered navigator Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific for potential colonization, the Russians were primarily interested in the abundance of fur-bearing mammals on Alaskas coast, as stocks had been depleted by overhunting in Siberia. Berings first voyage was foiled by thick fog and ice, but in 1741 a second voyage by Bering, Russian promyshlenniki quickly developed the maritime fur trade, which instigated several conflicts between the Aleuts and Russians in the 1760s. The fur trade proved to be an enterprise, capturing the attention of other European nations. In response to potential competitors, the Russians extended their claims eastward from the Commander Islands to the shores of Alaska, in 1784, with encouragement from Empress Catherine the Great, explorer Grigory Shelekhov founded Russias first permanent settlement in Alaska at Three Saints Bay. Ten years later, the first group of Orthodox Christian missionaries began to arrive, evangelizing thousands of Indians, angered by encroachment on their land and other grievances, the indigenous peoples relations with the Russians deteriorated. In 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed several Russian settlements, most notably Redoubt Saint Michael and this failed to expel the Russians, who reestablished their presence two years later following the Battle of Sitka. In 1808, Redoubt Saint Michael was rebuilt as New Archangel, a year later, the RAC began expanding its operations to more abundant sea otter grounds in Northern California, where Fort Ross was built in 1812. By the middle of the 19th century, profits from Russias American colonies were in steep decline, competition with the British Hudsons Bay Company had brought the sea otter to near extinction, while the population of bears, wolves, and foxes on land was also nearing depletion. The purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million ended Imperial Russias colonial presence in the Americas, many indigenous peoples protested the sale, arguing that they were the rightful owners of the land and that Russia had no right to sell Alaska. The first European landfall took place in southern Alaska in 1741 during the Russian exploration by Vitus Bering, captain Sterling Romanov and his wife Anna Romanov founded the first Russian colony in the Americas. Between 1774 and 1800 Spain also led expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. These claims were abandoned at the turn of the 19th century. Imperial Russia was unique among European empires for having no state sponsorship of foreign expeditions or territorial settlement, the first state-protected trading company for sponsoring such activities in the Americas was the Shelikhov-Golikov Company of Grigory Shelikhov and Ivan Larionovich Golikov. A number of companies were operating in Russian America during the 1780s. Shelikhov petitioned the government for control, but in 1788 Catherine II decided to grant his company a monopoly only over the area it had already occupied. Other traders were free to compete elsewhere, catherines decision was issued as the imperial ukase of September 28,1788
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Beringer Vineyards
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Beringer Vineyards is a large winery in St. Helena, California. In 1934 it was the first California winery to offer public tours, the Beringer family sold the Beringer name and winery to Nestlé in 1971, which in 1996 subsequently sold the enterprise to a group led by Texas Pacific Group, the company went public the next year. From 2000 to 2011 the winery was owned by Fosters Group, as of 2011, it is owned by Treasury Wine Estates. Media related to Beringer Vineyards at Wikimedia Commons Napa Valley Wine Co. the story, charles Krug, Jacob Beringer/Beringer Bros. and Cesare/Robert Mondavi
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