1.
Fort Funston
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Fort Funston is a former harbor defense installation located in the southwestern corner of San Francisco. Formerly known as the Lake Merced Military Reservation, the fort is now an area within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It was named in honor of Frederick N. Funston, a Major General in the United States Army with strong connections to San Francisco, the fort is located on Skyline Boulevard at John Muir Drive, west of Lake Merced. The Fort was constructed upon windswept headlands along the Pacific coast and Ocean Beach below, however, nothing significant was built there until after the American entry into World War I in early 1917. These were Battery Howe with four 12-inch mortars and Battery Bruff with two 5-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts and these weapons were relocated from Batteries McKinnon and Sherwood at Fort Winfield Scott, adjacent to the Presidio. Battery Howe was named for Walter Howe, a general and veteran of the Indian wars who died in 1915, Battery Bruff was named after Lawrence Bruff, an Ordnance Corps colonel and instructor at West Point who died in 1911. In 1920 Battery Bruff was disarmed due to a withdrawal from Army service of the 5-inch gun, in the early 1920s, Anti-aircraft Battery No.5 of three 3-inch guns was built at the fort. Following World War I, the Washington Naval Treaty of 1923 caused the cancellation of numerous battleships and battlecruisers building, some of the guns intended for these ships were made available to the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps to defend key ports against a potential naval attack. However, only a few of these weapons were emplaced prior to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, in 1936-1939 Battery Davis was built at Fort Funston, housing two 16-inch Mark 2 Navy guns. It was also the prototype for the Armys M2 carriage, previous ex-Navy 16-inch guns had used a modified M1919 carriage designed for the 16-inch gun M1919. Battery Davis was named for Major General Richmond P. Davis, also, an unnamed battery of four 155 mm guns on concrete Panama mounts was built at the fort circa 1938. In 1940 Battery Davis was joined by Battery Townsley at Fort Cronkhite, a third 16-inch battery, Battery 129 at Fort Barry, was built for the San Francisco area during World War II but not completed or armed. Four additional 155 mm guns on Panama mounts were emplaced as Battery Bluff, also, four 40 mm Bofors gun batteries were placed around the fort. The gun batteries were declared shortly after World War II. Fort Funston later became a Nike missile launch site, hosting sites SF-59L, the fort was inactivated in 1963 and eventually transferred to the National Park Service to be administered as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. At some point Batteries Howe and Bruff were demolished, while the Panama mounts have either destroyed by erosion or buried. The area is covered with a network of trails suitable for hiking or horseback riding, there are two Dutch sand ladders that extend down the dunes to the beach. The beach is known for its sand and strong currents
2.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
3.
Fort Riley
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Fort Riley is a United States Army installation located in North Central Kansas, on the Kansas River, also known as the Kaw, between Junction City and Manhattan. The Fort Riley Military Reservation covers 101,733 acres in Geary, the portion of the fort that contains housing development is part of the Fort Riley census-designated place, with a residential population of 7,761 as of the 2010 census. The fort has a population of nearly 25,000. Fort Riley is named in honor of Major General Bennett C, Riley who led the first military escort along the Santa Fe Trail. The fort was established in 1853 as a military post to protect the movement of people and trade over the Oregon, California, in the years after the Civil War, Fort Riley served as a major United States Cavalry post and school for cavalry tactics and practice. The post was a base for skirmishes with Native Americans after the Civil War ended in 1865, in 1887, Fort Riley became the site of the United States Cavalry School. The famous all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, the soldiers of which were called Buffalo Soldiers, were stationed at Fort Riley at various times in the 19th, since the end of World War II, various infantry divisions have been assigned there. Most notably, from 1955–1996 the post was home to the famed Big Red One, between 1999–2006, the post was headquarters to the 24th Infantry Division and known as Americas Warfighting Center. In August 2006, the Big Red One relocated its headquarters to Fort Riley from Leighton Barracks, Germany. Camp Whitside is named in honor of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside, Army Garrison Partners 10th Air Support Operations Squadron, USAF 407th Army Field Support Brigade 902nd Military Intelligence Group Det. During the 1850s, a number of posts were established at strategic points to provide protection along these arteries of emigration. In the fall of 1852, a party under the command of Captain Robert Chilton, 1st U. S. Dragoons, selected the junction of the Republican. This location, approved by the War Department in January 1853, offered a location from which to organize, train. Surveyors believed the location near the center of the United States and named the site, during the late spring, three companies of the 6th Infantry occupied the camp and began construction of temporary quarters. On June 27,1853, Camp Center became Fort Riley—named in honor of Maj. Gen. Bennett C, Riley who had led the first military escort along the Santa Fe Trail in 1829. The fort took shape around a plain that overlooked the Kansas River valley. The forts design followed the frontier post configuration, buildings were constructed of the most readily available material - in this case. In the spring, troops were dispatched to escort mail trains, at the fort, additional buildings were constructed under the supervision of Capt
4.
Manhattan, Kansas
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Manhattan is a city in northeastern Kansas in the United States at the junction of the Kansas River and Big Blue River. It is the county seat of Riley County, although it extends into Pottawatomie County, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 52,281. The city was founded by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid Company as a Free-State town in the 1850s, during the Bleeding Kansas era. Nicknamed The Little Apple as a play on New York Citys Big Apple, Manhattan Regional Airport is the second-busiest commercial airport in Kansas. Eight miles west of the city is Fort Riley, a United States Army post, before settlement by European-Americans in the 1850s, the land where Manhattan sits was home to Native American tribes. Most recently, from 1780 to 1830 it was home to the Kaw people, the Kaw settlement was called Blue Earth Village. It was named after the river the tribe called the Great Blue Earth River – today known as the Big Blue River – which intersected with the Kansas River by their village, Blue Earth Village was the site of a large battle between the Kaw and the Pawnee in 1812. The Kaw tribe ceded ownership of land in a treaty signed at the Shawnee Methodist Mission on January 14,1846. The Kansas–Nebraska Act opened the territory to settlement by U. S. citizens in 1854 and that fall, George S. Park founded the first Euro-American settlement within the borders of the current Manhattan. Later that same year, Samuel D. Houston and three other pioneers founded Canton, a community near the mouth of the Big Blue River. Neither Canton nor Polistra ever grew beyond their original founders, in March 1855, a group of New England Free-Staters traveled to Kansas Territory under the auspices of the New England Emigrant Aid Company to found a Free-State town. Led by Isaac Goodnow, the first members of the selected the location of the Polistra. Soon after the New Englanders arrived at the site, in April 1855, they agreed to join Canton and they were soon joined by dozens more New Englanders, including Goodnows brother-in-law Joseph Denison. In June 1855, the paddle steamer Hartford, carrying 75 settlers from Ohio, the Ohio settlers, who were members of the Cincinnati-Manhattan Company, had been headed twenty miles further upstream to the headwaters of the Kansas River, the location today of Junction City. After realizing they were stranded, the Hartford passengers accepted an invitation to join the new town, but insisted that it be renamed Manhattan, Manhattan was incorporated on May 30,1857. Early Manhattan settlers sometimes found themselves in conflict with Native Americans, Manhattan was staunchly Free-State, and it elected the only two Free-State legislators to the first Territorial Legislature, commonly called the Bogus Legislature. However, nearby Fort Riley protected the settlement from the violence visited upon other Free-State towns during the Bleeding Kansas era. This allowed the town to develop relatively quickly, on January 30,1858, Territorial Governor James W. Denver signed an act naming Manhattan as county seat for Riley County
5.
Brigadier general
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Brigadier general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general, when appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops. In some countries a brigadier general is designated as a one-star general. The rank can be traced back to the militaries of Europe where a general, or simply a brigadier. An alternative rank of general was first used in the French revolutionary armies. Some countries, such as Brazil, Taiwan, and Japan, some of these countries then use the rank of colonel general to make four general-officer ranks. The naval equivalent is usually commodore and this gallery displays Air Force brigadier general insignia if they are different from the Army brigadier general insignia. Note that in many Commonwealth countries, the equivalent air force rank is Air Commodore, the rank of brigadier general is used in the Argentine Air Force. Unlike other armed forces of the World, the rank of general is actually the highest rank in the Air Force. This is due to the use of the rank of brigadier and its derivatives to designate all general officers in the Air Force, brigadier, brigadier-major, and brigadier-general. The rank of general is reserved for the Chief General Staff of the Air Force. The Argentine Army does not use the rank of brigadier-general, instead using brigade general which in turn is the lowest general officer before Divisional General, see also Argentine Army officer rank insignia. When posted elsewhere, the rank would be relinquished and the former rank resumed and this policy prevented an accumulation of high-ranking general officers brought about by the relatively high turnover of brigade commanders. Brigadier general was used as an honorary rank on retirement. The rank insignia was like that of the current major general, as in the United Kingdom, the rank was later replaced by brigadier. Prior to 2001, the Bangladesh Army rank was known as brigadier, in 2001 the Bangladesh Army introduced the rank of brigadier general, however the grade stayed equivalent to brigadier. It is the lowest ranking general officer, between the ranks of Colonel and Major General, Brigadier General is equivalent to commodore of the Bangladesh Navy and air commodore of the Bangladesh Air Force. It is still popularly called brigadier
6.
Frederick Funston
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Frederick Funston also known as Fighting Fred Funston, was a general in the United States Army, best known for his role in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Philippine–American War, Funston was born in New Carlisle, Ohio to Edward H. Funston and Anne Eliza Mitchell Funston. In 1881 his family moved to Allen County, Kansas and his father, was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1884. While there, he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and became friends with future Pulitzer Prize winner William Allen White and he worked as a trainman for the Santa Fe Railroad before becoming a reporter in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1890. After one year as a journalist, Funston moved into more scientific exploration, after a bout of malaria, Funstons weight dropped to an alarming 95 pounds and he was given a leave of absence by the Cubans. When Funston returned to the United States, he was commissioned as a colonel of the 20th Kansas Infantry in the United States Army on May 13,1898, in the early days of the Spanish–American War. In the fall, he met Eda Blankart at a patriotic gathering, within two weeks of the marriage, he landed in the Philippines as part of the U. S. forces that would become engaged in the Philippine–American War. Funston was in command in various engagements with Filipino nationalists, in April 1899, he took a Filipino position at Calumpit by swimming the Bagbag River, then crossing the Pampanga River under heavy fire. For his bravery, Funston was soon promoted to the rank of general of Volunteers. Funston played the key role in planning and executing the capture of Filipino President Emilio Aguinaldo on March 23,1901, the capture of Aguinaldo made Funston a national hero, although the anti-imperialist faction attempted to tarnish when the details of the capture became known. Funstons party, escorted by a company of Macabebe scouts, had gained access to Aguinaldos camp by posing as prisoners of Macabebe scouts, in recognition of his capture of Aguinaldo, Funston was appointed a brigadier general in the Regular Army at the age of 35. Funstons dangerous mission to capture Aguinaldo brought him a Regular Army commission just as he was scheduled to be mustered out of the volunteer service. In 1902, Funston returned to the United States to increased opposition to the Philippine–American War. Mark Twain, an opponent of U. S. imperialism, published a sarcasm-filled denunciation of Funstons mission. Poet Ernest Crosby also wrote a satirical, anti-imperialist novel, Captain Jinks, Hero, on March 29,1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, and proclaimed the town capital of the First Philippine Republic. He stayed in the house, using it as the de facto Philippine capitol, when the Americans occupied San Isidro, the Sideco house served as the headquarters of Gen. Frederick Funston, who would later capture General Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela. General Aguinaldos capture is said to have planned in this house. It is now occupied by a Christian organization, in 1906, Funston was in command of the Presidio of San Francisco when the 1906 San Francisco earthquake hit
7.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
8.
History of Kansas
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The history of Kansas, argued historian Carl L. Becker a century ago, reflects American ideals. He wrote, The Kansas spirit is the American spirit double distilled and it is a new grafted product of American individualism, American idealism, American intolerance. Located on the edge of the Great Plains, the U. S. state of Kansas was the home of nomadic Native American tribes who hunted the vast herds of bison. The region was explored by Spanish conquistadores in the 16th century and it was later explored by French fur trappers who traded with the Native Americans. Most of Kansas became permanently part of the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, when the area was opened to settlement by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 it became a battlefield that helped cause the American Civil War. Settlers from North and South came in order to vote slavery down or up, after the war, Kansas was home to frontier towns, their railroads were destinations for cattle drives from Texas. With the railroads came heavy immigration from the East, from Germany as well as some freedmen called Exodusters, farmers first tried to replicate Eastern patterns and grow corn and raise pigs, but they failed because of shortages of rainfall. The solution, as James Malin showed, was to switch to soft spring wheat, the wheat was exported to Europe, and was subject to wide variations in price. Many frustrated farmers joined the Populist movement around 1890, but conservative townspeople finally prevailed politically, since 1945 the farm population has sharply declined and manufacturing has become more important, typified by the aircraft industry of Wichita. Around 7000 BC, paleolithic descendants of Asian immigrants into North America reached Kansas, once in Kansas, the indigenous ancestors never abandoned Kansas. They were later augmented by other indigenous peoples migrating from other parts of the continent and these bands of newcomers encountered mammoths, camels, ground sloths, and horses. The hunters who pursued the mammoths may have represented the first of north Great Plains cycles of boom and bust, after the disappearance of big-game hunters, some archaic groups survived by becoming generalists rather than specialists, foraging in seasonal movements across the plains. The groups did not abandon hunting altogether, but also consumed wild plant foods and their tools became more varied, with grinding and chopping implements becoming more common, a sign that seeds, fruits, and greens constituted a greater proportion of their diet. For most of the Archaic period, people did not transform their environment in any fundamental way. The groups outside the region, particularly in Mesoamerica, introduced major innovations, other groups in North America independently developed maize cultivation as well. Some archaic groups transferred from food gatherers to food producers around 3,000 years ago and they also possessed many of the cultural features that accompany semi-sedentary agricultural life, storage facilities, more permanent dwellings, larger settlements, and cemeteries or burial grounds. El Quartelejo was the northern most Indian pueblo and this settlement is the only pueblo in Kansas from which archaeological evidence has been recovered. Despite the early advent of farming, late Archaic groups still exercised little control over their natural environment, Wild food resources remained important components of their diet even after the invention of pottery and the development of irrigation
9.
Major general
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Major general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the rank of sergeant major general. In the Commonwealth, major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral. In some countries, including much of Eastern Europe, major general is the lowest of the officer ranks. In the old Austro-Hungarian Army, the general was called a Generalmajor. Todays Austrian Federal Army still uses the same term, see also Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces General de Brigade is the lowest rank amongst general officers in the Brazilian Army. AGeneral de Brigada wears two-stars as this is the level for general officers in the Brazilian Army. In tha Brazilian Air Force, the two-star, three-star and four-star rank are known as Brigadeiro, Major-Brigadeiro, see Military ranks of Brazil and Brigadier for more information. In the Canadian Armed Forces, the rank of major-general is both a Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force rank equivalent to the Royal Canadian Navys rank of rear-admiral, a major-general is a general officer, the equivalent of a naval flag officer. The major-general rank is senior to the ranks of brigadier-general and commodore, prior to 1968, the Air Force used the rank of air vice-marshal, instead. In the Canadian Army, the insignia is a wide braid on the cuff. It is worn on the straps of the service dress tunic. On the visor of the cap are two rows of gold oak leaves. Major-generals are initially addressed as general and name, as are all general officers, major-generals are normally entitled to staff cars. In the Estonian military, the general rank is called kindralmajor. The Finnish military equivalent is kenraalimajuri in Finnish, and generalmajor in Swedish and Danish, the French equivalent to the rank of major general is général de division. In the French military, major général is not a rank but an appointment conferred on some generals, usually of général de corps darmée rank, the position of major général can be considered the equivalent of a deputy chief of staff. In the French Army, Major General is a position and the general is normally of the rank of corps general
10.
Leonard Wood
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Leonard Wood was a United States Army officer. He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and he began his military career as an army doctor on the frontier, where he received the Medal of Honor. He was bypassed for a command in World War I, but then became a prominent Republican Party leader. He served as civilian Governor General in the Philippines in the 1920s and he was particularly representative of an era that valued moral and physical strength. Although admired by his generation for his honesty, forthrightness, and his intense and vigorous approach to life, Leonard Wood was of English descent, and was descended from four Mayflower passengers including William White, Francis Cooke, Stephen Hopkins and Richard Warren. He was married to Louise Adriana Condit Smith, of Washington, on November 18,1890, Wood took a position as an Army contract surgeon in January 1886, and was stationed with the 4th Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. He received the rank of captain in 1891, while stationed at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, in 1893, Wood enrolled in graduate school at Georgia Tech, then known as the Georgia School of Technology, and organized the schools 1893 football team. Wood was the coach and played left guard, leading Georgia Tech to a 2–1–1 record. He was awarded an LL. D. by Harvard in 1899, Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898. It was during this period he developed a friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood, with Roosevelt, organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders. Wood commanded the regiment in an engagement known as the Battle of Las Guasimas. When the brigade commander, Samuel B. M, after San Juan, Wood led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade for the rest of the war, he stayed in Cuba after the war and was appointed the Military Governor of Santiago in 1898, and of Cuba from 1899–1902. In that capacity, he relied on his experience to institute improvements to the medical. He introduced numerous reforms similar to those of the Progressive Movement in the U. S and he was promoted to brigadier general of regulars shortly before moving to his next assignment. In 1902, he proceeded to the Philippines, where he commanded the Philippines Division and he was promoted to major general in 1903 despite significant opposition, and served as governor of Moro province, a stronghold of Muslim rebellion, from 1903 to 1906. He received criticism for his handling of the battle at First Battle of Bud Dajo where hundreds of women and children were killed, Wood had known Theodore Roosevelt well before the Spanish–American War. Wood was named Army Chief of Staff in 1910 by President Taft, the Preparedness Movement plan was scrapped in favor of the Selective Service System, shortly before World War I. He developed the Mobile Army, thus laying the groundwork for American success in World War I, in 1914, Wood was replaced as Chief of Staff by William Wotherspoon
11.
Texas House of Representatives
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The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Texas Legislature. It consists of 150 members who are elected from districts for a term of 2 years. As of the 2010 Census, each represents a average of 167,637 people. There are no limits, with the most senior member, Tom Craddick. The House meets at the State Capitol in Austin, the Speaker of the House is the presiding officer and highest-ranking member of the House. The Speaker pro tempore is primarily a position, but does, by long-standing tradition, preside over the House during its consideration of local. Unlike other state legislatures, the House rules do not formally recognize majority or minority leaders, the unofficial leaders are the Republican Caucus Chairman and the Democratic House Leader, both of whom are elected by their respective caucuses. †Representative was first elected in a special election, eligio De La Garza, II, first Mexican-American to represent his region in the US House and the second Mexican-American from Texas to be elected to Congress. Ray Barnhart, Federal Highway Administrator Anita Lee Blair, first blind woman elected to a state legislature Jack Brooks, Representative and House Majority Leader John Nance Garner, U. S. Representative, Speaker of the House, and Vice President of the United States O. H. Ike Harris, Dallas County representative from 1963–1965, state senator Sarah T, charles Henry Nimitz Born in Bremen. In 1852, built the Nimitz Hotel in Fredericksburg, which now houses the National Museum of the Pacific War, grandfather of United States Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz. Elected to the Texas Legislature 1890, rick Perry, longest serving Governor of Texas, Colonel Alfred P. C. Petsch Lawyer, legislator, civic leader, and philanthropist, veteran of both World War I and World War II. Representative and longest served Speaker of the House Coke R. Stevenson, Governor of Texas Sarah Weddington, weinert, coauthored bill to establish the Pasteur Institute of Texas, authored resolution for humane treatment of state convicts, coauthored the indeterminate sentence and parole law. The Chief Clerk is the custodian of all legal documents within House. When there is an update of the electronic source website. The report noted how representatives register votes for absent members on the Houses automated voting machines, each representative would vote for the nearest absent members. This practice was in violation of a Rule of the House, however
12.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
13.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
14.
Impeachment
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Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of Government. Impeachment does not necessarily mean removal from office, it is only a statement of charges, akin to an indictment in criminal law. Once an individual is impeached, he or she must then face the possibility of conviction via legislative vote, in the United States, for example, impeachment at the Federal level is reserved for those who may have committed high crimes and misdemeanors. Several Federal officials, including two Presidents and several judges, have been impeached over the course of US history, US President Richard Nixon resigned before Watergate scandal impeachment proceedings could begin. The federal procedure in the United States involves a vote for impeachment in the House of Representatives on a document known as the Article of Impeachment, each separate grounds will be a separate Article. House members who support the impeachment then appoint managers who will act like prosecutors in the preparation for the Senate hearing, the defendant has the right to legal counsel, the right to cross-examine all witnesses and to testify in his or her defense. The senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they perform their duties honestly. The hearing cannot be conducted without a 50% plus one quorum, after the hearing the deliberations are held in private. Removal requires a majority of the Senate. Impeachment has its origins in English law but fell out of use in the 18th century and it exists under constitutional law in many nations around the world, including Brazil, the Republic of Ireland, Philippines, Russia, South Korea and the United States. The word impeachment derives from Latin root impedicare expressing the idea of becoming caught or entrapped, and has analogues in the modern French verb empêcher, medieval popular etymology also associated it with derivations from the Latin impetere. Impeachment was first used in the British political system, specifically, the process was first used by the English Good Parliament against Baron Latimer in the second half of the 14th century. In private organizations, a motion to impeach can be used to prefer charges, the Austrian Federal President can be impeached by the Federal Assembly before the Constitutional Court. The constitution also provides for the recall of the president by a referendum, neither of these courses has ever been taken. This is likely because while the President is vested with considerable powers on paper, he acts as a ceremonial figurehead in practice. The President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, state governors and municipal mayors may be impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, upon conviction, the officeholder has his political rights revoked for eight years--which has the effect of barring him from running for any office. On December 30,1992, Fernando Collor de Mello, the 32nd President of Brazil, the Senate nonetheless voted to convict Collor and bar him from holding any office for eight years, due to evidence of bribery and misappropriation. On April 17,2016, the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies approved the opening of the impeachment case against the president, Dilma Rousseff, the case was later revised by the Federal Senate which, on May 12, approved the suspension of the President
15.
Governor of Texas
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The Governor of Texas is the head of the executive branch of Texass government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Texas Legislature. The governor may grant pardons in cases other than impeachment or in the case of treason, the current Governor is Greg Abbott. The states first constitution in 1845 established the office of governor, the 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election. The Reconstruction constitution of 1869 removed the limit on terms, Texas remains one of 14 states with no term limit. The present constitution of 1876 shortened terms back to two years, but a 1972 amendment increased it again to four years, the gubernatorial election is held every four years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November and does not coincide with the presidential elections. Despite the lack of limits, no Texas governor in the 19th or 20th centuries ever served more than seven. Former Governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, has now surpassed both records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms. When Perry won the election on November 2,2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel. In case of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, one governor of Texas won his partys nomination and was elected President of the United States, George W
16.
James E. Ferguson
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James Edward Ferguson Jr. known as Pa Ferguson, was an American Democratic politician and the 26th Governor of Texas, in office from 1915 to 1917. Later, he was the first gentleman of Texas for two nonconsecutive terms, Ferguson was born to the Reverend James Ferguson, Sr. and Fannie Ferguson near Salado in south Bell County, Texas. He entered Salado College at 12 but was expelled for disobedience. At 16, he left home and drifted through the states of the American West, having been employed in a vineyard, a mine, a wire factory. After he returned to Texas, he studied law in Bell County and was admitted to the bar, on December 31,1899, he married Miriam A. Ferguson at the Wallace family home. In 1903, he became the city attorney in Belton and established Farmers State Bank, in 1906, he sold Farmers bank and established Temple State Bank. He also managed several local political campaigns, in 1914, Ferguson was elected governor of Texas by running as an anti-prohibitionist Democrat. He served from January 19,1915 to August 25,1917, on March 24,1915, Ferguson finally signed the textbook law in Texas simplifying the laws to accommodate the common man. After being re-elected in 1916, Ferguson vetoed the appropriations for the University of Texas, the accusations against Mayes were that he used his ownership of newspapers, including the Brownwood Bulletin, to spread negative information about Ferguson. Another leading Ferguson critic on the UT campus was the historian Eugene C and this move spurred the drive to impeach Ferguson. The chairman of the committee, William H. Bledsoe of Lubbock. Ferguson was indicted on nine charges in July 1917, still, Ferguson ran for governor in the 1918 Democratic primary, but he was defeated in the Democratic primary by his successor, William P. Hobby of Houston, previously the lieutenant governor. Ferguson also ran for President of the United States in the 1920 election as the candidate of the American Party, Ferguson was on the ballot only in Texas, where he received 47,968 votes. The 1920 presidential election was won by Republican candidate Warren Harding although Democratic nominee James M. Cox won in Texas, Ferguson was also surpassed by three other unsuccessful candidates, Eugene Victor Debs of the Socialist Party of America. Parley Parker Christensen of the United States Farmer-Labor Party, aaron Sherman Watkins of the United States Prohibition Party. Ferguson failed at his bid for the United States Senate in 1922, in 1924, Ferguson entered his wife Miriam in the Democratic gubernatorial primary. She won, and with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming, they became the first female elected governors in the United States, both having followed husbands who had served earlier. Nellie Tayloe Ross was the first female to assume the office of governor in the United State being sworn in on January 5,1925, Miriam Ferguson followed on January 20
17.
Conscientious objector
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A conscientious objector is an individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion. In general, conscientious objector status is considered only in the context of military conscription and is not applicable to military forces. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to a civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service. Some conscientious objectors consider themselves pacifist, non-interventionist, non-resistant, non-aggressionist and this was re-affirmed in 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that persons performing military service may develop conscientious objections. A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objectors Day, the term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. Historically, many conscientious objectors have been executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized when their beliefs led to conflicting with their societys legal system or government. The legal definition and status of conscientious objection has varied over the years, Religious beliefs were a starting point in many nations for legally granting conscientious objector status. An early recognition of conscientious objection was granted by William the Silent to the Dutch Mennonites in 1575 and they could refuse military service in exchange for a monetary payment. Formal legislation to exempt objectors from fighting was first granted in mid-18th century Great Britain following problems with attempting to force Quakers into military service. In the United States, conscientious objection was permitted from the countrys founding, in 1948, the issue of the right to conscience was dealt with by the United Nations General Assembly in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The proclamation was ratified during the General Assembly on 10 December 1948 by a vote of 48 in favour,0 against and it is The Right to Refuse to Kill. In 1976, the United Nations treaty the International Covenant on Civil and it was based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and was originally created in 1966. Nations that have signed this treaty are bound by it and its Article 18 begins, Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Some states argue that such limitations would permit them to make conscientious objection during time of war a threat to public safety, even that it is a moral duty to serve the state in its military. In 2006, the Committee has found for the first time a right to conscientious objection under article 18, in 1998, the Human Rights Commission reiterated previous statements and added states should. Refrain from subjecting conscientious objectors. to repeated punishment for failure to perform military service, the Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states,171. Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will constitute a sufficient reason for claiming refugee status after desertion or draft-evasion and it is not enough for a person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the political justification for a particular military action. Air Commodore Lionel Charlton, of the British Royal Air Force, in 1923 he selectively refused to serve in the RAF Iraq Command
18.
1918 flu pandemic
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The 1918 flu pandemic was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus. Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century, a considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic, specifically the year 1918. Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years, most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile, elderly, or already weakened patients, in contrast, the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults. There are several explanations for the high mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Some research suggests that the variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature. Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the geographic origin. It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s, in Spain, a different nickname was adopted, the Naples Soldier, which came from a musical operetta titled La canción del olvido, which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave. Federico Romero, one of the librettists, quipped that the plays most popular musical number, the site of the very first confirmed outbreak was at Camp Funston, within Fort Riley in Kansas, USA at a military training facility preparing American troops for involvement in World War I. The first victim diagnosed with the new strain of flu on Monday, historian Alfred W. Crosby recorded that the flu originated in Kansas and popular writer John Barry echoed Crosby in describing Haskell County, Kansas, as the point of origin. These researchers postulated that a significant precursor virus, harbored in birds, earlier hypotheses of the epidemics origin have varied. Some hypothesized the flu originated in East Asia and he considered several other hypotheses of origin, such as Spain, Kansas, and Brest, as being possible, but not likely. Political scientist Andrew Price-Smith published data from the Austrian archives suggesting the influenza had earlier origins, in fact, it found evidence that the virus had been circulating in the European armies for months and potentially years before the 1918 pandemic. When an infected person sneezes or coughs, more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by, some speculate the soldiers immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their susceptibility. A large factor in the occurrence of this flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, in the United States, the disease was first observed in Haskell County, Kansas, in January 1918, prompting local doctor Loring Miner to warn the U. S. On 4 March 1918, company cook Albert Gitchell reported sick at Fort Riley, by noon on 11 March 1918, over 100 soldiers were in the hospital. Within days,522 men at the camp had reported sick, by 11 March 1918, the virus had reached Queens, New York. Failure to take measures in March/April was later criticised
19.
Fort Carson
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Fort Carson is a United States Army installation located in El Paso County, Colorado, near the city of Colorado Springs. The 137, 000-acre installation extends southward into Pueblo and Fremont counties and that part of the installation located within El Paso County forms a census-designated place which had a population of 13,815 in the 2010 census. The post also hosts units of the Army Reserve, Navy Reserve, ft. Carson was also home to the 5th Infantry Div. Camp Carson was established in 1942, following Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado purchased land south of the city and donated it to the War Department. Construction began immediately and the first building, the headquarters, was completed January 31,1942. Camp Carson was named in honor of the legendary Army scout, General Christopher Kit Carson, at the constructions peak, nearly 11,500 workers were employed on various construction projects at the new camp. Facilities were provided for 35,173 enlisted men,1,818 officers and 592 nurses, nearly all of the buildings were of mobilization type construction, with wood sided exteriors. The hospital complex was constructed of concrete block, and considered to be semi-permanent, the 89th Infantry Division was the first major unit to be activated at Camp Carson. During World War II, over 100,000 soldiers trained at Camp Carson, nurses, cooks, mule packers, tank battalions, a Greek infantry battalion, and an Italian ordnance company trained at Camp Carson during the war years. Camp Carson was also home to nearly 9,000 Axis prisoners of war – mostly Italians and Germans, the internment camp at Camp Carson opened on the first day of 1943. These POWs alleviated the shortage in Colorado by doing general farm work, canning tomatoes, cutting corn. Between 1942 and 1956, pack mules were a common sight at Camp Carson, the first shipment arrived by train from Nebraska in July 1942. The mules were used by Field Artillery battalions to carry equipment, weapons, the most famous of these animals was Hambone, the pride of the 4th Field Artillery Battalion. For 13 years, he carried first sergeants up Ute Pass to Camp Hale, Camp Hale, located near Leadville, Colorado, was where the Army conducted cold weather and mountain warfare training. Hambone died in March 1971 and was buried with military honors. Butts Army Air Field at the fort was constructed between 1963 and 1966 with a 4, 573-foot runway for light fixed-wing aircraft Throughout its history Fort Carson has been home to nine divisions, an additional training area, comprising 235,000 acres, was purchased in September 1983. Named the Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, this area is located approximately 150 miles road miles to the southeast. Comprehensive maneuver and live fire training also occurs downrange at Fort Carson, exercises and deployments continually hone the skills of Fort Carson soldiers
20.
Camp Atterbury
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Camp Atterbury, located in south-central Indiana, about 4 miles west of Edinburgh, Indiana, serves as a military and civilian training base under the auspices of the Indiana National Guard. The camp is named in memory of William Wallace Atterbury, a New Albany, Indiana, during its peak years during World War II, Camp Atterburys primary mission was to provide combat training for the U. S. Army. Numerous auxiliary and service units, as well as four U. S. Army divisions, Wakeman Hospital Center, the camps 6, 000-bed hospital and convalescent center, became the largest in the Fifth Service Command. It trained medical personnel and treated an estimated 85,000 patients during the war, between 1943 and 1946, a portion of the camp was used an internment compund for an estimated 15,000 soldiers, most of them Italian and German prisoners of war. A small chapel that the Italian prisoners built in 1943 is the only remaining POW-related structure. Camp Atterbury also served as a reception and separation center during the war. Its separation center, one of eighteen such facilities in the United States, Camp Atterbury and Wakeman Hospital were deactivated in December 1946. After World War II, Camp Atterbury remained on stand-by status until 1950, after the U. S. Army discontinued its use as a military installation in December 1968, the Indiana National Guard assumed responsibility for oversight of the camp. Since 1969 the camp had continued to serve as a military and it supports the Indiana National Guard and its missions, the Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, and the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. War Department issued orders to consider sites for a new U. S. Army training center in Indiana. The site, which portions of Johnson, Bartholomew, and Brown Counties, was was selected because of its terrain, its location near larger urban areas. On April 28,1941, the U. S, War Department announced its intention to establish a military training camp that would be capable of housing 30,000 men. On January 14,1942, about a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the United States entry into World War II, War Department announced its decision to proceed with its plan to build the military training center in southern Indiana. Initial land acquisition for the camp encompassed 40,351.5348 acres in 643 tracts, the land acquisition cost an estimated $3.8 million. In addition to the land, the site encompassed numerous farmsteads, the town of Kansas, fifteen cemeteries, four of the areas fifteen cemeteries remained intact, the gravesites in the other cemeteries were exhumed and relocated. Initial work at the site began in February 1942, various civilian contractors built the camp over a period of six months from February to August 1942. At the peak of construction in June 1942, there were 14,491 workers on the payroll, an estimated 700 vehicles and daily bus service provided transportation from nearby towns and an on-site concession tent served meals to 600 workers at a time. Other names that had been considered were Camp Johnson, Camp Bartholomew, in addition, Camp Atterbury was nicknamed Mudbury during its construction because of its muddy grounds, the result of heavy spring rains during 1942
21.
Fort Hood
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Fort Hood is a U. S. military post located in Killeen, Texas. The post is named after Confederate General John Bell Hood and it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about 60 miles from each, within the U. S. state of Texas. Fort Hood is an installation of the United States Army and is the largest military base in the world more than 215,000 acres. Its origin was the need for space to test and train with World War II tank destroyers. The War Department announced the location in January 1942, and the completion was set for that August. As originally constructed, Fort Hood had an area of 158,706 acres, the main cantonment of Fort Hood had a total population of 53,416 as of the 2010 U. S. Census. Fort Hood is the most populous U. S. military installation in the world, the main business area is in Bell County, with the training countryside area of the post in Coryell County. In April 2014, the Fort Hood website lists 45,414 assigned soldiers and 8,900 civilian employees with Fort Hood covering 214,000 acres, during World War II, tank destroyers were developed to counter German mobile armored units. These were mobile anti-tank guns on armored halftracks or specially developed tanks, wide-open space was needed for the tank destroyer testing and training, which Texas had in abundance. Andrew Davis Bruce was assigned to organize a new Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing Center, the War Department announced the selection on 15 January 1942. An initial acquisition of 108,000 acres was made, and it was estimated that the camp would cost $22,800,000 for the land, facilities, the date of completion was set for 15 August 1942. About 300 families had to move from their homes to make room for the area and the communities of Clear Creek, Elijah. The old Sugar Loaf community, historically called the Cradle of Killeen, all that remains of the community is the mountain from which it took its name, located in the Fort Hood area. To lessen the burden of moving, the Army agreed to land to be used for grazing for a nominal grazing fee. This grazing arrangement still continues today, in mid-August the camp was occupied and the official opening took place on 18 September 1942. Camp Hood was named for the Confederate General John Bell Hood, the original facilities provided housing and training sites for nearly 38,000 troops. In January 1943, an additional 16,000 acres in Bell County and 34,943 acres in Coryell County near Gatesville, the site near Gatesville was known as the sub-camp and later as North Camp Hood. During the war years, North Camp Hood housed nearly 40,000 troops and 4,000 prisoners of war, and was the site for the southern branch of the United States Disciplinary Barracks
22.
Camp Shelby
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Camp Shelby is a military post whose North Gate is located at the southern boundary of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, on United States Highway 49. It is the largest state-owned training site in the nation, during wartime, the camps mission is to serve as a major independent mobilization station of the United States Army Forces Command. This is the normal Annual Training location for National Guard and Reserve units located in Mississippi, Alabama, however, units from across the country use its assets to support a variety of missions. The 2nd Battalion, 114th Field Artillery conducts its training and has the bulk of its combat equipment stored in the Mobilization. Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, encompassing over 525 square kilometers, is located in portions of Perry and Forrest Counties, the training site consists of a mix of State, Department of Defense, and U. S. Forest Service lands in the DeSoto National Forest. Encompassing more than 134,820 acres, Camp Shelby, Mississippi is the largest state-owned and operated field training center in the United States and it is a training ground for the Abrams M1 Tank, Paladin Howitzers and home to the 3rd Brigade 87th Division Training Support. Camp Shelby serves as a site for National Guardsmen and Reservists from throughout the country hosting as many as 100,000 personnel annually. Camp Shelby was established in 1917, the post was named in honor of Isaac Shelby, Indian fighter, Revolutionary War hero and 1st Governor of Kentucky, by the first troops to train here, the 38th Division. In 1934, the State of Mississippi acquired the site for use as a camp by the National Guard. Because of Camp Shelbys natural advantages of climate, terrain and location, some of the divisions that have trained in Mississippi include the 31st, 37th, 38th, 43rd, 63rd, 65th, 69th, 85th, 94th, and the 99th Divisions. The famous Japanese-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team and the 100th Battalion trained here in preparation for World War II, womens Army Corps units also trained here. The post contained a large convalescent hospital and had a prisoner of war camp which housed soldiers of the famous German Afrika Corps, Camp Shelby is also home to the Mississippi Armed Forces Museum. The history of Camp Shelby is significant part of the museums collection, the post closed shortly after the end of World War II. During the Korean War, Camp Shelby was established as an emergency railhead facility, in the summer of 1954, non-divisional National Guard units trained at Camp Shelby and in 1956, it was designated a permanent training site by Continental Army Command. Over 5,000 troops were processed through Camp Shelby during Desert Storm operations, the 199th Light Infantry Brigade trained at Camp Shelby from September to November 1966 in preparation for deployment to Vietnam from Fort Benning Georgia. The 199th was the combat unit to train at Camp Shelby during the Vietnam War. Camp Shelby was federalized as a FORSCOM Mobilization Center on June 6,2004, U. S. Navy Seabee units homeported or mobilized from the Naval Construction Battalion Center in Gulfport, Mississippi utilize Camp Shelby as the site for their Field Training Exercises. Camp Shelby is also home to the Youth Challenge Academy, in mid-2007, the Air National Guard opened a new combat training runway at Camp Shelby
23.
Fort Riley, Kansas
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Fort Riley is a United States Army installation located in North Central Kansas, on the Kansas River, also known as the Kaw, between Junction City and Manhattan. The Fort Riley Military Reservation covers 101,733 acres in Geary, the portion of the fort that contains housing development is part of the Fort Riley census-designated place, with a residential population of 7,761 as of the 2010 census. The fort has a population of nearly 25,000. Fort Riley is named in honor of Major General Bennett C, Riley who led the first military escort along the Santa Fe Trail. The fort was established in 1853 as a military post to protect the movement of people and trade over the Oregon, California, in the years after the Civil War, Fort Riley served as a major United States Cavalry post and school for cavalry tactics and practice. The post was a base for skirmishes with Native Americans after the Civil War ended in 1865, in 1887, Fort Riley became the site of the United States Cavalry School. The famous all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, the soldiers of which were called Buffalo Soldiers, were stationed at Fort Riley at various times in the 19th, since the end of World War II, various infantry divisions have been assigned there. Most notably, from 1955–1996 the post was home to the famed Big Red One, between 1999–2006, the post was headquarters to the 24th Infantry Division and known as Americas Warfighting Center. In August 2006, the Big Red One relocated its headquarters to Fort Riley from Leighton Barracks, Germany. Camp Whitside is named in honor of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside, Army Garrison Partners 10th Air Support Operations Squadron, USAF 407th Army Field Support Brigade 902nd Military Intelligence Group Det. During the 1850s, a number of posts were established at strategic points to provide protection along these arteries of emigration. In the fall of 1852, a party under the command of Captain Robert Chilton, 1st U. S. Dragoons, selected the junction of the Republican. This location, approved by the War Department in January 1853, offered a location from which to organize, train. Surveyors believed the location near the center of the United States and named the site, during the late spring, three companies of the 6th Infantry occupied the camp and began construction of temporary quarters. On June 27,1853, Camp Center became Fort Riley—named in honor of Maj. Gen. Bennett C, Riley who had led the first military escort along the Santa Fe Trail in 1829. The fort took shape around a plain that overlooked the Kansas River valley. The forts design followed the frontier post configuration, buildings were constructed of the most readily available material - in this case. In the spring, troops were dispatched to escort mail trains, at the fort, additional buildings were constructed under the supervision of Capt
24.
Fort Polk
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Fort Polk is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish, approximately ten miles east of Leesville, Louisiana, and thirty miles north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana. It was named in honor of the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk, the first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana, and a distinguished Confederate general in the American Civil War. The post encompasses approximately 198,000 acres—100,000 acres are owned by the Department of the Army—98,125 acres by the U. S. Forest Service, Fort Polk is the only Combat Training Center that also trains and deploys combat units. In 2013, there were 10,877 troops stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana officials lobbied the Army and the United States Congress to keep troop strength at full capacity despite looming defense cuts. Fort Polk began as a base for the Louisiana Maneuvers in the 1940s and it served the 1st Armored Division in the 1950s, and became a basic training post during Vietnam War years of the 1960s and 70s. It hosted the 5th Infantry Division in the 1970s-1980s, and the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in the 1990s and the 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, and the 162nd Infantry Brigade in the 2000s. The land that is now Fort Polk is part of a region of cultural resources, including sites, historic houses and structures. Construction of Camp Polk began in 1941, thousands of wooden barracks sprang up quickly to support an Army preparing to do battle on the North African, European and Pacific fronts. Soldiers at Polk participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers, which were designed to test U. S. troops preparing for World War II, until 1939, the Army had mostly been an infantry force with supporting artillery, engineer, and cavalry units. Few units had been motorized or mechanized, as U. S. involvement in World War II became more likely, the Army recognized the need to modernize the service. But it also needed large-scale maneuvers to test a fast-growing, inexperienced force and that is where Fort Polk and the Louisiana Maneuvers came in. The Maneuvers involved half a million soldiers in 19 Army Divisions, the troops were divided equal armies of two notional countries, Kotmk and Almat. These countries were fighting over navigation rights for the Mississippi River, the Maneuvers gave Army leadership the chance to test a new doctrine that stressed the need for both mass and mobility. Sixteen armored divisions sprang up during World War II after the lessons learned during the Louisiana Maneuvers were considered and these divisions specialized in moving huge combined-arms mechanized units long distances in combat. On the defensive front, U. S. doctrine was based on two needs, the ability to defeat Blitzkrieg tactics, and how to deal with numbers of German tanks attacking relatively narrow areas. As such, the Maneuvers also tested the concept of the tank destroyer, in this concept, highly mobile guns were held in reserve until friendly forces were attacked by enemy tanks. Then, the destroyers would be rapidly deploy to the flanks of the penetration. Tank destroyers employed aggressive, high-speed hit-and-run tactics, the conclusion drawn was that tank destroyer battalions should be raised
25.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
26.
31st Infantry Division (United States)
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The 31st Infantry Division was a unit of the Army National Guard in World War I and World War II. It was originally activated as the 10th, an established in early 1917 consisting of Alabama, Florida. By the end of same year, the 10th Division became the 31st. In World War II, national guardsmen from Mississippi were included in the division, the division was activated in October 1917. It was activated for WW I at Camp Gordon, Georgia and it comprised the 61st Infantry Brigade and the 62nd Infantry Brigade, with four infantry regiments between them. It went overseas in September 1918, upon arrival in France, the 31st was designated as a replacement division. The personnel of most of the units were withdrawn and sent to other organizations as replacements for combat casualties. Commanders, Maj. Gen. F. J. Kernan, Brig. Gen. J. L. Hayden, Maj. Gen. F. H. French, Brig. Gen. W. A. Harris. The 31st Dixie Division was part of the Army of Occupation in Southern Germany at Koblenz, the division returned to the US in July 1919, to Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina where its soldiers were mustered out of active service. Awards, MH-1, DSC-7, DSM-3, SS-178, LM-11, DFC-1, SM-73, BS-948, persons, Maj. Gen. Clarence A. Martin. Returned to U. S.12 December 1945, the 31st Infantry Division arrived in Oro Bay, New Guinea,24 April 1944, and engaged in amphibious training prior to entering combat. During the war, at times its units included the 124th Infantry Regiment, the 155th Infantry Regiment from Mississippi, the 156th Infantry Regiment. The 156th Infantry Regiment of the Louisiana National Guard was separated from the 31st Division on 14 July 1942, portions of the unit participated in the D-Day landings with the entire unit being reunited on 24 June 1944. The unit was used to guard the Allied Expeditionary HQs. The unit returned to the US on 11 March 1946, alerted on 25 June 1944 for movement to Aitape, New Guinea, the 124th RCT left Oro Bay and landed at Aitape 3–6 July 1944. The combat team moved up to advanced positions and took part in the offensive launched 13 July. Over 1,000 Japanese were killed in these actions, in mid-August the division began to stage for a landing on Morotai, leaving Aitape and Maffin Bay,11 September 1944. The division made a landing on Morotai,15 September 1944
27.
20th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 20th Infantry Regiment is a United States Army infantry regiment. Currently only the 5th Battalion of the 20th Infantry still exists, the 20th Infantry was first led by General George Sykes in the Battle of Bull Run. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 11th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 20th Infantry, the 1st Battalion deployed to Vietnam from Hawaii as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade on 18 December 1967. The Battalion was organized as an infantry formation. The Battalion served in the vicinity of Đức Phổ, Đông Hà, Chu Lai, Company Es second tour was 30 June 1971 through 16 August 1972 as a rifle security company in support of the 71st Transportation Battalion and the logistics base at Long Binh. The My Lai Massacre on March 16,1968 was perpetrated by members of Company C of 1-20 Infantry, from 1986 to 1995 the 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry were responsible for conducting patrol missions along the Korean DMZ during the Cold War. Once the Cold War ended the battalion was pulled off of their permanent position along the DMZ, in 1995, the battalion was reassigned to Fort Lewis, and the 2nd Battalion, 9th Infantry replaced them at Camp Casey. The Army’s answer, first called interim brigade combat team, is today the Stryker brigade combat team, a SBCT is an infantry brigade mounted on some three hundred Stryker vehicles. This designation was a result of the Army’s concept of a medium weight. A Stryker is a 19-ton wheeled armored vehicle that is mounted in different configurations with significant upgrades in firepower. Capable of being transported in a C-130 aircraft, this new weapon is the future of the modular Army, the transformation began in 1999 with the conversion of the 3rd BDE, 2nd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, WA to the Army’s first Stryker brigade. As part of the reorganization, the 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, thus, the unit was reassigned from the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. As a result of the 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment’s results in their transformation into a Stryker battalion on 1 February 2001, Sykes Regulars have deployed three times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 15 December 2003 the battalion then rolled through the City of Samarra at intervals throughout the day, soldiers of Charlie Company, 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry took part in Operation Sykes Hammer and patrolled the streets of Tal Afar, August 2004. They worked with the Iraqi National Guard in executing cordon and search operations in the neighborhoods of Tal Afar, in one year, the battalion operated in a larger area than what they had expected prior to coming to Iraq. The 3rd Brigade as a whole were called on to major operations when violence heated up in Al Kut, Tal Afar. After coming home and going through their second reset the infantrymen of 5th Battalion deployed with the 3rd BDE, Sykes Regulars deployed from Ft. Lewis, WA to Camp Buehring, Kuwait. While at Camp Buehring Charlie Company was detached to 1-14 CAV, Task Force 1-14 later deployed from Camp Buerhing to Baghdad, Iraq where they spent the deployment bringing stability and security to the capital city
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41st Infantry Regiment (United States)
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41st Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army. Its 1st Battalion is currently assigned to the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team and its 3rd Battalion is assigned to the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division. It was consolidated in 1869 with the 38th Infantry Regiment to form the 24th Infantry Regiment and it is not related to the current 41st Infantry Regiment. The 41st Infantry Regiment was formed on 20 June 1917 as Company A, 41st Infantry at Fort Snelling, Minnesota from soldiers of the 3d Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment. On 9 July 1918, the Regiment was assigned to the 10th Division at Camp Funston, Kansas, here the 41st prepared for deployment to Europe to fight in World War I. In October 1918, the regiment sent a party to France to prepare for the deployment, however. As part of the general following the war, the regiment was deactivated on 22 September 1921 at Camp Meade. It was reactivated on 15 July 1940 when Company A, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry was activated at Fort Benning, the 41st Infantry Regiment constituted the organic infantry of the newly formed 2d Armored Division. In the upper left corner a star representing a previous fort in Texas is depicted, reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1963 as the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry. On 22 March 1983, the battalion was issued its first M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, after a long summer of training, the Battalion conducted an ARTEP in December 1983. In November 1984, the battalion received movement orders to rotate to the 2nd Armored Division in early summer 1986 as the Armys first COHORT rotational battalion. Upon arriving at Garlstedt, Germany the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry proved its combat readiness by leading the way in numerous field exercises, there were four battalions of the 41st Infantry in the 2nd Armd Div at this time. Significant U. S. Army forces were being sent to Saudi Arabia following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, amongst the brigades units was the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James L. Hillman. After arrival in Saudi Arabia, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry, was organized with 3d Battalion. The 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment would provide fire support and this task organization, routine before combat, was designed to ensure that infantry and armor were present in balanced organizations so that they could provide mutual support. The task forces higher headquarters, 3d Brigade, 2d Armored Division, was attached to the 1st Infantry Division to make up for a missing brigade of that division. The brigade became known as Task Force Iron and it would become the spearhead of VII Corps. The brigade was the first to breach the sand berms dividing Saudi and Iraqi territory, and it would be the first coalition unit to conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991
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69th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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Not to be confused with the New York National Guard unit, 69th Infantry Regiment The 69th Infantry Regiment was twice a Regular Army infantry regiment that never saw combat. Constituted 9 July 1918 in the Regular Army as the 69th Infantry and assigned to the 10th Infantry Division, Organized 10 August 1918 at Camp Funston, relieved from the 10th Division and demobilized 13 February 1919 at Camp Funston. Constituted 1 October 1933 in the Regular Army as the 69th Infantry, Organized about 1936 with headquarters at Minneapolis, Minnesota. Description, A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/4 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned, Azure. Symbolism, The shield is blue for Infantry, the wyvern is a fabulous monster whose glance is death, and to whom is attributed the power to go through flames and to crush and destroy, it also symbolizes mobility. Background, The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 23 June 1939 and it was rescinded on 27 January 1959. Blazon Shield, Azure, a wyvern erect Or, symbolism Shield, The shield is blue for Infantry. The wyvern is a monster whose glance is death, and to whom is attributed the power to go through flames and to crush and destroy. Background, The coat of arms was approved on 23 June 1939 and it was rescinded on 27 January 1959. Not active Infantry Branch Coats of arms of U. S, Infantry Regiments Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from. Volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia, Infantry Regiments of the US Army
