1.
B.N. Morris Canoe Company
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The B. N. Morris Canoe Company of Veazie, Maine, produced wood and canvas canoes from 1891 until fire destroyed the factory late in 1919. The shapeliness, style, and workmanship of the Morris canoes, the men behind the B. N. Morris Canoe Company were Bert Morris and his older brother, Charles. Initially, canoes were built in a shop behind the Morris family home in Veazie, the building was four stories high, with a different aspect of canoe construction completed on each floor. Although Morris was not the first to market canvas-covered canoes, it was among the first to distribute through a system of dealerships, in the early years of the twentieth century, Morris began offering a less expensive factory-direct line of canoes under the name Veazie Canoe Company. These canoes were identical to those carrying the B. N. Morris name with the exception of being trimmed in ash or maple rather than high grade mahogany, the evening of December 15,1919, a fire, described in The Bangor Daily News as. Very spectacular, lighting up the country for miles around, destroyed the B. N. Morris factory complex, both articles assure the public that the factory would be rebuilt, but it was not. The factorys office building survived the fire and is today the office of a Veazie motel known as The Stucco Lodge, the canoe was offered in four models, much the same in appearance but with variations in depth and width. Customers could customize their canoe with longer decks and a paint job. Early in the century, Morris began to advertise that his canoes were all one grade mahogany-trimmed vessels. A second company, the Veazie Canoe Company, was developed to offer a less expensive factory-direct model trimmed in hardwoods other than mahogany, models and types Special Indian, Prior to approximately 1905, this was the name of one of the two Morris models. Special Indian, Extra Beam, Prior to approximately 1905, this was the name of the wider of Morriss canoe models and its catalog image is used as the logo of the Wooden Canoe Heritage Association. Model A, Model A, is for use, and will be found efficient, safe, staunch and comfortable, principally due to the flat floor, full rounded sides. Its dimensions are moderate and pleasing in lines, and from its first appearance on the market up to this day and this model is built with two styles of ends, the Special, or so-called Torpedo ends, and the Standard Ends. Model B, Model B, which is a development, has been very much appreciated by those who desire a canoe with greater capacity. It has been on the market a number of years, with an increase in demand. Its lines in general are very pleasing, and its qualities are exceptional. It is also a very fine canoe to equip for rowing, Model C, Model C, carries about the same dimensions as Model A, except that it has less tumble-home and sharper lines for and aft. It is a fairly speedy canoe, Model D, Model D is a design with more freeboard and less tumble-home
2.
Abbe Museum
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The Abbe Museum is a museum with two locations in Bar Harbor, Maine, on Mount Desert Island. The museum is dedicated to exploring the history and culture of Maines Native people and it has one location at 26 Mount Desert Street in the center of Bar Harbor, and a second location at Sieur de Monts in Acadia National Park. Stone artifacts include projectile points, bone artifaces include harpoons, hooks, combs, also included are large number of baskets, and a powder horn attributed to the Penobscot chief Orono. The core of the collection was made the pioneering radiologist Robert Abbe, the Sieur de Monts building was designed by Edmund M. Gilchrist, and was completed in 1928. It is believed to be the only example of Mediterranean architecture in the state. National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine National Register of Historic Places listings in Acadia National Park Abbe Museum web site
3.
Bar Harbor, Maine
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Bar Harbor is a town on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population is 5,235, Bar Harbor is a popular tourist destination in the Down East region of Maine and home to the College of the Atlantic, Jackson Laboratory, and MDI Biological Laboratory. Prior to a catastrophic 1947 fire the town was a summer colony for the super-affluent elite. Bar Harbor is home to the largest parts of Acadia National Park, including Cadillac Mountain, the highest point within twenty-five miles of the coastline of the Eastern United States. The town is served by the Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, which has flights on Cape Air and PenAir to Boston, as well as flights to Newark and Portland. The town of Bar Harbor was founded on the northeast shore of Mount Desert Island, the Wabanaki seasonally fished, hunted and gathered berries, clams, and other shellfish in the area. They spoke of Bar Harbor as Man-es-aydik or Ah-baysauk, leaving piles of shells as evidence of this abundance. In early September 1604, French explorer Samuel de Champlain ran aground on a rock ledge believed to be just off Otter Cliffs, Champlain named the island Isles des Monts Deserts, meaning island of barren mountains—now called Mount Desert Island, the largest in Maine. The community was first settled by Europeans in 1763 by Israel Higgins and John Thomas and incorporated on February 23,1796 as Eden, after Sir Richard Eden, early industries included fishing, lumbering and shipbuilding. With the best soil on Mount Desert Island, it also developed agriculture, in the 1840s, its rugged maritime scenery attracted the Hudson River School and Luminism artists Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Church, William Hart and Fitz Henry Lane. Inspired by their paintings, journalists, sportsmen and rusticators followed, agamont House, the first hotel in Eden, was established in 1855 by Tobias Roberts. Birch Point, the first summer estate, was built in 1868 by Alpheus Hardy, by 1880, there were 30 hotels, including the Mira Monte Inn, a historic landmark that would later survive a massive fire, in 1947. Tourists were arriving by train and ferry to the Gilded Age resort that would rival Newport, a glimpse of their lifestyles was available from the Shore Path, a walkway skirting waterfront lawns. Yachting, garden parties at the Pot & Kettle Club, others enjoyed horse-racing at Robin Hood Park-Morrell Park. President William Howard Taft played golf in 1910 at the Kebo Valley Golf Club. On March 3,1918, Eden was renamed Bar Harbor, after the sand and gravel bar, visible at low tide, the name would become synonymous with elite wealth. It was the birthplace of vice-president Nelson Rockefeller on July 8,1908, Bar Harbor was also used for naval practices during World War II. More specifically, Bald Porcupine Island was used to fire live torpedoes, on October 10,1944 the submarine USS Piper fired 12 live torpedoes at the island
4.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
5.
Watercraft
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Watercraft are water-borne vehicles including ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines. Watercraft usually have propulsive capability and hence are distinct from a device that merely floats. Most watercraft would be described as either a ship or a boat, however, there are numerous craft which many people would consider neither a ship nor a boat, such as, surfboards, underwater robots, seaplanes, jetskis and torpedoes. Although ships are larger than boats, the distinction between those two categories is not one of size per se. Ships are typically large ocean-going vessels, whereas boats are smaller, and typically travel most often on inland or coastal waters. A rule of thumb says a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship cant fit on a boat, local law and regulation may define the exact size that distinguishes a ship from a boat. A merchant ship is any floating craft that transports cargo for the purpose of earning revenue, in that context, the term watercraft is rarely used to describe any individual object, rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from jet skis to aircraft carriers. Such a vessel may be used in saltwater and freshwater, for pleasure, recreation, physical exercise, commerce, in general, the purpose of a water vehicle identifies its utility with a maritime industry sub-sector. The design from which a vehicle is created usually seeks to achieve a balance between internal capacity, speed and seaworthiness. Propulsion is the application of technology in watercraft. Current technological development seeks to identify cheaper, renewable and less polluting sources of propulsion for watercraft of all shapes and sizes, secondary applications of technology in watercraft have been those of used structural materials, navigation aids, and in the case of warships, weapon systems. Watercraft registration is the registration of a watercraft with a government authority, identification consists of an alphanumeric string called a vessel registration number that is issued in the United States by the states Department of Motor Vehicles. Navigation aids have varied over time, from observation, to mechanical mechanisms. Since the early 20th century, there has been a development in technologies which allow force projection from a naval task force to a land objective using marine infantry. The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Native Watercraft in Canada A History of Recreational Small Watercraft Recreational Watercraft
6.
Paddle
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A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either as a form of propulsion in a boat or as an implement for mixing. Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass, carbon fibre or metal rod with a handle on one end, paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, they are handled from the middle of the shaft. Kayak paddles having blades in the plane are called un-feathered. Paddles with blades in different planes are called feathered, feathered paddles are measured by the degree of feather, such as 30,45, or even 90 degrees. Many modern paddles are made of two pieces which can be snapped together in either feathered or unfeathered settings, the shaft is normally straight but in some cases a crank is added with the aim of making the paddle more comfortable and reducing the strain on the wrist. In addition, weight savings are more desirable at the ends of the rather than in the middle. Cheaper kayak paddles have a shaft while more expensive ones use a lighter fibreglass or carbon fibre shaft. Some paddles have a smaller diameter shaft for people with smaller hands, Paddle length varies with a longer paddle being better suited for stronger people, taller people, and people using the paddle in a wider kayak. Some paddle makers have an online paddle size calculator, blades vary in size and shape. A blade with a surface area may be desirable for a strong person with good shoulder joints. Some paddle makers offer blades in three sizes, for this reason white or yellow blades may offer a safety advantage over black or blue blades. Of course, kayakers should wear a headlamp or have other lighting on their kayak under conditions of limited lighting. However, if an operator must look straight into a sun low in the sky to see a kayaker. Highly reflective water resistant tape may be affixed to the paddle blades, the paddle is held with two hands, some distance apart from each other. For normal use, it is drawn through the water front to back to drive the boat forwards. The two blades of a paddle are dipped alternately on either side of the kayak. Gloves may be worn to prevent blistering for long periods of paddling, on mechanical paddle steamers, the motorized paddling is not done with a mass of paddles or oars but by rotating one or a few paddle wheels. Racing paddles also have special designs and they are generally less flat and are curved to catch more water which will enable racing paddlers to maximize the efficiency of their stroke
7.
Kayak
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A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic language, where it is the word qajaq, in the UK the term canoe is often used when referring to a kayak. The traditional kayak has a deck and one or more cockpits. Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of electric motors. The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut, Inuit, Yupik, kayaks were originally developed by the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut. They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and these first kayaks were constructed from stitched seal or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old, the oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich. Native people made many types of boat for different purposes, the baidarka, developed by indigenous cultures in Alaska, was also made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An umiak is an open sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet, made with seal skins. It is considered a kayak although it was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles, native builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them, passed on through oral tradition. A special skin jacket, Tuilik, was laced to the kayak. This enabled the eskimo roll to become the method of regaining posture after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim. Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats, the length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builders hips plus two fists, the typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb. Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet long by 20–22 inches wide by 7 inches deep and this measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak, because each kayak was a little different. Most of the Aleut people in the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland Inuit relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of seals, though whales. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves. In other parts of the home builders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks, usually with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric
8.
Canoe sprint
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Canoe sprint is a sport in which athletes race canoes or kayaks on calm water. Race categories vary by the number of athletes in the boat, the length of the course, Canoe sprints are sometimes referred to as flat water racing. The distances recognized by the ICF for international canoe sprint races are 200m, 500m and these races take place on straight courses with each boat paddling in its own designated lane. Longer marathon races do exist, notably the 5000m - these usually have athletes starting in a pack at a start line before paddling around a set course with marked turning points. For each race a number of heats, semi-finals and a final may be necessary, the sport is governed by the International Canoe Federation. The International Canoe Federation is the worldwide canoeing organization and creates the rules for the different disciplines of canoe/kayak competition. The ICF recognizes several competitive and non-competitive disciplines of canoeing, of which Sprint, on the whole, Europe has dominated the sport, winning over 90 per cent of all available medals. The official boats recognized by the ICF as International Boats are, K1, K2, K4, C1, C2 and C4, originally, width restrictions were also enforced, these were revoked in 2000, spurring a flurry of innovations in boat designs. Modern boats are made of carbon fiber, aramid fiber with epoxy resin. In a kayak, the paddler is seated in the direction of travel, kayaks have a rudder for steering and course adjustment, which is operated by the feet of the paddler in the front. The paddle used is usually a wing paddle - wing paddles have blades which are shaped to resemble a wing or spoon, creating lift and increasing the power and stability of the stroke. In Canada, a racing class exists for the C-15 or WC or War Canoe, an antiquated boat class is the C-7, resembling a large C4 which was debuted by the ICF with little success. For racing canoes, the blade is short and broad. The shaft will typically be longer than a canoe paddle. More recent designs of canoe racing paddles often have a bent shaft
9.
Whitewater canoeing
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Whitewater canoeing is the sport of paddling a canoe on a moving body of water, typically a whitewater river. Whitewater canoeing can range from simple, carefree gently moving water, to demanding, River rapids are graded like ski runs according to the difficulty, danger or severity of the rapid. Whitewater grades range from I or 1 to VI or 6, Grade/Class I can be described as slightly moving water with ripples. Grade/Class VI can be described as severe or almost unrunnable whitewater, the canoe used in casual whitewater canoeing is different from those used in whitewater racing. Traditionally, canoes were made of bark, sewn with tree roots. Early whitewater boats were made of wood followed by aluminium and later fiberglass or kevlar, followed by more exotic materials including spectra, vectran. Boats can range in size from barely long enough to hold the paddler, up to 12 ft or longer for solo boats, paddling on rivers, lakes and oceans is as old as the Stone Age. The raft, the catamaran, the canoe and the kayak evolved depending on the needs, the modern day canoe most likely originated about 8,000 years ago. The Greek, Herodotus, 484-425 BC, wrote in his diaries about boats with which merchandise was brought from Armenia to Babylon. The boats were made of a framework that was covered with animal skins. Mules hauled the precious skins back to Armenia, the Scot, John MacGregor published in 1866 the book A Thousand Miles in the Roy Rob Canoe. The timing was right and the became a resounding success. There are several sub-categories in whitewater canoeing, River running can be thought of as a tour down a river, River running includes short day trips as well as longer multi-day trips. Canoes with gear typically are not commonly used above class IV whitewater without portages, sometimes, open touring canoes with gear used on multi-day trips are fitted with fabric spraycovers. Whitewater racing is the aspect of this sub-category, racing canoes down a river as fast as possible. Creeking is perhaps best thought of as a subcategory of river running, involving very technical and difficult rapids, creek boats usually have increased rocker, or rise, on the bow to go up and over obstacles and obstructions within the river. Extreme racing is a form of this aspect of whitewater canoeing, in which canoers race down steep sections. Slalom is a competitive form of canoeing, and the only whitewater event to appear in the Olympic Games
10.
Playboating
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Specialised canoes or kayaks known as playboats are often used, but any boat can be used for playing. The moves and tricks are similar to those performed by snowboarders, surfers or skaters. With modern playboats it is possible to get the kayak and the paddler completely airborne while performing tricks, the competitive side of playboating is known as freestyle kayaking. Playspots are typically stationary features on rivers, in standing waves, hydraulic jumps, holes and stoppers. Basic moves consist of front- and back-surfing, spins through any of the three axes, air screws, cartwheels and air loops, stalls with the vertical on either end. The playboater usually aims to stay surfing the feature after performing each move, more complex moves are made up of combinations of these moves. These moves are scored by the International Canoe Federation, and are used in official competitions worldwide and these moves were more popular before short playboats were invented, but remain the foundation of several current moves. Ender An ender is performed by sinking the bow of the boat deep into swift moving water, popup A popup is an ender, followed by quickly leaning back to cause the boat to pop up out of the water like a cork. Pirouette A pirouette is when the boater turns during an ender, squirt A basic squirt is performed when crossing a strong eddyline. As soon as the crosses the eddyline, a back sweep is performed while dropping the upstream edge of the stern. The stern of the boat should sink, and the boat will rotate in the direction of the currents and you can then develop this into a cartwheel. Double pump This is the move at the beginning of a making the boat go up on its side. Mystery Move The paddler completely submerges the kayak and themself, front Surf A front surf involves remaining on a feature of the river without being washed downstream. From this position, many moves can be initiated, Back Surf A back surf is identical to the front surf, but with the boat facing downstream. This is most often accomplished by transitioning through a move such as a spin, cartwheel, Back surfing is slightly harder than front surfing. Side Surf A side surf is done with the boat oriented perpendicular to the current, the paddler must lean downstream and raise their upstream edge to maintain this position. This move is easier to learn because it is the position a kayak will move. Carving Carving involves moving back and forth across the face of a feature and this is accomplished by tilting the boat at an angle while using the paddle to press against the water near the downstream end of the boat
11.
Canoeing at the Summer Olympics
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Canoeing and kayaking have been featured as competition sports in the Summer Olympic Games since the 1936 Games in Berlin, although they were demonstration sports at the 1924 Games in Paris. There are two disciplines of canoeing in Olympic competition, slalom and sprint, two styles of boats are used in this sport, canoes with 1 or 2 canoers and kayaks with 1,2 or 4 kayakers. This leads to the designation of each event. For example, C-1 is a singles event and K-2 is a kayak doubles event. Races are usually 500 metres or 1000 metres long, although there were also 10 km events from 1936 to 1956, the other events for men at 200 m will be C-1, K-1, and K-2. This was confirmed at their 2009 Board of Directors meeting in Windsor, Berkshire, the following tables shows which events were contested at each Games. Updated after the 2016 Summer Olympics List of Olympic venues in canoeing
12.
Dugout canoe
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A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed tree trunk. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon, monoxylon is Greek -- mono- + ξύλον xylon -- and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In Germany they are called einbaum, some, but not all, pirogues are also constructed in this manner. Dugouts are the oldest boats archaeologists have found, dating back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age and this is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than, e. g. bark canoes. Along with bark canoe and hide kayak, dugout boats were used by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Construction of a dugout begins with the selection of a log of suitable dimensions, sufficient wood needed to be removed to make the vessel relatively light in weight and buoyant, yet still strong enough to support the crew and cargo. Specific types of wood were often preferred based on their strength, durability, the shape of the boat is then fashioned to minimize drag, with sharp ends at the bow and stern. First the bark is removed from the exterior, before the appearance of metal tools, dugouts were hollowed out using controlled fires. The burnt wood was removed using an adze. Another method using tools is to chop out parallel notches across the span of the wood, then split out. Once hollowed out, the interior was dressed and smoothed out with a knife or adze, more primitive designs keep the trees original dimensions, with a round bottom. However, it is possible to carefully steam the sides of the hollow log until they are pliable, for travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted on either side of the hull, the Dufuna canoe from Nigeria is an 8000-year-old dugout, the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the third-oldest worldwide. African Teak is the timber favoured for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, dugouts are called pirogues in Francophone areas of Africa. A 8000-year-old dugout canoe was found by archaeologists in Kuahuqiao, Zhejiang Province and this is the earliest canoe found in Asia. The Moken, an group that lives in Myanmars Mergui Archipelago. It is now on display in front of the Municipal Town Hall, here many dugouts were made from linden wood, for several reasons
13.
Aluminium
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Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal, Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building facades. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium, despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts abundance, the potential for a role for them is of continuing interest. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite, a fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel and it is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a cubic structure. Aluminium has an energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Aluminium is a thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin. Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium
14.
Composite material
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The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for reasons, common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter. More recently, researchers have begun to actively include sensing, actuation, computation and communication into composites. The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments, the earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. Ancient brick-making was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings, wattle and daub is one of the oldest man-made composite materials, at over 6000 years old. Concrete is also a material, and is used more than any other man-made material in the world. As of 2006, about 7.5 billion cubic metres of concrete are made each year—more than one metre for every person on Earth. 2181–2055 BC and was used for death masks Cob Mud Bricks, concrete was described by Vitruvius, writing around 25 BC in his Ten Books on Architecture, distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for the preparation of lime mortars. For structural mortars, he recommended pozzolana, which were volcanic sands from the beds of Pozzuoli brownish-yellow-gray in colour near Naples. Natural cement-stones, after burning, produced cements used in concretes from post-Roman times into the 20th century, the glass fiber is relatively strong and stiff, whereas the polymer is ductile. Thus the resulting fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, concrete is the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists of loose stones held with a matrix of cement. Concrete is a material, and will not compress or shatter even under quite a large compressive force. However, concrete cannot survive tensile loading, therefore, to give concrete the ability to resist being stretched, steel bars, which can resist high stretching forces, are often added to concrete to form reinforced concrete. Fibre-reinforced polymers or FRPs include carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer or CFRP, and glass-reinforced plastic or GRP, if classified by matrix then there are thermoplastic composites, short fiber thermoplastics, long fibre thermoplastics or long fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. There are numerous thermoset composites, including paper composite panels, many advanced thermoset polymer matrix systems usually incorporate aramid fibre and carbon fibre in an epoxy resin matrix. Shape memory polymer composites are high-performance composites, formulated using fibre or fabric reinforcement and they can also be reheated and reshaped repeatedly without losing their material properties. These composites are ideal for such as lightweight, rigid, deployable structures, rapid manufacturing. Although high strain composites exhibit many similarities to shape memory polymers, Composites can also use metal fibres reinforcing other metals, as in metal matrix composites or ceramic matrix composites, which includes bone, cermet and concrete
15.
Fiberglass
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Fiberglass is a type of fiber-reinforced plastic where the reinforcement fiber is specifically glass fiber. The glass fiber may be arranged, flattened into a sheet. The plastic matrix may be a polymer matrix – most often based on thermosetting polymers such as epoxy, polyester resin. The glass fibers are made of various types of glass depending upon the fiberglass use and these glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes boron. To be used in fiberglass, glass fibers have to be made very low levels of defects. Fiberglass is a lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on fiber, it is less brittle. Its bulk strength and weight are also better than many metals, other common names for fiberglass are glass-reinforced plastic, glass-fiber reinforced plastic or GFK. Because glass fiber itself is referred to as fiberglass, the composite is also called fiberglass reinforced plastic. This article will adopt the convention that fiberglass refers to the glass fiber reinforced composite material. A patent for this method of producing glass wool was first applied for in 1933, Owens joined with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by Owens Corning to produce its patented fibreglas in 1936. Originally, fibreglas was a wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas, making it useful as an insulator. A suitable resin for combining the fibreglass with a plastic to produce a material was developed in 1936 by du Pont. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamids resin of 1942, peroxide curing systems were used by then. With the combination of fiberglass and resin the gas content of the material was replaced by plastic and this reduced the insulation properties to values typical of the plastic, but now for the first time the composite showed great strength and promise as a structural and building material. Confusingly, many glass fiber composites continued to be called fiberglass, ray Greene of Owens Corning is credited with producing the first composite boat in 1937, but did not proceed further at the time due to the brittle nature of the plastic used. In 1939 Russia was reported to have constructed a boat of plastic materials. The first car to have a body was a 1946 prototype of the Stout Scarab
16.
Sail
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A sail derives power from the wind to provide motive power for sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and sail-powered land vehicles. Sails mobilize lift and drag properties as air passes along the surface, in most cases sails are supported directly by a mast rigidly attached to the sailing craft or on a wire stay attached to the mast, however some craft employ a flexible mount for a mast. Sails also employ spars and battens to help determine their shape, as a result, sails come in a variety of shapes that include both triangular and quadrilateral configurations, usually with curved edges that promote three-dimensional curvature of the sail. Kites also power certain sailing craft, but do not employ a mast to support the airfoil and are beyond the scope of this article, sailing craft employ two types of rig, the square rig and the fore-and-aft rig. The square rig carries the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal spars and these spars are called yards and their tips, beyond the last stay, are called the yardarms. A ship mainly so rigged is called a square-rigger, the square rig is aerodynamically most efficient when running. A fore-and-aft rig consists of sails that are set along the line of the rather than perpendicular to it. Vessels so rigged are described as fore-and-aft rigged, archaeological studies of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium onwards. Excavations of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia provides direct evidence of sailing boats, Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE, where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Niles current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, the proto-Austronesian words for sail, lay, and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Greeks and Phoenicians began trading by ship by around 1,200 BCE, northern Europeans were resistant to adopting the fore-and-aft rig, despite having seen its use in the course of trade and during the Crusades. The lateen sail proved to have better performance for smaller vessels. Aerodynamic forces on sails depend on speed and direction and the speed. The direction that the craft is traveling with respect to the wind is called the point of sail. The speed of the craft at a point of sail contributes to the apparent wind —the wind speed. Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind, for apparent wind angles aligned with the entry point of the sail, the sail acts as an airfoil and lift is the predominant component of propulsion. For apparent wind angles behind the sail, lift diminishes and drag increases as the predominant component of propulsion, because of limitations on speed through the water, displacement sailboats generally derive power from sails generating lift on points of sail that include close-hauled through broad reach. Downwind sailing with a spinnaker Each rig is configured in a sail plan, a sail plan is a set of drawings, usually prepared by a naval architect which shows the various combinations of sail proposed for a sailing ship
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Outrigger
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An outrigger is a projecting structure on a boat, with specific meaning depending on types of vessel. An outrigger describes any contraposing float rigging beyond the side of a boat to improve the vessels stability, if a single outrigger is used it is usually but not always windward. In an outrigger canoe and in such as the proa. The outrigger is positioned rigidly and parallel to the hull so that the main hull is less likely to capsize. If only one outrigger is used on a vessel, its weight reduces the tendency to capsize in one direction, on a keelboat, outrigger refers to a variety of structures by which the running rigging may be attached outboard of the boats hull. The Racing Rules of Sailing generally prohibit such outriggers, though they are permitted on specific classes. In fishing from vessels, an outrigger is a pole or series of poles that allow boats to trawl more lines in the water without tangling, in a rowing boat or galley, an outrigger is a triangular frame that holds the rowlock away from the saxboard to optimize leverage. Wing-riggers are made by manufacturers of racing shells which are reinforced arcs or form a single projection akin to aircraft wings instead of conventional thin metal triangular structures. Outrigger canoe Outrigger canoe racing Racing shell Sailing canoe Training wheels
18.
Outboard motor
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An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom. They are the most common motorized method of propelling small watercraft, as well as providing propulsion, outboards provide steering control, as they are designed to pivot over their mountings and thus control the direction of thrust. The skeg also acts as a rudder when the engine is not running, unlike inboard motors, outboard motors can be easily removed for storage or repairs. In order to eliminate the chances of hitting bottom with an outboard motor and this helps when traveling through shallow waters where there may be debris that could potentially damage the motor as well as the propeller. Large outboards are usually bolted to the transom, and are linked to controls at the helm, small outboard motors, up to 15 horsepower or so are easily portable. They are affixed to the boat via clamps, and thus moved from boat to boat. These motors typically use a manual system, with throttle and gearshift controls mounted on the body of the motor. To provide auxiliary power for sailboats, for trolling aboard larger craft, in this application, the motor is frequently installed on the transom alongside and connected to the primary outboard to enable helm steering. In addition many small manufacturers have begun offering variants with power trim/tilt. Pump-jet propulsion is available as an option on most outboard motors, although less efficient than an open propeller, they are particularly useful in applications where the ability to operate in very shallow water is important. They also eliminate the dangers of an open propeller. The first known outboard motor was a small 5 kilogram electric unit designed around 1870 by Gustave Trouvé, later about 25 petrol powered outboards may have been produced in 1896 by American Motors Co—but neither of these two pioneering efforts appear to have had much impact. The Waterman outboard engine appears to be the first real gasoline-powered outboard offered for sale, the inboard boat motor firm of Caille Motor Company of Detroit were instrumental in making the cylinder and engines. The most successful early outboard motor, was created by Norwegian-American inventor Ole Evinrude in 1909, between 1909 and 1912, Evinrude made thousands of his outboards and the three horse units were sold around the world. His Evinrude Outboard Co. was spun off to other owners, the 1920s were the first high-water mark for the outboard with Evinrude, Johnson, ELTO, Atwater Lockwood and dozens of other makers in the field. Historically, a majority of outboards have been two-stroke powerheads fitted with a due to the designs inherent simplicity, reliability, low cost. Drawbacks include increased pollution, due to the volume of unburned gasoline and oil in their exhaust. In the early 1980s Honda Motor Co. introduced its first four-stroke powerhead, in 1984, Yamaha introduced their first four-stroke powerhead
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Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
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Frances Anne Hopkins
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Frances Anne Hopkins was a British painter. She was the third of Frederick William Beecheys five children, in 1858, she married a Hudsons Bay Company official, Edward Hopkins, whose work took him to North America. While sailing, she was able to sketch extensively, therefore, Hopkins was active in the field of painting, during the 1860s and 70s. Her best-known works are large paintings made from her sketches. She portrayed a voyageurs life in the mid-nineteenth century, Hopkins, however, remained unknown not until recently. At the same time, considering that, she was an artist placed in a context where gender-imposed restrictions were prevalent. In fact, Frances Anne Hopkins was dubbed as a woman who staked out an identity based on difference, the Hopkins’ family soon returned to England in 1870 where she lived until her death. Hopkins was an artist able to record an important aspect of Canadian history, Frances Anne Hopkins was the daughter of Frederick William Beechey, a hydrographer and a Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy, and Charlotte Stapleton. She was born in London, England on 2 February 1838, Hopkins was from an upper middle-class family. There is a question whether her status had granted her access to education and she came from a family of artists and Arctic explorers. His father Sir Frederick was a water-colourist, Hopkins aunt Anne Phyllis Beechey who was also known as Lady Beechey was a miniaturist. Her grandfather Sir William Beechey was also a painter and a member of the Royal Academy of Arts. This conjecture of gaining an education, however, has not been supported by any existing records, Hopkins’ paintings and drawings, although, suggest an exemplify of trained artistry, possibly at home. At an early age, she married Edward Martin Hopkins, a Hudsons Bay Company Secretary Governor at St. Saviours Church and he was previously married to Anne Ogden, they had three children together before she died of cholera. His husbands work would bring her on a journey that would provide subjects for her art pieces, Frances Anne Hopkins and her husband Edward Hopkins, along with Edward’s three sons from a previous marriage, moved to Lachine, Lower Canada shortly after their marriage in 1858. The Hopkins family moved to Lachine, as Edward worked there as a secretary for Sir George Simpson, Hopkins’ stay in Lower Canada differed greatly from the lives of her female counterparts in London, who, like Hopkins, were from wealthy English families. In London, these counterparts mostly led “quiet, uneventful lives largely within the precincts of the studio. ”In contrast to that. Some of her subjects included the Hopkins family’s house and garden, which was on the shore of the St. Lawrence River, the next door, the Lachine pier
22.
Island Carib language
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Island Carib, also known as Igneri, was an Arawakan language historically spoken by the Island Caribs of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Island Carib proper became extinct about 1920, but an offshoot survives as Garifuna, despite its name, Island Carib was not closely related to the Carib language of the mainland Caribs. Instead, it appears to have been a development of the Arawakan language spoken by the islands earlier Igneri inhabitants, during the French colonial period, Carib men also spoke a Cariban-derived pidgin amongst themselves. At the time of European contact, the Island Caribs lived throughout the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, contemporary traditions indicated the Caribs had conquered these islands from their previous inhabitants, the Igneri. Because the Island Caribs were thought to have descended from the mainland Caribs of South America, modern scholars have proposed several hypotheses accounting for the prevalence of an Arawak language among the Island Caribs. Scholars such as Irving Rouse suggested that Caribs from South America conquered the Igneri but did not displace them, others doubt there was an invasion at all. Sued Badillo proposed that Igneri living in the Lesser Antilles adopted the Carib identity due to their close economic, in any event, the fact that the Island Caribs language evidently derived from a pre-existing Arawakan variety has led some linguists to term it Igneri. It appears to have been as distinct from Taíno as from mainland Arawak varieties, during the period of French colonization in the 17th century, and possibly earlier, male Island Caribs used a Cariban-based pidgin in addition to the Arawakan Island Carib language. The pidgin was evidently similar to one used by mainland Caribs to communicate with their Arawak neighbors, berend J. Hoff and Douglas Taylor hypothesized that it dated to the time of the Carib expansion through the islands, and that males maintained it to emphasize their origins. However, scholars who doubt the existence of a Carib invasion suggest this pidgin was a later development acquired by contact with the Caribs of the mainland. Island Carib was extinct by the 1920s, but an offshoot, Garifuna, is still spoken by the Garifuna people living mainly in Central America
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Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
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