1.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
2.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
3.
Benjamin Mountfort
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Benjamin Woolfield Mountfort was an English emigrant to New Zealand, where he became one of that countrys most prominent 19th-century architects. He was instrumental in shaping the city of Christchurchs unique architectural identity and culture, heavily influenced by the Anglo-Catholic philosophy behind early Victorian architecture, he is credited with importing the Gothic revival style to New Zealand. His Gothic designs constructed in wood and stone in the province are considered unique to New Zealand. Today, he is considered the architect of the province of Canterbury. Mountfort was born in Birmingham, a town in the Midlands of England. As a young adult he moved to London, where he was a pupil of George Gilbert Scott. He also studied architecture under the Anglo-Catholic architect Richard Cromwell Carpenter, after completion of his training in 1848, Mountfort practised architecture in London. He married Emily Elizabeth Newman on 20 August 1850, and 18 days later the couple emigrated to New Zealand and they were some of the first settlers to the province of Canterbury, arriving on one of the famed First Four Ships, the Charlotte-Jane on 16 December 1850. These first settlers, known as The Pilgrims, have their names engraved on plaques in Cathedral Square, Christchurch. Mountfort arrived in Canterbury full of ambition and drive to begin designing in 1850 as one of a wave of settlers encouraged to immigrate to the new colony of New Zealand by the British Government. With him and his wife from England came also his brother Charles, his sister Susannah, life in New Zealand at first was hard and disappointing, Mountfort found that there was little call for architects. Christchurch was little more than a village of basic wooden huts on a windswept plain. The new émigrés architectural life in New Zealand had a disastrous beginning and his first commission in New Zealand was the Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Lyttelton, built in 1852 by Isaac Luck. The building proved vulnerable to winds and was considered unsafe. This calamity was attributed to the use of unseasoned wood and his lack of knowledge of the building materials. Whatever the cause, the result was a blow to his reputation. Have given anything but satisfaction, he being evidently deficient in all knowledge of the principles of construction, though a clever draughtsman and a man of some taste. Due to this blow to his reputation, he began running a shop, working as a newspaper agent
4.
Heritage New Zealand
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Its current enabling legislation is the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. It is governed by a Board of Trustees, currently chaired by Shonagh Kenderdine, past chairs include Dame Anne Salmond. The head office is in Antrim House, Wellington, while regional and area offices are in Kerikeri, Auckland, Tauranga, Wellington, Christchurch and it publishes the quarterly magazine New Zealand Heritage. Buildings owned by Heritage New Zealand include the Mission House, the Stone Store, the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011 resulted in damage to a number of historic buildings in Christchurch. Post-earthquake redevelopment has caused a significant loss of buildings in Christchurch. The Māori Heritage Council sits within the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and was established by the Historic Places Act 1993, as of 2013 Sir Tumu Te Heuheu is the Chair of the MHC
5.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
6.
Christchurch Central City
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Christchurch Central City is the geographical centre and the heart of Christchurch, New Zealand. It suffered heavy damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and was devastated in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, following this second earthquake, the Central City Red Zone was set up and, with a gradually shrinking area, remained inaccessible except to authorised contractors until June 2013. At the centre of the city is Cathedral Square, surrounding the Anglican cathedral, the area around this square and within the four avenues of Christchurch is considered the central business district of the city. The city centre is laid out in a pattern, interrupted only by the curvilinear alignment of the Avon River. Christchurch has four pairs of one-way streets, the grid pattern within the outermost one-way streets is very regular, as this is the area that was laid out in the original survey. The surrounding area, i. e. the belt between the outer one-way streets and the avenues, was developed later in a progressive fashion, like most of the city, the centre is relatively flat. The European settlement of Christchurch was undertaken by the Canterbury Association and that year, the Canterbury Association sent out Captain Joseph Thomas, accompanied by surveyors, to select and prepare a site for settlement. Back then, the Avon River was navigable as far as The Bricks just upstream of the Barbadoes Street bridge, the site is these days marked by a riverbank cairn. The site got its name when the Deans Brothers in the 1840s had shipped bricks for their Riccarton homestead up the Avon River, the first city built with this pattern was Philadelphia, later came Savannah and Adelaide. The fourth city using this pattern was Christchurch, as such Christchurch holds an important legacy and a strong platform for future development. Thomas plan for Christchurch was the rectangular grid of colonial settlement. Thomas did not allow Jollie to include crescents to provide variety, two diagonal streets also broke the regularity of the grid. At the very centre of the city was a Square intended as a centre for the city. The grid was laid out originally between Salisbury Street to the north and St Asaph Street to the south and between Barbadoes Street to the east and Rolleston Avenue/Park Terrace to the west. The streets of the grid were mostly projected out to the Town Belts. The names chosen for the streets of the city almost all commemorate the English colonial origins of the settlement. The names chosen later for the town belts commemorate important personalities of early Christchurch, if I agreed with him that it did, I put the name to one of the streets requiring baptism. This accounts for, what to anyone not knowing the circumstances, appears strange, viz, Sumner in fact died too late for the names there used to be again employed in Christchurch
7.
Julius von Haast
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Sir Johann Franz Julius von Haast KCMG, known as Julius Haast and later as Julius von Haast, was a German geologist. He founded Canterbury Museum at Christchurch, New Zealand, Johann Franz Julius Haast was born on 1 May 1822 in Bonn, a town in the Kingdom of Prussia, to a merchant and his wife. As a child, he attended a school but was also educated at a grammar school in Cologne. After completing his schooling, he then entered the University of Bonn. As a young man, he travelled throughout Europe before basing himself in Frankfurt, working in the trading of books, on 26 October 1846, Haast married Antonia Schmitt at Frankfurt, Germany. The marriage, although unhappy, produced a son named Robert two years later. Haast was fluent in English and, in 1858, was contracted by a British shipping firm, A. Willis, Gann & Company and he travelled to London and in September of that year embarked abroad the Evening Star, destined for New Zealand. He arrived in Auckland on 21 December 1858 and, the following day, Haast discovered the two men had a shared interest in geology and they quickly became friends. Haast accompanied Hochstetter on his journey to Drury a few days later and also present on the trip were several of Hochstetters fellow scientists as well as the explorer and surveyor Charles Heaphy. Hochstetters report on the Drury coal field was received and he was formally asked to conduct geological surveys of New Zealand. His work with the Novara expedition largely complete, he agreed to stay on in new Zealand for several months although his salary would be paid by the Austrian government, over the next few weeks, Haast accompanied Hochstetter on geological expeditions of the area around Auckland. Hochstetter then turned his attention south, towards the Waikato province, the Waikato, apart from a few roads and trails, was largely unknown and the expedition, which left Auckland on 7 March 1859, had to make its own maps as they journeyed south. In three months, they travelled as far as Lake Taupo and also went as far west as Kāwhia Harbour and as east as Maketu, arriving back in Auckland on 24 May 1859, the party, which included a photographer, had covered 1000 kilometres. Numerous samples had been taken and sketches and photographs taken on the added to the scientific knowledge of the area. The next month, Hochstetter and Haast departed for the Coromandel, during his time in Nelson, while Hochstetter was carrying out his own fieldwork, Haast conducted several digs for moa bones and extracted several near-complete skeletons of the long extinct bird. He was also tasked by Hochstetter with carrying out independent fieldwork in Golden Bay, at Shakespeare Bay, near what is now Picton, he correctly predicted gold could be found based on his inspection of the rocks in the area. Haast returned to Nelson on 24 September September and met up with Hochstetter, there was one final expedition, to investigate a newly discovered coal field in Golden Bay, at the end of September, before Hochstetter sailed for Sydney on 2 October. Following Hochstetters departure from New Zealand, Haast was requested by the Nelson Provincial Council to build on the work already completed
8.
Frederick Wollaston Hutton
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Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton, FRS, was an English scientist who applied the theory of natural selection to explain the origins and nature of the natural history of New Zealand. An army officer in early life, he then had a career in geology and biology. He became one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand, Hutton was born in Gate Burton, Lincolnshire, England and passed through Southwell Grammar school and the Naval Academy at Gosport, Hampshire. He studied applied science at Kings College London before being commissioned in the Royal Welch Fusiliers and fighting in the Crimean War, Hutton returned to England in 1860, and continued to study geology at Sandhurst, being elected to the Geological Society of London in the same year. In 1861, he reviewed Charles Darwins The Origin of Species for The Geologist, throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwins theories of natural selection, and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton. Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie in 1863, and resigned his commission in 1866 to travel with his wife, at the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the University of Otago and curator of the museum there along with Emile Campbell-Browne. Hutton became professor of biology at Canterbury College in 1880, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892, the following year, he also took on the curatorship of the Canterbury Museum. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and he was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1891. He is commemorated in the Hutton Memorial Medal and Research Fund, awarded for scientific works bearing on the zoology, huttons shearwater, a sea bird, was named after him. 1905 Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, and James Drummond, the Animals of New Zealand, An Account of the Colonys Air-breathing Vertebrates. 1905 The formation of the Canterbury Plains, russell, Type specimens of New Zealand fishes described by Captain F. W. Hutton, F. R. S. Wikisource Various digitised writings of F. W. Hutton held by the Biodiversity Heritage Library Frederick Wollaston Hutton in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
9.
Henry Ogg Forbes
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Henry Ogg Forbes was a Scottish explorer, ornithologist, and botanist. He also described a new species of spider, Thomisus decipiens, Forbes was the son of Rev. Alexander Forbes, M. A. and his wife Mary née Ogg, and was born at Drumblade, Huntly, Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, the University of Aberdeen, Henry Ogg Forbes dedicated his book A Naturalists Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago to the zoologist William Alexander Forbes, who died on an expedition to West Africa in 1883. They had been friends and classmate at the University of Edinburgh, Forbes is mentioned in A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson. Works written by or about Henry Ogg Forbes at Wikisource Works by Henry Ogg Forbes at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry Ogg Forbes at Internet Archive Henry Ogg Forbes at Bright Sparcs
10.
Charles Chilton (zoologist)
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Charles Chilton was a New Zealand zoologist, the first rector to be appointed in Australasia, and the first person to be awarded a D. Sc. degree in New Zealand. Chilton was born on 27 September 1860 at Little Marstone, Pencombe and they settled on a farm at East Eyreton, North Canterbury. He was troubled by his hips from an age, and had his left leg amputated, using an artificial leg. He entered Canterbury College in 1875 as a student. Chiltons first scientific publication followed that year, when he described three new species of crustacean from Lyttelton Harbour and Lake Pupuke. He surprised the world later that year by describing four species of amphipod and isopod from groundwaters at the family farm in Eyreton. He went on to discover the isopod Phreatoicus typicus in the location, the first example ever described of the suborder Phreatoicidea. Chilton gained the first BSc degree from the University of New Zealand in 1887, and married in 1888. In 1893, he gained the first D. Sc. awarded in New Zealand, but in 1895, the moved to Edinburgh. He specialised in surgery, working at The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, before travelling to study at Heidelberg, Vienna. In 1901, he returned to New Zealand and in 1903 took on the Chair of Biology at the University of Canterbury, from 1904 to 1911, the Chilton family lived at Llanmaes, a house built by Francis Petre in central Christchurch. In 1907 Chilton was selected to be a member of the 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition, the main aim of the expedition was to extend the magnetic survey of New Zealand by investigating Auckland and Campbell Islands but botanical, biological and zoological surveys were also conducted. The voyage also resulted in rescue of the castaways of the shipwreck the Dundonald in the Auckland Islands, Chilton was the editor of the subsequent scientific reports resulting from the expedition. Chilton was instrumental in establishing the Cass Field Station, the building of which was completed in 1914, in 1915, Frank Chilton, the couples only child, a second-year medical student and a lieutenant in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, was killed in the Battle of Gallipoli. Charles Chilton became rector of Canterbury University College in 1921, the first time such a post had been granted in Australia or New Zealand, Chilton died on 25 October 1929 of a sudden attack of pneumonia, before he could collect his lifes work into a single monograph. He had published 130 papers on crustaceans, mostly amphipods, isopods and decapods, from all around the world, list of New Zealand scientists Paraleptamphopus, a genus of groundwater amphipods discovered by Chilton Media related to Charles Chilton at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Edgar Ravenswood Waite
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Edgar Ravenswood Waite was a British/Australian zoologist, ichthyologist, herpetologist, and ornithologist. Waite was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, England, the son of John Waite, a bank clerk. Waite was educated at Leeds Parish Church Middle Class School and at the Victoria University of Manchester, in 1888 he was appointed sub-curator of the Leeds Museum and three years later was made curator. On 7 April 1892 Waite married Rose Edith Green at St. Matthews parish church, in 1893 Waite became zoologist at the Australian Museum, Sydney, he was the Fish Curator there from 1893-1906. Waite accompanied Charles Hedley of the Australian Museum on the 1896 Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society under Professor William Sollas, following the expedition to Funafuti in the Ellice Islands Waite published an account of The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti. In the scientific discipline of herpetology he described new species of reptiles. In 1898 Waite published Popular Account of Australian Snakes and he was with the trawling expedition conducted by the H. M. C. S Thetis and wrote the report on the fish, and he also reported on the fish trawled by the Western Australian government. He was involved in expeditions to sub-Anatarctic islands - including the 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition, New Guinea. By the time Waites employment ended at the Australian Museum, the collection contained 18,000 specimens and he was later the Curator of the Canterbury Museum in New Zealand for eight years, before accepting the Directorship at the South Australian Museum in March 1914. Waite was the first Australian ichthyologist to use detailed illustrations in his papers, during his career, he published around 140 papers, more than half were on fish. His major contribution to Australian ichthyology was The Fishes of South Australia, in 1926 Waite spent time studying European and American museums, while in New York City he arranged the Australian section of a museum there. He had contracted malaria while in New Guinea, and suffered poor health from that time. Waite died on 19 January 1928 from enteric fever while at Hobart attending a meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science and he was survived by a widow and a son. Although of a disposition, Waite was a man of great versatility. He was a linguist and musician, could draw and paint in water-colour, was a modeller, had some knowledge of mechanics. Most of these things were useful in his work as curator of a museum, as a scientist his most important work was on the vertebrates. He was a fellow of the Linnean Society from an early age and he contributed over 200 papers to various scientific publications. Ichthyology - Edgar Ravenswood Waite at www. amonline. net. au
12.
South Australian Museum
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The South Australian Museum is a natural history museum and research institution in Adelaide, South Australia, founded in 1856. It occupies a complex of buildings on North Terrace in the precinct of the Adelaide Parklands. Frederick George Waterhouse offered his services as curator of the South Australian Institute Museum in June 1859 in an honorary capacity, when the Institute building was completed, the Board appointed him as the first curator, a position he held until his retirement in February 1882. He was succeeded by Wilhelm Haacke, who in January 1883 recommended the South Australian Institute Museum be renamed the South Australian Museum, Wilhelm was appointed the first of eleven Directors of the South Australian Institute Museum. In the late 1990s, championed by Liberal Government Arts Minister, Diana Laidlaw, the following decade Premier and Arts Minister, Mike Rann, funded the redevelopment of the Pacific Cultures Gallery and the development of the South Australian Biodiversity Gallery. In 2011 Mr Rann appointed former Adelaide Lord Mayor and Education Minister The Hon Dr Jane Lomax-Smith AM as Chair of the Museum board, the current Director, appointed in December 2013, is Brian Oldman. The museum contains the largest collection of Australian Aboriginal cultural artefacts in the world, the artefact collection is currently being digitised, with the aim of eventually making the catalogue available for on-line access, especially to Aboriginal communities around Australia. Management of the Museum is prescribed under the South Australian Museum Act 1976, the Museum is a Division of Arts South Australia within the Department of the Premier and Cabinet which transitioned to the Department of State Development on 1 July 2014. The Museum Board comprises eight people appointed by the Minister, the board functions as a body corporate
13.
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
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The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is the national museum and art gallery of New Zealand, located in Wellington. It is branded and commonly known as Te Papa and Our Place, in January 2013 Te Papa management announced the museum would be split into two parts – one operating much as it has in the past, and the other focusing on the future. The first predecessor of Te Papa was the Colonial Museum, founded in 1865 and it was built on Museum Street. Halfway through the 1930s the museum moved to the new Dominion Museum building in Buckle Street, the National Art Gallery was opened in 1936 and occupied the first floor of the National Art Gallery and Dominion Museum building on Buckle Street, Wellington. It was originally populated with a collection donated by Academy of Fine Arts, the Gallery was formed with the passing of the National Art Gallery and Dominion Museum Act. Both the Dominion Museum and Gallery were overseen by a board of trustees. The official opening was by the Governor General in 1934, the early holding consisted largely of donations and bequests, including those from Sir Harold Beauchamp, T. Lindsay Buick, Archdeacon Smythe, N. Chevalier, J. C. Richmond, William Swainson, Bishop Monrad, Sir John Ilott, eru D. Gore was secretary-manager from 1936 till his death in 1948 when Stewart Bell Maclennan was appointed the first director. This was the first appointment in New Zealand of an art gallery director. Te Papa was established in 1992 by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Act 1992, the official opening took place on 14 February 1998, in a ceremony led by Sir Peter Blake, Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, and two children. The first Chief Executive of the Museum was Dame Cheryll Sotheran, Māori traditional instrumentalist Richard Nunns co-led the musicians at a dawn ceremony on opening day. The museum is run by a Board appointed by the Minister for Arts, Culture, the museum had one million visitors in the first five months of operation, and between 1 and 1.3 million visits have been made in each subsequent year. In 2004, more space was devoted to exhibiting works from the New Zealand art collection in an exhibition called Toi Te Papa. Filmmakers Gaylene Preston and Anna Cottrell documented the development of Te Papa in their film Getting to Our Place, the main Te Papa building is on the waterfront in Wellington, on Cable Street. Inside the building are six floors of exhibitions, cafés and gift shops dedicated to New Zealands culture, the museum also incorporates outdoor areas with artificial caves, native bushes and wetlands. A second building on Tory Street is a research facility and storage area. Te Papa was designed by Jasmax Architects and built by Fletcher Construction, the 36,000 square metre building had cost NZ$300 million by its opening in 1998. The site was occupied by a modern five-storey hotel
14.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
15.
Christ's College, Christchurch
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Christs College, Christchurch is an independent, Anglican, secondary, day and boarding school for boys, located in the central city of Christchurch, New Zealand. Founded in 1850 by Reverend Henry Jacobs in Lyttelton as a school for early settlers, the college currently caters for approximately 647 students from Year 9 to Year 13. Christs College is an International Member of The Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference represents the Heads of the leading independent schools in Ireland and the United Kingdom and International schools mainly from the Commonwealth. Christs College is one of three member schools in New Zealand. Christs College was established in 1850 and directly modelled on the vernacular of English public schools. The school was named Christs College by James FitzGerald, Canterburys first Superintendent, students were also expected to conduct scientific experiments, to draw and sing. The school left Lyttelton in 1852 and moved over the hill to the St Michaels parsonage in Oxford Terrace with 16 students, Henry Jacobs, the first headmaster, ensured that his school enabled both boarders and day boys to attend. Christs College moved to its present site in 1856, with 35 pupils and this location, adjacent to the Government Domain, provided the college with room to expand, and the school gradually began to acquire additional buildings. The first of these building were wooden, providing homes for the staff and their families and an increasing number of boarders. By 1863, Big School, the first of the buildings, had been built on the west side of the quadrangle in which all classes were taught. In its early days, the College taught boys as young as six, subsequently there was a wide age range in many classes and, until the number of classrooms increased, they were all taught together. The school motto, Bene Tradita, Bene Servanda in Latin translates to good traditions, the area set aside for the college in Cathedral Square,3 acres 1 rood and 3 perches, was found to be insufficient. In a meeting in June 1853 between Henry Sewell, Henry Jacobs, Rev. Robert Bateman Paul, and Thomas Cass, the group agreed on the site, subject to approval by Bishop Selwyn, which was later obtained. Years later, this transaction was formalised through The Cathedral Square Ordinance 1858. The compensation paid for the transfer of land to the Provincial Council was ₤1,200, but with 10 acres, the college was also given a much larger piece of land. The Christs College grounds have a collection of nineteenth century, and turn-of-the-century buildings, as well as newly built buildings such as the Old Boys Theatre and the Fine Arts Building. Big School, built in 1863, is the classroom for the Christchurch site of the school. College House was created as part of Christs College in 1850, according to College House, was instrumental in the establishment of Canterbury University in the early 1870s
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2011 Christchurch earthquake
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An earthquake occurred in Christchurch on 22 February 2011 at 12,51 p. m. local time and registered 6.3 on the Richter scale. The earthquake caused damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people in the nations fifth-deadliest natural disaster. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt, the earthquake was felt across the South Island and parts of the lower and central North Island. Subsequent population loss saw the Christchurch main urban area fall behind the Wellington equivalent to decrease from second to third most populous area in New Zealand,185 people from more than 20 countries died in the earthquake. Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television Building, an additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified, between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries, and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode, the last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day after the quake. The nationalities of the deceased are as follows, road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred, road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. A number of cars were crushed by falling debris, in the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. Because the earthquake hit during the hour, some people on the footpaths were buried by collapsed buildings. Damage occurred to older buildings, particularly those with unreinforced masonry. Of the 3,000 buildings inspected within the four avenues of the city by 3 March 2011. Many heritage buildings were given red stickers after inspections, as of February 2015, there had been 1240 demolitions within the four avenues since the September 2010 earthquakes. The six-storey Canterbury Television building collapsed in the earthquake, leaving only its lift shaft standing,115 people died in the building, which housed a TV station, a medical clinic and an English language school. On 23 February police decided that the damage was not survivable, fire-fighting and recovery operations resumed that night, later joined by a Japanese search and rescue squad. Twelve Japanese students from the Toyama College of Foreign Languages died in the building collapse, a government report later found that the buildings construction was faulty and should not have been approved. The four-storey Pyne Gould Guinness House on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, on Wednesday morning,22 hours after the quake, a survivor was pulled from the rubble
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Rolleston Statue
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The Rolleston Statue is a white marble statue situated outside Canterbury Museum on Rolleston Avenue in Christchurch, New Zealand. It commemorates William Rolleston, who was Superintendent of the Canterbury Province from 1868 until 1877, the statue fell off its plinth in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake and is yet to be put back. Rolleston was the fourth and last Canterbury Superintendent and he was also a Member of Parliament, from 1868 to 1899 with two breaks in the later years. Rolleston was the politician who had been instrumental in the establishment of the Canterbury Museum and the Canterbury College and it was thus seen as appropriate to place the statue outside the museum, with Rolleston looking across Antigua Street at the Canterbury College. The statue, by English sculptor Herbert Hampton, was unveiled in 1906, the plinth reads, William Rolleston Superintendent of Canterbury 1866–1876. The statue toppled off its plinth during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, during repairs, it was discovered that the statue had simply been mortared into place. An anchor was fitted so that the statue will not topple over again in future earthquakes, the repaired statue was unveiled, with many of Rollestons descendants present, on 21 December 2016, almost six years after the earthquake. On 26 November 1981, the statue was registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II historic place and it is one of the three statues that commemorate superintendents of Canterbury and they are all placed on Rolleston Avenue. The three statues thus form an important historical setting, media related to Rolleston Statue at Wikimedia Commons
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Ministry for Culture and Heritage
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Minister for Cultural Affairs Marie Hasler oversaw the transition of functions into the new agency. The Ministry of Cultural Affairs had been created in 1991, prior to this, at the time of its establishment, the responsible minister for the ministry was the Minister for Culture and Heritage. This position is now titled the Minister for Arts, Culture, the ministry advises the government on policies and issues relating to the arts, culture, heritage, sport and recreation, and broadcasting sectors. Creative New Zealand New Zealand Music Commission New Zealand Symphony Orchestra Royal New Zealand Ballet Te Matatini Society Inc and this includes publication in New Zealand history books and e-books, and on a number of websites. Waites number of some 8,500 men was corrected to approximately 13,000 in September 2013, the ministry is also responsible for overseeing dozens of current acts and regulations. Port Nicholson Block Claims Settlement Act 2009 Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi Claims Settlement Act 2005 The ministry serves two portfolios and two ministers, Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Jock Phillips Official website New Zealand History Online
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International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
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Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
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The Evening Post (New Zealand)
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The Evening Post was an afternoon metropolitan daily newspaper based in Wellington, New Zealand. It was founded in 1865 by Dublin-born printer, newspaper manager and leader-writer Henry Blundell, operating from 1894 as Blundell Bros Limited his sons and their descendants continued the very successful business which dominated its circulation area. Wellington Publishing Company Limited had been, in 1964, the very first part of the Rupert Murdoch international empire. The Evening Posts last publication was on the afternoon of 6 July 2002, at the end of June 2003 all the publishing business was sold to the Australia-based Fairfax and the proceeds invested in New Zealands Sky Network Television Limited. The Fairfax group continues to publish The Dominion Post
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The Press
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The Press is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is owned by Fairfax Media, james FitzGerald came to Lyttelton on the Charlotte Jane in December 1850, and was from January 1851 the first editor of the Lyttelton Times, Canterburys first newspaper. From 1853, he focussed on politics and withdrew from the Lyttelton Times, the newspapers editor, Crosbie Ward, made an imputation of unknown content, and this spurred FitzGerald to set up The Press as a rival newspaper. FitzGerald had dinner with John Charles Watts-Russell, who put up £500 on the condition that FitzGerald would be in charge of the new newspaper. Next, he enlisted the support of the Rev. John Raven, who organised many of the aspects, like organising a printer. Other members of the committee that organised The Press were H. P. Lance, Henry Tancred. The Press was first published on 25 May 1861 from a small cottage, the cottage belonged to Raven on land known as Ravens paddock on the west side of Montreal Street, between Worcester and Gloucester Streets, opposite the present-day Christchurch Art Gallery. The first edition was a tabloid and was sold for sixpence. The paper continued as a weekly, in February 1862, an attempt was made to form a company and formalise the ownership of the paper. Surprisingly, the deed was not executed, but four month later, FitzGerald, on 13 June 1863, the first part of Samuel Butlers Erewhon appeared in The Press in an article signed with the pseudonym Cellarius and headed Darwin among the Machines. In 1905, The Press purchased a block of the Cathedral Square site for £4,000, the Board then purchased the right of way and what was going to be the original Theatre Royal site from the Theatre Royal Syndicate for £5000. The Gothic part of the Press building was starting in 1907. In the 1930s, The Press began to seek solutions to the delivery times of the newspaper to the West Coast. Accordingly, The Press was willing to subsidise the construction and operation of two small Leyland diesel railbuses to carry the newspapers by rail at a desirable time and this provided substantially quicker delivery of the newspaper than was previously possible. However, these railbuses were intended to only be a temporary measure, in February 2011, The Press main building in central Christchurch was badly damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. All production was operated from their printing plant near Christchurch Airport until June 2012 and it was one of the first buildings in the Christchurch CBD to be rebuilt and operational. The newspaper is the largest circulating daily in the South Island, the community newspapers—Mid Canterbury Herald, The Christchurch Mail, Northern Outlook and Central Canterbury News—are also published by The Press and are free. Today, the newspaper is a member of the four main daily newspapers
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Forbes, Henry Ogg". The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co. Wikisource
