1.
Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
–
Bruce is a suburb of the Belconnen district of Canberra, that is located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The suburb was gazetted on 6 June 1968 in recognition of Viscount Stanley Melbourne Bruce, the eighth Prime Minister of Australia, on Census night 2011, Bruce had a population of 6,390 people. 37. 2% of the population was born, the eighth highest for any Canberra suburb. However, the area has seen residential development, with densities ranging from detached houses through to four storey apartment buildings. The 7 and 3 bus routes connect the suburb to Civic via Lyneham, Dickson, and Ainslie. Additionally, a number of cycle routes provide links to the Inner North, Belconnen Town Centre, for the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, Bruce is in the Fenner. For the purposes of Australian Capital Territory elections for the ACT Legislative Assembly, Bruce is dominated by the greywacke of the Ordovician Pittman Formation. Bands of the black Acton Shale Member are found under the University of Canberra, glebe Farm Adamellite is a coarse porphyritic micro adamellite of the Silurian age. It intrudes in the west north and southeast and southwest of University of Canberra, a triangle of Silurian age calcareous shale of the Canberra formation is in the north east of Bruce
2.
Australian Capital Territory
–
The Australian Capital Territory is the federal district in the south east of Australia, enclaved within New South Wales. Its only city is Canberra, the city of Australia. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. The need for a territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century. Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that, following Federation in 1901, the territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913. The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo. The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra and this trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australias states and territories. There is a proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories. Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia, mainly in the United Kingdom, almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home, the most common being Chinese. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. Apart from the city of Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land, small townships and communities located within the ACT include Williamsdale, Naas, Uriarra, Tharwa and Hall. There are a range of mountains, rivers and creeks in the Namadgi National Park. These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers, Canberra is noted for its warm to hot, dry summers, and cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts. Many of the mountains in the territorys south-west are snow-covered for at least part of the winter. Thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 623 mm, with rainfall highest in spring and summer, the highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 °C at Acton on 11 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −14.6 °C at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971, notable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include the Canberra Formation, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale. In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon, at the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting, the oldest rocks in the ACT date from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Australian Sports Commission
–
The Australian Sports Commission is the Australian Governments statutory agency responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance and leadership for sporting activity in Australia. From 18 September 2013, it is an agency of the Australian Government within the portfolio of Department of Health and it was at this time that the Government commissioned professor John Bloomfield to prepare a sports plan for the country. His report, The Role, Scope and Development of Recreation in Australia, was based on studies of sports institutes in Europe, Bloomfield suggested to the Government that it should establish a national institute of sport similar to those operating in European countries. Following receipt of the report, the Minister for Tourism and Recreation, Frank Stewart, the Coles Report was released in 1975 and recommended the establishment of the institute. Although the recommendation to establish the institute was made in 1975 and this uneasiness was caused over the Federation ignoring the Governments request to boycott the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games because of Russias invasion of Afghanistan. The Bloomfield and Coles reports, however, were not lost on Bob Ellicott, the plan would allow athletes to train and develop in Australia rather than be forced overseas. Ellicotts vision was received and on Australia Day,26 January 1981. Renowned swim coach, Don Talbot was appointed as the Institutes first Director, with the Institute established, the Commonwealth Government had begun its significant involvement in Australian sport. The Australian Labor Party in its 1983 election sport policy recommended the establishment of a commission to provide a more co-ordinated approach to sport. In 1984, an Interim Committee report recommended its establishment, the Australian Sports Commission was formally established by the Australian Sports Commission Act 1985. The ASCs roles and responsibilities are prescribed in the Australian Sports Commission Act 1989, the ASC attempts to promote an effective national sports system that offers improved participation in quality sports by all Australians. In addition, the ASC helps those who are talented and motivated to reach their potential excellence in sports performance, the ASC achieves these objectives by administering and funding national sporting programs on behalf of the Government and providing leadership, co-ordination and support for the sport sector. The ASC supports participation in sport, from grass roots participation to participation at the elite level, the structure has generally represented the areas of high performance sport, sports participation, sport management and corporate/commercial services. The AIS has been an elite sport flagship program of the ASC since its merger in 1989, the Australian Institute of Sport is the best known division of the ASC. The AIS offers more than 700 scholarships to talented junior and senior athletes, the institute also offers athletes access to coaching, sports science and sports medicine services, sports facilities, and opportunities for national and international competition, work and study. In 2011, Minister for Sport Mark Arbib announced the AIS would take responsibility for the direction of high performance sport in Australia. Sports funding, federal balancing act –Detailed summary of Australian Government funding and policies related to sport
5.
Seating capacity
–
Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Crusaders (rugby union)
–
The Crusaders are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Christchurch that competes in the Super Rugby competition. They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history with seven titles, the franchise represents the Buller, Canterbury, Mid-Canterbury, South Canterbury, Tasman and West Coast provincial Rugby Unions. Their main home ground is AMI Stadium, formerly known as Jade Stadium and before that, formed in 1996 to represent the upper South Island of New Zealand in the Super 12, the Crusaders struggled in their first season and finished last. Their performance improved in 1997 and the team finished sixth, the team went on to win all three titles from 1998 to 2000 despite each final being played away from home. They again won the competition in 2002 after going through the season unbeaten, in the following two seasons, they again reached the final, although they were beaten on both occasions. 2005 was the last season of the Super 12 before its expansion, after finishing top of the table in that season, the Crusaders went on to host the final in which they defeated the Waratahs. As a result of winning their fifth Super 12 title, the Crusaders were given the trophy to keep, in 2006, the Crusaders hosted the Hurricanes in the inaugural Super 14 final and won 19–12. In 2008 the Crusaders hosted the final at AMI Stadium against the Waratahs, ironically the Crusaders also hold the record for the least points scored in a game when they were defeated by the Highlanders 6–0 in 2009. They have also scored the most points and most tries in one season, individual players also hold records, Andrew Mehrtens for most points in a Super 12 season, and Rico Gear for most tries in a season. They also have three International Rugby Board Players of the Year, Dan Carter, Richie McCaw, and, the original Crusaders team of 1996 was captained by All Blacks prop Richard Loe and coached by Vance Stewart. The Crusaders struggled in the season and finished bottom of the table with only two wins. Their eight losses included a 49–18 loss to the Blues and a 52–16 loss to the Queensland Reds, and the First ever tour was a pre-visit to South Africa prior start of Super 12. The following season saw a change in captain and coach, with Todd Blackadder succeeding Loe as captain, with five wins, the team finished the round-robin stage in sixth place. The improvement was particularly illustrated by the Crusaders 29–28 loss to the champions, the Blues. During this loss, Leon MacDonald was taken out with a charge by Robin Brooke. While the Crusaders attempted to get MacDonald back on the field, in their last game of 1997, the Crusaders beat the Queensland Reds 48–3 at Lancaster Park, now known as AMI Stadium. The Crusaders won their first title in 1998, despite starting the season with three losses in their first four games. They finished the round-robin by winning their last seven games, culminating in a win over the Coastal Sharks that gave them second place in the round-robin phase of the competition
7.
Phillip Cox & Partners
–
Philip Sutton Cox AO is an Australian architect. Cox is the partner of COX Architects, one of the largest architectural practices in Australia. He commenced his first practice with Ian McKay in 1963, then, in 1967 he founded his own practice, Philip Cox, the firm has grown to become COX Architects, which has 400 staff. He has been described as “epitomising the Sydney School of Architecture” in earlier projects and his work has won him multiple awards, the first being in 1963, one year after graduating from the University of Sydney. His most recent award was in 1989, Philip Sutton Cox was born on 1 October 1939 to Ron and May Cox. He has one sister, Judith. His childhood was comfortable, growing up in Killara on the North Shore in Sydney but he was born just one month after the start of the Second World War, Cox attended Gordon Public School and then the Sydney Church of England Grammar School in North Sydney. Cox decided at quite an early age that he wanted to be an architect and he won a Commonwealth scholarship which was to pay his fees. Cox was the responsible for initially implementing the American Radburn design for public housing in New South Wales. Cox and his firm have designed many public buildings in Australia. In 1988 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in recognition of service to architecture, in 1993 he received the inaugural award for Sport and Architecture from the International Olympic Committee, and is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Cox married Louise, an architect, in Sydney in April 1972. They have two daughters, Charlotte and Sophie, Cox Architects, selected and current works. Cox, Philip Sutton, Harrison, Stuart, Kaji-OGrady, Sandra, Johnson, a decade in review, Philip Cox. Canberra, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Australian Architects, Philip Cox, Richardson & Taylor. Canberra, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, museum of Applied Arts & Sciences. Profile, Philip Cox AO. Cox Architects, phillip Cox and The Spirit of Place. Australian Broadcasting Corporation – via Radio National, museum of Applied Arts & Sciences
8.
Canberra Raiders
–
The Canberra Raiders are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the national capital city of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They have competed in Australasias elite rugby league competition, the National Rugby League premiership since 1982, over this period the club has won 3 premierships, received 1 wooden spoon and had a total of 15 of its players selected to don the green and gold for Australia. The Raiders current home ground is Canberra Stadium in Bruce, previously, the team played home matches at Seiffert Oval in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, with the move to Canberra Stadium taking place in 1990. The official symbol for the Canberra Raiders is the Viking, the Viking, also a mascot at Raiders games, is known as Victor the Viking. As part of the New South Wales Rugby Football League premierships first expansion outside Sydney and this heralded a period of great success for the club, with five grand Final appearances and three premierships in eight years. During this period, the Raiders boasted international players such as Mal Meninga, Laurie Daley, Ricky Stuart, Glenn Lazarus, Bradley Clyde, Gary Belcher, Brett Mullins and Steve Walters. After this came the Super League war, with the Raiders switching to the competition before continuing to compete in the re-unified NRL. During the 2000s the Raiders suffered from an exodus of experience, at the beginning of the 2009 season, the Raiders squad contained only four players who have played at the representative level. At the beginning of the 1980s, the New South Wales Rugby Football League was looking to expand its Sydney-based premiership into other areas of the state, the Canberra franchise was accepted in 1981 as the 14th team for the 1982 NSWRFL season. Along with the Illawarra Steelers who were introduced that season. The clubs initial seasons were a bag, with the team earning the Wooden Spoon in their debut year. The team was notorious for late game collapses, leading to the nicknames Canberra Faders and Pine Lime Splices, in fact, no team has conceded more tries in a season than the 1982 Raiders. The first points recorded by the Canberra Raiders were scored by Peter McGrath, McGrath finished with 41 points in his first and only season with the Raiders. The clubs first win, a 12–11 heartstopper v Newtown, came in its 8th match,1983 saw 9 wins, more than doubling 1982s four. However, the continued to struggle to win away from home. An away win first up in 1984 foreshadowed a much improved season, but this game was lost, and the Raiders had still not succeeded in reaching the semi-finals of the competition. 1985 saw regression, with the team winning only 8 games and this was the most successful period in the Raiders short history, with 5 Grand Finals and 3 premierships. In 1987, the finished third after the minor rounds
9.
National Rugby League
–
The National Rugby League is the top league of professional rugby league clubs in Australasia. It is regarded as the worlds elite rugby league championship and, the National Rugby League is Australias top-level domestic rugby-league club competition. It contains clubs from the original Sydney club Rugby League competition and this partnership was dissolved in February 2012, with control of the NRL going to the independently formed Australian Rugby League Commission. NRL matches are played in Australia and New Zealand from March to October, in addition, the NRL premiers also play in the World Club Challenge, a pre-season match against the champions of the European Super League competition. The reigning premiers are the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks winning their maiden premiership after 50 years, the New South Wales Rugby League ran the major rugby league competition of New South Wales from its inception in 1908 until 1994. Following the 1983 season, Sydney foundation club Newtown Jets were ultimately forced to withdraw from the competition because of financial difficulties, the Brisbane and Newcastle sides proved to be successful and popular and paved the way towards a push for a truly national competition. This was attempted in 1995 with control of the passing from the NSWRFL to the Australian Rugby League. The ARL undertook moves to invite the traditional clubs that had moved to the Super League competition back into a re-unified competition. Following a period of negotiation with News Corporation, on 23 September 1997 the ARL announced that it was forming a new company to conduct the competition in 1998, on 7 October News Manaaki Ranginui announced that he was confident that there would be a single competition in 1998. As a result, in the months the National Rugby League, jointly owned by the ARL. Clubs on both sides of the war were shut down, One condition of the peace agreement between the ARL and News Limited was that there would be a 14 team competition in 2000. The 20 clubs that played in 1998 would be assessed on various items such as sponsorship, crowds, on-field success and it was also announced that clubs that merged would receive a large sum of money, as well as a guaranteed position in the 2000 NRL Competition. The St. George Dragons and the Illawarra Steelers were the first clubs to take up the offer, the 1999 NRL Grand Final brought about a new official world record attendance for a game of rugby league. 107,999 spectators saw the Melbourne Storm defeat the newly created St. George Illawarra Dragons in the decider at Stadium Australia. Balmain and Western Suburbs formed the club, the Wests Tigers at the end of 1999, while North Sydney. As part of another image makeover, a number of teams also released new club logos, the most notable of these was the Sydney Roosters, dropping the City section of their name for the 2000 season and beyond. Souths were controversially axed from the competition at the end of 1999 for failing to meet the criteria and this move was highly controversial and on 12 November 2000 about 80,000 marched in protest at their continued exclusion. South Sydney challenged the decision in the Federal Court claiming that the NRL agreement was exclusionary, intended to unfairly exclude South Sydney, justice Paul Finn ruled that the agreement did not specifically exclude any club and dismissed the Rabbitohs claims for re-instatement into the national competition
10.
Brumbies
–
The Brumbies are an Australian professional rugby union football team competing in the Super Rugby. The team is based in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory and named for the horses which inhabit the capitals hinterland. The team represents the ACT and southern New South Wales regions, the Brumbies were formed in 1996 to provide a third Australian franchise for the newly formed Super 12 competition. It was predicted that the Brumbies, made up of so-called reject – players not wanted by the two teams – would perform poorly. Since then, they have enjoyed more success than all the other Australian teams combined, reaching six finals, the Brumbies play in navy blue, white and gold kits. The team plays at GIO Stadium in Canberra and is coached by former Wallabies fly-half Stephen Larkham. Rugby union football has a history in the ACT. The British Isles opened their 1899 tour of Australia with a match in Goulburn, however, it was not until 1938 that the ACT Rugby Union was finally established. Four clubs made up the first local competition, University, Easts, RMC, also in 1938, a representative ACT side faced off against the All Blacks, losing 5 to 56. The first international victory for an ACT representative side was in 1973, in 1978 an ACT side defeated Wales, who were Five Nations champions at the time. ACT had trailed at half time,6 to 16, but came back, the ACT representative side became known as the Kookaburras in 1989. ACT became Australias third provincial team in the new competition, known officially as the ACT Brumbies, in the inaugural Super 12 season, under coach Rod Macqueen, the Brumbies finished fifth on the table after the regular season, narrowly missing out on a finals position. The following season was more successful as the Brumbies entered the 1997 Super 12 Final. Eddie Jones took over as coach in 1998, but the Brumbies fell to tenth place on the 1998 season ladder. However, the season saw a big improvement, as they finished fifth for the second time in their Super rugby history. In 2000, the Brumbies made it to the 2000 Super 12 Final for the second time and they were however beaten by the Crusaders, losing 19 to 20. In 2001 they backed up their performance in 2000 to again enter the final. The Brumbies won the match, and in doing so, became the first team outside of New Zealand to be crowned Super 12 champions and that year the British Lions also came to Australia, and played a match against the Brumbies
11.
Super Rugby
–
Super Rugby is the preeminent professional mens rugby union football competition in the Southern Hemisphere and Japan. By 2006, matches were being broadcast in 41 countries, SANZAAR is the body that administers Super Rugby, and has the Australian, New Zealand, South African and Argentine rugby unions as its sole members. The organisation was formed in 1995 to establish and run the Super 12, prior to 2011, Super Rugby was a round-robin competition where each team played with every other team once, a team had six or seven home games, and six or seven away games each. The winner received four points, if the game was a draw two points were awarded to each team. The Rugby union bonus points system was used, where any team scoring four or more tries, and/or losing by seven points or less. In 2016, the try bonus changed, a team now has to score three more tries than their opponents. The top four teams at the end of the round-robin phase then played semi-finals – the first placed team hosting the fourth placed team, the two winners then played the final at the home ground of the top surviving seed. There were 91 regular season games in total, games were held over 14 weekends with each team receiving one bye. From 2011 –2015 the format changed, with each country forming its own conference, each team within a conference plays each of the other teams in its conference twice, once at home and once away. Each team then plays four out of the five teams each of the other conferences once. Competition points are awarded on a basis as before. The four lower ranking teams are paired in two sudden death games, the winners of two games each play one of the two top ranked teams. Those winners play for the championship, in 2016 the format changed with three more teams joining. There are four conferences with Africa getting two conferences, the finals now have eight teams with each conference winner getting a home quarter final. They are joined by four wild card teams, three will be from the Australasian group and one from the South African group, before 1996, a number of transnational competitions involving regional and provincial rugby union teams had taken shape in the southern hemisphere. The earliest of these was the South Pacific Championship, which was launched in 1986, after the demise of the South Pacific Championship, with no tournament played in 1991, the competition was relaunched as the Super 6 in 1992. In 1993, the Super Six competition was revamped and expanded into the Super 10 tournament, the inaugural competition featured the following teams, Waikato, Auckland, Otago and North Harbour, Natal, Transvaal and Northern Transvaal, Queensland and New South Wales and Western Samoa. The Super 10 was won by Transvaal in 1993, and by Queensland in 1994 and 1995, the official declaration of professionalism in rugby union in August 1995 led to a restructuring of the Super 10 competition
12.
Canberra City FC
–
Canberra City Football Club, also known for some time as the Canberra Arrows, is a semi-professional soccer club based in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. It currently participates in the Capital Footballs Division One competition and competed in the National Soccer League from 1977 to 1986, Canberra City entered the new national competition for the inaugural season in 1977 as the only team representing the ACT. In its first season, home games were played at Manuka Oval which had the honour of hosting the first ever NSL match when City were defeated 3-1 by West Adelaide SC in front of a crowd of 1,550. In 1978 the club moved to the newly constructed Bruce Stadium, Canberra remained competitive throughout its tenure in the league, but had limited success being unable to reach the finals series in any season. The most successful seasons were in 1981 with a fifth-placed finish, a restructure of the national league for the 1987 season saw Canberra relegated to the NSW State League. The Wolves returned to the NSL, whilst City withdrew to join ACT football, also in 2005, Canberra City Premier League Women won just about everything on offer under the guidance of 2005 Womens Coach of the Year, Pat Mills. Canberra City has close links with one of Canberras largest junior organisations the Gungahlin United FC, after relegation from the National Premier Leagues Capital Football in 2014, Canberra City currently find themselves in the Capital Footballs Division One, the third level of football in the ACT
13.
Canberra Cosmos FC
–
Canberra Cosmos FC is a defunct Australian association football club based in Canberra in the ACT. It participated in the National Soccer League from the 1995/96 season until the end of the 2000/01 season, after which it folded, throughout their tenure in the NSL, the club failed to attract supporters and had limited on-field success. The Cosmos were founded in 1995 as a new franchise for entry into the 1995/96 NSL season, the club arose as a ‘community model’ consortium with shares held by ACT Soccer Federation and a number of local clubs, with some support from the ACT Government. Canberra finished respectably in their first season for a new club, in finishing ninth, they performed better than much more experienced teams Wollongong, Newcastle Breakers and Gippsland Falcons. Much of the credit could be given to experienced Socceroo captain Paul Wade, but 1995–96 also saw the revelation of talented Canberra-based youngsters Michael Musitano and Alex Castro, who were accordingly snapped up by other clubs in the 1996 off-season. Canberras second season was much more forgettable however, in finishing last, the club ended the season 16 points behind second-last placed team. Despite a dreary end to the season, an action would revive the club in 1997 as computing company Novell came on board with a stunningly large sponsorship deal. This allowed the Cosmos to recruit the 1996–97 coach of the year Branko Culina and after losing their best players the previous year, New signings included Scottish defender Gordon Hunter from Hibernian, Sydney United midfielder Ante Moric and the return of Michael Musitano. Unfortunately, this did not translate into performance, winning only once in the first thirteen games – a run including an 8–0 loss to Wollongong –. The Cosmos finished the 1997–98 season bottom of the table again which saw the departure of Culina, the Cosmos continued to struggle in the national competition, finishing last for the third year in a row, ten points behind the second-last team. The 1999–2000 season saw some on-field improvement by the club achieving nine wins, however, the Cosmos remained unstable financially, and administrators were appointed on 30 June 2000 to oversee the clubs financial position. Soccer Australia determined in mid-2000 that it would review the NSL for the 2001–02 season, appeals by and on behalf of the ejected clubs followed seeking a reversal of the decision, criticising the process and criteria used. Eventually the Soccer Australia board, under pressure from stakeholders and political figures agreed to “re-admit” Canberra, the Cosmos stepped up planning for the new season, appointing new coaching staff and even forming a partnership with English Second Division club Swindon Town. Despite looking forward, the Cosmos’ financial problems remained and were unable to recover from the initial exclusion decision, the club had only a single first team during its existence with no incorporated reserves or youth development system, owing in part to the structure of the NSL. Local players were drawn from the ACT leagues and formed a component of the squads. While the National Youth League was in operation the ACT Academy of Sport provided the Cosmos youth side through the involvement of Soccer Canberra, the Canberran location provided a potential pathway for players from the AIS Football Squad, although no formal links were ever established. The program, aimed at developing players aged 16–17, also competed in the NYL independently, few players graduated successfully from the ACTAS and AIS programs to the Cosmos squad. The alternate strip was a shirt and shorts, also with large stars in the trim
14.
2015 AFC Asian Cup
–
The 2015 AFC Asian Cup was the 16th edition of the mens AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation. It was held in Australia from 9 to 31 January 2015, the win was Australias first Asian title since their move from the Oceania Football Confederation in 2006. Australia was chosen as the host on 5 January 2011, after being the sole bidder for the right to host the 2015 tournament, the matches were played in five different stadiums across five cities, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Canberra and Newcastle. It was the first time that Australia had hosted the tournament, the final tournament was played in two stages, the group stage and the knockout stage. In the group each team played three games in a group of four, with the winners and runners-up from each group advancing to the knockout stage. In the knockout stage the eight teams competed in matches, beginning with the quarter-finals. A third-place match was played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals. Japan were the defending champions going into the tournament, having won the competition in 2011. They recorded their worst finish in the Asian Cup since the 1996 edition in the United Arab Emirates, Australia initially put forward its bid to host the 2015 AFC Asian Cup in 2010. As the sole bidder for the rights, Australia was officially named host on 5 January 2011. The 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification process determined the 16 participating teams for the tournament, there were two main competitive paths to the 2015 Asian Cup. The AFC Challenge Cup acted as a competition for eligible countries within the emerging and developing category of member associations. The winners of the AFC Challenge Cup competitions in 2012 and 2014 qualified automatically for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup finals, the remaining spots were available for the teams competing in the main Asian Cup preliminaries. The AFC decided that the 20 teams involved in the qualifiers would be split into five groups of four teams each, the top two teams from each group and one best third-placed team from among all the groups would qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. The following sixteen teams qualified for the tournament, the draw for the final tournament occurred at the Sydney Opera House on 26 March 2014. The draw procedure involved the 16 participating teams drawn at random into the four groups of the group stage, in preparation for this, the teams were organised into four pots based on a seeding which used the March 2014 FIFA World Rankings. The draw and seeding ensured a fair distribution of teams in the groups, the host nation was automatically placed into Pot 1, with the team having been predetermined to be in Group A. In addition, at the time of the draw, the identity of the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup winners was not known yet, and they were automatically placed into Pot 4
15.
Rugby league
–
Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players. Its rules gradually changed with the aim of producing a faster, in rugby league, points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing teams goal line, this is called a try, and is the primary method of scoring. The opposing team attempts to stop the side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball. In addition to tries, points can be scored by kicking goals, after each try, the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points. Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties, and field goals can be attempted at any time. Rugby league is a sport in Northern England, the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, New Zealand. The European Super League and Australasian National Rugby League are the club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally, predominantly by European, Australasian and Pacific Island countries, the first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954, the current holders are Australia. The first of these, the Northern Rugby Football Union, was established in 1895 as a faction of Englands Rugby Football Union. Similar breakaway factions split from RFU-affiliated unions in Australia and New Zealand in 1907 and 1908, renaming themselves rugby football leagues, in 1922, the Northern Union also changed its name to the Rugby Football League and thus over time the sport itself became known as rugby league football. In 1895, a schism in Rugby football resulted in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union, within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced, in 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13 a side and replacing the ruck formed after every tackle with the play the ball. A similar schism to that which occurred in England took place in Sydney, There, on 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby Football League was founded at Batemans Hotel in George Street. Rugby league then went on to rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales. On 5 May 1954 over 100,000 spectators watched the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford, England, also in 1954 the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French. In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule that a team in possession was allowed three play-the-balls and on the tackle a scrum was to be formed. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover,1967 saw the first professional Sunday matches of rugby league played
16.
Rugby union
–
Rugby union, known in some parts of the world simply as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using a ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line. Historically an amateur sport, in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, World Rugby, originally the International Rugby Football Board and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board, has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents, there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, takes place four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions. The origin of football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823. Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895, despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football team. During this early period different schools used different rules, with pupils from Rugby. Other important events include the Blackheath Clubs decision to leave the Football Association in 1863, despite the sports full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world. The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England, by 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby tournament, the Melrose Sevens. During the early history of union, a time before commercial air travel. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe, All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in, the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event, in 1905 France played England in its first international match
17.
Australian Institute of Sport
–
The Australian Institute of Sport is a sports training institution in Australia. The Institutes headquarters were opened in 1981 and are situated in Canberra, the 66-hectare site campus is in the northern suburb of Bruce. The AIS is a division of the Australian Sports Commission, the need of the AIS was compounded in 1976 when the Australian Olympic team failed to win an Olympic gold medal in Montreal, which was regarded as a national embarrassment for Australia. The Institutes well-funded programs have been regarded as a reason for Australias recent success in international sporting competitions. There are a number of sculptures located throughout the Bruce Campus, such as Acrobats, Gymnast, Pole Vaulter and Soccer Players by John Robinson and the Swimmer by Guy Boyd. After the Sydney 2000 Olympics, two of the three sculptures - Gymnast and Wheelchair Basketballer - that were located on the Sydney Tower Eye prior to the Olympics were installed at the AIS. The AIS Arena is a 5,200 capacity indoor stadium which has used for sports such as basketball, gymnastics. Directly adjacent to, but not strictly part of the Institute is the 25,000 capacity outdoor Canberra Stadium which has hosted matches of all the forms of football played in Australia. In 2005,2009 and 2010 the Institute won awards at the prestigious Canberra and these awards were given in recognition of the daily public tours that are available. Each tour, which takes in several different buildings of the Institute as well as the arena, shortly after its inception in 1981, the AIS held a competition for a symbol that would depict the AIS aim of achieving supremacy in sport. The winner was a student from Bendigo in Victoria, Rose-Marie Derrico. Her design showed an athlete with hands clasped above the head in recognition of victory, the colours of the logo were red, white and blue, which are the same colours as the Australian flag. On 3 February 2014, the AIS launched a new logo in line with its new direction as outlined in its Winning Edge program that was launched in 2012, landor Associates designed the new brand and logo. The gold in the brand representing Australias pursuit of gold, from 2014, as a result of Australias Winning Edge 2012-2022 strategy, the AIS no longer directly offered scholarships to athletes. As a result of the strategy, many sporting organisations are utilizing the AIS facilities and services on an ongoing or regular basis. Several national sports organisations have located their national centres for excellence at the AIS, the AIS does continue to support other athletes in other sports however they are self funded and not under the National Training Centre banner. Many prominent Australian athletes have taken up AIS scholarships, in 2001, the AIS established the Best of the Best Award to recognise highly performed AIS athletes. In August 2013, Stuart OGrady was indefinitely suspended from the Best of the Best due to his admission to doping in 1998, the Australian Institute of Sport Alumni highlights the many prominent Australian athletes that the AIS has assisted
18.
Canberra
–
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
19.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
20.
Philip Cox
–
Philip Sutton Cox AO is an Australian architect. Cox is the partner of COX Architects, one of the largest architectural practices in Australia. He commenced his first practice with Ian McKay in 1963, then, in 1967 he founded his own practice, Philip Cox, the firm has grown to become COX Architects, which has 400 staff. He has been described as “epitomising the Sydney School of Architecture” in earlier projects and his work has won him multiple awards, the first being in 1963, one year after graduating from the University of Sydney. His most recent award was in 1989, Philip Sutton Cox was born on 1 October 1939 to Ron and May Cox. He has one sister, Judith. His childhood was comfortable, growing up in Killara on the North Shore in Sydney but he was born just one month after the start of the Second World War, Cox attended Gordon Public School and then the Sydney Church of England Grammar School in North Sydney. Cox decided at quite an early age that he wanted to be an architect and he won a Commonwealth scholarship which was to pay his fees. Cox was the responsible for initially implementing the American Radburn design for public housing in New South Wales. Cox and his firm have designed many public buildings in Australia. In 1988 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in recognition of service to architecture, in 1993 he received the inaugural award for Sport and Architecture from the International Olympic Committee, and is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Cox married Louise, an architect, in Sydney in April 1972. They have two daughters, Charlotte and Sophie, Cox Architects, selected and current works. Cox, Philip Sutton, Harrison, Stuart, Kaji-OGrady, Sandra, Johnson, a decade in review, Philip Cox. Canberra, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Australian Architects, Philip Cox, Richardson & Taylor. Canberra, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, museum of Applied Arts & Sciences. Profile, Philip Cox AO. Cox Architects, phillip Cox and The Spirit of Place. Australian Broadcasting Corporation – via Radio National, museum of Applied Arts & Sciences
Tonga
Samoa
Argentina
Canada
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
China PR
Nigeria
South Africa
Japan
Brazil
Cameroon
Norway
Slovakia
South Korea
Oman
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
North Korea
Iraq
Palestine
Iran
Kyrgyzstan
France def. 
Scotland 36–18
New Zealand 32–12
Lebanon def. 
