1.
Canadian Club of Toronto
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In the days before radio and television, the Club provided a chance for influential Torontonians to have contact with Canadian and international leaders in a variety of fields. Even today, the club manages to attract notable speakers, the Canadian Club has long had a role in Canadian life as an opinion-formation vehicle for some of Torontos most prominent citizens. The Canadian Club of Toronto was founded in 1897 by a Hamilton journalist, speeches were initially given in the evening, but starting in 1899, the club moved to its present lunchtime format. As of 2010, the Canadian Clubs luncheons are normally held on Mondays in the Fairmont Royal York Hotel, as noted on their website, The Canadian Club is not-for-profit and holds no political or religious affiliations. There are currently forty Canadian Clubs in various cities around Canada, Canadian Club of Toronto website Past List of Speakers from 1904 to Present
2.
Canadian Soccer Club
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The Canadian Soccer Club is a Uruguayan football club based in Montevideo. It is a newly founded club which plays in the Uruguayan Segunda División, Canadian S. C. was founded in late 2010 from the need of the community of Uruguayans living in Canada to have a team representing them back home. Its founders are Fernando Aldao. Their supporters group is known as La Banda del Norte or LBDN, the club made its official debut in the Uruguayan Segunda División Amateur on 2 October 2011 against Basañez, on a 2–1 home win. Los canadienses won the Clasura title in their season, earning them a promotion to the Uruguayan Segunda División
3.
Canadian whisky
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Canadian whisky is a type of whisky produced in Canada. Most Canadian whiskies are blended multi-grain liquors containing a large percentage of corn spirits, while the lighter and smoother Canadian whiskies are the most widely familiar, the range of products is actually broad and includes some robust whiskies as well. Historically, in Canada, whisky that had some rye grain added to the bill to give it more flavour came to be called rye. Occasionally barley whisky is used for flavouring. Flavour may also be derived in other ways, such as flavour development from the aging process and it is a common misconception that Canadian whiskies are primarily made using just rye grain. The use of rye grain is not dictated by law, canadas Food and Drugs Act require that whisky labeled as Canadian Whisky, Canadian Rye Whisky or Rye Whisky be mashed, distilled and aged at least three years in Canada. As with Scotch whisky and Irish whiskey, the content of the spirits used may exceed 90%. Thus, much of the used in making a Canadian whisky, prior to aging. To improve marketability, it may contain caramel colour and flavouring, all spirits used in making a Canadian whisky must be aged for at least three years in wooden barrels of not greater than 700 L capacity. The final whisky must contain at least 40 percent alcohol by volume, no distinction is made between the quality of the barrels – new or used, charred or uncharred barrels may be filled for aging. Canadian whisky is recognized internationally as a product of Canada. Products labelled as Canadian whisky in the United States must satisfy the laws of Canada that regulate the manufacture of Canadian whisky for consumption in Canada. Canadian products aged less than three years or not in small wood barrels cannot be called Canadian whisky within Canada and in other countries. Canadian whisky featured prominently in rum-running into the U. S. during Prohibition, hiram Walkers distillery in Windsor, Ontario, directly across the Detroit River from Detroit, Michigan, easily served bootleggers using small, fast smuggling boats
4.
Beam Suntory
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Beam Suntory, Inc. is an American manufacturer of spirits headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois. It is a subsidiary of Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd, which itself is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The companys principal products include bourbon whiskey, tequila, Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky, vodka, cognac, rum, cordials, as a distinct entity, the company was established as Beam Inc. On December 16,2011, Beam Inc. agreed to buy the only independent Irish whiskey distiller that existed at the time, on April 23,2012, Beam announced it would acquire the Pinnacle vodka and Calico Jack rum brands for $600 million. On January 13,2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13.6 billion. The acquisition was completed on April 30,2014, for a final cost of about $16 billion – when it was announced that Beam would become a subsidiary named Beam Suntory. Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Chicago Cubs and Beam Suntory announced a long-term sponsorship deal in January 2017, making Beam the official spirits partner of the Cubs and Wrigley Field. In addition to brands produced directly by the company and its subsidiaries, it imports and markets some brands produced by others, additionally, Beam facilities produce spirits for brands owned by other companies, such as Calvert Extra blended whiskey, now owned by Luxco. Beam Suntory – official company website
5.
Gooderham and Worts
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Gooderham and Worts, also known as Gooderham & Worts Limited, was a Canadian distiller of alcoholic beverages. It was once the largest distiller in Canada, the company was merged with Hiram Walker, which was in turn sold to Allied Lyons. Its distillery facility on the Toronto waterfront was closed in the 1990s, the buildings, dating to the 1860s, were preserved and repurposed as the Distillery District arts and entertainment district. The company was founded by James Worts and his brother-in-law, William Gooderham, Worts had owned a mill in Suffolk, England, moved to Toronto in 1831 and established himself in the same business. He built a prominent windmill at the Toronto waterfront near the mouth of the Don River, the next year, Gooderham joined him in Toronto and in the business. The business prospered, processing grain from Ontario farmers and then shipping it out via the port of Toronto, in 1834, Worts wife, Elizabeth, died during childbirth. Two weeks later, Worts killed himself by throwing himself into the windmills well, with a surplus of wheat, Gooderham expanded the company in 1837 into brewing and distilling, and soon this lucrative business became the firms primary focus. Gooderham served as the manager of the business until 1845. In 1859, work began on a new complex, the area that today is the Distillery District. It was built on the waterfront, with access to Torontos main train lines. In 1862, its first full year of production, the facility made some 700,000 imperial gallons of spirits, at that time, it was a full quarter of all the spirits produced in Canada. In the second half of the 19th century, the rose to become one of Canadas most prominent industrial concerns. Under the control of Williams son, George Gooderham, production increased to two million gallons a year, half of the entire spirits production of Canada. The distillery itself expanded, becoming one of Torontos largest employers, as well as keeping interests in the milling and brewing trades, the company expanded into other ventures. It had a controlling interest in the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, in 1892, the company constructed the Gooderham Building, still a notable Toronto landmark, as its new headquarters. By the end of the century, the companys growth began to slow. Beer and wine became popular in Canada, reducing sales of whisky. The rise of the movement also harmed the company, with the Ontario Temperance Act of 1916 banning the sale of alcohol in the province
6.
Allied Domecq
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Allied Domecq PLC was an international company, headquartered in Bristol, United Kingdom, that operated spirits, wine, and quick service restaurant businesses. It was once a FTSE100 Index constituent but has acquired by Pernod Ricard. Allied Domecq was the result of a 1994 merger between Allied Lyons and Pedro Domecq, Allied Lyons itself was the result of a 1978 merger between Allied Breweries and the food and catering group J. Lyons and Co. In early 2005, a bid for the company was launched by French-based rival Pernod Ricard SA. Pernod Ricard successfully completed acquisition on 26 July 2005 and sold off the overlapping spirits brands to U. S. -based competitor Fortune Brands and British-based multinational Diageo. On 12 December 2005, Pernod Ricard announced that it had agreed to sell the restaurant businesses to a consortium of three US private equity firms for $2.43 billion, the closing of the sale occurred on 1 March 2006. Allied Domecqs spirits division operated a combination of nine core global brands, mumm champagne Perrier-Jouët champagne Don Pedro Brandy Stolichnaya vodka Tia Maria liqueur Cockburns Port Harveys Bristol Cream sherry Curtis No
7.
Fortune Brands
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Fortune Brands was a holding company founded in 1969 as American Brands and later renamed in 1997 and split apart in 2011. The corporate headquarters was in Deerfield, Illinois in the United States, the company historically had a significant diversity of products. The company then sold its Titleist and FootJoy product lines to FILA Korea, on October 3,2011, it split the remainder of its business into two publicly traded companies, Fortune Brands Home & Security and Beam Inc. 14,2014, Japans Suntory made a US$16bn offer to buy Beam, the American Tobacco Company was founded in 1890. Brown & Williamson acquired the division in 1994. American Tobacco Company was the division of American Brands. American Tobacco was sold to British American Tobacco in 1994, American Brands acquired Franklin Life Insurance in 1979. It sold the company to American General in 1994, in 1987 American Brands acquired ACCO, a holding company which owned several office supply subsidiaries. Stapler manufacturer Swingline, Inc. which American Brands had acquired in 1970, was combined with ACCO, in 2005, the company spun off ACCO to shareholders, and immediately thereafter ACCO merged with General Binding Corporation. This merged company is now known as ACCO Brands, the Acushnet Company, purchased in 1976, became American Brands golf division. It produced golf balls, shoes, and clubs under the Pinnacle Golf, Titleist, FootJoy, the Acushnet Rubber division, which was Acushnets original business, was sold off in 1985. Cobra Golf was sold to Puma AG in March 2010, many of these operations passed to Fortune Brands Home & Security when the company was split. Fortune Brands had a stable of well known brands, led by Jim Beam. After the other lines were sold and spun off, the remaining spirits business became Beam Inc
8.
Pernod Ricard
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Pernod Ricard is a French company that produces distilled beverages. The companys eponymous products, Pernod Anise and Ricard Pastis, are both anise-flavoured liqueurs and are referred to simply as Pernod or Ricard. The company also produces other types of pastis. After the banning of absinthe, Pernod Ricard was created from the Pernod Fils company and it is now a worldwide conglomerate. Pernod Ricard owns the distilled beverage division of the former corporation Seagram, in 2005, the company acquired a British-based competitor, Allied Domecq plc. In 2008, Pernod Ricard announced its acquisition of Swedish-based V&S Group, in 2013 Pernod Ricard joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking. As of 2015, India is the third largest market by value. 1797 – Henri-Louis Pernod, a Swiss distiller, opened his first absinthe distillery in Switzerland,1805 – Maison Pernod Fils was founded in Pontarlier, Franche-Comté in eastern France by Henri-Louis Pernod and started the production of the anise-flavored liquor known as absinthe. 1871 – Distillerie Hémard was founded near Paris,1872 – Société Pernod Père & Fils opened in Avignon. 1915 – Production and consumption of absinthe was prohibited in France,1926 – All 3 distilleries merged to form Les Établissements Pernod. 1951 – Pastis 51 was launched,1965 – Takeover of Distillerie Rousseau, Laurens et Moureaux, producer of the Suze liquor since 1889. 1932 – Ricard, which soon became Frances favourite long drink, was founded in Marseille by Paul Ricard,1940 – Production of pastis was prohibited by the Vichy regime. 1944 – Production of pastis became legal again,1968 – Paul Ricard retired, his son Patrick became CEO in 1978. 1975 – Old rivals Pernod and Ricard merged to form Pernod Ricard S. A.1988 – Pernod Ricard acquired Irish Distillers,1989 – Pernod Ricard acquired Orlando Wyndham. 1993 – Pernod Ricard worked with Cuban companies to create Havana Club International,2001 – Pernod Ricard purchased 38% of Seagrams Wines and Spirits business. 2005 – Pernod Ricard purchased Allied Domecq,2008 – Pernod Ricard purchased V&S Group including the Absolut Vodka brand, from the Swedish government. Pernod Ricard also previously owned the carbonated citrus drink Orangina, both brands were sold in 2001 to Cadbury Schweppes. The Havana Club trademark remains unchallenged elsewhere in the world, having been validated by court decisions in a number of other than the US
9.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
10.
Alcohol proof
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Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage. The term was used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume. The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof, in the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of content on bottles of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in many countries, the term proof dates back to 16th century England, when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content. Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them, if the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate. As gunpowder would not burn if soaked in rum that contained less than 57. 15% ABV, the gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816. From the 18th century until 1 January 1980, the UK measured alcohol content by proof spirit, defined as spirit with a gravity of 12⁄13 that of water, or 923 kg/m3, the value 57. 15% is very close to the fraction 4⁄7 =0.5714. Thus, the amounts to declaring that 100° proof spirit has an ABV of 4⁄7. From this, it follows that to convert the ABV to degrees proof, thus pure, 100% alcohol will have 100× = 175° proof, and a spirit containing 40% ABV will have 40× = 70° proof. The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity, 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof. The use of proof as a measure of alcohol content is now mostly historical, today, liquor is sold in most locations with labels that state its alcohol content as its percentage of alcohol by volume. The European Union follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology, oIMLs International Recommendation No.22 provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass. The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles, since 1 January 1980, the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content, as prescribed by the European Union. The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 °C and it replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits, which had been used in Britain for over 160 years. Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof and this scale, for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay-Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe, was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980. Using the OIML scale or the Gay-Lussac scale is essentially the same as measuring alcohol by volume except that the figures are expressed in degrees, in the United States, alcohol content is measured in terms of the percentage of alcohol by volume. The Code of Federal Regulations requires that liquor labels must state the percentage of ABV, the regulation permits, but does not require, a statement of the proof provided that it is printed close to the ABV number. For bottled spirits over 100 mL containing no solids, actual alcohol content is allowed to vary within 0. 15% of ABV stated on the label, alcohol proof in the United States is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume
11.
Hiram Walker
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Hiram Walker was an American entrepreneur and founder of the Hiram Walker and Sons Ltd. distillery Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Walker was born in East Douglas, Massachusetts, and moved to Detroit in 1838 and he purchased land across the Detroit River, just east of what is Windsor, Ontario, and established a distillery in 1858 in what would become Walkerville, Ontario. Walker began selling his whisky as Hiram Walkers Club Whisky, in containers that were clearly marked and he used a process to make his whisky that was vastly different from all other distillers. It became very popular, angering American distillers, who forced the U. S. Government to pass a law requiring that all foreign whiskeys state their country of origin on the label, from this point forward, Hiram Walkers famous Canadian Club Whisky was Canadas top export whisky. The Hiram Walker & Sons Distillery remained in the Walker family until 1926 when they sold it to Harry C, Canadian Club whisky is still produced at the distillery site Walker founded. The company has gone through several owners and is now part of Pernod Ricard, the Canadian Club brand is owned by Beam Suntory, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Japan. Hiram Walker was born on July 4,1816 on a farm in Douglas. He was the generation of English immigrants, his father was a reputable schoolmaster. His ancestors can be traced back to Thomas Walker of Boston and his father died when he was aged 9. Douglas, Massachusetts was a town, with a population of 1,800, and very few businesses, which include a planing mill. He received a school education in Boston, and began working as a dry goods clerk. He left for Detroit, Michigan, in 1838, at the age of 22 years, Detroit was a vast change from Boston at the time, as Detroit had a smaller population, where Hiram was able to find employment. His first employment in Detroit was as a clerk at a store owned by Augustus Gardner. His general tasks were to order, receive, check and price out all the goods in which the company dealt with, through this, he gained knowledge and experience of the business world. At this time, Boston was the metropolis of New England, the Eastern Seaboard. Walker, as well as many other youthful New Englanders, were drawn to the opportunity of the Mid-West and beyond, largely in part to the expansion, on October 5,1846, at age thirty, Hiram Walker married Mary Abigail Williams. Mary Williams and Hiram Walker had 7 children,5 boys and 2 girls, on her mothers side, Mary Abigail was the descendant of French merchants. He had two daughters, Julia Elizabeth and Jennie Melissa, and five sons, Willis Ephraim, Edward Chandler, Franklin Hiram, Alfred, Edward Chandler was his second son, whom commissioned the development of Willistead Manor
12.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
13.
Apple cider vinegar
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Apple cider vinegar, otherwise known as cider vinegar or ACV, is a type of vinegar made from cider or apple must and has a pale to medium amber color. Unpasteurized or organic ACV contains mother of vinegar, which has a cobweb-like appearance, ACV is used in salad dressings, marinades, vinaigrettes, food preservatives, and chutneys, among other things. It is made by crushing apples and squeezing out the liquid, bacteria and yeast are added to the liquid to start the alcoholic fermentation process, and the sugars are turned into alcohol. In a second process, the alcohol is converted into vinegar by acetic acid-forming bacteria. Acetic acid and malic acid give vinegar its sour taste, further, ingestion of the acetic acid in vinegar poses a risk of possible injury to soft tissues of the mouth, throat, and stomach. Uses for topical treatment, cleaning solutions, or eye accidents are included as warnings under poison advisories, food additive Acetic acid Mother of vinegar United States v. Ninety-Five Barrels Alleged Apple Cider Vinegar D. C. Jarvis
14.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
15.
Detroit River
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The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, the two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The rivers name comes from the French Rivière Détroit, meaning River of the Strait, the Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The river travels west and south from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the river serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Huron, and Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, in recent years, however, the ecological importance of the river has warranted a vast restoration effort, and the river today has a wide variety of economical and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront, the Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River — the only river to have this dual designation. The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, however, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider. The Detroit River is only 0.5 to 2.5 miles wide, the Detroit River starts on an east to west flow but then bends and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 53 feet deep in the portion of the river. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet above sea level, the river drops only three feet before entering into Lake Erie at 571 feet. As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles, since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries. Its largest tributary is the River Rouge in Michigan, which is four times longer than the Detroit River. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River, tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size, the rivers average discharge is approximately 188,000 cubic feet per second, and the rivers flow is constant. The Detroit River forms an element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, the largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan
16.
Windsor, Ontario
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Windsor is a city in Ontario and the southernmost city in Canada. It is located on the shore of the Detroit River, directly across the river from Detroit. Windsor is a contributor to Canadas automotive industry and has a storied history. Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor area was inhabited by the First Nations, a French agricultural settlement was established at the site of Windsor in 1749. It is the oldest continually inhabited European-founded settlement in Canada west of Montreal, the area was first named la Petite Côte. Later it was called La Côte de Misère because of the sandy soils near LaSalle, Windsors French-Canadian heritage is reflected in French street names such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system of Windsor reflects the Canadien method of land division. Today, the street name often indicates the name of the family that at one time farmed the land where the street is now located. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land concessions, there is a significant French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle areas. In 1794, after the American Revolution, the settlement of Sandwich was founded and it was later renamed Windsor, after the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsors west side is home to some of the oldest buildings in the city, including Mackenzie Hall, today, this building functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Baby House built in 1792 and it is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices. The François Baby House in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses Windsors Community Museum, Windsor was the site of a battle during the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1838, and also served as a theatre for the Patriot War, later that year. Windsor was established as a village in 1854, then became a town in 1858, the Windsor Police Service was established on July 1,1867. A fire consumed much of Windsors downtown core on October 12,1871, Sandwich, Ford City and Walkerville were separate legal entities in their own right until 1935. They are now historic neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ford City was officially incorporated as a village in 1912, it became a town in 1915, and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890, Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 and these three towns were annexed by Windsor in 1935
17.
Walkerville, Ontario
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The former town of Walkerville Ontario, Canada is now a heritage precinct of Windsor, Ontario. Incorporated in 1890, the town was founded by Hiram Walker, owner and producer of Canadian Club Whisky, Walker planned it as a model town’ that would be the envy of both the region and the continent. He established a distillery on the Detroit River, diversifying the business by growing grain, milling flour, later, the town supported other major industries, notably automotive manufacturing. Walker established homes for his workers, a dedicated to his late wife. The town, which developed outwards from the distillery, included buildings designed by Albert Kahn, notably Willistead Manor, upon Walkerville’s eventual amalgamation with Windsor, the Manor became heritage-protected property of the city, being used as an art gallery and, currently, a function venue. The neighbourhood is characterized by houses, wide streets and abundant greenery. A three-story high school, carrying the name Walkerville, stands next to Willistead Manor, other structures include former Prime Minister Paul Martin’s home, Kahn-designed houses, the distillery and the Via Rail station. The Tivoli Theatre, is of 1920s art-deco design by C. Howard Crane, a large performance stage, ornate fixtures, balconies, and grating-lattice hint at the communitys grandeur in those days. In 2012 MNSi Telecom started installing optical fiber cable Internet service to Walkerville with a gradual roll-out of upgrades through to 2020, the Walkerville upgrade is part of an expected investment of more than $35 million. As of 2016, the service is available in Walkerville, Oldcastle, divided into three sub-precincts, Walkerville was an amalgam of business, commercial, and residential land use, at times all nestled together. This cohesive character gave the community its uniqueness as compared to surrounding cities, Walker acted as self-appointed overseer of everything, including the police, fire and church facilities. During the period of Prohibition in the United States, Walkerville became a source of cross-border alcohol exportation. Hiram Walker favoured diversification and Walkerville welcomed many industries including the automotive industry, in 1929, the Financial Post reported that 500 of the towns families were supported by Studebaker, only one of its activities being the manufacture of motor cars. During the world war, great quantities of war material was produced for the Canadian, today, manufactures a line of 59 models of six- and eight-cylinder passenger motor cars, trucks, ambulances, and funeral coaches. Chrysler, General Motors and Seagrave were other manufacturers with plants in Walkerville, Walkerville Collegiate Institute Walkerville Times 2007 14mB pdf download containing historical articles and photographs WalkervilleTimes. com Southwestern Ontario Digital Archive, Walkerville
18.
Gentlemen's club
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Today, some clubs are more accommodating about the gender and social status of their members. The original clubs were established in the West End of London, today, the area of St Jamess is still sometimes called clubland. Clubs took over parts of the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London. The first clubs, such as Whites, Brookss and Boodles, were aristocratic in flavour, and provided an environment for gambling, the 19th century brought an explosion in the popularity of clubs, particularly around the 1880s. At their height, London had over 400 such establishments and this expansion can be explained in part by the large extensions of the franchise in the Reform Acts of 1832,1867, and 1885. Each time, hundreds of more men were qualified to vote. Each of the three great Reform Acts corresponded with an expansion of clubs, as did a further extension of the franchise in 1918. Many of these new, more inclusive clubs proved just as reluctant as their forebears to admit new members when the franchise was further extended. Club Life in London, an 1866 book, begins, The Club in the general acceptation of the term, may be regarded as one of the earliest offshoots of mans habitual gregariousness and social inclination. An increasing number of clubs were characterised by their members interest in politics, literature, sport, art, automobiles, travel, particular countries, or some other pursuit. In other cases, the connection between the members was membership of the branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a part of the Establishment at the time. This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, most gentlemen had only one club, which closely corresponded with the trade or social / political identity he felt most defined him, but a few people belonged to several. Members of the aristocracy and politicians were likely to have several clubs, the record number of memberships is believed to have been with Earl Mountbatten, who had nineteen in the 1960s. Public entertainments, such as performances and the like, were not a feature of this sort of club. The clubs were, in effect, second homes in the centre of London where men could relax, mix with their friends, play games, get a meal. Expatriates, when staying in England, could use their clubs, as the East India Club or the Oriental Club and they allowed upper- and upper-middle-class men with modest incomes to spend their time in grand surroundings. The richer clubs were built by the architects as the finest country houses of the time
19.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
20.
Al Capone
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Alphonse Gabriel Al Capone, sometimes known by the nickname Scarface, was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old, Capone was born in Brooklyn in New York City to Italian immigrants. He was considered a Five Points Gang member who became a bouncer in organized crime such as brothels. A conflict with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capones rise, Torrio went into retirement after North Side gunmen almost killed him, handing control to Capone. Capone apparently reveled in attention, such as the cheers from spectators when he appeared at ball games and he made donations to various charities and was viewed by many to be a modern-day Robin Hood. The federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone, and they prosecuted him for tax evasion in 1931, a federal crime and a novel strategy during the era. During the highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capones admissions of his income, Capone was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison. After conviction, he replaced his old team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling. He was already showing signs of syphilitic dementia early in his sentence, on January 25,1947, Capone died of cardiac arrest after suffering a stroke. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn in New York City on January 17,1899 and his parents were Italian immigrants Gabriele Capone and Teresa Capone. His father was a barber and his mother was a seamstress, ralph and Frank worked with him in his criminal empire. Frank did so until his death on April 1,1924, ralph ran the bottling companies early on, and was also the front man for the Chicago Outfit for some time until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1932. Gabriele Capone worked at a barber shop at 29 Park Avenue. When Al was 11, the Capone family moved to 38 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Capone showed promise as a student, but had trouble with the rules at his strict parochial Catholic school. His schooling ended at the age of 14, after he was expelled for hitting a teacher in the face. He worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including a candy store, during this time, Capone was influenced by gangster Johnny Torrio, whom he came to regard as a mentor. Capone initially became involved with gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves. He then joined the Brooklyn Rippers, and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan, during this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale, a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn
21.
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
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Royal warrants of appointment have been issued for centuries to those who supply goods or services to a royal court or certain royal personages. The warrant enables the supplier to advertise the fact that they supply to the royal family, in the United Kingdom, grants are currently made by the three most senior members of the British Royal Family to companies or tradesmen who supply goods and services to individuals in the family. Suppliers continue to charge for their goods and services – a warrant does not imply that they provide goods, the warrant is typically advertised on company hoardings, letter-heads and products by displaying the coat of arms or the heraldic badge of the royal personage as appropriate. Underneath the coat of arms usually appear the phrase By Appointment to. Followed by the title and name of the customer. No other details of what is supplied may be given, the earliest recorded British royal charter was granted to the Weavers’ Company in 1155 by Henry II of England. Food and drinks suppliers have always been some of the most important warrant holders to the palace, one of the first monarchs to grant a warrant was King George IV, who turned Buckingham Palace into his residence. Warrants are currently granted for the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, Warrants issued by the Queen Mother automatically expired in 2007, five years after her death. Royal Warrants are only awarded to tradesmen, such as carpenters, engravers, cabinet makers, dry-cleaners, some are well-known companies, many are not. The professions, employment agencies, party planners, the media, government departments, some 850 individuals and companies, including a few non-UK companies, hold more than 1,100 warrants to the British Royal Family. The Royal Warrant signifies there is a satisfactory trade relation in place between the grantor and the company, within the company, there is a nominated person called the grantee. That person is in all respects responsible for all aspects of the Royal Warrant and it takes at least five years of supplying goods or services to the member of the Royal Family before a company is eligible to have its application considered for recommendation. That application is presented to the Royal Household and goes to the buyer who makes its recommendation for inclusion. It then goes in front of the Royal Household Warrants Committee, which is chaired by the Lord Chamberlain and it then goes to the grantor, who personally signs it. The grantor is empowered to reverse the Committees decision, and therefore the decision to accept or withhold a grant is a very personal one. Some Royal Warrants have been held for more than a hundred years, goods need not be for the use of the grantor. For example, cigarettes were only bought for the use of guests of the Royal Family, most Warrant holders are members of the Royal Warrant Holders Association, which liaises closely with the palace. Its secretary, Richard Peck, is a submarine commander
22.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
23.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
24.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
25.
George VI
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George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth, known as Albert until his accession, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his life in the shadow of his elder brother. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy, in 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. Georges elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936, however, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman, Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During Georges reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated, the parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the countrys constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland, from 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively, though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Elizabeth II, George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York, the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and his mother was the Duchess of York, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. His birthday was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, uncertain of how the Prince Consorts widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been rather distressed. Two days later, he again, I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her. Consequently, he was baptised Albert Frederick Arthur George at St. Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham three months later, within the family, he was known informally as Bertie
26.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
27.
Jim Beam
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Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky, by Beam Suntory, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. It is one of the best selling brands of bourbon in the world, since 1795, seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name Jim Beam in 1933 in honor of James B. Beam, who rebuilt the business after Prohibition ended, previously produced by the Beam family and later owned by the Fortune Brands holding company, the brand was purchased by Suntory Holdings in 2014. During the late 18th century, members of the Böhm family, johannes Reginald Beam was a farmer who began producing whiskey in the style that became known as bourbon. Jacob Beam sold his first barrels of corn whiskey around 1795, the whiskey was first called Old Jake Beam Sour Mash, and the distillery was known as Old Tub. David Beam took on his fathers responsibilities in 1820 at the age of 18, david M. Beam in 1854 moved the distillery to Nelson County to capitalize on the growing network of railroad lines connecting states. James Beauregard Beam managed the business before and after Prohibition, rebuilding the distillery in 1933 in Clermont, Kentucky. Beam Distilling Company was founded in 1935 by Harry L. Homel, Oliver Jacobson, H. Blum, jeremiah Beam started working at the Clear Springs distillery in 1913, later becoming the master distiller and overseeing operations at the new Clermont facility. Jeremiah Beam eventually gained full ownership and opened a distillery near Boston, Kentucky. Jeremiah later teamed up with childhood friend Jimberlain Joseph Quinn, to expand the enterprise. Booker Noe, birth name Frederick Booker Noe II, grandson of Jim Beam, was the Master Distiller at the Jim Beam Distillery for more than 40 years, working closely with Master Distiller Jerry Dalton. In 1987 Booker introduced his own namesake bourbon, Bookers, the companys first uncut, straight-from-the-barrel bourbon, fred Noe, birth name Frederick Booker Noe III, became the seventh generation Beam family distiller in 2007 and regularly travels for promotional purposes. The Beam family has played a major role in the history of the Heaven Hill Distillery. All of the Master Distillers at Heaven Hill since its founding have been members of the Beam family, the original Master Distiller at Heaven Hill was Joseph L. Beam, Jim Beams first cousin. He was followed by his son, Harry, who was followed by Earl Beam, Earl Beam was then succeeded by the current Heaven Hill Master Distillers, Parker Beam and his son, Craig Beam. In 1987, Jim Beam purchased National Brands, acquiring brands including Old Crow, Bourbon de Luxe, Old Taylor, Old Grand-Dad, Old Taylor was subsequently sold to the Sazerac Company. On August 4,2003, a fire destroyed a Jim Beam aging warehouse in Bardstown and it held about 19,000 barrels of bourbon. Flames rose more than 100 feet from the burning structure, burning bourbon spilled from the warehouse and set a nearby creek on fire
28.
Sauza Tequila
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Sauza Tequila Import Company is a producer of tequila located in Tequila, a municipality of the state of Jalisco, Mexico. It was founded in 1873 when Don Cenobio Sauza started La Perseverancia distillery, Sauza Tequila Import Company is owned by Beam Suntory, headquartered in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois. Their products include, Sauza, Conmemorativo, Hornitos, Tres Generaciones, in 1873 Don Cenobio Sauza founded Sauza at La Perseverancia distillery. He was the first distiller to call the spirit produced from blue agave plant tequila and his son, Don Eladio Sauza was born in Tequila in 1883. When he was old enough to continue the tradition, he expanded the family business by opening branches in Monterrey and Mexico City. In 1931, his son, Don Francisco Javier Sauza took over the business to keep the legacy by broadening distribution. By the 1970s, demand for tequila was increasing worldwide, Sauza distillery formed a partnership with the leading Spanish brandy producer, Pedro Domecq. This relationship eventually led to Pedro Domecqs complete purchase of Sauza distillery in 1988, when Allied Lyons acquired Pedro Domecq in 1994, Allied Domecq was formed. The brand was purchased by Fortune Brands on July 26,2005, on Monday, January 13,2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13.6 billion. The acquisition was completed on April 30,2014, for a final cost of about $16 billion – when it was announced that Beam would be renamed as Beam Suntory. Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Sauza tequila products are still distilled at La Perseverancia. Tres Generaciones Plata - 100% blue agave, triple-distilled, unaged and its best showing was for its Hacienda Reposado tequila, which won a gold rating at the 2006 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. Official Sauza Tequila Website Cocktail Times
29.
Mount Kilimanjaro
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Mount Kilimanjaro, with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, is a dormant volcano in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa, and rises approximately 4,900 m from its base to 5,895 metres above sea level, the first recorded ascent to the summit of the mountain was by Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889. The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies because of its shrinking glaciers. Kilimanjaro rises approximately 4,900 m from its base in the plains near the municipality of Moshi to its summit height of 5,895 metres. Kilimanjaro is the highest volcano outside South America, Kilimanjaro is a large stratovolcano and is composed of three distinct volcanic cones, Kibo, the highest, Mawenzi at 5,149 metres, and Shira, the shortest at 4,005 metres. Mawenzi and Shira are extinct, while Kibo is dormant and could erupt again, Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibos crater rim. The Tanzania National Parks Authority, a Tanzanian governmental agency, and that height is based on a British Ordnance Survey in 1952. Since then, the height has been measured as 5,892 metres in 1999,5,891 metres in 2008, the interior of the volcanic edifice is poorly known, given the lack of large scale erosion that could have exposed the interiors of the volcano. Shira is topped by a plateau at 3,800 metres. The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion, before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 m and 5,200 m high. It is mostly composed of lavas with some pyroclastics. The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from ring fractures, two cones formed subsequently, the phonolitic one at the northwest end of the ridge and the doleritic Platzkegel in the caldera centre. Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago and they are separated by the Saddle Plateau at 4,400 metres elevation. The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old, Mawenzi forms a horseshoe shaped ridge with pinnacles and ridges opening to the northeast which has a tower like shape resulting from deep erosion and a mafic dyke swarm. Several large cirques cut into the ring, the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge, also notable are the Ost and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a peak named Neumann Tower. Kibo is the largest cone and is more than 15 miles wide at the Saddle Plateau altitude, the last activity here has been dated to between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and created the current Kibo summit crater
30.
Angel Falls
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Angel Falls is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the worlds highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 meters, the waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyantepui mountain in the Canaima National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The falls are along a fork of the Rio Kerepacupai Meru which flows into the Churun River, a tributary of the Carrao River, itself a tributary of the Orinoco River. The waterfall has been known as the Angel Falls since the Mid-20th century, they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, Angels ashes were scattered over the falls on 2 July 1960. The common Spanish name Salto Ángel derives from his surname, explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there. However, he said that he would not decree the change of name. Some historians state that the first European to visit the waterfall was Fernando de Berrío, other sources state that the first westerner to see the waterfall was the Catalan explorer Fèlix Cardona in 1927. According to accounts of Venezuelan explorer Ernesto Sánchez La Cruz, he spotted the falls in 1912, Cruz possibly saw the Montoya Falls in the Sierra Pacaraima region, which are more than 500 metres tall. Returning on 9 October 1937, Angel tried to land his Flamingo monoplane El Río Caroní atop Auyan-tepui, Angel and his three companions, including his wife Marie, were forced to descend the tepui on foot. It took them 11 days to make their way back to civilization by the sloping back side, but news of their adventure spread. The name of the waterfall—Salto Angel—was first published on a Venezuelan government map in December 1939, Angels plane remained on top of the tepui for 33 years before being lifted out by helicopter. It was restored at the Aviation Museum in Maracay and now sits outdoors on the front of the airport at Ciudad Bolívar. The first recorded person of European descent to reach the base of the falls was Latvian explorer Aleksandrs Laime and he reached the falls alone in 1946. He was the first to reach the side of falls in the late 1950s. He also reached Angels plane 18 years after the crash landing, on 18 November 1955, Latvian independence day, he announced to Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional that this stream without any known local name should be called after a Latvian river, Gauja. The same year, this name was registered in the National Cartographic Institution of Venezuela, there are no convincing proofs that indigenous Pemon people had named the local streams, as Auyán-tepui was considered to be a dangerous place and was not visited by the indigenous people. However, lately the Pemon name Kerep is used as well, Laime was also the first to clear a trail that leads from the Churun River to the base of the falls. On the way is a viewpoint commonly used to capture the falls in photographs and it is named Mirador Laime in his honor
31.
Mount St. Helens
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Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles south of Seattle, Washington, and 50 miles northeast of Portland, Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and this volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its major 1980 eruption, fifty-seven people were killed,250 homes,47 bridges,15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume, the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied. As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice, the mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the domes formed the previous summit. Both were destroyed in the 1980 eruption, Mount St. Helens is 34 miles west of Mount Adams, in the western part of the Cascade Range. These sister and brother volcanic mountains are approximately 50 miles from Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon, is 60 miles southeast of Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes and it formed only within the past 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone began rising about 2,200 years ago. The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch, prior to the 1980 eruption, Mount St. Helens was the fifth-highest peak in Washington. It stood out prominently from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and extensive snow and ice cover of the summit cone. The peak rose more than 5,000 feet above its base, the mountain is 6 miles across at its base, which is at an elevation of 4,400 feet on the northeastern side and 4,000 feet elsewhere. At the pre-eruption tree line, the width of the cone was 4 miles. Streams that originate on the volcano enter three main systems, the Toutle River on the north and northwest, the Kalama River on the west. The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow, the average annual rainfall is 140 inches, and the snow pack on the mountains upper slopes can reach 16 feet. The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for power generation. The southern and eastern sides of the drain into an upstream impoundment, the Swift Reservoir
32.
Swiss Alps
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The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called Central Alps. The Swiss Alps comprise almost all the highest mountains of the Alps, such as Dufourspitze, the Dom, the Liskamm, the Weisshorn, the other following major summits can be found in this list of mountains of Switzerland. Since the Middle Ages, transit across the Alps played an important role in history, the region north of St Gotthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. The Alps cover 65% of Switzerlands total 41,285 square kilometres surface area, making it one of the most alpine countries. The glaciers of the Swiss Alps cover an area of 1,220 square kilometres — 3% of the Swiss territory, the Swiss Alps are situated south of the Swiss Plateau and north of the national border. The limit between the Alps and the runs from Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva to Rorschach on the shores of Lake Constance, passing close to the cities of Thun. The not well defined regions in Switzerland that lie on the margin of the Alps, the Swiss Prealps are mainly made of limestone and they generally do not exceed 2,500 metres. The Alpine cantons are Valais, Bern, Graubünden, Uri, Glarus, Ticino, St. Gallen, Vaud, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Fribourg, Lucerne and Zug. The countries with which Switzerland shares mountain ranges of the Alps are, France, Italy, Austria, the Alps are usually divided into two main parts, the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, whose division is along the Rhine from Lake Constance to the Splügen Pass. The western ranges occupy the greatest part of Switzerland while the more numerous eastern ranges are smaller and are all situated in the canton of Graubünden. The latter are part of the Central Eastern Alps, except the Ortler Alps which belong to the Southern Limestone Alps, the Pennine, Bernese and Bernina Range are the highest ranges of the country, they contain respectively 38,9 and 1 summit over 4000 metres. The lowest range is the Appenzell Alps culminating at 2,500 metres, Western Alps Eastern Alps The north side of the Swiss Alps is drained by the Rhône, Rhine and Inn while the south side is mainly drained by the Ticino. The rivers on the empty into the Mediterranean, North and Black Sea. The major triple watersheds in the Alps are located within the country, they are, Piz Lunghin, Witenwasserenstock, between the Witenwasserenstock and Piz Lunghin runs the European Watershed separating the basin of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. The European watershed lies in fact only partially on the main chain, Switzerland possesses 6% of Europes fresh water, and is sometimes referred to as the water tower of Europe. Since the highest dams are located in Alpine regions, many mountain lakes are artificial and are used as hydroelectric reservoirs. Some large artificial lakes can be found above 2,300 m, the melting of low-altitude glaciers can generate new lakes, such as the 0.25 km² large Triftsee which formed between 2002–2003. The following table gives the area above 2000 m and 3000 m
33.
Arctic Circle
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The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the abstract five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of the Earth. The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, the position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed, as of 7 April 2017, it runs 66°33′46. 6″ north of the Equator. Its latitude depends on the Earths axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40, 000-year period, consequently, the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 m per year. The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός and that from the word ἄρκτος, directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year, at the June and December solstices, respectively. That is true at sea level, those limits increase with elevation above sea level, tens of thousands of years ago, waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle. Much later, in the period, there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans. The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway, Murmansk, Norilsk, Tromsø, rovaniemi in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying slightly south of the line. In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities, Barrow, Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants. The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres, the area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 and covers roughly 4% of Earths surface. The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America, the land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States, Canada, Denmark, and Iceland. In the interior, summers can be warm, while winters are extremely cold
34.
Death Valley
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Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California. It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in Africa, Death Valleys Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America, at 282 feet below sea level. This point is 84.6 miles east-southeast of Mount Whitney, Death Valleys Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature in the world,134 °F on July 10,1913. This has been contested by other weather experts and it is located mostly in Inyo County, California. It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi, the highest point in Death Valley itself is Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of 11,043 feet. Death Valley is one of the best geological examples of a basin and it lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north into Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault, Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor. Death Valley also contains salt pans, according to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, inland lakes formed in Death Valley. Lake Manly received water overflowing from a chain of other Pleistocene lakes, Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate, with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm or mild winters, as well as little rainfall. As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures, when the sun heats the ground, that heat is then radiated upward, but the dense below-sea-level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground. In addition, the valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor. This process is important in Death Valley, as it provides its specific climate. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is flat and devoid of plants, so much of the suns heat can reach the ground, absorbed by soil. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep, high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles. This heated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures. The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures, the valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges
35.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
36.
Andretti Autosport
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Andretti Autosport is an auto racing team that competes in the IndyCar Series, Indy Lights, the Global RallyCross Championship, and the FIA Formula E Championship. It is headed and owned up by former CART series champion Michael Andretti, Andretti Autosport has won the Indianapolis 500 four times and the IndyCar Series championship four times. The team has won the Indy Lights championship twice, in 2008 and 2009, additionally the team has won the GRC Championship with Scott Speed in 2015 and 2016. During the teams formative years as Team Green, they won both the Indianapolis 500 and CART Championship in 1995. The team was founded in 1993 by Barry Green and Gerald Forsythe as Forsythe Green Racing and they fielded two Atlantics entries for Claude Bourbonnais and Jacques Villeneuve. In 1994, the team moved up to the CART series with Villeneuve as driver, the team scored a second place at the Indy 500 and Villeneuve won one race as a rookie at Road America. For 1995, Green and Forsythe parted ways, and Barry Green renamed the team Team Green, the team won the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and 1995 CART championship with driver Jacques Villeneuve. In 1996, the became known as the Brahma Sports Team for a season. In 1997, Parker Johnstone took over the seat, and KOOL cigarettes took over as major sponsor, the team became known as Team KOOL Green, and expanded to a two-car effort in 1998 with Paul Tracy and rising star Dario Franchitti. The two stayed on as teammates for five seasons, in 2001, Michael Andretti joined the organization as a satellite team headed by Kim Green, known as Team Motorola. In addition to running the CART schedule, Andretti entered the 2001 Indianapolis 500, Andretti and Green competed at Indy for the first time after a five-year absence, primarily due to the ongoing open wheel split. Andretti won his last race as a driver at the 2002 Grand Prix of Long Beach, in 2002, the team switched from Reynard to Lola chassis, producing a striking new livery to coincide with the change. In 2002, both Team KOOL Green teammates Tracy and Franchitti joined Andretti to race at Indy, due to MSA, however, primary sponsor KOOL could not appear on the cars, and associate sponsor 7-Eleven was on the sidepods instead. Tracy placed second in a controversial finish. The team protested the results, and a lengthy and contentious appeals process dragged on into the summer, ultimately, Green lost the appeal, to considerable disappointment and at considerable expense. After major problems in CART surfaced, Andretti, who had purchased majority interest in the team, Tracy left the team to stay in the Champ Car World Series, with Tony Kanaan joining Franchitti and Andretti. Andretti retired after the 2003 Indianapolis 500, and Dan Wheldon took his place, AGR ran four cars since the beginning of 2004, with Bryan Herta behind the wheel of the additional car. At the 2005 Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, AGR had all 4 drivers finishing 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th, Wheldon led home Kanaan, Franchitti, Kanaan and Wheldon won consecutive IndyCar Series Championships in 2004 and 2005, with Wheldon winning the 2005 Indianapolis 500
37.
Dario Franchitti
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George Dario Marino Franchitti, MBE, known professionally as Dario Franchitti, is a retired British racing driver. He is a four time IndyCar Series champion, a winner of the Indianapolis 500 as well as a winner of the 24 Hours of Daytona. Franchitti started his career in his native United Kingdom in the early 1990s, competing in Formula Vauxhall and Formula Three and was also the winner of the McLaren Autosport BRDC Award in 1992. After Franchitti did not secure a drive in 1995, he was contracted by the AMG team to compete in touring cars in the DTM. Despite 2 seasons with relative success, the series folded at the end of the 1996 season, Mercedes placed Franchitti in CART in 1997 with the Hogan Racing team. Team Green moved to the IndyCar Series for the 2003 campaign, Franchittis first season for IndyCar was disrupted by an injury, but won his first races the following season. His breakout year came in 2007, when he won the rain-shortened Indianapolis 500 as one of 4 victories in his route to a first career title in a final-race title decider with Scott Dixon. At the end of the season, Franchitti was named as BBC Scotlands Sports Personality of the Year, after an ill-fated move to NASCAR in 2008 Franchitti returned to IndyCar in 2009, driving for Chip Ganassi Racing. Franchitti won on his 2nd start back in the series, and eventually took 5 wins as he won a 2nd championship, again in a race championship decider against Dixon. A new car was introduced for the 2012 season, in which Franchitti only scored 1 victory – in the Indianapolis 500 – to become the 10th driver to win at least 3 Indianapolis 500s during a career. On 6 October 2013, Franchitti was involved in a crash in the Grand Prix of Houston. Franchitti suffered 2 fractured vertebrae, an ankle, and a concussion in the crash. Later he would learn that he had some of his past. Franchitti was born in Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland, while attending Stewarts Melville College in Edinburgh, he became interested in karting. Allan McNish credited a large part of the given to himself, Franchitti. Franchitti won the Karting Scottish Junior Championship in 1984, the British Junior Championships in 1985 and 1986 and he progressed to Formula Vauxhall Junior where he won the championship with four victories in 1991. He moved up to Formula Vauxhall Lotus in 1992, where he joined Paul Stewart Racing, in his first year, he finished fourth in the overall championship, and was named the McLaren/Autosport Young Driver of the Year. Staying with the team for the season, he won the championship in 1993
38.
2007 Indianapolis 500
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The 91st Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday May 27,2007. It was the twelfth Indy 500 sanctioned by the Indy Racing League, Hélio Castroneves started the race on the pole position. The race began at 1,11 p. m. EDT, the race was broadcast in high-definition for the first time. The race also was carried live on the IMS Radio Network, on lap 113, the race underwent a lengthy rain delay, with Tony Kanaan tentatively sitting as the leader. After three hours, the rain ceased, the track was dried, and the race restarted shortly before 6,15 p. m. EDT, a crash on lap 162 between Dan Wheldon and Marco Andretti brought out the yellow flag with Dario Franchitti leading. Under the caution, rain began falling again and officials halted the race on lap 166, Dario Franchitti was declared the winner after leading 34 laps during the race. For the first time, all utilized a 100% percent fuel-grade Ethanol blend. The fuel was actually a denatured 98% ethanol / 2% gasoline blend, the 2007 race was also the final 500 to see the Panoz chassis in the race The pace car for the 2007 Indy 500 was a Chevrolet Corvette. Kid Rock headlined the Miller Lite Carb Day concert, other performers during the month included Daughtry, Saliva, Augustana, and Bräck. Indianapolis Colts quarterback and Super Bowl XLI MVP Peyton Manning served as the marshal of the IPL500 Festival Parade on May 26. No testing took place prior to the start of official May activities, the initial official entry list was released on April 10,2007 featuring 69 cars, four former winners, and one rookie. Davey Hamiltons 02 car marks the first time in which a car number beginning with the digit 0 has been entered in the 500. Dreyer & Reinbold Racing was fined $25,000 for the use of a fuel mixture. Team officials claimed this was due to a crew member using an old container of fuel and was not intentional. Indy Racing League chief administrator Brian Barnhart called this at least plausible, the illegal mixture was used only during practice, not for a qualification attempt. Jim Nabors, who sang Back Home Again in Indiana during the pre-race festivities twenty-nine times from 1972 to 2006, the fans were asked to sing the song in his place. Weather, Sunny,73 °F Practice summary, The first day of practice opened with a ceremonial lap celebrating A. J, foyts fiftieth year of participation at Indianapolis. Practice focused on the tests of Milka Duno and Phil Giebler
39.
Iizaka, Fukushima
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Iizaka was a town located in Date District, Fukushima, Japan. The town is situated in the part of Fukushima City. As of April 1,2006, the town had an population of 23,314. Iizaka is best known for its onsen, most notably Sabakoyu Onsen. Iizaka is one of the most famous towns in the Tōhoku region with over 70 hotels. The ruins of Otori Castle, built by the Sato family, in the 12th century, Ioji Temple contains a kuyo-to, a verticlal slab stone monument, which has been declared an Important Prefectural Cultural Asset. The castle grounds are now a park, Ioji Temple was founded by Kōbō-Daishi, the founder of the Buddhist Shingon sect, in 827. A Yakushi Nyorai made by Kōbō-Daishi has been enshrined inside it, takeda, Toru, Hishinuma, Tomio, Kamieda, Kinuyo, Dale, Leigh, Oguma, Chiyoichi, Hello. Fukushima - International Exchange Guide Book, Fukushima City, Fukushima Mimpo Press Fukushima official website Fukushima official website
40.
Drink mixer
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Drink mixers are the non-alcoholic ingredients in mixed drinks and cocktails. There are many reasons mixers are used and they change or enhance flavors or add new ones to a drink. Mixers dilute the drink, lowering the alcohol by volume in the drink and they may make the drink sweeter, more sour, or more savory. Some mixers change the texture or consistency of the drink, making it thicker or more watery, Drink mixers may also be used strictly for decorative purposes by changing the color or appearance of the drink. Caffeine, a stimulant, masks some of the depressant effects of alcohol, coffee Energy drinks – Red Bull, etc. Iced tea, sweetened – Lipton BRISK, Nestea, etc, carbonation adds a festive flair to drinks. It also increases the absorption of the alcohol into the stream due to increased pressure in the stomach. Bitter lemon – flavored with quinine and lemon Carbonated water Cola – Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Ginger ale Ginger beer Lemon Sour Lemon–lime soda –7 Up, Sprite, etc. Root beer, orange, grape, and cherry soda, and various fruit and herb–flavored soft drinks are used. Tonic water - The essential ingredient is quinine, sugar and other flavorings are also commonly added. Milk products add an effect to the feel of the drink to counteract the burn of the alcohol. They also turn the drinks opaque, usually enhancing and lightening the color of the drink, cream Eggnog Half and half Ice cream Milk Juices are flavorful additions. Some add sweetness, others add a sour tang, and add a sweet-tart sensation, fruit juices are common additions to rum-based cocktails. The only thing that needs to be added is alcohol, bloody Mary mix Cosmopolitan mix Hot Toddy mix Margarita mix Mojito mix Mudslide mix Strawberry Daiquiri mix The addition of a sauce usually imparts a surprising new taste to a familiar drink. Hot sauces are used in drinking games. Honey Hot sauce – Tabasco sauce, etc, worcestershire sauce The key ingredient in a syrup is sugar, which sweetens any drink into which it is mixed. Other flavors are added to a sugar syrup. Demerara syrup – A combination of Demerara sugar, a brown sugar
41.
Harry C. Hatch
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Harold Clifford Harry Hatch was a self-made millionaire industrialist from Prince Edward County, Ontario specializing in the business of wine and spirits. Hatch started out with a liquor store in Whitby, Ontario. Four years later, Hatch acquired Hiram Walker & Sons Ltd. based in Walkerville, Ontario, the company was one of a number of Canadian distillers who prospered by shipping their products into the United States during the Prohibition era from 1920 to 1933. In 1935, Harry Hatch oversaw Hiram Walkers acquisition of a 51% controlling interest in the H. Corby Distillery Limited, the following year he expanded the companys operation with the acquisition of George Ballantine & Son Ltd. of Glasgow, Scotland. Hiram Walker is best known for marketing top-selling brands such as Canadian Club whisky, in 1927, Harry Hatch bought J. K. L. Rosss stable in Agincourt, Ontario and a year later bought Sweepster from Harry F. Sinclairs Rancocas Stable in Jobstown, Sweepster became one of the most successful sires in Canada, siring Kings Plate winners Monsweep and Goldlure. Harry Hatch became one of the dominant owners and breeders of Thoroughbreds in Canada during the 1930s and 1940s. Among his many racing successes, in addition to Monsweep and Goldlure, Hatch owned and bred five King’s Plate winners. The light and dark blue silks of his stable were in action throughout the U. S, in 1931 he was among the first Canadians to run a horse in the Kentucky Derby. A horse he imported from Argentina, “Filisteo, set an American record in 1941 in the Exterminator Handicap at Pimlico, Hatch, who shied from publicity, always sent one of this three sons to receive the Plate trophy. In 2000, Hatch was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame as an industry builder, Harry C. Hatch died in 1946 at the age of 62. He was succeeded in the business by his son, H. Clifford Hatch. Harry Hatch was buried in Deseronto, Ontario, the town where he attended school, information about Hatch from a Hiram Walker report - Bud Johnston Library Harry Hatch at the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame answers. com
42.
Whisky
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Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak. Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types, the typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels. The word whiskey is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word uisce meaning water, distilled alcohol was known in Latin as aqua vitae. This was translated to Classical Gaelic as uisce beatha, which became uisce beatha in Irish, early forms of the word in English included uskebeaghe, usquebaugh, usquebath, and usquebae. Much is made of the two spellings, whiskey and whisky. There are two schools of thought on the issue, there is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, the spelling on the label should not be altered. Some writers refer to whisky or whisky/whiskey to acknowledge the variation, the spelling whiskey is common in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used in all other whisky producing countries. In the US, the usage has not always been consistent, from the late eighteenth century to the mid twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides. Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly used whiskey as the spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US. Scotch is the internationally recognized term for Scotch whisky, the earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in the 1st century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century. Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, the earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine. An early description of the technique was given by Ramon Llull and its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of colic and smallpox. The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, the practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The Guild of Barber Surgeons. The earliest Irish mention of whisky comes from the seventeenth-century Annals of Clonmacnoise, between 1536 and 1541, King Henry VIII of England dissolved the monasteries, sending their monks out into the general public. Whisky production moved out of a setting and into personal homes. The distillation process was still in its infancy, whisky itself was not allowed to age, renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted
43.
Distilled beverage
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This process purifies it and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content. As distilled beverages contain more alcohol, they are considered harder – in North America, as examples, this term does not include beverages such as beer, wine, sake, and cider, as they are fermented but not distilled. These all have relatively low alcohol content, typically less than 15%, brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine, and has an ABV of over 35%. Other examples of distilled beverages include bourbon, vodka, gin, rum, tequila, mezcal, whisky, scotch, the term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% alcohol by volume. Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as Grand Marnier, Frangelico, Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. The origin of liquor and its close relative liquid was the Latin verb liquere, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply a liquid, can be dated to 1225. The first use the OED mentions of its meaning a liquid for drinking occurred in the 14th century and its use as a term for an intoxicating alcoholic drink appeared in the 16th century. The term spirit in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy and these alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during a process was called a spirit of the original material. Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias, the Alexandrians were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century AD. The medieval Arabs learned the process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively. Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice, the freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use. The earliest evidence of distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century. Again, the Chinese may not have been far behind, with evidence indicating the practice of distillation began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at a site in Qinglong, Hebei. Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century, the production method was written in code, suggesting that it was being kept secret. In 1437, burned water was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany and it was served in a tall, narrow glass called a Goderulffe. Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial, often invoking national pride, but they are plausible after the 12th century AD and these spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content than the alchemists pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs
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Media in Windsor, Ontario
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Windsor, Ontario is the fourth-largest border city media market in Canada, after Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. It is also the one of those four markets to exist within the shadow of a larger American media market. Thus, it is considered part of the Detroit television and radio market for purposes of programming rights. It can also receive radio and television signals from Toledo, Flint, Lansing, Windsor has also been exempt from the CRTCs concentration of media ownership rules. The CRTC formally established this exemption in 1993, when the commission allowed CHUM Limited to acquire the stations owned by competitor CUC Broadcasting. In addition to Windsors own radio stations, virtually all radio stations in the Detroit market are available in the city. Windsor is not directly served by Canadas major commercial networks, any commercial stations operating in Windsor would be required to purchase program rights at Detroit market rates, which are higher than any market in Canada. Additionally, the networks air a large amount of American programming. Both CTV and Global put only marginal signals into Windsor itself, the nearest CTV rebroadcaster is CKCO-DTs Sarnia-area repeater near Oil Springs, while the nearest Global transmitter is CIII-DT-22 between Leamington and Wheatley, near Point Pelee. Both CKCO and CIII are available on cable, even the CTV Two station, CHWI-DT, is officially licensed to Wheatley rather than Windsor. Windsor was previously served by CBEFT, a local Radio-Canada outlet that later became a repeater of CBLFT in Toronto, the transmitter for this station shut down permanently on July 31,2012, due to budget cuts affecting the CBC. See also TV stations in the Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland markets, only WTOL, WTVG, and WNWO were carried on cable services, having been dropped in 2009 during the American DTV transition. Simultaneous substitution rules are generally in effect for cable and satellite audiences, in place of WCMZ-TV, the southern edge of Essex County, including Leamington, receives WUAB from Cleveland. Fox Sports Detroit is not carried in Windsor, although games seen on the network can be viewed via out of market sports packages and this no longer occurs, as HNIC now airs the same game nationally on all CBC stations. Toronto Blue Jays games on CBC were once blacked out in Windsor, prior to the 2009 US analog television shutdown and digital conversion, in certain weather conditions, WILX-TV from Lansing, Michigan could also be seen, albeit weakly, in Windsor. Theoretically, Lansings WLNS-TV could also be receivable to a degree, however, both analog channels were adjacent to CBET and WXYZ, respectively, which hindered reception. As mentioned above, the city gets a marginal analogue signal from CKCO-TV-3 in Sarnia and it also gets very weak digital signals from CHCH-DT and CFMT-DTs London transmitters. Windsor and its area has been served by the Windsor Star since 1888
45.
Windsor City Hall
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The Windsor City Hall is currently home to the Windsor City Council and office of the mayor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The Windsor City Hall consists of 2 buildings both situated in the Windsors City Hall Square, the main city hall building is located on 350 City Hall Square West, where it was formerly Central Public School prior to construction in 1955. The site of the hall was previously Central Public School, thereafter the city purchased the property in 1904, on 1955, construction began and the building was completed on 1956. In 2005, a building part of the Windsor City Hall campus was opened and was located across the street from the city hall on 400 City Hall Square. The second building now serves various public services. Plans to demolish the building after concerns of aging and structural issues started being brought up in 1990s, a new building was a topic during the 2014 budget meeting in 2013. A council vote was in favour of a new building which was passed 10 to 1, in October 2014, the Windsor City Council approved plans to demolish the original city hall and build a newer building. Construction of the new building is scheduled to start late 2015, the project is estimated to cost $23 million
