1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
–
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W. Bushs administration in 2002 during the War on Terror. During his term, his administration succeeded in reducing the number of inmates from about 245 to 41, in practice, the site has long been used for indefinite detention without trial. The facility is operated by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo of the United States government in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Detention areas consisted of Camp Delta including Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray, which is now closed. The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of the Geneva Conventions. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense issued a memo stating that detainees would, in the future. Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration denied, in a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the Gulag of our times. In 2006, the United Nations called unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed, on 22 January 2009, President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year. President Obama issued a Presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009, ordering Thomson Correctional Center, Thomson, in February 2011, U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo Bay was unlikely to be closed, due to opposition in the Congress. Congress particularly opposed moving prisoners to facilities in the United States for detention or trial, in April 2011, Wikileaks began publishing 779 secret files relating to prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 4 November 2015, President Barack Obama stated that he was preparing to unveil a plan to close the facility, the plan would propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas, Colorado and South Carolina. Two others that were on the list, in California and Washington state, do not appear to have made the preliminary cut, by January 19,2017, however, the detention center remained open, with 41 detainees remaining. Camp Delta is a 612-unit detention center finished in April 2002 and it includes detention camps 1 through to 6, as well as Camp Echo, where pre-commissions are held. Camp X-Ray was a detention facility, which was closed in April 2002. Its prisoners were transferred to Camp Delta, in 2008, the Associated Press reported Camp 7, a separate facility on the naval base that is considered the highest security jail on the base, and its location is classified. It is used to house high-security detainees formerly held by the CIA, in January 2010, Scott Horton published an article in Harpers Magazine describing Camp No, a black site about a mile outside the main camp perimeter, which included an interrogation center. His description was based on accounts by four guards who had served at Guantanamo and they said prisoners were taken one at a time to the camp, where they were believed to be interrogated. He believes that the three detainees that DoD announced as having committed suicide were questioned under torture the night of their deaths
3.
Camp X-Ray (Guantanamo)
–
Camp X-Ray was a temporary detention facility at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp of Joint Task Force Guantanamo on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The first twenty detainees arrived at Guantanamo on 11 January 2002 and it was named Camp X-Ray because various temporary camps in the station were named sequentially from the beginning and then from the end of the NATO phonetic alphabet. As of 29 April 2002, the official Camp X-Ray was closed, excludables were held in Camp X-ray near Post 37 before being sent back to Cuba. Excludables included troublemakers from the camps, where the United States was processing Cuban Asylum Seekers for emigration to the United States. The US government was at the time allowed access to Cuban records to process these people, over 100,000 CAS were processed in the mid-1990s and allowed to enter the United States. During the War on Terror, beginning in the fall of 2001 after the 9/11 attacks, the supervision and care of these detainees at Camp X-Ray was handled by Joint Task Force 160, while interrogations were conducted by Joint Task Force 170. JTF-160 was under the command of Marine Brigadier General Michael R. Lehnert until March 2002, since Camp X-Rays closure and the subsequent opening of Camp Delta, JTF-160 and 170 have been combined into Joint Task Force Guantanamo. This camp was one of several locations managed by the United States where prisoners have alleged they suffered torture by US agents in relation to interrogation, dick Cheney, then Vice President, said, Prisoners could be detained until the end of the natural conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. According to Carol Rosenberg, writing for the Miami Herald, Camp X-Ray was visited by a court-ordered forensic FBI team in November 2009, the team spent a week photographing the camp and searching for evidence of abuse of prisoners. This Is Camp X-Ray, UK art installation based on Camp X-Ray, Camp X-ray, an American independent drama film based on Camp X-Ray. X-Ray guard Brandon Neely later admitted throwing prisoners to the ground, in 2009, he tracked two inmates down and apologized for his treatment of them, saying that he still felt guilty. Neely also became involved with the organization Iraq Veterans Against the War
4.
Seabee
–
United States Naval Construction Battalions - better known as Seabees, a heterograph of the first initials - C. B. comprise US Naval Construction Forces. International law made it illegal for civilians to resist enemy attack, doing so would classify them as guerrillas, the Seabees would consist of skilled workers that would be trained to drop their tools if necessary and take up their weapons at a moments notice to defend themselves. The concept model, A USMC trained Battalion of construction tradesmen that would be capable of, any type of construction, anywhere needed and it was quickly realized that this model could be utilized in every theater of operations as it was seen to be flexible and adaptable. The use of USMC organization allowed for smooth co-ordination, integration or interface of both the NCF and the Marine Corps elements, in addition, Seabee Battalions could be deployed individually or in multiples as the project scope and scale dictated. What distinguishes Seabees from Combat Engineers are the skill sets, Combat Engineering is but a sub-set in the Seabee toolbox. They have a legacy of creative field ingenuity stretching from Normandy and Okinawa to Iraq. Seabees believe that anything they are tasked with they Can Do and they were unique at conception and remain so today. In 2017, the Seabees celebrated 75 years of service and have not changed from Admiral Ben Moreells conceptual model, as far back as the War of 1812, US Navy seamen were employed in large numbers for major shore construction. In 1813, Essex, under command of Captain David Porter, rounded Cape Horn from the Atlantic Ocean, after capturing several British ships he discovered that a British naval squadron had been sent to search for him. Needing to repair and prepare Essex and his squadron, he sailed for the Marquesas Islands to find a suitable site for him to build the US Navys first advanced base. During construction they were attacked by unfriendly natives, during which they would have to lay down their tools. It wasnt until World War I that Navy craftsmen would be employed in large number again, in 1917, the Twelfth Regiment was organized at Naval Training Station Great Lakes. This allowed the Public Works Department to grow to nearly 600 men by July 1917 and they were organized into the Twelfth Regiment, which was essentially the Public Works Department because staff officers could not exercise military command. Lieutenant William C. Davis was appointed commanding officer of the regiment, he exercised military control, in October 1917, the regiment began building Camp Paul Jones. With its completion, on 30 December 1917, the regiment became operational with 1,500 men organized into three battalions. By April 1918, the regiment consisted of 2,400 in five battalions, men were withdrawn for assignments in the US and abroad. In spring of 1918,100 men were given special mechanics and ordnance training before being sent to St. Nazaire, France, later they would join the gun crews and perform combat duties along the railway lines in proximity to the German lines. The Twelfth Regiment reached its peak strength 5 November 1918,55 officers and 6,211 enlisted men formed into 11 battalions, however, with the end of the war on 11 November 1918, the regiment gradually faded away by the end of 1918
5.
Halliburton
–
The Halliburton Company, an American multinational corporation, is one of the worlds largest oil field service companies, with operations in more than 80 countries. It owns hundreds of subsidiaries, affiliates, branches, brands, the company has dual headquarters located in Houston and in Dubai, where Chairman and CEO David Lesar works and resides, to focus company’s Eastern Hemisphere Growth. The company remains incorporated in the United States, Halliburtons major business segment is the Energy Services Group. ESG provides technical products and services for petroleum and natural gas exploration and production, Halliburtons former subsidiary, KBR, is a major construction company of refineries, oil fields, pipelines, and chemical plants. The company has been involved in controversies, including the Deepwater Horizon explosion. As of August 1,2014 Jeff Miller was promoted to President of Halliburton reporting directly to Dave Lesar, oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Kuwait. Worldwide technology centers are in Duncan, Oklahoma, Carrollton, Texas, Houston, Texas, Stavanger, Norway, Pune, India, Energy services, formation evaluation, digital and consulting solutions, production volume optimization, and fluid systems are the major business segments. With the acquisition of Dresser Industries in 1998, the Kellogg-Brown & Root division was formed by merging Halliburtons Brown & Root subsidiary and the M. W. KBR is an international construction company that works in an industry that tends to have an element of volatility and is subject to significant fluctuations in revenue. Asbestos-related litigation from Kellogg acquisition caused the company to more than US$4.0 billion in losses from 2002 through 2004. While Halliburtons revenues have increased because of its contracts in the Middle East, at a meeting for investors and analysts in August 2004, a plan was outlined to divest the KBR division through a possible sale, spin-off or initial public offering. Analysts at Deutsche Bank valued KBR at up to $2.15 billion, KBR became a separately listed company on April 5,2007. In 1919, Erle P. Halliburton started the New Method Oil Well Cementing Company, in 1920, he brought a wild gas well under control, using cement, for W. G. Skelly, near Wilson, Oklahoma. On March 1,1921, the Halliburton method and means of excluding water from oil wells was assigned a patent from the U. S. Halliburton invented the revolutionary cement jet mixer, to eliminate hand-mixing of cement, and the measuring line, by 1922, the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company was prospering from the Mexia, Texas oil boom, having cemented its 500th well in late summer. In 1924, the company was incorporated in Delaware, with 56 people on its payroll, the stock of the corporation was owned by Erle and Vida Halliburton and by seven major oil companies, Magnolia, Texas, Gulf, Humble, Sun, Pure and Atlantic. In 1926, its first foreign venture began with sale of equipment to Burma, throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Halliburton continued cementing across America. In 1938, Halliburton cemented its first offshore well using a truck on a barge off the Louisiana coast, in 1940, Halliburton opened offices in Venezuela and introduced bulk handling of cementing to the industry
6.
KBR (company)
–
KBR, Inc. is an American engineering, procurement, and construction company, formerly a subsidiary of Halliburton. The company also has offices in Arlington, Virginia, Birmingham, Alabama. KBR and its predecessors have received contracts with the U. S. military including during World War II, the Vietnam War. The companys corporate offices are in the KBR Tower in Downtown Houston, in 1901 Morris Woodruff Kellogg founded The M. W. Kellogg Company in New York City. The company was incorporated in 1905 and its headquarters was moved to Jersey City, Kellogg was announced the number one construction company for years 1993 to 1995. This is mainly due to their work in the Dulles Greenway, Kellogg set up one of the first petroleum laboratories in the country in 1926 to commercialize and then license the technology. This led to Kellogg building some 130 units in the United States, in the 1930s and 1940s, Kellogg worked with leading refiners on various technologies. For the war effort, these led to the construction of six hydroreformer units, twenty fluid catalytic cracking units. Even bigger than the work was K-25, the gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This period also included the development of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state which has become an industry mainstay. In 1970, Kellogg moved from New York City to Houston, Texas, the 1970s saw Kellogg become the first American contractor to receive contracts from the Peoples Republic of China. The 1980s saw continuation of global activity in LNG and ethylene with millisecond furnaces starting up in the United States, ten years later, Halliburton acquired Dresser, and combined Kellogg with Brown & Root to create a new, larger subsidiary — Kellogg Brown & Root. Brown & Root was founded in Texas in 1919 by Herman Brown and Daniel Root, Root soon died and Herman Browns younger brother, George R. Brown, joined the company in 1922. The company began its operations by building roads in Texas, one of its first large-scale projects, according to the book Cadillac Desert, was building a dam on the Texas Colorado River near Austin during the Depression years. For assistance in federal payments, the company turned to the local Congressman, after other very profitable construction projects for the federal government, Brown & Root gave massive sums of cash for Johnsons first run for the U. S. Senate in 1941. During World War II, Brown & Root built the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, in 1947 Brown & Root built one of the worlds first offshore oil platforms. According to Tracy Kidders book Mountains Beyond Mountains, Brown & Root was a contractor in the Péligre Dam project, the project was designed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and financed by the Export-Import Bank of the United States. Following the death of Herman Brown, Halliburton Energy Services acquired Brown & Root in December 1962, at the height of the anti-war movement of the 1960s, Brown & Root was derided as Burn & Loot by protesters
7.
Camp Iguana
–
Camp Iguana is a small compound in the detention camp complex on the US Naval base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Camp Iguana originally held three child detainees, who camp spokesmen then claimed were the only detainees under age 16 and it was closed in the winter of 2004 when the three were sent home. In 2005 Camp Iguana was re-opened to hold some of the 38 detainees classified in Combatant Status Review Tribunals as no longer enemy combatants and these included several Uyghurs, who could not return to China because of the high risk of persecution there. They were subject to delays in resettlement as diplomatic efforts tried to place them in other than their country of origin or the United States. Beginning in 2002, the US used Camp Iguana for juvenile detainees, elaine Chao the U. S. Secretary of Labor has spoken about the responsibility to give child soldiers special treatment, to provide help for them to re-integrate into society. If the Americans had applied the Geneva Conventions at the battlefield, its forces would have reviewed detainees more closely in Afghanistan, critics have said a more thorough review at the beginning would have meant the juveniles would never have been transported from Afghanistan. The executive branch of the United States government claimed at the time that enemy combatants were beyond the jurisdiction of the US courts, the executive branch established Combatant Status Review Tribunals in 2004 to evaluate whether detainees were enemy combatants. In a BBC interview in 2004, Naqibullah, a young Afghan teenager, described being treated humanely, a 2 February 2004 memo summarized a meeting between General Geoffrey Miller, commander of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and his staff and Vincent Cassard of the ICRC. Geoffrey Miller said, Also, CDR Timby is in the process of finishing the report from the arrival and departure of the juveniles,2 of the 3 came here with psychological problems and left here with none. They are looking forward to starting a life again and they were very excited to return home and were in good spirits. Col. David McWilliams, the spokesman for the United States Southern Command in Miami. We used bone scans in some cases and age was determined by evidence as best we could. Omar Khadr was 15 when captured, a Washington Post article from 29 October 2002 reported, One particularly talkative prisoner there is Omar Khadr, who at sixteen is one of the youngest prisoners in U. S. custody. U. S. officials allege that on 27 July he killed a U. S, christopher Speer, during a four-hour, house-to-house battle in the village of Ayub Kheyl. The wounded youth was captured, taken to Bagram, treated for his wounds, abdul Salam Mureef Ghaithan Al Shehri, a Saudi citizen who was fifteen when he was captured, celebrated his eighteenth birthday in Guantanamo Bay, in late April 2005. The United Nations determined that to forcefeed the strikers amounts to torture, at the time, Smith said that as many as twenty teenagers remained imprisoned at Guantanamo, some of whom were being kept in long-term, solitary confinement. The legal director of Reprieve and a prominent British human rights lawyer, in May 2009 Afghan human rights workers challenged the American bone-scan estimate for the age of Mohammed Jawad, a former detainee. They assert he had been as young as 12 or 13 when he was captured in December 2002, on 25 August 2005, the Associated Press reported that Camp Iguana was being reopened to hold detainees whose CSRTs had concluded that they were not enemy combatants
8.
Camp Echo (Guantanamo Bay)
–
Camp Echo is one of seven Guantanamo Bay detention camps associated with Camp Delta, the prisoners camp, at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, run by the United States military. The maximum-security facility is used to hold detainees in solitary confinement, housed here are also detainees scheduled for Military Commissions, and those considered high value detainees by the Defense Department. In addition, detainees are brought here for private consultation with their attorneys, Camp Echo consists of separate one-story buildings, each a cell divided into two rooms by mesh grates. This division allows lawyers to consult with detainees in the area of their cells, Military officials also use the facilities to interrogate detainees, shackling them to the floor. The eight feet by ten feet concrete buildings have narrow, slotted translucent plastic in the doors but no real windows, the cell side contains a toilet and a cot. The visitor side contains a table and chairs and he and other former prisoners have described other abuses and torture at the hands of American interrogators. Outside visitors to Camp Echo, such as attorneys for detainees, the camp is surrounded by high razor wire fences and is shrouded behind a thick green mesh. Walkways are drawn in the white rock on the ground of the camp. Camp Echo is under 24-hour guard by U. S. military police. Air patrol is provided by the Federal Air Marshals, and coastal protection is provided by the U. S. Coast Guard, Camp Delta is composed of detention camps 1,2,3,4
9.
Detention (imprisonment)
–
Detention is the process when a state or private citizen lawfully holds a person by removing his or her freedom of liberty at that time. This can be due to charges being raised against the individual as part of a prosecution or to protect a person or property. Being detained does not always result in being taken to an area, either for interrogation. The term can also be used in reference to the holding of property, the process of detainment may or may not have been preceded or followed with an arrest. The prisoners in Guantánamo Bay are for example referred to as detainees and it is used to refer to any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed force. More generally, it is held in custody. Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that, No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, in wars between nations, detainees are referenced in the Fourth Geneva Convention. Being detained for the purposes of a search is tantamount to a temporary arrest, as it is not yet known whether charges can be brought against an individual. The term detained often refers to the immediacy when someone has their liberty deprived, for example, a shoplifter being pursued and restrained, but not yet informed he/she is under arrest or read his rights would be classed as detained. The detention of suspects is the process of keeping a person who has arrested in a police-cell. The Terrorism Act 2006 in the United Kingdom lengthened the 14-day limit for detention without an arrest warrant or an indictment from the Terrorism Act 2000 to 28 days, a controversial Government proposal for an extension to 90 days was rejected by the House of Commons. English criminal law requires the detainer/arrestor to have grounds to suspect when detaining someone. Indefinite detention of an individual occurs frequently in wartime under the laws of war and this has been applied notably by the United States after the September 11,2001 attacks. The U. S. military regulates treatment of detainees in the manual Military Police, Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees and this had generated considerable debate around the globe. The U. S. government refers to these captured enemy combatants as detainees because they did not qualify as prisoners of war under the definition found in the Geneva Conventions. Under the Obama administration the term enemy combatants was also removed from the lexicon and further defined under the 2010 Defense Omnibus Bill, article 9, part 1a of Wetboek van Strafrecht states that there are 4 kinds of primary punishment. Two of them are two kinds of detentions, which are called gevangenisstraf and hechtenis, where the first is a punishment than the second. The two other kinds of punishment is light community service and fines, prisons are designed in several ways and there are 5 levels of regimes
10.
Military Police Corps (United States)
–
The Military Police Corps is the uniformed law enforcement branch of the United States Army. Investigations are conducted by Military Police Investigators or the United States Army Criminal Investigation Command, U. S. Army MP units have combat zone responsibilities in addition to their law enforcement duties. These responsibilities include mounted and dismounted patrols, response force operations, area control, route reconnaissance, cordon and search operations. Operationally, these fall under the security and mobility support discipline of the Military Police Corps. Since the beginning of the Global War on Terror, military police have become an asset to combat operations due to the versatility of the MOS. The Armys Military Police provide an important function in the spectrum of Army operations as a member of the Maneuver, Fires. The Military Police Corps provides expertise in police, detainment and stability operations in order to enhance security, the Armys Military Police can be utilized in direct combat and during peacetime. It was officially established on 26 September 1941, the Military Police Corps traces its lineage and history back to the American Revolution. General George Washington requested that the position of Provost Marshal be created to deal with disciplinary issues. In January 1776, William Maroney was appointed as the first Provost Marshal of the Continental Army, the Provost Marshals relied on soldiers temporarily drawn from other units, and had difficulty enforcing discipline. On 20 May 1778, Congress established the Provost Corps, which General Washington referred to as the Marechaussee and this name was from the French, maréchaussée, from the Old French mareschaucie, meaning the marshalcy. Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a German-speaking officer from Pennsylvania, was appointed as the first commander of the Marechaussee on 1 June 1778. The Marechaussee protected the Armys rear and flanks during troop movements, searched for stragglers, guarded river crossings, the Provost Corps was disbanded in November 1783. In 1863, the Office of the Provost Marshal General was established, in the US Civil War, the VRC maintained law and order at garrison areas, while other provost guard units served on the front lines. After the war, the Office of the Provost Marshal General was discontinued as the Union Army disbanded, during the Moro Rebellion following the Spanish–American War, the United States founded the Philippine Constabulary. Training began in 1902, and Brigadier General Harry Hill Bandholtz was appointed as chief of the Constabulary in 1907, the Military Police Training Department was established 9 September 1918 at Caserne Changarnier in Autun, France. Following the war, Brigadier General Harry Hill Bandholtz, who had served as Provost Marshal of the American Expeditionary Forces, although Congress failed to act upon this recommendation, it allowed for the permanent organization of Army military police units in the National Defense Act Amendment of 1920. In 1917, CPL Charles W. Baltimore, a black MP soldier stationed at Camp Logan in Texas, inquired into the beating of a soldier by Houston police and was himself beaten
11.
Master-at-arms
–
In some navies, a ships corporal is a position—not the rank—of a petty officer who assists the master-at-arms in his various duties. See, Master at Arms of the Navy, the master-at-arms is a ships senior rating, normally carrying the rank of chief petty officer or warrant officer. He or she is in charge of discipline aboard ship, assisted by regulators of the Royal Navy Police, the non-substantive badge of an MAA is a crown within a wreath. This was not a task, and masters-at-arms came to be made responsible for regulating duties. The MAA is addressed as Master if holding the rank of petty officer, regardless of gender, and is often nicknamed the jaunty. The role is filled by RAPTC WO1s at Brigade HQs, while WO2s or staff sergeant PTIs are embedded at unit level
12.
Extrajudicial detention
–
Administrative detention is arrest and detention of individuals by the state without trial, usually for security reasons. A large number of countries, both democratic and undemocratic, resort to administrative detention as a means to combat terrorism, to illegal immigration. Unlike criminal incarceration imposed upon conviction following a trial, administrative detention is a forward-looking mechanism and it is meant to be preventive in nature rather than punitive. The practice has been criticized by human rights organizations as a breach of civil, Administrative detentions are defined in the law of many of the worlds states. Proponents of administrative detention maintain that criminal laws reliance on defendant rights and it is also claimed that the conditions under which some suspected terrorists are captured, especially in combat zones, make it impossible to prove criminal cases using normal evidentiary rules. The Laws of War are also seen by the proponents as inadequate and these laws allow the capture of enemy fighters, and also allow holding them for the duration of hostilities without trial. However, these laws grew out of the need to regulate combat between professional armies accountable to a state, who were engaged in combat of possibly lengthy. Opponents of administrative detention challenge the above assumptions and they point to the historical record of prosecutors who were able to obtain convictions against terrorists on the basis of existing laws. Opponents maintain that in essence, administrative detention is a form of collective punishment, since it does not require proof of individual guilt, it attributes to all members of a group the actions of a few. Immigration detention is controversial because it presents a clash between traditional notions of liberty and the territorial sovereignty of states. In many non-democratic countries, administrative detention is used by the regime to suppress dissent. In Asia in particular, administrative detention was first introduced by the British and French colonial authorities prior to, in many cases, they were and codified as emergency measures or internal security acts. Vietnam is an example where administrative detention was used by the French colonial authorities in the 1930s. Post-independence, the now-ruling Communist authorities have employed very similar means to detain those suspected of counter-revolutionary offenses. Some of these prisoners, such as Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar, have become known worldwide due to the detention. The legal basis for this system is found in Australias Migration Act 1958, any member of the Brazilian Armed Forces may be imprisoned if found to be repeatedly in violation of the Military Disciplinary Regulations by his or her superiors. Each military branch has issued a list of transgressions in their Disciplinary Regulations, the harshest punishment of this kind, in the Brazilian Army, is a 30-day imprisonment penalty. Notwithstanding, members of the Brazilian Armed Forces under administrative detention may be granted a habeas corpus by the system to deliver them from imprisonment
13.
Human Rights Watch
–
Human Rights Watch is an American-founded international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. C. and Zurich. The organizations annual expenses totaled $50.6 million in 2011, Human Rights Watch was founded by Robert L. Bernstein as a private American NGO in 1978, under the name Helsinki Watch, to monitor the former Soviet Unions compliance with the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki Watch adopted a practice of naming and shaming abusive governments through media coverage. Americas Watch was founded in 1981 while bloody civil wars engulfed Central America, asia Watch, Africa Watch, and Middle East Watch were added to what was known as The Watch Committees. In 1988, all of these committees were united under one umbrella to form Human Rights Watch, pursuant to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic human rights. This includes capital punishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, HRW advocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human rights, such as freedom of religion and freedom of the press. These reports are used as the basis for drawing attention to abuses and pressuring governments. HRW has documented and reported violations of the laws of war. Human Rights Watch also supports writers worldwide, who are being persecuted for their work and are in need of financial assistance. The Hellman/Hammett grants are financed by the estate of the playwright Lillian Hellman in funds set up in her name and that of her long-time companion, the novelist Dashiell Hammett. In addition to providing assistance, the Hellman/Hammett grants help raise international awareness of activists who are being silenced for speaking out in defense of human rights. Each year, Human Rights Watch presents the Human Rights Defenders Award to activists around the world who demonstrate leadership, the award winners work closely with HRW in investigating and exposing human rights abuses. Human Rights Watch was one of six international NGOs that founded the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers in 1998, Human Rights Watch is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global network of non-governmental organizations that monitor censorship worldwide. It also co-founded the Cluster Munition Coalition, which brought about an international convention banning the weapons, HRW employs more than 275 staff—country experts, lawyers, journalists, and academics – and operates in more than 90 countries around the world. The current executive director of HRW is Kenneth Roth, who has held the position since 1993, Roth conducted investigations on abuses in Poland after martial law was declared 1981. He later focused on Haiti, which had just emerged from the Duvalier dictatorship, roth’s awareness of the importance of human rights began with stories his father had told about escaping Nazi Germany in 1938. Roth graduated from Yale Law School and Brown University, HRW has been criticized for perceived bias by the national governments it has investigated for human rights abuses, and by NGO Monitor, and HRWs founder, and former Chairman, Robert L. Bernstein. Bias allegations include undue influence by United States government policy, HRW has routinely publicly responded to, and often rejected, criticism of its reporting and findings
14.
Camp four (Guantanamo)
–
Camp four is one of the camps that make up the complex of camps for captives held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. Camp four is the camp that most closely resembles a traditional Prisoner of War camp, captives held there live in communal dormitories, and have day long access to communal exercise yard, games, and books. Camp authorities only allowed the captives they considered compliant to stay in camp four, the captives in Camp four are allowed to wear white or tan uniforms which distinguish them from the orange uniforms non-compliant captives wear. On May 19,2006 a skirmish took place in Bay 1, a ten-person quick reaction force entered bay 1 in response to a possible suicide attempt. A skuffle ensued for five minutes between the team and the occupants, which escalated to the use of tear gas, non-lethal bullets. Six occupants were treated for minor injuries
15.
Prisoner of War camp
–
A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of enemy combatants captured by a belligerent power in time of war. It should be noted there are significant differences among POW camps, internment camps. In addition, non-combatants, such as merchant mariners and civilian aircrews, have imprisoned in some conflicts. Not all belligerents have consistently applied the convention in all conflicts, before the Peace of Westphalia, enemy combatants captured by belligerent forces were usually executed, enslaved, or held for ransom. This, coupled with the small size of armies, meant there was little need for any form of camp to hold prisoners of war. This is generally considered to mark the point where captured enemy combatants would be treated before being released at the end of the conflict or under a parole not to take up arms. The practice of paroling enemy combatants had begun thousands of earlier, at least as early as the time of Carthage. The consequent increase in the number of prisoners was to eventually to the development of the prisoner of war camps. Following General John Burgoynes surrender at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, several thousand British and German troops were marched to Cambridge, for various reasons, the Continental Congress desired to move them south. For this purpose, one of the congressmen offered his land outside of Charlottesville, the remaining soldiers marched south in late 1778—arriving at the site in January 1779. Since the barracks were barely sufficient in construction, the officers were paroled to live as far away as Richmond, the camp was never adequately provisioned, but the prisoners built a theater on the site. Hundreds escaped Albemarle Barracks because of the shortage of guards, as the British Army moved northward from the Carolinas in late 1780, the remaining prisoners were moved to Frederick, Maryland, Winchester, Virginia, and perhaps elsewhere. No remains of the encampment site are left, while awaiting exchange, prisoners were confined to permanent camps. Neither Union or Confederate prison camps were well run. It is estimated that about 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war, during a period of 14 months in Camp Sumter, located near Andersonville, Georgia,13,000 of the 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died. During the Boer Wars the British established concentration camps to hold both civilians and prisoners of war, in total 109 camps were constructed for Boer and black African internees. However, the majority of prisoners of war were sent overseas, the camps were poorly administered, the food rations insufficient to maintain health, standards of hygiene were low, and overcrowding was chronic. Over 26,000 women and children died in the camps during the wars, the first international convention on prisoners of war was signed at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899
16.
Guantanamo Bay detainee uniforms
–
On March 16,2006 Secretary of State legal adviser John B. A number of protests against the camp have seen activists dress in the iconic orange jumpsuits to draw attention to the issue. In his testimony during his 2006 Administrative Review Board hearing Khirullah Khairkhwa described being issued a uniform when guards came to believe he was contemplating suicide. On June 15,2008 the McClatchy News Service published a package of articles about Guantanamo, in a profile of Zia Khalid Najib they quoted Abdul Jabar Sabit, Attorney General of Afghanistan
17.
Commander
–
Commander is a common naval and air force officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organisations, Commander is also a generic term for an officer commanding any armed forces unit, for example platoon commander, brigade commander and squadron commander. In the police, terms such as commander and incident commander are used. Commander is a used in navies but is very rarely used as a rank in armies. In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns, the Royal Navy shortened master and commander to commander in 1794, however, the term master and commander remained in common parlance for several years. The equivalent American rank master commandant remained in use changed to commander in 1838. A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain, in the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4. Various functions of commanding officers were also styled Commandeur, in the navy of the Dutch Republic, anyone who commanded a ship or a fleet without having an appropriate rank to do so, could be called a Commandeur. This included ad hoc fleet Commanders and acting Captains, in the fleet of the Admiralty of Zealand however, commandeur was a formal rank, the equivalent of Schout-bij-nacht in the other Dutch admiralties. The Dutch use of the title as a rank lives on in the Royal Netherlands Navy, in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, however, this rank is known by the English spelling of Commodore which is the Dutch equivalent of the British Air Commodore. The rank of commander in the Royal Australian Navy is identical in description to that of a commander in the British Royal Navy, RAN chaplains who are in Division 1,2 and 3 have the equivalent rank standing of commanders. This means that to officers and NCOs below the rank of commander, or wing commander, the chaplain is a superior. To those officers ranked higher than commander, the chaplain is subordinate, although this equivalency exists, RAN chaplains who are in Division 1,2 and 3 do not actually wear the rank of commander, and they hold no command privilege. In France, the rank of commander exists as capitaine de frégate and it is senior to capitaine de corvette, and junior to capitaine de vaisseau. The rank of commander was used in the Imperial Japanese Navy, though the modern rank is translated as commander in English, its literal translation is captain second rank. The rank is equivalent to that of a commander in the U. S. Navy, Commander is a rank in the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem, and is denoted by the post-nominal letters CLJ. The corresponding rank in the Polish Navy is komandor porucznik, in the Russian Navy the equivalent rank to commander is captain of the second rank. The rank was introduced in Russia by Peter the Great in 1722, from the introduction of the Russian Table of Ranks to its abolition in 1917, captain of the second rank was equal to a court councillor, at the sixth level out of 14 ranks
18.
Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute
–
The Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute is a United States federal prison complex for male inmates in Terre Haute, Indiana. United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, a high-security facility which holds federal death row for men, the Terre Haute prison experiments in 1943 and 1944 were the precursor to the Syphilis experiments in Guatemala. In 1942, the sixth Surgeon General of the United States Thomas Parran, due to legal issues, the Army Medical Corps preferred federal prisons to state run institutions, and Terre Haute had the best medical facilities. Prisoners participated with consent, receiving $100 for their involvement, a 2011 US Bioethics report states, In total,241 prisoners participated in the experiments, which ended in 1944. The first stage of the experiment required the investigators to develop a consistent technique for producing gonorrhea in subjects. Dr. Mahoney, Dr. Cutler, and their staff began efforts to infect subjects through artificial exposure in October 1943, all subjects were inoculated with bacteria deposited into the end of the penis. The researchers tried a variety of strains and concentrations of gonorrhea, at least some of the strains were gathered from local commercial sex workers who were examined by Dr. Blum after they had been arrested in Terre Haute by local police. The infection methods used by doctors did not involve sexual intercourse. Dr John Charles Cutler supported the experiment to his death, on September 15,2010, prisoner Daniel L. Delaney murdered his cellmate while both were in the Special Housing Unit or solitary confinement. Delaney was convicted of first degree murder for the act, list of U. S. federal prisons Incarceration in the United States FCC Terre Haute Official website
19.
Terre Haute, Indiana
–
Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, near the states western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785. Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Terre Haute is notable for being the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee, Debs and the Federal Correctional Complex. Terre Haute is located alongside the bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles west of Indianapolis, according to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles, of which 34.54 square miles is land and 0.732 square miles is water. The Wabash River dominates the geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, in the late 19th century, several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. That well produced oil into the 1920s, Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways, U. S.40 from California to Maryland and US41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Terre Haute is located 77 miles southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfa, Terre Hautes name was derived from the French phrase terre haute, meaning Highland. It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River, at the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards, the village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Growth really began when the founders won the bid to make it the county seat when Vigo County was formed in March 1818. When the villages 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, Terre Haute became a town, early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing
20.
Indiana
–
Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
21.
National Public Radio
–
NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced and its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts. The organizations legal name is National Public Radio and its brand is NPR. Is NPR has been used by its hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the name of the group. National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26,1970 and this act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes, the board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D. C. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War, a month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3,1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations, NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a congressional investigation and the resignation of NPRs president, Frank Mankiewicz, NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt, delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPRs CEO and president in January 1994. In November 1998, NPRs board of directors hired Kevin Klose, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25, 000-square-foot production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. C. In November 2003, NPR received US$235 million from the estate of the late Joan B, Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonalds Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution, in 2004 NPRs budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment, the endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff, the 2005 budget was about US$120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR, by November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times
22.
Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
–
In this context, the U. S. government is maintaining torture centers, called black sites, operated by both known and secret intelligence agencies. Of these prisoners being held by the U. S. some were suspected of being from the ranks of al Qaeda. Former Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, had described the men detained in Camp Delta at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, despite concerns about the mental capacity of several of the detainees. They were held at Strawberry Fields, a camp in the facility constructed for their detention. The United States Supreme Court ruled in Rasul v. Bush that detainees at Guantanamo Bay detention camp had the habeas corpus right to challenge their detentions before an impartial tribunal. As a result, the US allegedly continued to many ghost detainees outside Guantanamo Bay. These four men and other high-value CIA detainees were not transferred again to military custody at Guantanamo until September 2006, ghost detainees are extrajudicial prisoners whose identities have not been revealed and whose families have not been informed of their status. They are deprived of all legal rights, ghost detainees identities, and capture, have been kept secret. As such they are a subset of extrajudicial prisoners, which all the detainees who were held in Guantanamo. They are sure to face multiple, repeated torture sessions at the hands of skilled CIA torture liaisons, on September 6,2006, American President George W. Bush confirmed, for the first time, that the CIA had held high-value detainees in secret torture centers. He also announced that fourteen senior captives were being transferred from CIA custody to military custody at Guantanamo Bay and he said that these fourteen captives could expect to face charges soon before Guantanamo military commissions. Critics, and elements of the FBI, had speculated that the captives held in the secret facilities had been subjected to actual torture. They said that evidence derived from such techniques was not admissible in court. American intelligence officials have made public the names of some of the suspects the CIA has reported to have been held, the capture of other detainees is not acknowledged. According to the US military, this is in order to spread disorder among their opponents and this policy triggered debate both within and outside of the US government. They argued that, since the Taliban was not a government either. They saw Afghanistan as a state, one without a legitimate government. The Bush administration categorized such captives as illegal combatants and these terms are not explicitly used in the Geneva Conventions, but the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 defines the term lawful combatant, from which the term unlawful combatant is derived
23.
Central Intelligence Agency
–
As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010, the CIA has increasingly expanded its roles, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center, has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations, when the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, warning/informing American leaders of important overseas events, with Pakistan described as an intractable target. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, the Executive Office also supports the U. S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperates on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, each branch of the military service has its own Director. The Directorate has four regional groups, six groups for transnational issues. There is a dedicated to Iraq, regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia and Europe, and the Asian Pacific, Latin American. The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting intelligence. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U. S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, in spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, under the Defense Intelligence Agency. This Directorate is known to be organized by regions and issues. The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force, the U-2s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union. It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
24.
Mohammad Ahmed Abdullah Saleh Al Hanashi
–
Mohammad Ahmed Abdullah Saleh Al Hanashi was a citizen of Yemen, held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. Al Hanashis Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 78, the Department of Defense reports that Al Hanashi was born on February 1,1978, in Al Habrub, Yemen. On June 2,2009, the Department of Defense reported that a 31-year-old Yemeni captive named Muhammed Ahmad Abdallah Salih committed suicide late on June 1,2009. Camp officials did not allow journalists who were at the camp for Omar Khadrs Guantanamo military commission to report news of his death until they left Guantanamo, Ahmed was reported to have been found unresponsive in his cell late on the night of June 1,2009. He is reported to have held in Camp 5. The Associated Press reports that his weight had, at one time, david Remes said that he believed Ahmed had gone without legal representation until a few weeks ago, but that his lawyers hadnt yet had a chance to visit him. Khalid al-Kathiri, a Yemeni diplomat, traveled to Guantanamo to oversee how the remains were treated, the Miami Herald reported that the Miami Coroners office had also dispatched an observer. On June 5,2009 Salehs body was returned to Yemen, on June 11,2009 Andrew O. Selsky, of the Associated Press, published an article based on interviews with former captives who knew Saleh. Recently released Binyam Mohammed asserted that suicide was out of character for Saleh, He was patient. He never viewed suicide as a means to end his despair, Mohammed said that Saleh had been chosen as a prisoners representative. Mohammed said that Saleh never returned to Camp five, and instead was confined to the camps Psychiatric wing, Guantanamo Bay homicide accusations Hunger strike Suicide Murder at Guantanamo. The Strange Death of Mohammad Saleh al Hanashi Truthout November 20,2009
25.
Camp Five Echo
–
Camp Five Echo is a once secret disciplinary block built as part of the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. According to Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald the camp is used to punish captives, like Camp Platinum, Camp Strawberry Fields and Camp No, Camp Five Echo had never been mentioned when journalists and other visitors are given tours of the internment facility. Rosenberg reported the camp was constructed in November 2007, on the grounds of Camp Five. However, unlike Camp Five and Camp Six, which are copies of prisons designed for the United States Bureau of Prisons, Rosenberg wrote that she did not know when the mesh walls were replaced with steel plates. A military spokesman said the cells in “Five Echo” are only half the size of the ones in Camp Five, like the original Camp Xray the cells were equipped with a squat toilet. Water for washing was via a tap in the wall—captives had no wash basin, captives, like Shaker Aamer, have told their attorneys that the solid steel walls made it practically impossible for them to talk with one another. Rosenberg reported she had learned the cost and other details of the camp in an email from camp spokesperson Commander Tamsen Reese. Walshs report said that captives had been first held in the camp in April 2008, admiral Walshs report said the camp was first used on April 28,2008. Aamer had been held in confinement in the camp for over 100 days when camp authorities revealed its existence. Colonel Donnie Thomas, commander of the guards, said the Camp Five Echo was. safe, humane. Camp rules only permit captives to be kept in confinement for a maximum of thirty days. It is decrepit, filthy, and disgusting, Aamer also told Kaseem the cells were not large enough to pray. In an article marking the anniversary of the opening of the Guantanamo internment facility Rosenberg reported tensions were high. Captives were planning a hunger strike, captives reported camp authorities had instituted a new 25-day punitive segregation regime for rule breakers in a cramped cell at the once-secret Camp 5 Echo. In May 2012 Kassem reported that the sleep deprivation technique known as the frequent flyer program was being used as a punishment technique in Camp Five Echo
26.
David Remes
–
David H. Remes is an American lawyer. Remes was a partner at the law firm Covington & Burling, Remes has been recognized for his human rights work. Remes is notable for volunteering to serve as a pro bono attorney for some of the held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps. Remes played a role in a challenge focussed around the captives detention based on an avenue of appeal that the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 opened, the DTA closed the opportunity for captives who had not yet had writs of habeas corpus filed on their behalf. But the DTA allowed captives to challenge the determinations of their Combatant Status Review Tribunals, the DTA allowed captives to challenge the enemy combatant determination if the Tribunal failed to follow the rules laid out in their mandate. One aspect of challenge was a request that the court force the DoD to release more information on the evidence used to justify the captives detention. Remes responded, Remes is one of the attorneys for Saifullah Paracha, a Pakistani businessman who lived in the USA for several years, Paracha has been appealing to get permission to travel temporarily to an American hospital for heart surgery. Camp authorities claim his heart surgery could be performed in Guantanamos infirmary and they complained that $400,000 had been spent preparing the infirmary for his surgery. Parachas lawyers have argued that previous procedures at Guantanamo have been botched, the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 closed off the right of Guantanamo captives to submit new petitions of habeas corpus. The DTA opened a path for Guantanamo captives to submit an appeal to Federal Courts of appeal in Washington DC. The Military Commission Act of 2006 closed down the pending habeas corpus cases, the DTAs limited avenue of appeal only allows challenges as to whether the Combatant Status Review Tribunal correctly followed their rules. Remes was one of the first lawyers to initiate an appeal in the DC courts, on June 20,2008 the Associated Press reported that the Government wanted to rewrite detainee evidence. The impetus to rewrite the evidence is a reaction to the Supreme Courts June 12,2008 ruling on Boumediene v. Bush, according to the Associated Press, The Associated Press quoted Remes reaction to this development. Remes continued his pro bono work on behalf of captives held in extra judicial detention at Guantanamo Bay. On September 8,2012 Latif, who had a history of illness, was said to have committed suicide by the Department of Defense. And Remes via Amnesty International promised to continue his work on behalf of Guantanamo detainees who have been ordered released, however, Latifs cause of death is now in question. Playboys Progeny, Courts Cable TV Decision Bodes Well for Internet and Commercial Speech
27.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
28.
Geneva Conventions
–
The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment in war. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in whole or with reservations, the Swiss businessman Henry Dunant went to visit wounded soldiers after the Battle of Solferino in 1859. He was shocked by the lack of facilities, personnel, as a result, he published his book, A Memory of Solferino, in 1862, on the horrors of war. The latter led to the 1864 Geneva Convention, the first codified international treaty that covered the sick, for both of these accomplishments, Henry Dunant became corecipient of the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. The ten articles of this first treaty were initially adopted on 22 August 1864 by twelve nations, on 20 October 1868 the first, unsuccessful, attempt to expand the 1864 treaty was undertaken. With the Additional Articles relating to the Condition of the Wounded in War an attempt was undertaken to clarify some rules of the 1864 convention, the Articles were signed but never ratified by all parties. Only the Netherlands and the United States ratified the Articles, the Netherlands later withdrew their ratification. The protection of the victims of warfare would later be realized by the third Hague Convention of 1899. In 1906 thirty-five states attended a conference convened by the Swiss government and it remained into force until 1970 when Costa Rica acceded to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The 1929 conference yielded two conventions that were signed on July 27th 1929, one, the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field, was the third version to replace the original convention of 1864. The other was adopted after experiences in World War I had shown the deficiencies in the protection of prisoners of war under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. The Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was not to replace these earlier conventions signed at The Hague, the Second Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea replaced the Hague Convention of 1907. It was the first Geneva Convention on the protection of the victims of warfare and mimicked the structure. The Third Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War replaced the 1929 Geneva Convention that dealt with prisoners of war. In addition to these three conventions, the conference added a new elaborate Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. It was the first Geneva Convention not to deal with combatants, the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions had already contained some provisions on the protection of civilians and occupied territory. Article 154 specifically provides that the Fourth Geneva Convention is supplementary to these provisions in the Hague Conventions, despite the length of these documents, they were found over time to be incomplete. In light of developments, two Protocols were adopted in 1977 that extended the terms of the 1949 Conventions with additional protections
29.
Administrative Review Board
–
The purpose of the Board is to review whether the detainees still represent a threat. American President George W. Bush initially called the detainees illegal combatants, but, without a formal announcement of the policy change, the Bush Presidency changed their description to enemy combatant. The ARB was created in an attempt to mitigate the results of potentially indefinite detention by allowing an annual review to determine whether the enemy combatant should still be detained. The Combatant Status Reviews determined that 38 detainees were not illegal combatants after all and they determined that the rest of the detainees had been correctly classified as enemy combatants during their original, secret, classifications. The first set of Administrative Reviews took place between December 14,2004 and December 23,2005, the Boards met to consider the cases of al 463 eligible detainees. They recommended the release of 14 detainees, and the repatriation of 120 detainees to the custody of the authorities in their home countries, as of January 2017,45 detainees remain at Guantanamo. The United States Department of Defense was under an order from United States District Court Judge Jed Rakoff to release the names of all the detainees by 6,00 p. m. EST on March 3,2006. The Department of Defense did not meet this deadline and they delivered a CD-ROM with approximately 5,000 pages of documents at 6,20 pm. DoD had to take that CD-ROM back and issue a second copy that with redacted files that DoD decided not to release. As part of release of documents the DoD released three portable document format files containing summaries of the factors for and against the release of some of the detainees. These documents summarized the factors for and against the detention of 120 detainees. These documents contain the detainees names, the DoD has not explained why they did not comply with Rakoffs court order and release the factors for and against the other 343 detainees. Some of the factors listed in favour of continued detention for some detainees were repetitions of allegations that had already been refuted during the detainees Combatant Status Review Tribunals, the DoD also released an incomplete set of four portable document format files containing summarized transcripts from administrative review board hearings. Over the next six weeks the DoD released 15 more portable document format files containing transcripts, most of these transcripts do not contain the detainees names. In early September 2007 the Department of Defense published additional documents from the set of Review Board hearings convened in 2006. The Department published ten portable document format files, less than twenty percent of the remaining captives participated in their hearings. The Department only published transcripts of the hearings for which captives chose to participate, U. S. officials said their continued detention was due to concerns the detainees might be tortured or killed if they were returned or repatriated. Very few of the Review Board hearings were observed by members of the press, adam Brookes of the BBC wrote, on April 8,2005, about being allowed to sit in on the first Administrative Review Board hearing where observers were permitted
30.
Combatant Status Review Tribunal
–
These non-public hearings were conducted as a formal review of all the information related to a detainee to determine whether each person meets the criteria to be designated as an enemy combatant. The first CSRT hearings began in July 2004, redacted transcripts of hearings for high value detainees were posted to the Department of Defense website. As of October 30,2007, fourteen CSRT transcripts were available on the DoD website, the Supreme Court of the United States found these tribunals to be unconstitutional in Boumediene v. Bush. The CSRTs are not bound by the rules of evidence that would apply in court, the government is required to present all of its relevant evidence, including evidence that tends to negate the detainees designation, to the tribunal. Unclassified summaries of relevant evidence may be provided to the detainee, the detainees personal representative may view classified information and comment on it to the tribunal to aid in its determination but does not act as an advocate for the detainee. The rules do not give a timetable for informing detainees in the event that the tribunal has decided to retain their enemy combatant designations, Article 5 creates a particularized limited process, intended to sort individuals when any doubt exists as to their status. The sole question for determination is whether the captive meets the definition of POW in Article 4 of the Prisoner of War Convention. Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. Rumsfeld, a plurality of the Supreme Court suggested the Department of Defense empanel tribunals similar to the AR190 to make factual status determinations. The exact location of the current CSRT hearings is unknown, but prior CSRT hearings were held in trailers in Guantanamo Bay, a dramatization of the conduct of CSRTs, based on CSRT transcripts, is presented in the film The Response. The identity of the officers at CSRTs hearings is classified. In the CSRT transcripts released on the DoD website, that information has been removed from the transcripts, the ranks of those present, however, and their service branch remain in the documents. For example, at Guleed Hassan Ahmeds CSRT in April 2007, other services present include the U. S. Marine Corps and the U. S. Army, the only other rank mentioned in the transcript was Gunnery Sergeant. In other CSRTs, the ranks, services, and persons present varied, at certain CSRTs, a non-military language analyst was present. The CSRT Recorder had several tasks, first, he or she was charged with keeping a record of the CSRT process by recording the CSRT process. Second, the Recorder swore in all the CSRT participants by administering an oath, third, the Recorder was also charged with presenting classified and unclassified material during the CSRTs. Fourth, the Recorder was often asked to explain or clarrify facts or information during the CSRT, in Guleed Hassan Ahmeds CSRT transcript one finds the following exchange, PRESIDENT, Tribunal has completed its review of the unclassified evidence provided. We do have one question for the Recorder, is Somalia, Ethiopia, and/or Kenya a coalition partner. RECORDER, Somalia is not, Ethiopia is, and Kenya is, Detainees had the option of attending their CSRTs, but attendance was not mandated
31.
Guantanamo military commission
–
The United States Department of Defense organized military tribunals to judge charges against enemy combatant detainees being held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On June 29,2006, the Supreme Court had ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Docket 05-194 and it effectively declared that trying Guantanamo Bay detainees under the existing Guantanamo military commission was illegal under US law, including the Geneva Conventions. With the War Crimes Act in mind, this presented the Bush administration with the risk of criminal liability for war crimes. To address these problems, the president requested and Congress passed the Military Commissions Act. On September 28 and September 29,2006, the US Senate and US House of Representatives, respectively, passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 and it held that the 2006 Military Commissions Act was an unconstitutional suspension of that right. The United States has two parallel systems, with laws, statutes, precedents, rules of evidence. Under these justice systems, prisoners have certain rights, people undergoing a military court martial are entitled to the same basic rights as those in the civilian justice system. The Guantanamo military trials under the 2006 MCA do not operate according to system of justice. The differences include, Unlike civilian courts, only two-thirds of the needs to agree in order to convict someone under the military commission rules. This includes charges such as supporting terrorism, attempted murder, the accused are not allowed access to all the evidence against them. The Presiding Officers are authorized to consider secret evidence which the accused have no opportunity to see or refute and it may be possible for the commission to consider evidence that was extracted through coercive interrogation techniques before passage of the Detainee Treatment Act. But, legally, the commission is restricted from considering any evidence extracted by torture, the proceedings may be closed at the discretion of the Presiding Officer, so that secret information may be discussed by the commission. The accused are not permitted a free choice of attorneys, as they can use only military lawyers or those civilian attorneys eligible for the Secret security clearance. Because the accused are charged as unlawful combatants, then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said in March 2002 that an acquittal on all charges by the commission is no guarantee of a release, note that international human rights law prohibits trying civilians in military tribunals. Military Commission, those are judges and not mere military officers, Trials are supposed to be public, but proceedings are often closed, and such exceptions to a public trial have not been enumerated in detail. Nonetheless, the ICC statute explicitly states that the principle is a public trial, in camera proceedings are allowed for protection of witnesses or defendants as well as for confidential or sensitive evidence. Hearsay and other evidence is not explicitly prohibited in the statute. But it has argued the court is guided by hearsay exceptions which are prominent in common law systems
32.
Platt Amendment
–
On March 2,1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It defined the terms of Cuban–U. S, Relations to essentially be an unequal one of U. S. dominance over Cuba. On December 25,1901, Cuba amended its constitution to contain, word for word, on May 22,1903, Cuba entered into a treaty with the United States to make the same required seven pledges, the Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903. Two of the seven pledges were to allow the United States to intervene unilaterally in Cuban affairs, the 1903 Treaty of Relations was used as justification for the Second Occupation of Cuba from 1906 to 1909. On October 23,1906, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 518, on May 29,1934, the United States and Cuba signed the 1934 Treaty of Relations that in its first article abrogates the 1903 Treaty of Relations. During the Spanish–American War, the United States maintained a military arsenal in Cuba to protect U. S. holdings. In 1899, the McKinley administration settled on occupation as its response to the appearance of a government in Cuba following the end of Spanish control. In an effort to turn Cuba into a colony, the United States established The Platt Amendment to maintain public order. The Platt Amendment was also an addition to the earlier Teller Amendment, american General Leonard Wood used the financial resources of the Cuban treasury to create sanitation systems. The Platt Amendment was introduced to Congress by Senator Orville H. Platt on February 25,1901 and it passed the U. S. Senate by a vote of 43 to 20. Though initially rejected by the Cuban assembly, the amendment was accepted by a vote of 16 to 11 with four abstentions. The Platt Amendment outlined the role of the United States in Cuba and it mainly limited the right to make treaties with other nations. It restricted Cuba in the conduct of policy and commercial relations. It established that Cubas boundaries would not include the Isle of Pines until its title could be established in a future treaty, the amendment also demanded that Cuba sell or lease lands to the United States necessary for coaling or the development of naval stations. That all Acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated and that the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty. That by way of further assurance the government of Cuba will embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States. Following acceptance of the amendment, the United States ratified a tariff that gave Cuban sugar preference in the U. S. market, tomás Estrada Palma, who had once favored outright annexation of Cuba by the United States, became president of Cuba on May 20,1902. José Manuel Cortina and other members of the Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940 eliminated the Platt Amendment from the new Cuban constitution, the long-term lease of Guantánamo Bay continues
33.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
34.
CTV News
–
CTV News is the news division of the CTV Television Network in Canada. The name CTV News is also applied as the title of local and regional newscasts on the networks owned-and-operated stations, local newscasts on CTV Two are also branded as CTV News, although in most cases they are managed separately from the newscasts on the main CTV network. Canada AMs replacement Your Morning is produced by Bell Media In-House Productions, with news content provided by CTV News. In most markets, local CTV News programs air at noon,6 p. m. and 11,00 p. m. or 11,30 p. m. on weekdays, and at 6 p. m. and 11,00 p. m. /11,30 p. m. on weekends. In selected markets,5,00 and/or 5,30 p. m. newscasts are also produced, CFTO News for the Toronto station. By late 2005 the O&Os local newscasts had been renamed CTV News, beginning in February 2014, local programs were again rebranded using region-specific on-air titles such as CTV News Toronto. At the same time the CTV and CTV Two O&O stations received a new package, which is in a blue and white color scheme, a revised logo. National aggregate ratings published by BBM Canada refer to the local broadcasts collectively as CTV Evening News, CTV Late News, CTV Noon News, etc. although these titles are not used on-air. Since most CTV affiliates are owned by the network, CTV offers the opportunity to buy national ads on local programming across its O&Os, making these aggregate ratings useful for advertisers. Bell Medias secondary A system which was acquired through the purchase of CHUM Limited, and operated primarily in smaller markets produced similar local newscasts known as A News. When the A system re-branded as CTV Two on August 29,2011, most of these stations are nevertheless required to operate their local news operations separately from CTV stations serving the same or adjacent markets. Affiliates not owned by the network also air their own newscasts, such as NTV. The channel airs programs focused on the region, and currently airs simulcasts of CFTOs 6, 00pm and 11. CTV News has bureaus across Canada and around the world, but many were closed to cut costs, viewers may also upload media for any station or program. Official website CTV Toronto News CTV Montreal News CTV Edmonton News CTV British Columbia News
35.
MSNBC
–
MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. The network also carries a nightly programming block during prime time hours. It is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal, MSNBC and msnbc. com were founded in 1996 as a partnership between Microsoft and General Electrics NBC unit, hence the networks naming. As of February 2015, approximately 94,531,000 households have the ability to receive MSNBC within the United States of America, in the late summer of 2015, MSNBC revamped its programming. The moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network, along with this, moves were made to sharpen the channels news image through a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News. MSNBC Live, the flagship daytime news platform was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day. Phil Griffin currently serves as the president and director of operations at the cable network. Pat Burkey, Janelle Rodriguez, and Jonathan Wald oversee programming and news operations at the network, MSNBC was established by NBC executive Tom Rogers. Rogers was instrumental in developing the partnership with Microsoft, which invested $221 million for a 50% share of the cable channel. MSNBC and Microsoft would share the cost of a $200 million newsroom in Secaucus, New Jersey, the network took over the channel space of NBCs 18-month-old Americas Talking network, though in most cases cable carriage had to be negotiated with providers who never carried AT. MSNBC was launched on July 15,1996, the first show, which was anchored by Jodi Applegate, broadcast a lineup of news, interviews, and opinions. Stories were generally longer and more detailed than the running on CNN at the time. NBC also highlighted their broadcast connections by airing stories direct from the NBC network affiliates, gradually, MSNBC began to put more emphasis on politics. The Project for Excellence in Journalism found in 2007 after a survey of cable channels that MSNBC is moving to make politics a brand, with a large dose of opinion. In January 2001, Mike Barnicle got a show on MSNBC, in June, in a sign of continuing trouble at MSNBC, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said that he would not have started MSNBC if he knew then what he knows now. After the September 11,2001 attacks, MSNBC served as an outlet for NBC News to provide up-to-the-minute coverage, CNBC and CNBC Europe, with little financial news to report, ran MSNBC for many hours of the day following the attacks. The year also boosted the profile of Ashleigh Banfield, who was present during the collapse of Building 7 while covering the World Trade Center on September 11 and her Region In Conflict program capitalized on her newfound celebrity and showcased exclusive interviews from Afghanistan. NBC would have the option, which it exercised, to buy the remaining 18% share of the television from Microsoft after two years
36.
The Sydney Morning Herald
–
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014
37.
The Independent
–
The Independent is a British online newspaper. The printed edition of the paper ceased in March 2016, nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet newspaper, but changed to tabloid format in 2003. Until September 2011, the paper described itself on the banner at the top of every newspaper as free from party political bias and it tends to take a pro-market stance on economic issues. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. In June 2015, it had a daily circulation of just below 58,000,85 per cent down from its 1990 peak. On 12 February 2016, it was announced that The Independent, the last print edition of The Independent on Sunday was published on 20 March 2016, with the main paper ceasing print publication the following Saturday. Launched in 1986, the first issue of The Independent was published on 7 October in broadsheet format and it was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwells ownership, marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper. The paper was created at a time of a change in British newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the Wapping dispute, consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time, created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdochs move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside, the Independent attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his companys new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan It is, and challenging both The Guardian for centre-left readers and The Times as the newspaper of record, The Independent reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989. Competing in a market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years. Some aspects of production merged with the paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff. It featured spoofs of the other papers mastheads with the words The Rupert Murdoch or The Conrad Black, a number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Tony OReillys media group and Mirror Group Newspapers had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994, in March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into OReillys Independent News & Media, MGN, and Prisa. In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, OReilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent, and Rosie Boycott became editor of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, My Trade
38.
Fox News
–
Fox News, officially known as the Fox News Channel, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households receive the Fox News Channel, the channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and it launched on October 7,1996, to 17 million cable subscribers. It grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become a dominant cable news network in the United States, Rupert Murdoch is the current chairman and acting CEO of Fox News. Fox News Channel has been accused of biased reporting and promoting the Republican Party, critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall. Fox News Channel employees have responded that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming, in July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. A year later, 20th Century Fox earned $5.6 million in its third period ended May 31,1986. Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporations BSkyB subsidiary began Europes first 24-hour news channel in the United Kingdom in 1989, in February 1996, after former U. S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel Americas Talking, Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7,1996. At its debut 17 million households were able to watch FNC, however, it was absent from the markets of New York City. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneiders fast-paced delivery of the news, during the evening, Fox featured opinion shows, The OReilly Report, The Crier Report and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention-getting, this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, Fox News also created the Fox News Alert, which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel and this contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement, citing its agreement to keep its U. S. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warners cable franchises in the city, during the September 11,2001 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day
39.
Edmonton Sun
–
The Edmonton Sun is a daily newspaper and news website published in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is owned by Postmedia following its 2015 acquisition of Sun Media from Quebecor, once each year, the Edmonton Sun prints a special swimsuit edition. Around Christmas time, they print a holiday lingerie edition, ottawa Sun Calgary Sun Toronto Sun Winnipeg Sun List of newspapers in Canada Official website
40.
War on Terror
–
The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is a metaphor of war referring to the international military campaign that started after the September 11th attacks on the United States. U. S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001 and it was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with Islamic terrorist organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, in 2017 Donald Trump assumed presidency of the United States and vowed that the fight against ISIL is his number one priority. Trump has also agreed to work together and carry joint operations with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the war on terror. The phrase War on Terror has been used to refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U. S. The conflict has also referred to by names other than the War on Terror. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e. g. of the Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again, on 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, Bush stated that ur war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, in April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller, in her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror. U. S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, in March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation. In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term, basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage. Administration officials also described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, the plant produced much of the regions antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban, next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport
