1.
Bowmanville
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Bowmanville is a community of about 40,000 people located in the municipality of Clarington, Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 75 km east of Toronto, and 15 km east of Oshawa along Highway 2, Bowmanville was first incorporated as a town in 1858, but later incorporated with the neighbouring townships of Clarke and Darlington in 1974 forming Clarington. It is part of the Greater Toronto Area, the lands which would later become Bowmanville were first purchased by John Burk, who later sold it to Lewis Lewis. Lewis opened the first store in what was then called Darlington Mills, the store was purchased in about 1824 by Charles Bowman who then established the first post office. Its first postmaster was Robert Fairbairn, who ran the post office from 1828 to 1857, by 1866, Bowmanville was a town with a population of about 3,500 in the township of Darlington, County Durham. It was a station of the Grand Trunk Railway and it was established on the north shore of Lake Ontario. It possessed a harbour and there was extensive water power in the vicinity. The success of the Vanstone Mill, fueled by the machinery of the Crowns land grant program, under the generous yet discriminate eyes of wealthy local merchants such as John Simpson and Charles Bowman, small properties would often be sold to promote settlement and small business. The town soon developed an economy, all the while gradually establishing itself as a moderate player in shipping, rail transport, metal works. At present, St. Johns Anglican Church, St. Andrews Presbyterian Church, St. Pauls United Church and the impressively ornate Trinity United Church still serve the community. All of these edifices, appropriately, lie on or are in proximity to present-day Church Street. In the 19th century, in 1857, the Ontario Bank was founded in Bowmanville, the bank, while appearing to be a local enterprise, was primarily controlled by 16 Montreal businessmen. The Ontario bank eventually opened local branches including locations in Whitby, Oshawa, in 1874, it was moved to Toronto, and would later become insolvent as a result of investing in speculative stocks in 1906. Cream of Barley was shipped throughout the British Empire, Goodyear even went so far as to provide affordable housing for its employees, and present day Carlisle Ave. in the 1910s still stands as one of Ontarios best preserved examples of industrial housing. The land on which the Bowmanville Hospital was built was donated by J. W. Alexander, the 20th century saw a steady rise in the construction of area schools, with Vincent Massey P. S. St. Joseph Catholic Elementary, Waverly P. S, St. Elizabeth Catholic Elementary, John M. James P. S. Harold Longworth P. S. and Holy Family Catholic Elementary School, all accommodating gradual population increases, the local school board was amalgamated with neighboring jurisdictions to form the Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board in 1997. The Catholic schools are part of the Peterborough Victoria Northumberland and Clarington Catholic District School Board which had already merged four municipalities in 1969, as the town grew and prospered, so arrived Bowmanvilles grand era of architectural building and refinement
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
5.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
8.
Canadian Grand Prix
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The Canadian Grand Prix is an annual auto race held in Canada since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967 and it was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario as a sports car event, before alternating between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec after Formula One took over the event. After 1971, safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport, in 1978, after similar safety concerns with Mosport, the Canadian Grand Prix moved to its current home on Notre Dame Island in Montreal. In 2005, the Canadian Grand Prix was the most watched Formula One GP in the world, the race was also the third most watched sporting event worldwide, behind the first place Super Bowl XXXIX and the UEFA Champions League Final. Preceding the qualifying session in 2014, the Grand Prix organizers announced they had agreed to a 10-year extension to keep the Canadian Grand Prix at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve through 2024. Mosport Park was a spectacular and challenging circuit that had lots of ups and downs, several international sports car as well as Formula One drivers participated in the event. For the first five years, the event would be won by drivers with either prior Formula One experience, in 1966 the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ran the event, with American Mark Donohue winning. Formula One took over the year, although the CSCC. The event was run as part of the Formula One world championship first in 1967, the Ontario circuit alternated with the Circuit Mont-Tremblant in Quebec, where the Canadian Grand Prix was held in 1968 and 1970. Mont-Tremblant, located 1 1/2 hours northwest of Montreal was much like Mosport Park in that it was a circuit that had lots of elevation change and was very challenging. The first championship race was held between the German and Italian rounds in October, it was won by Jack Brabham with his New Zealander teammate Denny Hulme completing a Brabham 1–2. Stewart was unable to get his Matra going, but Ickx did get his Brabham going, an angry Stewart complained to his boss Ken Tyrrell about Pease, who complained to the organizers. The 1970 event saw Ickx win again with his Swiss teammate Clay Regazzoni making the result a Ferrari 1–2, the alternating of the race stopped and Mosport solely continued to hold the Canadian Grand Prix from 1971. The 1971 event saw Mosport Park flooded with rain, the event was delayed after a fatal accident at a Formula Ford support race and by the time it started. Jackie Stewart took victory easily in a Tyrrell from Swede Ronnie Peterson in a March,1972 saw Mosport upgraded with new safety features, and Stewart won again. 1973 was an event, like the race 2 years previous it was a rain-soaked event. All this meant that Briton Jackie Oliver ended up in the lead with American Peter Revson 2nd, for hours after the race confusion reigned but eventually it was confirmed that Revson was the winner- thanks to a lucky break when the pace car came out. The 1974 event saw Fittipaldi win while his championship rivals Clay Regazzoni finished 2nd,1977 was the race where French-Canadian Gilles Villeneuve made his debut for Ferrari
9.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is the premier class of motorcycle road racing, held since 1949. Grand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are available for purchase by the general public nor able to be ridden legally on public roads. The championship is divided into three classes, MotoGP, Moto2 and Moto3. All three classes use four-stroke engines, in 2010 the 250cc class was replaced by the new Moto2600 cc four-stroke class. After that, MotoGP gave the four-strokes a 490cc advantage over the two-strokes, a 2 stroke engine produces power with every rotation of the crank, where as the 4 stroke engine produces power every fourth rotation. In theory, a 500cc 2stroke produces the power as a 1000cc 4 stroke. Carburation vs fuel injection, engine mapping, power/torque curves, practice showed the 4 strokes generating 10 to 15 more Hp and turning in much faster lap times then their 2 stroke counterparts. 4 stroke engines would be the choice for years to come. Moto2 and 3 are four-stroke only, a FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association, rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members and these four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission. There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc,80 cc,125 cc,250 cc,350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders, in the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes. In 1969, the FIM — citing high development costs for non-works teams — brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears, by this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. The 50 cc class was replaced by an 80 cc class, then the class was dropped entirely in the 1990s, after being dominated primarily by Spanish, the 350 cc class vanished in the 1980s. Sidecars were dropped from world events in the 1990s, reducing the field to 125s, 250s
10.
Can-Am
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The Canadian-American Challenge Cup or Can-Am, was an SCCA/CASC sports car racing series from 1966 to 1987. Can-Am started out as a series for group 7 sports racers with two races in Canada and four races in the United States of America. The series was sponsored by Johnson Wax. The series was governed by rules called out under the FIA group 7 category with unrestricted engine capacity, as long as the car had two seats, bodywork enclosing the wheels, and met basic safety standards, it was allowed. Group 7 cars were designed more for short-distance sprints than for endurance racing, some group 7 cars were also built in Japan by Nissan and Toyota, but these did not compete outside their homeland. Similar group 7 cars ran in the European Interserie series, after Porsches withdrawal, Shadow dominated the last season before Can-Am faded away to be replaced by Formula 5000. Racing was rarely close—one marque was usually dominant—but the noise and spectacle of the made the series highly popular. F5000s reign lasted for two years, with a second generation of Can-Am following. This was a different series based initially on converted F5000 cars with closed-wheel bodies. There was also a class based on Formula Two chassis. The second iteration of Can-Am faded away as IMSA and CART racing became popular in the early 1980s. Can-Am remains a form of racing due to its popularity at one time, the spectacular cars. Can-Am cars remain popular in historic racing, notable drivers in the original Can-Am series included virtually every acclaimed driver of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Al Holbert, Jacky Ickx, Alan Jones, Keke Rosberg, Patrick Tambay, Can-Am was the birthplace and proving ground for what, at the time, was cutting-edge technology. Can-Am cars were among the first race cars to sport wings, effective turbocharging, ground-effect aerodynamics, noted constructors in the Can-Am series include McLaren, Chaparral, Lola, BRM, Shadow and Porsche. McLaren cars were specially designed race cars, the Can-Am cars were developments of the sports cars which were introduced in 1964 for the North American sports car races. The development variants M1A and M1B were raced as factory cars in 1966 with Bruce McLaren, in 1967, specifically for the Can-Am series, the McLaren team introduced a new model, the M6A. The McLaren M6A also introduced what was to become the trademark orange color for the team, the M6 series were a full aluminum monocoque design with no uncommon features but, for the times, there was an uncommon attention to detail in preparation by the team members
11.
United States Auto Club
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The United States Auto Club is one of the sanctioning bodies of auto racing in the United States. From 1956 to 1979, USAC sanctioned the United States National Championship, ultimately, USAC was formed by Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony Hulman. It became the arbiter of rules, car design, and other matters for what it termed championship auto racing, for a while there was a separate series of specifications for championship cars designed to be run on dirt, rather than paved, tracks. NASCAR drivers including Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Ryan Newman, the triple crown is earned in USAC racing when a driver claims all three national championships. Only two drivers, Tony Stewart and J. J, yeley, have achieved the triple crown in a single season. Three other drivers, Pancho Carter, Dave Darland, and Jerry Coons, in 2012 Mike Curb and Cary Agajanian became the only car owners to win the triple crown by winning all three championships in the same year. USAC had awarded a championship until A. J. Foyt won his seventh title in 1979. It has announced that it will begin awarding a national championship starting in 2010, a drivers finishes in their 25 best races are counted toward the championship and the 2010 winner received $40,000. Points are accumulated in the three series, sprints, midgets, and silver crown. Bryan Clauson of Noblesville, Indiana claimed the championship, topping runner-up, Levi Jones. Bruce White, assistant staff doctor Don Mullendore, owner and pilot of the plane, the effect on USAC, and for open-wheel racing in the United States, was devastating, especially since it closely followed the death of Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony Hulman. The plane crash came at a time when Indy car owners and drivers were demanding changes from USAC, aside from the Indianapolis 500, USAC events were not well attended, and the owners felt that USAC poorly negotiated television rights. The owners also wanted increases in payouts, especially at Indy, though some think the plane crash was used as an opportunistic way to force change in the sport, it was merely an unfortunate coincidence. The seed of dissent had been growing for years before the accident. Finally, most car owners banded together to form Championship Auto Racing Teams in 1978, USAC tried unsuccessfully to ban all CART owners from the 1979 Indianapolis 500, finally losing in court before the race began. Both the USAC and CART ran race schedules in 1979, Indianapolis Motor Speedway president John Cooper was instrumental in forming a joint body of CART and USAC with the creation of the Championship Racing League in March 1980. However, in mid 1980, Cooper forced USAC to renounce their agreement with the CRL if they wanted to keep officiating the Indy 500, beginning in 1971, all dirt races were split from the National Championship. From 1971 to 1980, the series was named National Dirt Car Championship, Champions From 1956–1960 USAC National Sprint Car Championship was divided into two divisions, Midwest and East
12.
Honda Indy Toronto
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The Honda Indy Toronto is an annual IndyCar Series race, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Originally known as the Molson Indy Toronto, it was a Champ Car World Series race held annually from 1986 to 2007, the track has 11 turns, is a 2. 874-kilometre street circuit, and is located at Exhibition Place. It is IndyCars second-longest running street race, only behind the Grand Prix of Long Beach and the fourth oldest race on the current schedule in terms of number of races run. The Toronto Indy is one of seven Canadian circuits to have held an Indy Car race, the others being Canadian Tire Motorsport Park, Mont-Tremblant, Sanair, Montreal, Vancouver, and Edmonton. In 1967 the first Indy race held in Canada was the Telegram Trophy 200, held at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, the race was won by Bobby Unser for his first career Indy victory. The Telegram Trophy 200 was again held in 1968 at Mosport, after a nine-year absence, Indycars returned to the Toronto area for the Molson Diamond Indy at Mosport Park won by A. J. Foyt in 1977 and Danny Ongais in 1978. In the spring of 1985 Molson Breweries in-house promotional division, Molstar Sports & Entertainment proposed to run a CART sanctioned IndyCar race at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Toronto City Council approved the race by two votes in July 1985 for the race to be held the following year. The first Molson Indy Toronto was won by Bobby Rahal on July 20,1986, the event quickly became Canadas second largest annual sporting event, eclipsed only by the Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal, with three-day attendance figures routinely around 170,000 people. In the 1996 race, American driver Jeff Krosnoff was killed in a crash with 4 laps remaining, in that same crash, volunteer corner marshall Gary Avrin was killed, and marshall Barbara Johnston also received injuries in the crash, she was treated and released that evening. The name of the race was changed in 2006 from the Molson Indy Toronto to the Molson Grand Prix of Toronto after it was purchased by the Champ Car World Series from Molstar Sports and Entertainment. The name was changed to distance Champ Car from the rival Indy Racing League. This marked the first title sponsorship change since the event started in 1986, the unification of Champ Car and the Indy Racing League was announced on February 22,2008, and the Grand Prix of Torontos future was left in doubt. After attempts were made to preserve the race for 2008, it was confirmed on March 5,2008, on May 15,2008, Andretti Green Racing purchased the assets of the former Grand Prix of Toronto. On July 30,2008, it was confirmed that the race would return to Toronto on July 12,2009, michael Andretti is the all-time race win leader with seven victories. 1967, Run in two heats of 98 miles each, second race stopped after 6 laps due to rain. 1968, Run in two heats of 98 miles each,1990, Race shortened due to rain. 1996, Race ended with 1 1/2 laps remaining because of fatal crash on Lake Shore Boulevard, driver Jeff Krosnoff and a track marshal were killed and the race was stopped near the impact point a lap later. 2014, First race was postponed from Saturday to Sunday morning because of rain, the second planned race is still scheduled for Sunday afternoon which means two races in one day
13.
Superbike World Championship
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Superbike World Championship is the worldwide Superbike racing Championship. The championship was founded in 1988, the Superbike World Championship consists of a series of rounds held on permanent racing facilities. Each round has two races and the results of each race are combined to two annual World Championships, one for riders and one for manufacturers. The motorcycles that race in the championship are tuned versions of motorcycles available for sale to the public, MotoGP is the motorcycle worlds equivalent of Formula One, whereas Superbike racing is similar to touring car racing. Europe is Superbike World Championships traditional centre and leading market, an Indonesian race was also proposed for the 2008 season, but this was later canceled by the FIM. The championship is regulated by the FIM, the governing body of motorcycle racing. FGSport became part of the Infront Group in 2007 and in 2008 was rebranded as Infront Motor Sports, as of 2013 the championship is organised by Dorna. The Superbike World Championship began in 1988, being open to modified versions of road bike models available to the public, for many years, the formula allowed for machines with 1,000 cc V-twin engines to go up against the 750 cc four-cylinder engines. For the first few seasons Honda won with the RC30, using 1,000 cc V-twin engines benefited Ducati and it was able to dominate the championship for many years, but the 750 cc was second or third each year between 1994 and 1999. Held under the FIM, the Formula TT from 1977 to 1989 once constituted the official motorcycle World Cup. Having proven itself both popular and commercially viable, it was decided by the end of the 1990 season to end the Formula TT, from 1993 to 1999 Carl Fogarty and Ducati dominated, Fogarty won the title a record 4 times and finished as runner-up twice on factory Ducatis. Troy Corser also won the 1996 title and finished as runner-up in 1995, realizing that 1,000 cc V-twin engines suited the superbike racing formula more, Honda introduced its own V-Twin powered motorcycle the VTR1000 SPW in 2000. The result was clear right away as Colin Edwards won the championship in the bikes first year of competition, Ducati regained the title in 2001 with Troy Bayliss. Colin Edwards again reclaimed the title in 2002 on the same VTR1000 SPW bike, Colin Edwards won his 2nd championship in what was arguably the most impressive comeback in the history of motorcycle racing. The season started with Troy Bayliss winning the first 6 races, Race 2 at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca was the start of Colin Edwards comeback, he went on to win all 9 remaining races and Edwards won the championship at the final race of the season at Imola. The final race of the season saw both riders fighting wheel to wheel for the entire race, the race is known by fans as the Showdown at Imola. The manufacturers championship was won by Ducati, during these years the Superbike World Championship reached the zenith of its popularity, with global fan and full factory support. In 2003 the FIM changed the rules to allow 1,000 cc machines to race, rule changes in MotoGP to allow four-stroke engines meant that the Japanese manufacturers focused their resources there, leaving the Superbike World Championship with limited factory involvement
14.
International Motor Sports Association
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The International Motor Sports Association is a North American auto racing sanctioning body based in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States of America. It was started by John Bishop, an executive director of SCCA. John Bishop, a Sikorsky employee, first became involved in motorsport in the 1950s when he met Dave Allen, Allen offered Bishop a management position on the SCCA Contest Board, which Bishop quickly accepted. Bishop moved to Westport, Connecticut shortly thereafter, Bishops duties consisted of defining technical rules and general administration of SCCA competition, as well as providing artwork for many of the clubs magazines and event programmes. He became well known in the scene and enjoyed a good relationship with the organizations president and Kimberly-Clark heir. In 1958, things would change for Bishop as the SCCA experienced internal changes, a new Executive Director position was created, to which each Regional Executive reported. This position was taken by Hugo Rush, who became instrumental in Allens departure. Although Bishops relationship with Rush was not good, Bishop gained a vast amount of experience, Rush would later depart due to his disagreement with the club as it moved to promote professional motor sports. Bishop took his place as Executive Director and was now responsible for amateur and professional programs. To ensure a more level of competition, he was tasked with rewriting the technical rules for the newly formed Pro Racing program. The SCCA had now taken the big step up to professional racing, by 1962, the SCCA was tasked with managing major World Championship for Makes rounds, particularly at Daytona, Sebring, Bridgehampton and Watkins Glen. The club was involved in the US Grand Prix. Bishop helped to create the USRRC series for Group 7 sports cars to recover races that had taken by rival United States Automobile Club. Bishop was also instrumental in founding the SCCA Trans-Am series and the SCCA/CASC Can-Am series, in 1969, the tension and in-fighting caused Bishop to resign. Bill France, Sr. was instrumental in the creation of the International Motor Sports Association, France founded NASCAR as a professional oval track series and wanted to do the same for road racing. After discussions with Bishop, IMSA was born and Bishop was given the control of the organization. France financed the majority of the organization and owned 75% of the stock, the first race to be organized by IMSA was a Formula Vee and Formula Ford event at Pocono Raceway in October 1969. The SCCA threatened the circuit management and asked them to block IMSA from racing there, the event was held, although IMSA had to pay an additional $10,000 in rental fees
15.
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
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The WeatherTech SportsCar Championship is a sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada and organized by the International Motor Sports Association. It is a result of a merger between two existing North American sports car racing series, the American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series. The initial United SportsCar Championship name of the series was announced on March 14,2013, WeatherTech later signed a deal to take over title sponsorship of the series starting in 2016, rebranding the series. The inaugural 2014 season began with the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona on January 25–26, on November 20,2012 the merger committee announced that SME Branding were selected to develop the name, logo and identity of the new series. On January 8,2013, the two announced a preliminary class structure for the new merged series. Grand-Ams Daytona Prototype category and IMSAs P2 would combine into a prototype class. The Le Mans Prototype Challenge class of single cars from the American Le Mans Series would continue as is. The GT class of the American Le Mans Series would remain unchanged, while Grand-Ams GT class will form another GT class, the only category of cars not represented in the new series is the American Le Mans Series P1 category. The reveal date for the new series was March 14,2013 at the Chateau Élan Hotel and Conference Center at Sebring International Raceway, American Le Mans CEO Scott Atherton announced the new sanctioning body would remain IMSA while Ed Bennett revealed the new titles for the series five classes. On August 9,2013 Fox Sports 1 announced it had signed a TV contract with IMSA to televise the entire USCC season between 2014 and 2018. Later, on September 12,2013, Tudor was announced as the sponsor for the series. On August 8,2015, WeatherTech was announced as the new entitlement sponsor for the series, renaming the series to the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, originally based on a Canadian series before being acquired by Grand-Am, the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge is a production-based touring car series. The series is split into two known as Grand Sport, intended for large capacity GT-style cars, and Street Tuner, consisting of smaller sedans and coupes. The IMSA Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge until 2013 supported some Rolex Series races and this series continued with the TUDOR United SportsCar Championship after the merger and is somewhat comparable to the old Trans Am Series. There are four different classes in the United SportsCar Championship series, originally combined Grand-Ams Daytona Prototype with the American Le Mans Series P2 prototypes and the DeltaWing, all built to 2014 specifications. In 2017 the class will feature new Daytona Prototype international and LMP2 cars, GT Le Mans, a continuation of the ALMS GT class, consisting of cars matching the Automobile Club de lOuests GTE specification. GT Daytona, a class that combined the Grand-Am GT & GX classes with the Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars from the ALMS GTC class, starting in the 2016 season the class adopted full FIA GT3 specifications
16.
NASCAR Pinty's Series
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The NASCAR Pintys Series, commonly abbreviated as NPS, is a national NASCAR racing series in Canada that derives from the old CASCAR Super Series which was founded in 1981. NASCAR announced in September 2006 the purchase of the CASCAR Super Series, at the same time, they announced a long-term sponsorship agreement with Canadian Tire as the title sponsor. They also introduced a television contract was signed with TSN to carry all events as inked with select races being aired live, three of the series races, Edmonton, Toronto and Montreal, had crowds in excess of 50,000 fans. The 2007 season was the season for the Series with the first event being held on May 26,2007 at Cayuga Motor Speedway. Andrew Ranger, in his first year of competition, won the second race at Mosport International Raceway. He took over the lead in the point standings after that event, the first season saw five races decided on last lap passes. The second season, the 2008 season, featured Scott Steckly who dominated many events and he won three of the first four events of the year and held the lead in the driver championship point standings all season long. He set a record with four victories throughout the year. The third season had Andrew Ranger, taking center stage by winning his second championship in three seasons. He completed his transition from the racing world by incorporating his road courses experience with a strong performances on the oval tracks. On the season, he won a series record six races—three on road courses. The 2010 season belonged to D. J and he won his first series title on the power of five wins, nine top fives and 11 top-10 finishes. Kennington battled JR Fitzpatrick for the lead all season long as the two exchanged the top spot an unprecedented five times. Kennington also finished second to fellow Pintys Series competitor Jason Bowles in the Toyota All-Star Showdown. In the 2011 Scott Steckly had a season where he won three events and finish in the runner up position four times on his way to capture his second championship over D. J. Kennington who had a pair of wins, long time road racer Robin Buck and Rookie Peter Shepherd won their first events respectively. Andrew Ranger won the two biggest events of the year in dominant fashion at Montreal and Toronto, former champion Don Thomson Jr. retired after a lengthy career. Kennington won a record seven events including five consecutively during the summer, kennington would win his 2nd championship in 3 years
17.
Camping World Truck Series
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The series is one of three national divisions of NASCAR, ranking as the third tier behind the second-tier Xfinity Series and the top level Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Camping World has served as the sponsor since 2009, it replaced Craftsman. The idea for the Truck Series dates back to 1991, a group of SCORE off-road racers had concerns about desert racings future, and decided to create a pavement truck racing series. They visited NASCAR Western Operations Vice President Ken Clapp to promote the idea, who consulted Bill France Jr. with it, afterwards, Clapp told the four to build a truck before NASCAR considered it. The truck proved to be popular among fans, and NASCAR arranged a meeting in a Burbank, California hotel on April 11,1994, four demonstration races were held during the season at Mesa Marin Raceway had six trucks, Portland Speedway, Saugus Speedway and Tucson Raceway Park. Tucson held four events that winter, which were televised during the Winter Heat Series coverage. Tools line Craftsman served as the sponsor of the series on a deal. In addition, the series $580,000 purse is larger than the Busch Grand National Series fund, while a new series, it garnered immediate support from many prominent Winston Cup Series team owners and drivers. Prominent Cup owners Richard Childress, Rick Hendrick, and Jack Roush owned truck teams, at the end of the 2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series schedule, Craftsman stopped sponsoring the series. Subsequently, Camping World signed a contract with NASCAR, rebranding the series as the Camping World Truck Series. Teams like Richard Childress Racing, a Cup team with 31 Truck wins, shut down their Truck operations, in RCRs case, thats just how the system works. To cut costs, NASCAR required teams to use sealed engines and this requirement was abandoned for the 2010 season. Starting with the 2011 season, NASCAR implemented a new rule that allows drivers to compete for the championship in only one of the three national touring series in a given season. As the years went on, a number of younger drivers debuted in the series, current NASCAR stars Greg Biffle, Kevin Harvick, Jamie McMurray, Kurt Busch, Carl Edwards, and Kyle Busch each started in the series. And previous champions Johnny Benson, Mike Skinner, Ron Hornaday, Ted Musgrave, even though novice drivers play a minimal role in this minor league series, there is no controversy like the disputes over Buschwhackers in the Nationwide Series. A Truck Series field currently consists of 32 trucks, NASCAR uses a knockout qualifying system across the three series. The sessions are three long, In round one, all drivers have 20 minutes to set a time. In the second round, the drivers have 10 minutes to run, and the top 12 advance to the round, the final round
18.
Chevrolet Silverado 250
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The Chevrolet Silverado 250 is a NASCAR-sanctioned stock car race, held at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park as part of the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series tour, first held in 2013. In April 2013, it was announced that the race would be sponsored by General Motors Canada, dillon promised that next week he wont finish the race but he didnt pursue any payback eventually. In 2014 Ryan Blaney battled Germán Quiroga with Blaney beating Quiroga in a photo-finish, in 2016, John Hunter Nemechek and Cole Custer were battling for the lead when Nemechek bumped Custer before running both Custer and himself off-road, pinning Custer to the wall. Before the winner was declared, Nemechek was tackled by Custer,2016, Race extended due to a NASCAR overtime Finish Grand Prix of Mosport Clarington 200 Official website NASCAR Track Page
19.
Pirelli World Challenge
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The Pirelli World Challenge is a North American auto racing series that is managed by WC Vision and sanctioned by the United States Auto Club. The World Challenge series was born in 1990, and celebrated its 25th anniversary season in 2014. The series consists of seven driver classifications and six classes of vehicles, Grand Touring, GT Cup, GTS, Touring Car, Touring Car B-spec since 2012, in 2014, a GTA driver classification was established for professional drivers that do not make their living primarily from racing. In 2016, The series frequently races alongside the IndyCar Series on race event weekends, the SCCA created a showroom stock class for amateur club racing in 1972. In 1984, following the success of the Longest Day of Nelson and another 24-hour race at Mid-Ohio, for 1985, the series became a 6-race professional championship with sponsorship from Playboy magazine. Escort radar detectors sponsored the series from 1986 until 1991, in 1990, the series was officially named World Challenge and was restructured to adopt rules similar to the European Group A for homologated production cars. The higher-cost sports classes were dropped after 1996, leaving the class format as it would stand until 2010, speed TV network began sponsoring the series in 1999. With fields growing, the series began separate races for the GT and Touring classes in 2000, in 2010, the series moved away from the partnership with SPEED, and signed a broadcast partnership with Versus for coverage. The series moved existing touring cars into a new GTS class, while changing the rules for the car class to reduce costs. With the SpeedVision television contract, the World Challenge eventually succeeded Trans Am as the SCCAs premier series, in July 2008, the World Challenge series was purchased by WC Vision, a group of investors. The Sports Car Club of America remains the partner of the series. Starting with the 2011 season, the signed a partnership with Pirelli. In 2014, the Pirelli World Challenge established a GT-A classification similar to the FIAs bronze category, in 2015, the series established GT Cup, featuring Porsche 991 Cup Cars that ran as part of the overall GT Class races. In 2016, the series established SprintX classes of racing featuring two-driver sprint races for several driver classes, as part of the partnership with the SRO, the GTS class was expanded to include GT4 homologations. For 2017, the Pirelli World Challenge has transferred to USAC as its sanctioning body, GT Cup class is expanding to include Cup cars from Lamborghini and Ferrari, while SprintX classes expand in both driver classification specificity and competition-legal platforms. Each season consists of upwards of 12 event weekends and between 10-20 rounds or races, some rounds or race use a standing start, as opposed to the all rolling starts seen in other sports car racing series. Each race has a maximum 50 minute time limit, in 2017, the series will begin the season at the Streets of St. Petersburg. GT/GTA classes will compete across 5 event weekends and 9 total races or rounds, GT Cup will compete across 4 event weekends and 8 total races or rounds, while GTS will compete across nine event weekends and 18 total races
20.
Rinaldo Capello
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Rinaldo Dindo Capello is an Italian professional racing driver. Born in Asti, Capello started his career in 1976, driving go-karts. 1990 saw Capellos first major victory, winning the Italian Supertourismo Championship in a Volkswagen Golf. He won the championship again in 1996, but in an Audi A4 this time,1997 saw Capellos first major endurance victory, at Vallelunga, in the Vallelunga 6 Hours, driving a Volkswagen Golf again. Capello was selected for the 2000 Le Mans race by the Audi Sport Joest team, driving the Audi R8 - the team finished in third place. Capello was on the team in both the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2003 and 2004, driving a Bentley Speed 8 and an Audi R8 respectively. Capello also won the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2002 and 2012 and he holds the record of most Petit Le Mans victories, having won in 2000,2002,2006,2007 and 2008. Capello was vice-champion of the 2000 American Le Mans Series, winning 6 races, in both 2006 and 2007 Capello finished as champion alongside Britains Allan McNish in the Audi Sport North America run R10. Capello crashed the Audi R10 TDI at the 2007 Le Mans, the Audi nr.2 was leading the race comfortably at the time, and the crash ended the cars quest for another Le Mans win. However he returned to the race in 2008 to win again, Capello officially retired from prototype racing on 23/07/2012 after hinting that he may not return to Le Mans in 2013. Audis statement confirmed that Capello would continue to race in GT3 with the Audi R8 LMS Ultra,1 - A non-championship one-off race was held in 2004 at the streets of Shanghai, China. Dindos official website Interview with Dindo Capello Interview, Dindo Capello
21.
Champion Racing
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Champion Racing was a sports car racing team based in Pompano Beach, Florida, USA. Mike Peters later stopped race driving and became manager for the team. In 1994, they entered a 911 Turbo in several IMSA GT races, for the 1995 season, Champion partnered with Michael Colucci Racing, and the team moved up to a 2 car team with a pair of 911 GT2. Champion running the #72 car and MCR running the #74 car, after an accident put them out a Daytona, Hans-Joachim Stuck and Bill Adam finished 2nd in the GTS-1 class at Sebring. They also collected class podiums at Watkins Glen and Sears Point in the #74 car, in 1995 the team adopted the livery of a white background with various streaks of colours that has since become indelibly associated with the team. In 1996, Stuck and Adam won the GTS-1 class at Sebring with the #74, the first major win for Champion Racing. In 1997 Champion scaled back to a one car team, taking over the reins of the #74 Porsche with Stuck, Adam, for 1998, Champion Racing purchased a Porsche 911 GT1 Evo. The team ran a season in the USRRC GT1 class, winning the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen and finishing on the podium in 3 other races, winning the makes. In 1999, Champion ran the GT1 in the new American Le Mans Series, due to the regulations, however, they were forced to run in the Prototype class against theoretically faster cars. They scored their best result in the 12 Hours of Sebring, finishing 4th overall, the team also raced a Porsche 911 GT3-R in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 2nd in the GT class. With no place to run the GT1 in 2000, Champion changed cars to a Lola B2K/10 with a Porsche engine, the team entered only two ALMS races and failed to finish either one. They also entered the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen, finishing 7th in class, the team spent most of the season developing the car, with the aim of a high finish at the 200124 Hours of Daytona. Daytona 2001 started well, the team qualified 6th, however, a loss of oil pressure seven and a half hours in caused the car to retire. The team came back to finish 2nd in the Daytona finale at the end of the season, the team finally found some success with the Lola at the 200224 Hours of Daytona, finishing 4th. After the race, the team would abandon the project, however Oliver Kuttners Pegasus Racing would run the car in the half of the season. In 2000, Champion partnered with Audi to develop and run the Audi S4 Competition in the SCCA Speedvision World Challenge series GT class, for their first season, the pair of cars would be driven by reigning Touring Car champion Michael Galati and Le Mans winner Derek Bell. Bell finished 9th in the round at Charlotte. Galati would take 2nd in the championship, winning at Las Vegas, in 2001, Galati won the GT drivers championship, taking 4 wins, and Audi won the manufacturers championship by 1 point over Acura
22.
Audi R10 TDI
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The Audi R10 TDI, usually abbreviated to R10, is a racing car from the German car manufacturer Audi. The car is a classic at Le Mans, winning every year since its introduction until it was replaced by the R15. It is designed and constructed for car racing in the Le Mans Prototype LMP1 class of the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car was unveiled 13 December 2005 at 12,00 CET and it was the first diesel-powered car to win either of those events. This is the most ambitious and the most expensive ever undertaken by Audi Sport. In response to the new level of competition, the development of a successor was necessary, though it does show a strong resemblance to the previous model, it is a new design. The aerodynamics package is in compliance with the new regulations, a second rollover hoop is added, and the wheelbase is lengthened to accept the new, longer V12 TDI TDI engine. The design and aerodynamics were developed by Audi, utilising the Fondtech wind tunnel, the monocoque is built by Audi 90% and Dallara 10%, as well with various suppliers manufacturing all the components and subassemblies. The cars are then assembled by Audi at Ingolstadt, at the beginning of the 2006 season, homologation rules for Le Mans Prototypes cars were changed, for the LMP1 class, an increase in minimum weight from 900 kg to 925 kg was mandated. While officially this was to allow closed top prototypes to run with air-conditioning, the R10 TDI in the 200612 Hours of Sebring was overweight at 935 kg, preventing engineers from using ballast to optimize handling and balance. Unlike most racing cars competing in the LMP1 series, the R10 TDI is powered by a diesel engine, the engine block has a displacement of 5. 5L in V12 configuration made of aluminium, employing common rail direct fuel injection technology. The turbochargers are supplied by Garrett AiResearch, with 39.9 mm restrictor plates mounted in front of the intake, the engines weight was too heavy for a race car at this level. The latest Audi 3.0 L V6 TDI weighs 220 kg, the V12 is rumored to weigh more than 200 kg. This is inferior to the 130 kg of a concurrent Judd V10, Audi engineers say that the weight per cylinder is the same as the preceding 3. 6-litre FSI V8 of the Audi R8. The wheelbase has increased over the R8 to 2,980 mm to accommodate the longer engine. Even with a restrictor plate, the car is rumoured to produce 700 hp in qualification. This output cannot be maintained in races because it may cause a clogged particulate filter, the peak pressure in the cylinder is probably around 200 bar, compared with 85 bar for an atmospheric petrol engine. Audis decision to use a diesel engine emphasizes the commercial success of Turbocharged Direct Injection turbodiesel engine on Europes roads and it is not, however, the first diesel to be raced at Le Mans
23.
2008 Grand Prix of Mosport
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The Mobil 1 Presents Grand Prix of Mosport was the eighth round of the 2008 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Mosport International Raceway, Ontario, Canada on August 24,2008, temperatures had reached a maximum of 27.1 °C, with wind speeds of up to 9.9 kilometres per hour not unheard of throughout the day. Cars failing to complete 70% of winners distance marked as Not Classified, † - The #71 Tafel Racing entry was penalized after the race for making repeated contact with the #45 Flying Lizard Motorsports entry. 30 seconds was added to the time, losing it one position in the final standings. Pole Position - #2 Audi Sport North America -1,04.094 Fastest Lap - #2 Audi Sport North America -1,05.8232008 Grand Prix of Mosport Race Broadcast
24.
American Le Mans Series
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The American Le Mans Series was a sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada. It consisted of a series of endurance and sprint races, and was created in the spirit of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the American Le Mans headquarters was in Braselton, Georgia, adjacent to Road Atlanta. In 2014, the merged with the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series to form the United SportsCar Championship. The series was created by Braselton, Georgia-based businessman Don Panoz, Panoz created a partnership with the Automobile Club de LOuest, the organizers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, to begin a 10-hour race in the spirit of Le Mans, dubbed the Petit Le Mans. The inaugural Petit Le Mans took place in 1998 as a part of the Professional SportsCar Racing series, for 1999, the series changed its name to the American Le Mans Series, and adopted the ACOs rulebook. The partnership with the ACO allowed ALMS teams to earn automatic entries in the Le Mans 24 Hours. This was a practice that began with the inaugural Petit Le Mans, a practice that continues today, the ALMS race at Adelaide in 2000 also received automatic entries. Invitations were extended to the series beginning in 2003, for the 2004 race. The ACO has always given high consideration to teams competing in ALMS races, the series began with eight races in 1999, beginning with the 12 Hours of Sebring, and ending at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. The schedule expanded to 12 races in 2000, including two races in Europe, and one in Australia, in subsequent years, the European races disappeared, with the creation of the short-lived European Le Mans Series, and later the Le Mans Series. The series also began to move away from the rovals, road courses in the infield of large superspeedways, at Charlotte Motor Speedway, Las Vegas, and Texas Motor Speedway. Lately, the series has visited more temporary street courses, many in conjunction with the Indy Racing League, at such as St. Petersburg, Florida and Long Beach. The series has raced at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Mosport, Road Atlanta, from 2011 until the series folded, ALMS competed on a street circuit through the Inner Harbor coinciding with the Grand Prix of Baltimore, Maryland over the US Labor Day weekend. In 2010 the American Le Mans Series signed its first title sponsorship agreement, the American Le Mans Series used essentially the same rules as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Like the 24 Hours of Le Mans, there were 3 primary classes, the former GT1 category was abandoned after 2009 season. In 2012, the Le Mans was dropped from the names of the prototype categories, each car is driven by multiple drivers, and all cars compete together simultaneously. P1 generally contains factory teams while P2 contains privateer teams, in ACO-sanctioned racing all of the drivers are professional in GTE-PRO, while in GTE-Am,1 or 2 amateurs are allowed to race with a professional driver in support. However, since ALMS uses only one GTE category and combines the PRO/AM classes, the two Challenge classes were formula-based, and were designed for privateers or rookies to have an easier time entering the series
25.
Race track
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A race track is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals. A race track also may feature grandstands or concourses, racetracks are also used in the study of animal locomotion. Some motorsport tracks are called speedways, a racetrack is a permanent facility or building. Racecourse is a term for a horse racing track, found in countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Hong Kong. Race tracks built for bicycles are known as velodromes, circuit is a common alternate term for racetrack, given the circuit configuration of most race tracks, allowing races to occur over several laps. A race course, as opposed to a racecourse, is a term for non-permanent tracks for sports, particularly running, water sports, road racing. Many sports usually held on racetracks also can occur on temporary tracks, there is some evidence of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations. The most developed ancient racetracks were the hippodromes of the Ancient Greeks, both of these structures were designed for horse and chariot racing. The stadium of the Circus Maximus in Ancient Rome could hold 200,000 spectators, racing facilities existed during the Middle Ages, and there are records of a public racecourse being opened at Newmarket in London in 1174. In 1780 the Earl of Derby created a course on his estate at Epsom. Racecourses in the British Isles are based on grass, known as turf tracks, in the United States, the race tracks are dirt. With the advent of the automobile in the late twentieth century. The earliest tracks were modified horse racing courses, racing automobiles in such facilities began in September 1896, at Narragansett Park in Cranston, Rhode Island. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was opened in August 1909, beginning in the early 1900s, motorcycle races were run on high, banked, wooden race tracks called board tracks. During the 1920s, many of the races on the AAA Championship circuit were run on board tracks. Modern racetracks are designed with safety being paramount, following incidents of spectator. These often involve run off areas, barriers, and high fencing, several racetracks are incorporated into larger venues or complexes, incorporating golf courses, museums, hotels, and conference centres. Some racetracks are small enough to be contained indoors, for such as motocross, cycling
26.
Motorsport
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The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross. Four- wheeled motorsport competition is governed by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. In 1894, a French newspaper organised a race from Paris to Rouen and back, in 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Closed circuit racing arose as open road racing, on roads, was banned. Brooklands was the first dedicated motor racing track in the United Kingdom, following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular, after World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established, motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations. Open-wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, with their wheels outside of. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is their pinnacle open-wheeled racing series, more recently, new open-wheeled series have been created, originating in Europe, which omit the Formula moniker, such as GP2 and GP3. Former Formula series include Formula 5000 and Formula Two, the formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight and size. In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing and its premier race is the Indianapolis 500. Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including sports cars, and specialised racing types. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June, sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies. Stock car racing is a set of vehicles, that race over a speedway track, while once stock cars, the vehicles are now purpose built, but resemble the body design and shape of production cars. NASCAR was organised in 1947, to flat track oval racing of production cars. Daytona Beach and Road Course was founded where land speed records were set on the beach, touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses. Motorsport was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics
27.
Westwood Motorsport Park
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Westwood Motorsport Park was a 1.8 miles 8-turn motorsport race track located in Coquitlam, British Columbia on the southern slopes of Eagle Mountain. The track was built and operated by the Sports Car Club of British Columbia, construction of Westwood began in 1957, and the first race was held on July 26,1959, making it the first purpose-built permanent road course in Canada. Westwood hosted many different professional race series over the years, including stints with the Formula Atlantic Series, Trans-Am Series. The December 12,1988 episode of MacGyver, titled Collision Course, was filmed at Westwood. The Players GM Challenge Series served as the backdrop of the story, the track, which was located on leased provincial crown land, eventually fell victim to urban development. The track finally closed in 1990 to make way for the Westwood Plateau housing development, in 2009, it was digitally recreated as a free download for pc computer simulations such as rFactor, GTR2 and Assetto Corsa
28.
Coquitlam
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Coquitlam /koʊˈkwɪtləm/ is a city in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Coquitlam, mainly a city, is the sixth-largest city in the province and is one of the 21 municipalities comprising Metro Vancouver. The current mayor of Coquitlam is Richard Stewart, the Coast Salish people were the first to live in this area, and archaeology confirms continuous occupation of the territory for at least 9,000 years. The name Kwikwetlem is said to be derived from a Coast Salish term meaning red fish up the river, explorer Simon Fraser came through the region in 1808, and in the 1860s Europeans gradually started settling the area. Coquitlam began as a place-in-between with the construction of North Road in the century to provide Royal Engineers in New Westminster access to the year-round port facilities in Port Moody. The District of Coquitlam was incorporated in 1891, by 1908, a mill town of 20 houses, a store, post office, hospital, office block, barber shop, and pool hall had grown around the mill. A mill managers residence was built that would later become Place des Arts, over the next two years, several contingents of French Canadian mill workers arrived from Quebec, and Maillardville was born. Named for Father Edmond Maillard, a young Oblate from France, maillardvilles past is recognized today in street names, the Francophone education system and French immersion programs, French-language guides and scouts, and celebrations such as Festival du Bois. Following World War II, Coquitlam and the rest of the Lower Mainland experienced substantial growth that continues today. The opening of Lougheed Highway in 1953 made the city more accessible, in 1971, Coquitlam and Fraser Mills were amalgamated, which gave the city a larger industrial base. The mill closed in 2001, and is now rezoned into a residential area, Coquitlam is situated some 10 to 15 km east of Vancouver, where the Coquitlam River connects with the Fraser River and extends northeast along the Pitt River toward the Coquitlam and Pitt lakes. Coquitlam borders Burnaby and Port Moody to the west, New Westminster to the southwest, Burke Mountain, Eagle Ridge, and 1,583 m tall Coquitlam Mountain form the northern boundary of the city. Coquitlams area,152.5 square kilometres, dwarfs the other communities in the Tri-Cities, like Vancouver, Coquitlam is in the Pacific Time Zone, and the Pacific Maritime Ecozone. Coquitlams geographic shape can be thought of as a tilted hourglass and these older residences, with larger property dimensions, are increasingly being torn down and replaced with newer and larger homes. The Austin Heights area contains Como Lake, an urban fishing and recreation area. It also contains Mundy Park, one of the largest urban parks in the Metro Vancouver area, in 1984, the provincial government sold 57 hectares formerly attached to Riverview Hospital to Molnar Developments. Shortly afterward, this land was subdivided and became Riverview Heights, the remaining 240 acres of this still-active mental health facility has been the subject of much controversy between developers, environmentalists, and conservationists. Coquitlam Town Centre, was designated as a Regional Town Centre under the Metro Vancouver’s Livable Region Strategic Plan
29.
Clearview, Ontario
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Clearview is an incorporated township in Simcoe County in Central Ontario, Canada, west of Barrie and south of Collingwood and Wasaga Beach in Simcoe County. Clearview Township was established on January 1,1994, when the Town of Stayner, the Village of Creemore, the Townships of Nottawasaga and Sunnidale were incorporated in 1851 and 1858, respectively. Early settlement on the site of Stayner coincided with the construction of a line from Toronto to Collingwood. The community of Stayner, which was originally called Nottawasaga Station, developed into a significant agricultural, Stayner was incorporated as a village in 1872, and as a Town in 1888. The Village of Creemore was incorporated effective 20 November 1889, the climate in the area is classified as Humid Continental. Located in the Great Lakes lowlands, it has fertile soil quite suitable for farming, as a result of the proximity to the Great Lakes it suffers from Lake Effect. As of 2006, compared to Ontario as a whole, Construction, Agriculture, the employment rate was 67. 1% and the unemployment rate was 4. 5%. 40% of the workforce worked outside the municipality and 13% worked from home, the well-known Creemore Springs Brewery is located in Creemore. Health Canada medical marijuana licensed producer The Peace Naturals Project produces their medicinal Cannabis in Clearview Township, the Stayner Sun is the townships newspaper of record. It has published continually since 1877, the newspaper is owned by Metroland Media Group. The township is administered by a Town Council with one member each of the seven wards. The administration of the town is divided into the Departments of Finance, Planning and Development, Public Works, all the main administrative buildings of Clearview are located in Stayner. The 2010 budget for the township is $17,470,379, a number of schools, although located in other municipalities, have catchment areas that extend into Clearview. While there is no education in Clearview itself, the main campus of Georgian College is in nearby Barrie with a satellite campus in Collingwood nearby. The Clearview Public Library maintains branches in Stayner, Creemore and New Lowell, major roads in Clearview include Highway 26, Hurontario Street, Airport Road, as well as County Roads 7,9,10, and 91. Despite its name, Collingwood Airport is also located in Clearview, Clearview is served by Collingwood General And Marine Hospital in Collingwood. Policing services are provided by the Huronia West detachment of the OPP out of Wasaga Beach, Fire protection is provided by volunteer fire stations located throughout the township. There are 2 Arenas,3 Baseball Parks and 2 Golf Courses in Clearview, there is also a small conservation area with a large pond in the village of New Lowell
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British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
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Under a parallel agreement, the Joint Air Training Scheme, South Africa trained 33,347 aircrew for the South African Air Force and other Allied air forces. This number was exceeded only by Canada, which trained 131,500 personnel, negotiations regarding joint training, between the four governments concerned, took place in Ottawa during the first few months of the war. On 17 December 1939, they signed the Air Training Agreement – often referred to as the Riverdale Agreement, after the UK representative at the negotiations, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was viewed as an incredibly ambitious programme. Under the agreement, air crews received training in various Commonwealth countries before travelling to Canada for advanced courses. Training costs were to be divided between the four governments and these units later became known as Article XV squadrons. Articles XVI and XVII stipulated that the UK government would be responsible for the pay and entitlements of graduates. On 29 April 1940, the first Canadian training course commenced, with 221 recruits, at No.1 Initial Training School RCAF, located initially at the Eglinton Hunt Club. From this intake,39 received their wings as aircrew on 30 September 1940, all of these graduates, however, were retained by the BCATP in Canada, as instructors, staff pilots or in similar flying assignments. The first BCATP personnel sent to the UK were 37 Canadian observers, the first BCATP-trained pilots posted to Europe as a group were 37 RAAF personnel who graduated in November 1941, from No.2 Service Flying Training School, RCAF Uplands, Ottawa. Prior to the inception of the Empire Air Training Scheme, the RAAF trained only about 50 pilots per year, under the Air Training Agreement, Australia undertook to provide 28,000 aircrew over three years, representing 36% of the total number trained by the BCATP. By 1945, more than 37,500 Australian aircrew had been trained in Australia, the first flying course started on 29 April 1940. Keith Chisholm was the first Australian to be trained under EATS, for a period, most RAAF aircrews received advanced training in Canada. During mid-1940, however, some RAAF trainees began to advanced training at RAF facilities in Southern Rhodesia. In addition, a number of Australian personnel were transferred from Europe. Some Article XV squadrons were transferred to RAAF or RAF formations involved in the Pacific War. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of RAAF personnel remained in Europe, by early 1944, the flow of RAAF replacement personnel to Europe had begun to outstrip demand and – following a request by British government – was wound back significantly. Australian involvement was terminated in October 1944. The government agreed in December 1939 to join the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, operate its bases in Canada, and pick up a large proportion of the costs
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Sports car racing
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Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models, a type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence, other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia, and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana. Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance, reliability, and strategy, longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. These makers top road cars have often very similar both in engineering and styling to those raced. This close association with the nature of the cars serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and touring cars. The 12 Hours of Sebring,24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once considered the trifecta of sports car racing. In the 1920s, the used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders. Cars such as the Bugatti Type 35 were almost equally at home in Grands Prix and endurance events, but specialisation gradually started to differentiate the sports-racer from the Grand Prix car. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, reliability and some basic comfort were necessary in order to endure the task. After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a form of racing with its own classic races. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing, from 1962 sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, the combination of mostly British chassis and American V8 engines gave rise to the popular and spectacular Can-Am series in the 1960s and 1970s. Clubmans provided much entertainment at club-racing level from the 1960s into the 1990s, after a relative period of decline in the 1980s a British GT Championship emerged in the mid-90s. Road races such as the Mille Miglia included everything from stock touring cars to World Championship contenders, the Mille Miglia was the largest sporting event in Italy until a fatal accident caused its demise in 1957. The Targa Florio, another road race, remained part of the world championship until the 1970s. Between the late 1960s and late 1970s, Matra and Renault made significant, the competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueens film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology, a peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races
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Stirling Moss
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Sir Stirling Moss, OBE is a British former Formula One racing driver. In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and third the other three, Moss was born in London, son of Alfred Moss, a dentist of Bray, Berkshire, and Aileen. He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the bank of the River Thames. His father was a racing driver who had placed 16th at the 1924 Indianapolis 500. Stirling was a horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss. Moss raced from 1948 to 1962, winning 212 of the 529 races he entered, like many drivers of the era, he competed in several formulae, often on the same day. He preferred to race British cars, stating, Better to lose honourably in a British car than win in a foreign one, at Vanwall, he was instrumental in breaking the German/Italian stranglehold on F1 racing. He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races. Moss was one of the Cooper Car Companys first customers, using winnings from competing in horse-riding events to pay the deposit on a Cooper 500 racing car in 1948. He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it. His first major race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland. He went on to win the six more times, in 1951,1955,1958 and 1959. Also a competent rally driver, he is one of three people to have won a Coupe dOr for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally. He finished second in the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally driving a Sunbeam-Talbot 90 with Desmond Scannell, in 1954, he became the first non-American to win the 12 Hours of Sebring, sharing the Cunningham teams 1. 5-liter O. S. C. A. In 1953 Mercedes-Benz racing boss Alfred Neubauer had spoken to Mosss manager, Ken Gregory, having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season. In the Italian Grand Prix at Monza he passed both drivers who were regarded as the best in Formula One at the time—Juan Manuel Fangio in a Mercedes, Ascari retired with engine problems, and Moss led until lap 68 when his engine also failed. Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line, Neubauer, already impressed when Moss had tested a Mercedes-Benz W196 at Hockenheim, promptly signed him for 1955. Mosss first Formula One victory was in the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor
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Jo Bonnier
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Joakim Jo Bonnier was a Swedish sportscar racing and Formula One driver who raced for various teams. Jo Bonnier was born in Djurgården, Stockholm, to the wealthy Bonnier family and his father, Gert, was a professor of genetics at the University of Stockholm, while many members of his extensive family were in the publishing business. He spoke six languages and, although his parents hoped that he would become a doctor, for a while it was his aspiration to enter the publishing business. He attended Oxford University for a year, studying languages, then went to Paris, France, Bonnier began competitive racing in Sweden at age 17, on an old Harley-Davidson motorcycle. He returned home to Sweden in 1951 after his Paris trip, Bonnier entered Formula One in 1956, driving a Maserati. His racing career almost ended in September 1958 in a race at Imola and his Maserati struck a large rock at the edge of the road and catapulted. The other driver went underneath him as he turned over and over in the air and, while he was upside down, Bonniers Maserati landed on its side before skidding 75 feet and heading into a ditch, where it came to a stop against a pole. Bonnier was thrown out of the car and suffered concussion, several cracked ribs, and his car was completely written off. His greatest achievement in F1 was taking victory for BRM in the 1959 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort and he also won the 1960 German Grand Prix with a Porsche 718, a race held for Formula Two in preparation for the rule change of 1961. Bonnier was one of the forces behind the Grand Prix Drivers Association. Despite his win for BRM, Bonnier did not drive for many teams throughout his career, with only one-offs as a replacement driver for Lotus, Brabham. After his debut in a works Maserati, he drove for his own Joakim Bonnier Racing Team and for Mimmo Deis Scuderia Centro Sud in the late 50s, before finding a spot in the BRM. In 1966 he reformed his own team as Anglo-Suisse Racing Team and his last full season was 1968, in which he traded his old Cooper T86 for an old McLaren. He raced occasionally in F1 until 1971, in 1966, along with American racing drivers Phil Hill, Richie Ginther and Carroll Shelby, he was racing advisor to the 1966 motor racing epic Grand Prix starring James Garner. All the aforementioned were employed as drivers for the racing scenes, according to Phil Hill, Bonnier went through an upstairs window at a house next to the track and could not take part in the later filming on the circuit. Alongside F1, Bonnier also took part in sports car races. In 1963 he was once again winner at the Targa Florio, Bonnier purchased a McLaren M6B to campaign in the 1968 Can-Am series. In the first outing at the Karlskoga Sweden GP, Bonnier had the pole and he then ran his McLaren in five of the six Can-Am races with his best finish an eighth at Las Vegas
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1967 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 1967 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada on August 27,1967. The 90-lap race was the round of the 1967 Formula One season and was won by Jack Brabham driving for his own Brabham team. This was the first Canadian Grand Prix held in the Formula One Championship, having already changed his battery on the grid, losing six laps, Al Pease spun and stalled out on the circuit during the race, and suffered another flat battery. He ran back to the pits for a new one, ran back to the car, fitted the battery himself and he was still running at the finish, albeit 43 laps down on the winner. Eppie Wietzes was disqualified after attempting to receive outside assistance whilst suffering an ignition failure and he was driving a factory Lotus 49, but qualified 17th and was 8.4 seconds off Jim Clarks pace. Jo Siffert qualified 13th, but was unable to start his car on the grid, last podium finish for Dan Gurney and his team, Eagle. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, photos from the 1967 Canadian Grand Prix at Mosport
Rinaldo Capello
Gustavo Yacamán
Hans-Joachim Stuck
Mario Andretti
Kuno Wittmer
Jack Brabham
Jacky Ickx
Jackie Stewart
Emerson Fittipaldi
Jody Scheckter
Patrick Pons
Gerrit Wolsink
Ludwig Heimrath Sr.
Pedro Rodriguez
Bruce McLaren