1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
3.
Barnstable Municipal Airport
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This airport is publicly owned by Town of Barnstable. It is Cape Cods major airport as well as an air hub for the Cape, the airport is served by scheduled commercial flights as well as charters and general aviation. Barnstable Municipal Airport served as a hub for Nantucket-based commuter airline Island Airlines until its shutdown in 2015, the airport was founded in 1928. During World War II it was known as Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Hyannis. It was renamed Barnstable Municipal Airport - Boardman/Polando Field in honor of Massachusetts aviation pioneers Russell Boardman, Barnstable Municipal Airport covers an area of 639 acres which contains two runways, 6/24 measuring 5,425 x 150 ft and 15/33 measuring 5,253 x 150 ft. Currently there are Cessna 402 from Cape Air and Nantucket Airlines, in the summer months, the airport traffic increases significantly, commercially and privately, being the main airport for Cape Cod. The fixed-base operator at the airport is Rectrix Aviation, for 12-month period ending April 30,2011, the airport had 102,725 aircraft operations, an average of 281 per day, 75% air taxi, 25% general aviation, <1% military. There are 53 aircraft based at airport, 81% single engine, 13% multi-engine. The airport is accessible through MA Route 28 or from US6 through MA Route 132, Barnstable Municipal Airport is also served by local taxi services as well as four major car rental agencies. The Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority provides public transportation to and from the airport as part of the Villager/ Route 132 line, Air New England Flight 248, On June 17,1979, a commercial airliner that crashed on ILS approach. All of those on the plane survived with the exception of the pilot, Colgan Air Flight 9446, On August 26,2003 a Beech 1900D operated by Colgan Air for US Airways Express hit the water shortly after taking off from Barnstable Municipal Airport
4.
Logan International Airport
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It covers 2,384 acres, has six runways and four passenger terminals, and employs an estimated 16,000 people. It is the largest airport in the New England region and 17th-busiest airport in the United States and it is named after General Edward Lawrence Logan. In 2016, Massport reported an 8. 5% increase in passenger traffic comparing 2015 to 2016, the airport serves as a focus city for JetBlue, which carries out the largest operations from Logan International Airport, as well as a hub for Delta Air Lines. The regional airline Cape Air and commuter airline PenAir all carry out hub operations from Boston, American Airlines also carries out many operations from the airport. All of the major U. S. air carriers offer flights from Boston to all or the majority of their primary and secondary hubs and it is also a destination of many major European airlines. The airport has frequent service to destinations throughout North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, the North Atlantic region, the Middle East, Europe and this has turned Boston Logan in one of Americas fastest growing airports. Logan Airport opened on September 8,1923, and was used mainly by the Massachusetts Air Guard and it was then called Jeffery Field. The first scheduled passenger flights were on Colonial Air Transport between Boston and New York City in 1927. On January 1,1936, the weather station became the official point for Bostons weather observations. Until around 1950 the airline terminal was at 42. 367N71. 0275W, during the 1940s the airport added 1,800 acres of landfill in Boston Harbor, taken from the former Governors, Noddles and Apple Islands. In 1943 the state renamed the airport after Lt. General Edward Lawrence Logan, in 1952, Logan Airport became the first in the United States with an indirect rapid transit connection, with the opening of the Airport station on the Blue Line. The December 1950 diagram shows a similar to the current one,7,000 ft runway 4L,10, 000-ft 4R,7, 000-ft 9 and 7. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 49 weekday departures on American,31 Eastern,25 Northeast,8 United,7 TWA domestic,6 National,6 Mohawk,2 TCA and one Provincetown-Boston. In addition TWA had nine departures a week to or from the Atlantic, Pan Am had 18, Air France 8, BOAC4, the jumbo jet era began at Logan in summer 1970 when Pan Am started daily Boeing 747s to London Heathrow Airport. Currently, the Boeing 747-400 is scheduled on flights to Boston by British Airways, Lufthansa also operates the Boeing 747-8i on one of its daily nonstop flights to Frankfurt. When Terminal E opened in 1974 it was the second largest international arrivals facility in the United States, between 1974 and 2015, the number of international travelers at Logan has tripled. International long-haul travel has been the fastest growing market sector at the airport and this project was undertaken to extend Runway 15R/33L, which later became Logans longest runway. Residents of the neighborhood, known as Wood Island, were out of their homes
5.
St. Louis Lambert International Airport
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St. Louis Lambert International Airport is an international airport serving Greater St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is about 14 miles northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton, commonly named Lambert Field, it is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri with 260 daily departures to about 70 domestic and international locations. In 2016,13.9 million passengers traveled through the airport, St. Louis Lambert International is classified as a medium-sized airport in terms of passengers, but is currently the busiest in this category. The airport serves as a hub for Air Choice One and Cape Air, focus city for Southwest Airlines and was a hub for Trans World Airlines. It is the airport serving the St. Louis area, with MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, located about 37 miles east. The two airports are connected by the rail mass transit Red Line of the St. Louis MetroLink. The airport grew from a balloon launching base, Kinloch Field, the Wright brothers and their Exhibition Team visited the field while touring with their aircraft. During a visit to St. Louis, Theodore Roosevelt flew with pilot Arch Hoxsey on October 11,1910, later, Kinloch hosted the first experimental parachute jump. In June 1920, the Aero Club of St. Louis leased 170 acres of cornfield, the defunct Kinloch Racing Track, the field was officially dedicated as Lambert–St. In February 1925, Major Lambert bought the field and added hangars, later that year, Lambert sold the airport to the City of St. Louis, making it the first municipally-owned airport in the United States. In the late 1920s, Lambert Field became the first airport with an air traffic control system—albeit one that communicated with pilots via waving flags, the first controller was Archie League. Robertson Airlines, Marquette Airlines and Eastern Air Lines provided passenger service to St. Louis, in 1925, the airport became home to Naval Air Station St. Louis, a Naval Air Reserve facility that became an active-duty installation during World War II. During the war, the became a manufacturing base for McDonnell Aircraft. After the war, NAS St. Louis reverted to an installation, supporting carrier-based fighters. When it closed in 1958, most of its facilities were acquired by the Missouri Air National Guard, some other facilities were retained by non-flying activities of the Naval Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve, while the rest was redeveloped to expand commercial airline operations at the airport. To handle the passenger traffic, Minoru Yamasaki was commissioned to design a new terminal at Lambert. Commissioned in 1951 and completed in 1956, the three-domed design preceded terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, a fourth dome was added in 1965. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows TWA with 44 weekday departures, American,24, Delta,16, Ozark,14, Eastern,13, Braniff, six and Central, the first jets were TWA 707s in July 1959
6.
Billings Logan International Airport
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Billings Logan International Airport is two miles northwest of downtown Billings, in Yellowstone County, Montana. It is the second largest airport in Montana, having been surpassed by Bozeman in both number of gates as well as annual enplanements in recent years, and is owned by the city of Billings. The airport is on top of the Rims, a 500-foot cliff overlooking the downtown core, the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a primary commercial service airport. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 387,368 passenger boardings in calendar year 2013,388,329 in 2010 and 397,073 in 2009, Billings Logan International Airport has scheduled non-stop flights to several airline hubs. Billings is a hub for Cape Air which has flights to Montana cities Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Sidney. The first recorded flight in Billings was in 1912 by a local dentist named Dr. Frank Bell, the flight was in his home-made Curtiss 0-X-5. The First flight was made on Memorial Day 1913, with publicity, Dr. Bell took off from Billings flying to Park City. This flight was captured by a local artist named J. K, ralston in his painting entitled First Flight, displayed in the airport lobby. In 1927 The City of Billings approved $5,000 and 400 acres on top of the Rims to build a runway, the 1, 820-foot runway and small administrative building was built by horse-drawn equipment, the airport opened on May 29,1928. In 1933 Northwest Airlines was the first airline, improvements over the years include runway lights in 1935 to the new 120-foot air traffic control tower in 2005. Major terminal expansions were made in 1958,1972, and 1992, in early 2006 the airport added electronic monitors giving info on arrivals and departures. The name changed from the Billings Municipal Airport to Billings Logan Field in 1957, after Dick Logan, in 1971 the airport became Billings Logan International Airport. For at least part of each year 1977–1981 Billings saw scheduled Northwest DC-10s EWR-DTW-ORD-BIL-GTF-GEG-SEA, the Aviation and Transit Board governs BIL, with seven members, each appointed for four-year terms. It is required of the position of a member to possess the qualifications fit for the Mayors office. With the consent of the Council, the Mayor elects the board members, no board member may be reelected once his or her term expires. The purpose of the Aviation and Transit Board is not only to help govern the operations of the Airport and they are to make sure that city policies are implemented and carried out. Shortcomings are to be reported and recommendations are to be made to the City Council, Billings Logan International Airport has three runways. The primary runway is Runway 10L/28R with a length of 10,521 feet, iLS/DME on 28R is at 3,738 feet MSL is the lowest approach
7.
Nantucket Memorial Airport
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Nantucket Memorial Airport is a public airport on the south side of the island of Nantucket in the U. S. state of Massachusetts. The airport is owned by the Town of Nantucket and is located three miles southeast of the town and it is the second-busiest airport in the state, after Logan International Airport due to intense corporate travel to and from the island in the busy summer months. In 2006, there were 33 aircraft based at airport, 48% single engine, 48% multi-engine. However, these numbers are older and the statistics are probably much higher, as corporate air travel to. In the late 1930s, a man named Holm began allowing the Town of Nantucket to use fields on his property as an airfield. Holms farmhouse, located at the intersection of Old South and Nobadeer Farm Roads, is standing today. During World War II, the U. S. Navy took control of the airport, the Navy constructed temporary bunkers and buildings, of which the buildings were torn down after the war. The bunkers, which were constructed using concrete and steel, are used for airport storage. In 2009, the terminal was updated with an upgrade of the previous 12,000 square feet, a major goal of the expansion was to increase the capacity of the terminal substantially over the original 1950s facility. Another goal was to segregate air-taxi passengers, who do not require security screening, from airline passengers, the airport apron for commercial aircraft has eight parking stands for Cessna 402 aircraft mainly operated by Cape Air and Nantucket Airlines. There are also four larger parking stands for JetBlue E190s, American Airlines CRJ-200/CRJ-700/CRJ-900s, Delta CRJ-200/ERJ-145s, more stands are available if needed. Most of the parking is reserved for general aviation aircraft, with parking for the larger, up through the 1990s, a variety of other carriers served the airport, some of which used jet airliners as large as McDonnell Douglas DC-9s. These included such major carriers as American Airlines and Continental Airlines, Business Express, a Delta Air Lines Connection air carrier, also operated seasonal jet flights into Nantucket utilizing British Aerospace BAe 146-200 aircraft. Up until 1989, Provincetown-Boston Airlines served Nantucket, using Douglas DC-3 aircraft, the airport is currently home to a variety of general aviation aircraft, ranging from Piper J-3 Cubs to Boeing Business Jets in the summer months. His 757 currently the largest aircraft ever to land and takeoff from Nantucket, the largest regularly scheduled passenger service airliner was the DC-9, operated by Continental Express. Currently it is JetBlues Embraer 190, prior to the American Airlines/US Airways merger, American Airlines did not operate to Nantucket. However, they now operate the entire CRJ regional family, depending on demand and it is important to note that Cape Air acquired Nantucket Airlines and now operates the aircraft as Cape Air flights, though keeping their original Nantucket Airlines paint scheme. Anywhere in this article that mentions Nantucket Airlines is referring to Cape Air flights, Nantucket Airlines also operated the Cessna 402 aircraft
8.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
9.
Albany International Airport
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Albany International Airport is a public airport seven miles northwest of Albany, in Albany County, New York, United States. It is owned by the Albany County Airport Authority and it is an Airport of Entry in Latham, a hamlet within the town of Colonie. It was built on the site of the Shaker settlement about 6 miles north of Albany, the airport is below class C airspace. UPS Airlines and FedEx Airlines operate the Boeing 757-200 to the five days a week for cargo. Today, about half of the planes that depart and land in ALB are regional aircraft, Airlines that operate mainline aircraft are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, JetBlue Airways, Southwest Airlines, and United Airlines. The largest passenger aircraft to fly into ALB on a daily basis is the Boeing 737-800 operated by Southwest Airlines. Albany International was the first, and remains the oldest, municipal airport in the United States, in 1908 the airstrip was on a former polo field on Loudonville Road, three miles north of the city in the town of Colonie. In 1909 the airport moved to Westerlo Island, in the city of Albany, but at that time was in the town of Bethlehem, the airport was named after Teddy Roosevelts son, Quentin, a fighter pilot during World War I. A $10,000 prize was established for sustained flight between Albany and New York City, Glenn Curtiss achieved this on May 29,1910, other early pioneers of aviation that stopped at this early field were Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart, and James Doolittle. Mayor John Boyd Thacher II once said a city without the foresight to build an airport for the new traffic may soon be left behind in the race for competition, the Shakers not only sold the land used but also loaned the use of tractors and tools. The early Albany Airport was often closed and threatened with closure which prompted repeated improvements in the late 1930s and 1940s, the airport was closed from January 1939 until December 1940, when it reopened to traffic during daylight hours only, and then with no restrictions since January 1942. The airport has not been closed since, the February 1947 C&GS chart shows three 3500-ft runways aimed 12,98 and 133 degrees magnetic. ALB was jointly owned and managed by the city and county of Albany until 1960 when Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd ended the citys stake, in 1962 a new terminal building opened. A landside building had ticket counters, a shop, and baggage claim on the first floor. A single-story boarding concourse extended outwards from this building, in 1968 this concourse was widened to allow more concessions and boarding space. The terminal was expanded again in 1979, with the addition of a new building attached diagonally to the northwest. It had boarding gates for Allegheny Airlines on the second floor, the Albany County Airport Authority was created by the county in 1993 with a 40-year lease to operate the airport in 1996. Construction of a new terminal began on May 16,1996 and it was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills and Stracher-Roth-Gilmore, and it was built around the existing terminal, most of which was demolished upon its completion
10.
Martha's Vineyard Airport
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This airport is owned by Dukes County and lies on the border between the towns of West Tisbury and Edgartown. It is often used for general aviation but is served by four commercial airlines. The call sign has entered general use as an abbreviation for the island of Marthas Vineyard as well. One of the radio stations goes by MVY and it is in general use as shorthand for the entire island. Marthas Vineyard Airport covers an area of 688 acres which contains two runways, 6/24 measuring 5,504 x 100 ft and 15/33 measuring 3,297 x 75 ft. For 12-month period ending May 14,2006, the airport had 61,317 aircraft operations, there are 67 aircraft based at this airport, 75% single engine and 25% multi-engine. The terminal has a restaurant, passenger holding areas, check-in desks, the ramp has the ability to hold up to 50 aircraft with about 15 spots reserved for commercial aviation. The air traffic control tower is open from 6,00 am to 10,00 pm, along with the TSA, the West Tisbury Police Department is in charge of the security of the airport and the ARFF department is staffed by 10 full-time firefighters. The Marthas Vineyard Airport currently operates several fully functional emergency response vehicles, the airfield was built in 1942 as Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Marthas Vineyard to support training of naval aviators prior to their deployment to aircraft carriers in the Pacific Theater. Thousands of men received six weeks of training there. The installation was renamed as a Naval Auxiliary Air Station Marthas Vineyard in 1945, placed in caretaker status in 1946, northeast Airlines served Marthas Vineyard beginning in August 1944, when it acquired Mayflower Airlines. By the 1950s it was the dominant airline at the airport, Air New England served MVY from the 1970s until 1981, Provincetown-Boston Airline, operating as a feeder for Eastern Airlines, served MVY in the 1980s. Bridgeport-based Atlantic Air served MVY in the mid-1980s before merging into Business Express Airlines, the new terminal building, constructed in 2001, replaced an older wooden structure that was the original base operations building. Historical photos and memorabilia are mounted on the wall of the main hall, near the entrance to the restaurant
11.
Barnstable, Massachusetts
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Barnstable is a city, referred to as the Town of Barnstable, in the U. S. state of Massachusetts and the county seat of Barnstable County. Barnstable is the largest community, both in area and population, on Cape Cod. At the 2010 census it had a population of 45,193, the town contains several villages within its boundaries. Its largest village, Hyannis, is the business district of the county and home to Barnstable Municipal Airport, the airline hub of Cape Cod. Additionally, Barnstable is a 2007 winner of the All-America City Award, Barnstable takes its name from Barnstaple, Devon, England. The area was first explored by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 and it was one of the first towns to be settled in Plymouth Colony, one year behind Sandwich, in 1638, and was incorporated in 1639. The early settlers were farmers, led by the Reverend Joseph Hull, a memorial tablet was dedicated there in 1939 marking the site of his home, and the rock from which he preached still stands along the highway there. Soon after the founding, agriculture, fishing and salt works became its major industries. By the end of the 19th century, there were some 804 ships harbored in the town, but the role of sailing ships declined with the rise of ocean-going steamships and the railroad, which had arrived in 1854. By the late 19th century, Barnstable was becoming world-renowned as the tourist destination it still is to this day, many prominent Bostonians spent their summers on the Cape shores, as did presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Grover Cleveland. The most well-known family of the 20th century to summer in the town was, and remains and they still inhabit the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port. This was the home of President John F. Kennedy during his administration. Today, tourists come in droves to the town during the summer months, other attractions include the John F. Kennedy Museum and several other museums. Significant sites and renowned historic houses listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Ancient Burying Ground and Gideon Hawley House, the towns many beaches are popular tourist destinations as well. Barnstable is located at 41°39′33″N 70°21′11″W, about halfway along the biceps of the Cape Cod arm. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 76.3 square miles, of which 59.8 square miles is land and 16.5 square miles. It is bordered by Cape Cod Bay on the north, Nantucket Sound on the south, Sandwich and Mashpee on the west, Barnstable is approximately 70 miles southeast of Boston. The Town of Barnstable contains several villages, which are not legally defined entities, the central part of the town is dominated by the pines and oaks around Wequaquet Lake
12.
Dan Wolf
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Daniel A. Dan Wolf is an American entrepreneur, pilot, and politician. In 1989, he founded the Cape Cod-based airline Cape Air, in 2010, he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate to represent the Cape and Islands district. He ran unopposed in 2012, and was subsequently re-elected to a term in 2014. During his tenure, he has emerged as a leader in the Senate, advocating for renewable energy, increased minimum wage. On June 10,2013 he announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in the 2014 election. Following an injunction by the State Ethics Commission over his ownership of Cape Air, he announced the suspension of his campaign, although the Commission eventually ruled in his favor, the nomination process was already well along, and he would eventually run for re-election to the Senate. In 2015, Wolf confirmed that he would not seek a fourth term by running for re-election in 2016 and he was succeeded by Julian Cyr. There remains speculation as to whether he will return to focusing on work as owner and pilot for his airline company, Wolf was born on August 11,1957 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and spent summers in Cape Cod with his family. Wolf attended the Germantown Friends School in Philadelphia, and went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Wesleyan University in 1980, after college he earned a degree in Airframe and Power Plant Maintenance at the Quaker School of Aeronautics. He earned a private and commercial pilots license while working in Boston as a community, in the 1980s he was the manager of the Chatham Municipal Airport and worked as a flight instructor before founding Cape Air in 1988. In 1988 Wolf founded the airline company Cape Air, which at the time flew solely between Boston and Provincetown, Massachusetts, since flying one route with eight employees and one plane, it has expanded to become the largest independent regionally based airline. Cape Air now serves parts of the East Coast, Midwestern United States, the Caribbean, in 1994, Nantucket Airlines was purchased by and became a subsidiary of Cape Air. Cape Air is a company, and the only airline in the United States with a female President. Since being elected to the Massachusetts Senate, Wolf continues to pilot during the summer on weekends, with assistance from a government grant, Cape Air expanded into Indiana on November 13,2007, offering flights from Indianapolis to Evansville and South Bend. Because it did not get the passengers needed to be financially successful, in September 2010, the United States Department of Transportations Essential Air Service selected Cape Air to fly a federally subsidized route connecting Augusta, Maine and Boston. Wolf expressed his motivation for entering politics because he had become increasingly concerned seeing the challenges through the eyes of front line employees and his campaign set records for fundraising with a war chest of over $300,000, more than either of his opponents. In the Democratic primary Wolf faced and defeated Barnstable County Commissioner Sheila Lyons with nearly twice as many votes, in the general election Wolf defeated Republican real estate developer James H. Crocker Jr. In his 2012 bid for re-election Wolf faced no competition in either a primary or general election, in 2014 Wolf was re-elected to his third term, defeating Republican Ron Beaty in the general election
13.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
14.
Northeastern United States
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The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics. The Census Bureau-defined region has an area of 181,324 sq mi with 162,257 square miles of that being land mass. Though lacking a unified identity, the Northeastern region is the nations most economically developed, densely populated. Of the nations four census regions, the Northeast is the second most urban, with 85 percent of its residing in urban areas. The region is subdivided into New England and the Mid-Atlantic States and this definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation. C. Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland, the narrowest definitions include only the states of New England. Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are, Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D. C. Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D. C. and West Virginia Delaware, Maryland, Washington, most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those made up the Iroquois nations. In the United States of the 21st century,18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast, the two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories. The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, the Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely. Ten years later, a group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship. Anne Hutchinson, who was banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth. Providence, Portsmouth, and two towns consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in recent history. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life. In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New England played a prominent role in early American education
15.
Caribbean
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The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea, in a wider sense, the mainland countries of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region. Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15,1954, to October 10,2010, there was a known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations, the region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. The two most prevalent pronunciations of Caribbean are KARR-ə-BEE-ən, with the accent on the third syllable. The former pronunciation is the older of the two, although the variant has been established for over 75 years. It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer KARR-ə-BEE-ən while North American speakers more typically use kə-RIB-ee-ən, usage is split within Caribbean English itself. The word Caribbean has multiple uses and its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation, the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas. Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea, to the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America, politically, the Caribbean may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the known as the Caribbean Community contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean, are members of the Caribbean Community. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a member of the Caribbean Community. According to the ACS, the population of its member states is 227 million people. The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies, Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin and these islands include Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua
16.
Midwest
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It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
17.
Eastern Montana
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Eastern Montana is a loosely defined region of Montana. The areas of Montana lying just east of the Continental Divide are often called Central Montana, a widely accepted definition of Eastern Montana is that it encompasses the eastern third of the state. Parts of Eastern Montana are affected by the boom in the Bakken formation. The plains of eastern Montana were historically populated by Plains Indian tribes such as the Sioux, Blackfeet, to this day, Eastern Montana has a proud Native American population. Eastern Montana was the location of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Fort Peck Dam near Glasgow, Montana was a major project of the Public Works Administration, part of the New Deal. Construction of Fort Peck Dam started in 1933, and at its peak in July 1936 employed 10,546 workers, the dam, named for a 19th-century trading post, was completed in 1940, and began generating electricity in July 1943. Eastern Montana has a steppe climate with low precipitation that is to some extent countered by low evaporation rates. Typical precipitation is 10 to 20 inches mostly in the form of thunderstorms and snow. Summers are short but hot and winters are long, cold, during some winters, such as 1925–26, 1930–31, 1960–61 and 1991–92, chinook winds descending from the Rockies cause frequent mild spells of 35 to 60 °F lasting up to several weeks. Some parts of eastern Montana, in areas most prone to drying chinooks, have near-desert conditions, Eastern Montana was mostly settled by German and Scandinavian, especially Norwegian, settlers. Glasgow, Montana Glendive, Montana Miles City, Montana Sidney, Montana Billings, Montana Circle, Montana Jordan, Montana Colstrip, Montana
18.
Hyannis, Massachusetts
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Hyannis /ˌhaɪˈænɪs/ is the largest of the seven villages in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is the commercial and transportation hub of Cape Cod and was designated an area as of the 1990 census. Because of this, many refer to Hyannis as the Capital of the Cape, Cape Cod Hospital in Hyannis is the largest on Cape Cod. Hyannis is a major tourist destination and the ferry boat and general aviation link for passengers. Due to its natural harbor, Hyannis is the largest recreational boating and second largest commercial fishing port on Cape Cod. The village is the namesake of the former United States Naval ship USS Hyannis, the village was named after Iyannough, a sachem of the Cummaquid tribe. The climate of Hyannis can be described as either a continental or an oceanic climate. In 2007, the water was found to contain perchlorate. In 2009, Barnstable public works requested that the fire academy cease their operations, in 2010, Well MD2 had been shut down until contamination issues caused by the Fire Training Academy addressed. Two wells, at Hyannisport and West Hyannisport, were closed, a six-month overland interconnection with Yarmouths water system was suggested in May and constructed in June 2015. In November 2015, the county suspended the Barnstable County Fire, but in February 2016, it still remained open. In May 2016, the Town of Barnstable issued a drinking water health advisory, for PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid of 0.18 parts per billion in the Mary Dunn #3 well, which was taken offline. In 2010, Hyannis had a population of 14,089. 19. 80% of Hyannis total 10,922 housing units were seasonally vacant, Hyannis had a disproportionate share of multi-family properties in comparison to the town and the county. Hyannis had a rate of 58. 3%, which was nearly 20 percentage points lower than that indicated for the town or the county. This difference is associated primarily with the amount of apartment properties in the village, a decline in younger, family formation households was attributed to the lack of suitable employment opportunities and affordable housing. The median value of owner-occupied housing units in Hyannis in 2000 was $149,720, the gross median rent in Hyannis was $718/month. In 2002, the price for a single family home in Hyannis was $196,000
19.
Nantucket, Massachusetts
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Nantucket /ˌnænˈtʌkᵻt/ is an island about 30 miles by ferry south from Cape Cod, in the American state of Massachusetts. Together with the islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the Town of Nantucket, and the conterminous Nantucket County. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,172, part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP, or census-designated place. The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts, the name Nantucket is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island, perhaps meaning faraway land or island. Nantucket is a tourist destination and summer colony, due to tourists and seasonal residents, the population of the island increases to at least 50,000 during the summer months. In 2008, Forbes magazine cited Nantucket as having home values among the highest in the US, home prices per square foot are considered much higher than those in the Hamptons on Long Island. The meaning of the term is uncertain, although it may have meant in the midst of waters, wampanoag is an Eastern Algonquian language of southern New England. The Nehantucket were an Algonquin-speaking culture of the area, Nantuckets nickname, The Little Grey Lady of the Sea, refers to the island as it appears from the ocean when it is fog-bound. The earliest French settlement in the region began on the island of Marthas Vineyard. Nantucket was part of Dukes County, New York, until 1691, as Europeans began to settle Cape Cod, the island became a place of refuge for Native Americans in the region, as Nantucket was not yet settled by Europeans. The growing population welcomed seasonal groups of other Native Americans who traveled to the island to fish and later harvest whales that washed up on shore. In October 1641, William, Earl of Sterling, deeded the island to Thomas Mayhew of Watertown, anxious to add to their number and to induce tradesmen to come to the island, the total number of shares were increased to twenty-seven. By 1667, twenty-seven shares had been divided between 31 owners, and also two beaver hats, one for myself, and one for my wife. The nine original purchasers were Tristram Coffin, Peter Coffin, Thomas Macy, Christopher Hussey, Richard Swain, Thomas Barnard, Stephen Greenleaf, John Swain and these men are considered the founding fathers of Nantucket, and many islanders are related to these families. Seamen and tradesmen began to populate Nantucket, such as Richard Gardner, John Gardner, sons of Thomas Gardner. In his 1835 history of Nantucket Island, Obed Macy wrote that in the early pre-1672 colony and this event started the Nantucket whaling industry. Herman Melville commented on Nantuckets whaling dominance in Moby-Dick, Chapter 14, for the sea is his, he owns it, as Emperors own empires. The Moby-Dick characters Ahab and Starbuck are both from Nantucket, by 1850, whaling was in decline, as Nantuckets whaling industry had been surpassed by that of New Bedford
20.
Essential Air Service
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Its aim is to maintain a minimal level of scheduled air service to these communities that otherwise would not be profitable. The program is codified at 49 U. S. C, the United States Department of Transportation subsidizes airlines to serve communities across the country that otherwise would not receive scheduled air service. As of June 1,2015,159 communities in the US received EAS subsidies, of which 44 were in Alaska, in fiscal year 2015, the federal budget provided $263 million in funding for the EAS program. The USDOT proposed a further 7.6 percent increase for a proposed FY2016 funding of $283 million, the budgeted funding for EAS increased from $193 million in FY2012 to $233 million in FY2013 to $268 million in FY2014, before decreasing slightly in FY2015 to $263 million. Between FY2012 and FY2015, annual EAS expenditures rose 36%, per passenger EAS subsidy in the 48 contiguous states plus Puerto Rico ranged from $10 to more than $977 per passenger in 2014. These increases occured despite numerous Congressional measures to contain program spending, the Congressional Research Service has reported that since the early 2000s federal subsidies for the EAS have nearly tripled to almost $300 million per year. The criteria for 10 or more enplanements can be waived by the Secretary of Transportation, on an annual basis, critics question the economic efficiency of the service. Patronage on many flights is very low, the majority of EAS airplanes have fewer than 20 seats, and flights typically are less than half full. Several subsidized airports are within an hours drive from an unsubsidized airport, for example, The subsidized Lancaster Airport in Pennsylvania is a 36-minute drive to Harrisburg International Airport. The subsidized Visalia Municipal Airport in California is a 42-minute drive to Fresno Yosemite International Airport, the subsidized Eugenio María de Hostos Airport in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico is a 43-minute drive to Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. The subsidized Pueblo Memorial Airport in Colorado is a 45-minute drive to Colorado Springs Airport, the subsidized Muskegon County Airport in Michigan is a 50-minute drive from Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The subsidized Owensboro-Daviess County Regional Airport in Kentucky is a 51-minute drive to Evansville Regional Airport in Indiana, the subsidized Memorial Field Airport in Hot Springs, Arkansas is a 55-minute drive to Little Rock National Airport. Some subsidized airports are within driving distance of multiple unsubsidized airports, the following tables list all Essential Air Service communities under the various funding programs. This is based on the most recent reports issued by the U. S. Department of Transportation, docket and order numbers link to their respective pages on the docket management site, which typically includes the original files in PDF and other formats. The Alternate Essential Air Service program grants funds directly to the municipality or airport authority instead of the air carrier and this alternative program has most often occurred as a public charter arrangement as prescribed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 380. The first airport to enter this program was Manistee County Blacker Airport in 2012, up to ten communities may forego their EAS for a period of ten years in exchange for a grant equal to two years’ subsidy. The following tables list airports which formerly had Essential Air Service subsidized routes, Home Page 40 Mile Air, Home Page Evergreen International Aviation, Inc
21.
Provincetown, Massachusetts
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Provincetown /ˈprɒvɪnsˌtaʊn/ is a New England town located at the extreme tip of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, in the United States. A small coastal town with a year-round population of just under 3,000. Often called P-town or Ptown, the town is known for its beaches, harbor, artists, tourist industry, at the time of European encounter, the area was long settled by the historic Nauset tribe, who had a settlement known as Meeshawn. They spoke Massachusett, a Southern New England Algonquian language dialect that they shared in common with their closely related neighbors, on May 15,1602, having made landfall from the west and believing it to be an island, Bartholomew Gosnold initially named this area Shoal Hope. Later that day, after catching a great store of codfish, notably, that name referred specifically to the area of modern-day Provincetown, it wasnt until much later that that name was reused to designate the entire region now known as Cape Cod. On November 9,1620, the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sighted Cape Cod while en route to the Colony of Virginia. After two days of failed attempts to sail south against the winter seas, they returned to the safety of the harbor, known today as Provincetown Harbor. It was here that the Mayflower Compact was drawn up and signed and they agreed to settle and build a self-governing community, and came ashore in the West End. In 1654, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony purchased this land from the Chief of the Nausets, the collected fees were used to defray the costs of schools and other projects throughout the colony. In 1678, the grounds were opened up to allow the inclusion of fishermen from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1692, a new Royal Charter combined the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod was thus officially renamed the Province Lands. The first record of a government with jurisdiction over the Province Lands was in 1714, with an Act that declared it the Precinct of Cape Cod. On June 14,1727, after harboring ships for more than a century, the name chosen by its inhabitants was Herringtown, which was rejected by the Massachusetts General Court in favor of Provincetown. The act of incorporation provided that inhabitants of Provincetown could be land holders and they received a quit claim to their property, but the Province retained the title. The land was to be used as it had been from the beginning of the colony — a place for the making of fish, all resources, including the trees, could be used for that purpose. In 1893 the Great and General Court changed the Towns charter, giving the townspeople deeds to the properties they held, the population of Provincetown remained small through most of the 18th century. The town was affected by the American Revolution the same way most of Cape Cod was, the effective British blockade shut down most fish production and shipping and the town dwindled. It was, by happenstance, the location of the wreck of a British warship, following the American Revolution, Provincetown grew rapidly as a fishing and whaling center
22.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
23.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
24.
New England
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New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester, Manchester, ten years later, more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 126 years, people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America. In 1692, the town of Salem, Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere. The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government, the confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776. Each state is subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns. The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the populated northern regions of Vermont, New Hampshire. The region is one of the U. S. Census Bureaus nine regional divisions, the earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenaki, Mikmaq, Penobscot, Pequot, Mohegans, Narragansett Indians, Pocumtuck, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in present-day Maine, the Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansett and smaller tribes under Narragansett sovereignty lived in most of modern-day Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, the Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in the Connecticut region, the Connecticut River Valley includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and linked different indigenous communities culturally, linguistically, and politically. As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, on April 10,1606, King James I of England issued a charter for each of the Virginia Companies, London and Plymouth. These were privately funded ventures, intended to land for England, conduct trade. In 1620, Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower, in 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region New England. As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, the Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630. Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut as early as 1633, roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636
25.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
26.
Rutland (city), Vermont
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The city of Rutland is the seat of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 16,495. It is located approximately 65 miles north of the Massachusetts state line and 20 miles east of the New York state line, Rutland is the third largest city in the state of Vermont after Burlington and South Burlington. It is surrounded by the town of Rutland, which is a separate municipality, the downtown area of the city is listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. In the early 19th century, small high-quality marble deposits were discovered in Rutland, by the 1840s, small firms had begun excavations, but marble quarries proved profitable only after the railroad arrived in 1851. At the same time, the quarries of Carrara in Tuscany, Italy, grew largely unworkable because of their extreme depth. This fueled enough growth and investment that in 1886 the center of town incorporated as Rutland village, most of the town was split off as West Rutland and Proctor, which contained the bulk of the marble quarries. Rutland City was incorporated as Vermonts third city on November 18,1892, the new citys first mayor was John A. Mead, who served only one term in 1893. In 1894, the nations first polio outbreak was identified in the Rutland area,132 people from the Rutland area were affected. 110 others suffered some paralysis for life,55 were from the city itself. Nonetheless, Rutland had an ordinance in place as late as 1998, at which point it was challenged. The closing of the quarries in the area in the 1980s and 1990s led to a loss of jobs in the area. Rutland is located at 43°36′32″N 72°58′47″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.67 square miles, of which 7.6 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles, or 0. 52%, is water. Rutland is drained by Otter Creek, Moon Brook, Tenney Brook, East Creek, the city of Rutland has a humid continental climate with cold, snowy winters and warm to hot, moist summers. The all-time record high is 102 °F or 38.9 °C, the all-time record low temperature is −43 °F or −41.7 °C, set in 1994. On average, the wettest month is July, and February is the driest, Rutland is the largest city in Vermont that is not located on, or near, either of the states two major Interstate highways. It is, however, signed on I-91 at exit 6 northbound, in addition, the city appears on auxiliary guide signs on the Adirondack Northway before Exits 17 and 20. U. S. Route 4 and U. S. Route 7 intersect, U. S.7 connects Rutland with Manchester and Bennington to the south, and with Middlebury and Burlington to the north
27.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
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Evansville, Indiana
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Evansville is a city in and the county seat of Vanderburgh County, Indiana, United States. The population was 117,429 at the 2010 census, the 38th parallel crosses the north side of the city and is marked on Interstate 69. Situated on an oxbow in the Ohio River, the city is referred to as the Crescent Valley or River City. As testament to the Ohios grandeur, early French explorers named it La Belle Riviere, the area has been inhabited by various cultures for millennia, dating back at least 10,000 years. Angel Mounds was a permanent settlement of the Mississippian culture from 1000 AD to around 1400 AD, the city itself was founded in 1812. The broad economic base of the region has helped build an economy which is known for its stability, diversity, Four NYSE companies are headquartered in Evansville, along with the global operations center for NYSE company Mead Johnson. Three other companies traded on the NASDAQ are also headquartered in Evansville, the city is home to public and private enterprise in many areas, as Evansville serves as the economic hub of the region. The city has well known educational institutions. Other local educational institutions have also garnered praise and attention, including nationally ranked Signature School, in 2008, Evansville was voted the best city in the country in which to live, work, and play by the readers of Kiplinger, and in 2009 the 11th best. See main article, History of Evansville, Indiana, there was a continuous human presence in the area that became Evansville from at least 8,000 BC by Paleo-Indians. Following the abandonment of Angel Mounds between the years 1400 and 1450, tribes of Miami, Shawnee, Piankeshaw, Wyandot, Delaware, the land encompassing Evansville was formally relinquished by the Delaware in 1805 to General William Henry Harrison, then governor of the Indiana Territory. French hunters and trappers were among the first Europeans to come to the area, on March 27,1812, Hugh McGary Jr. purchased about 441 acres and named it McGarys Landing. In 1814, to more people, McGary renamed his village Evansville in honor of Colonel Robert Morgan Evans. Evansville incorporated in 1817 and became a county seat on January 7,1818, the county was named for Henry Vanderburgh, a deceased chief judge of the Indiana territorial supreme court. Evansville soon became a commercial town with an extensive river trade. The west side of Evansville was for many years cut off from the part of the city by Pigeon Creek. The land comprising the town of Lamasco was platted in 1837 and was ultimately annexed in 1870. The project was intended to open Indiana to commerce and improve transportation from New Orleans to New York City, unfortunately the project bankrupted the state and was so poorly engineered that it would not hold water
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South Bend, Indiana
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South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents, its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and it is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, the area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bends economy through the mid-20th century, River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations. The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it had a population of 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, remaining large corporations include Crowe Horwath, Honeywell, and AM General. Recently, the city population has started to grow for the first time in fifty years. The old Studebaker plant and surrounding area, now called Ignition Park, is being redeveloped as a center to attract new industry. The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans, one of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food, the Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was so popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River and this route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area, in 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend, alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Josephs, by 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office, Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, in 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. Soon after, design began on what would become the town of South Bend, the town was formally established in 1835 and rapidly grew
30.
Delta Connection
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Delta Connection is a regional airline brand name for Delta Air Lines, under which a number of individually owned regional airlines operate short- and medium-haul routes. Deltas lone wholly owned airline, Endeavor Air, also resides under the Delta Connection banner. Mainline carriers often use regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency, serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft, Delta Connection was founded in 1984 as a means of expanding the Delta network to smaller markets via partnerships with regional airlines. Atlantic Southeast Airlines began Delta Connection service on March 1,1984, from their hub in Atlanta, ransome Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1,1984 to June 1,1986, when it was purchased by Pan Am. Comair began Delta Connection service on September 1,1984, in January,2000, Comair became a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. Rio Airways operated Delta Connection flights from their hub in Dallas/Fort Worth from June 1,1984 to December 14,1986, business Express Airlines operated Delta Connection flights in the northeastern US and Canada from June 1,1986 to March 15,2000. The company was purchased by AMR Corporation in 1999 and integrated into the American Eagle Airlines system in 2000, Trans States Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1998 to March 31,2000, mainly from their focus cities in Boston and New York. On November 2,2004 Atlantic Coast Airlines ended service as a Delta Connection Carrier, Atlantic Coast Airlines reinvented itself as a low fare carrier called Independence Air, based at Washington Dulles International Airport. On December 22,2004, Delta Air Lines announced that Republic Airways would order, since then, it has been announced that Republic Airways subsidiary Shuttle America would operate the flights. The initial flight took place on September 1,2005, shortly after the announcement, the decision was made for Freedom Airlines to operate the Embraer ERJ145 for Delta Connection instead of the CRJ. After a legal battle with Mesa Air Group, Delta and Freedom Airlines terminated their contract on September 1,2010. On December 21,2006, it was announced that Big Sky Airlines would become a Delta Connection carrier and it was later announced that ExpressJet would operate an additional eight aircraft as Delta Connection. On July 3,2008, Delta and ExpressJet announced that they had terminated their agreement, on April 30,2007, it was announced that Pinnacle Airlines would operate 16 Bombardier CRJ-900 under the Delta Connection banner starting in December 2007. The merger of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines meant that Northwests regional brand, Northwest Airlink, the new Delta Connection would include the regional airlines from both the original Delta and Northwest. Citing cost reductions, Delta Air Lines sold former Northwest regional subsidiary Mesaba Airlines on July 1,2010 to Pinnacle Airlines Corp. for $62 million and its headquarters were moved to Pinnacles in Memphis on December 26,2011. Mesaba merged its operations into Pinnacle on January 4,2012, the same day, Trans States Holdings purchased Compass Airlines for $20.5 million USD. It has maintained both regional operations with the airlines as of January 1,2012, Delta announced that it would add in-flight WiFi to 223 Delta Connection aircraft beginning in 2011. Following a merger between Atlantic Southeast Airlines and ExpressJet, Delta Connection flights operated under the name and ceased operations as ASA
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Big Sky Airlines
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Big Sky Airlines was an U. S. commuter air carrier that operated from 1978 to 2008. Headquartered in Billings, Montana, United States, Big Sky was wholly owned by Big Sky Transportation Company, which in turn was a wholly owned subsidiary of MAIR Holdings. The airline was an air link within the state of Montana. The airline also began and ended service to a number of locations over the years. This remained the core of the business throughout its history. Most of the later expansions proved to be short-lived, however, in 1987, Big Sky was operating code sharing service as Northwest Airlink on behalf of Northwest Airlines from a hub in Billings with British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets. The Jetstream turboprops were then replaced with Swearingen Metroliner propjets on the Northwest Airlink service, Big Sky took over Exec Express II d/b/a Lone Star Airlines/Aspen Mountain Airs EAS routes in October 1998, following the bankruptcy of this Texas-based commuter air carrier. Transfer of services was completed in December 1998, on October 21,2000, Big Sky began new service between Montana and north Texas via southeastern New Mexico with a Dallas/Ft. This service was modified to Dallas/Ft. All New Mexico service ended in 2001, in late 2002, Big Sky Airlines was operating nonstop flights between Idaho Falls, Idaho and Denver, Colorado but then cancelled this service three months afterward, declaring it unprofitable. Service from Sheridan, Wyoming to both Denver and Billings began by the end of 2005 but was then terminatee in January,2008, in February 2006 Big Sky began daily service between Walla Walla Regional Airport and Boise. Service ceased with the bankruptcy in 2007. In July 2006, Big Sky announced that the airline would discontinue service to Great Falls, Montana, Kalispell, Montana, the airline also announced that one of their Beechcraft 1900Ds would be leased to Chalks International Airlines in Florida. On September 1,2006, Big Sky discontinued service to Moses Lake, the airlines east coast operations ended on January 7,2008. On December 20,2007, Big Sky announced that it would more than likely cease operations within 60 to 90 days and this was due to the loss of the Delta contract, unusually bad weather, disappointing revenue and record-high fuel prices. The remaining Beechcraft 1900D aircraft were planned to be auctioned off, when this happens, the airline will be disbanded. In late 2007 Great Lakes Airlines was given USDOT approval to take over EAS service to and from Billings, Montana and seven other Montana cities currently served by Big Sky. Great Lakes Airlines began flying the routes in 2009, only to be replaced with Gulfstream International Airlines by the Montana Essential Air Service Task Force in January,2011, the Montana routes were replaced once again by Cape Air on December 10,2013
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Plattsburgh (city), New York
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Plattsburgh is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County, New York, in the United States. The population was 19,989 at the 2010 census, the population of the unincorporated areas within the Town of Plattsburgh was 11,870 as of the 2010 census, making the population for the immediate Plattsburgh region 31,859. The city of Plattsburgh is within the boundaries of the original Town of Plattsburgh and is in the North Country region of the state of New York. The City of Plattsburgh is the center and county seat at the heart of the Plattsburgh Micropolitan Statistical Area - population 82,128 as of the 2010 Census. A statistical area representing the greater Plattsburgh region, the Plattsburgh MSA includes all communities in the immediate Clinton County, the early French contact and its closeness to Quebec made this a historically French area. Located in the fur trade network in the Montreal hinterland. Although Plattsburgh is a new city, the surrounding area was settled during the mid-to-late 17th century. Permanent French settlement was hampered by the threat of conflict with the Iroquois, moreover, the area near Plattsburgh is notable for being the site of an indigenous village. Plattsburgh and much of the lands comprising present day Clinton County were originally part of the French settlement of New France and they stayed a part of New France until the outcome of the French and Indian War, where the French lost their hold on this region to the British. This conflict predated the American Revolution, as a condition of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, a vast region including present-day Plattsburgh was ceded from France to Britain. It was incorporated into British rule as part of the Indian Reserve, Plattsburgh was founded by Zephaniah Platt in 1785 after he was granted the land by George Clinton. Regardless, local residents exercised their unique French culture and history over the years in ways still visible today, the oldest monument within the city limits is dedicated to Samuel de Champlain. The Battle of Plattsburgh is significant as it was the battle between the British/Canadian forces and the American -- for references see Battle of Plattsburgh. Plattsburgh Normal School was founded in 1889 and it burned in 1929, and was forced to relocate to City Hall for three years. In 1932 the college moved into the current Hawkins Hall which became the base of the modern campus, in 1948 it became State University of New York at Plattsburgh. In 1915, the Preparedness Movement established the first and best-known of its training camps for prospective military volunteers at Plattsburgh, the Plattsburgh camps trained about 40,000 potential Army officers in the summers of 1915 and 1916. During the Cold War, military functions took a prominent role in Plattsburgh, east Coast due to its geographic desirability. The bases location in the Champlain Valley ensured consistent, year-round weather that was safe for take-offs, the 380th Bombardment, Aerospace, and Refueling Wings, all stationed at PAFB, included B-52 Bombers, air-refueling tankers and FB-111s
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Saranac Lake, New York
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Saranac Lake is a village in the state of New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,406, the village is named after Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac lakes, which are nearby. The village of Saranac Lake covers parts of three towns and two counties, the county line is within two blocks of the center of the village. At the 2010 census,3,897 village residents lived in Harrietstown,1,367 lived in North Elba, and 142 lived in St. Armand. The village boundaries do not touch the shores of any of the three Saranac Lakes, Lower Saranac Lake, the nearest, is a mile west of the village. The northern reaches of Lake Flower, which is a part of the Saranac River downstream from the three Saranac Lakes, lie within the village. The town of Saranac is a separate entity,33 miles down the Saranac River to the northeast. The village lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park,9 miles west of Lake Placid and these two villages, along with nearby Tupper Lake, comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region. Saranac Lake was named the best small town in New York State, in 1998, the National Civic League named Saranac Lake an All-America City, and in 2006 the village was named one of the Dozen Distinctive Destinations by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. 186 buildings in the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the area was first settled in 1819 by the Jacob Smith Moody family from Keene, New Hampshire. In 1827, settlers Pliny Miller and Alric Bushnell established a facility with a dam and sawmill. Martins would soon become a place for hunters, woodsmen. In 1876, Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau arrived from New York City to treat his own tuberculosis and he found the fresh air and alpine climate improved his health. In 1884, he founded his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, starting with a cottage, called Little Red. Little Red, the first cure cottage, was built on a patch of land on the backside of Mount Pisgah. As more and more visited the region, including author Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887. Soon, the sanitarium had grown so that it was entitled to its own post office, the Trudeau Institute, an independent medical research center, evolved from Trudeaus work for the sanitarium. In 1964, the Trudeau Institute began researching the functions of the system and how it guards against many infectious diseases
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Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
35.
Watertown (city), New York
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Watertown is a city in the state of New York and the county seat of Jefferson County. It is situated approximately 20 miles south of the Thousand Islands, as of the 2010 census, it had a population of 27,023, an increase of 1. 2% since 2000. The U. S. Army post Fort Drum is near the city, named after the many falls located on the Black River, the city developed early in the 19th century as a manufacturing center. From years of generating wealth, in the early 20th century the city was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in the nation. Geographically, Watertown is located in the part of Jefferson County. It lies 72 miles northeast of Syracuse, New York and 31 miles south of the Ontario border, the city is served by Watertown International Airport. The city claims to be the birthplace of the five and dime store and the safety pin and it manufactured the first portable steam engine. It has the longest continually operating county fair in the United States and holds the Red and Black football franchise and these pioneers chose the area due to the Black River. The pioneers vision was for a center that would draw power from the Black River. All the land was rough and unclear, the western end of the town was 12 to 15 feet higher than the eastern end, with a large depression in the middle. A small stream also passed through the town, within a few years, the center of town was cleared for the ambitious Public Square. Together with the 19th century structures that created a streetscape around it, as industry and businesses flourished, residents built substantial retail buildings, churches and private residences. The Paddock Arcade, built in 1850 according to European and US models, is the oldest continuously operating enclosed mall in the United States and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as are several significant churches and private mansions. The drop in the Black River at Watertowns location provided abundant water power for early industry, by the mid-19th century, entrepreneurs had built paper mills and major industries, including the first portable steam engine in 1847. In 1851, the city was joined to the state by the railroad, other mills rapidly joined the business base and generated revenue to support early public works projects like the water system and illuminating gas works in 1853, and a telephone system in 1879. Watertown claims that Rodman native Frank W. Woolworth conceived the idea of his mercantile chain while working there in 1878, Woolworth, employed as a clerk in Moores Store, set up a successful clearance display of low-priced items. This led to his idea of a store specializing in fixed-price, Woolworth left Watertown and opened his first store in Utica, New York in 1879. Among the many manufacturing businesses was the Davis Sewing Machine Company and it was predecessor to George P. Huffmans Huffy Corporation, now an American maker of bicycles and other sporting goods
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Ogdensburg, New York
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Ogdensburg is a city in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 11,128 at the 2010 census, in the late 18th century, European-American settlers named the community after American land owner and developer Samuel Ogden. The City of Ogdensburg is at the border of New York at the mouth of the Oswegatchie River on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River. The only formally designated city in Saint Lawrence County, it is located between Massena, New York to the east and Brockville, Ontario to the west, the Port of Ogdensburg is the only U. S. port on the St. Lawrence Seaway. Ogdensburg International Airport is located south of the city, the Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge, northeast of the city, links the United States and Canada, with a direct highway from Prescott to Ottawa, the capital of Canada. This was ancient territory for thousands of years of indigenous peoples of varying cultures, by 1000 CE, Iroquoian-speaking people were settling along the St. Lawrence River and practicing agriculture, as well as hunting and fishing. The earliest French explorers recorded Stadacona and Hochelaga as villages of people in the early 16th century. By the end of the century, later found the villages utterly abandoned with no signs of life. By the late 16th century, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians had disappeared from the St. Lawrence Valley, Onondaga settlements extended up along the south shore of Lake Ontario. Both the Huron and Mohawk used the St. Lawrence Valley for hunting grounds, the earliest European settlement in the area was a French mission, built by Abbé Picquet in 1749 as part of the colony of New France in North America. Located near the mouth of the Fleuve Oswegache, he named it Fort de La Présentation, the mission attracted Native Americans for the fur trade, many of whom settled in the village and converted to Catholicism. Mostly Onondaga, the converted Iroquois at the mission became known to the French as Oswegatchie after their name for the river. By 1755, there were 3,000 Iroquois living at the mission settlement, by comparison, Montreal had only 4,000 residents at the time. It was bordered by a village, Kahnewake, located on the south side of the St. Lawrence River. The Oswegatchie became known as one of the Seven Nations of Canada, the residents were hostile to the encroachments of British colonists on their territory. During the 1750s and the Seven Years War, warriors from this fort allied with French officers in attacking British colonists in the Champlain, Mohawk and Ohio valleys. The city is near the site of the 1760 Battle of the Thousand Islands between British and French forces during the Seven Years War Both sides made use of Indian allies. After the British victory in the war, France ceded its land in Canada, the English renamed this installation as Fort Oswegatchie, after the native name for the river
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Massena, New York
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Massena is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. Massena is located along the border of the county, just south of the St. Lawrence River. The population was 10,883 at the 2010 census, the town of Massena contains a village also named Massena. The town and its village are named after André Masséna, a general and Marshal of France during the Napoleonic Wars, the town was first settled circa 1792 by French lumberjacks. Massena was one of the first towns settled in St. Lawrence county and was incorporated in 1802, the town is named after one of Napoleons field marshals, André Masséna, who commanded around that time. The town suffered natural disasters in 1944 and in 1998, the economy of early Massena was partly based on health spas, but the modern town is involved in power production, aluminum production at ALCOA, and the commerce of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Massenas economy has suffered for the past few decades due to its exposure to American manufacturing. The town is home to an Alcoa Aluminum plant, the longest continually operating aluminum facility in the world, Alcoa currently employs over 900 people at its facilities in Massena. Massena is also home to a former General Motors aluminum engine-casting plant which was closed in 2008, the New York Power Authority also operates a hydroelectric power generating dam, the St. Lawrence-FDR Power Project, on the St. Lawrence River adjacent to Massena. Curran Renewable Energy manufactures wood pellet fuel and mulch in the town, Massena is also home to the Eisenhower Locks, part of the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships and vessels to pass through the St. Lawrence River and onto the Great Lakes. On November 2,2015, Alcoa announced the permanent closure of Alcoa East, the Forgings and Extrusions facilities at Alcoa West were unaffected. The changes resulted in the loss of 487 jobs, through negotiations with New York State,400 jobs were saved until 2019. It was estimated in 2013 that nearly 30% of Massena residents live below the poverty line, St. Lawrence County’s poverty rate is higher than both the state and federal rates and currently ranks the 5th highest in New York State. Limited economic opportunities mean fewer young adults return home after college, Massena has attracted an array of immigrants throughout its history. Many citizens of French heritage settled in the due to its proximity to Quebec. Early settlement mirrored New York City, as many Factory workers were recruited from Ellis Island. Many citizens have in Irish, Polish, German or Italian & Sicilian heritage, there is also a sizeable Jewish population. In 2012, there were 10,536 people, down from 16,021 in 1970, as of the census of 2000, there were 13,121 people,2,510 households, and 3,454 families residing in the town
38.
Rockland, Maine
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Rockland is a town in Knox County, Maine, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 7,297 and it is the county seat of Knox County. The city is a popular tourist destination and it is a departure point for the Maine State Ferry Service to the islands of Penobscot Bay, Vinalhaven, North Haven and Matinicus. Abenaki Indians called it Catawamteak, meaning landing place. In 1767, John Lermond and his two brothers from Warren built a camp to produce oak staves and pine lumber, thereafter known as Lermonds Cove, it was first settled about 1769. When in 1777 Thomaston was incorporated, Lermonds Cove became a district called Shore village, on July 28,1848, it was set off as the town of East Thomaston. Renamed Rockland in 1850, it was chartered as a city in 1854, Rockland developed rapidly because of shipbuilding and lime production. In 1854 alone, the city built eleven ships, three barks, six brigs and four schooners, the city had twelve lime quarries and 125 lime kilns, with upwards of 300 vessels to transport the mineral to various ports in the country. By 1886, shipbuilding was surpassed by the business, which had twelve manufacturers employing 1,000 workers. Nevertheless, Rockland had three or more shipyards, a railway, five sail lofts and two boatbuilders. Fleets of Friendship Sloops sailed between the harbor and fishing grounds across Penobscot Bay, the opening of the Knox and Lincoln Railroad in 1871 brought an influx of tourists. Inns and hotels were established to accommodate them, with the grandest being The Bay Point Hotel in 1889, with a commanding view near the breakwater, the resort offered every luxury and amusement. Renamed The Samoset Hotel in 1902, it was successful until the Great Depression, in the age of automobiles, travelers were no longer restricted to the limits of train service, but were free to explore elsewhere. Closed in 1969, the Victorian hotel burned in 1972, a new Samoset Resort opened in 1974. In 1915, the new superdreadnought USS Nevada conducted tests and completed her running trials just off the shore from Rockland, today, Rockland is an officially designated micropolitan area. Since the early 1990s, Rockland has seen a shift in its away from the fishery. It has also seen an increase in tourism and the downtown has transformed into one of unique shops, boutiques, fine dining. Rockland is the center of the midcoast Maine region, with many historic inns, a coffee roaster, a food co-op, a community radio station WRFR-LP
39.
Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Lebanon local /ˈlɛbənən/ is a city in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 13,151 at the 2010 census, Lebanon is located in western New Hampshire, south of Hanover, near the Connecticut River. It is the home to Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon was chartered as a town by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth on July 4,1761, one of 16 along the Connecticut River. It was named for Lebanon, Connecticut, from many early settlers had come or would come, including the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock. Lebanon, Connecticut was the home of Moors Indian Charity School. Early settlement concentrated along the Connecticut River in what is now West Lebanon, in the mid-19th century, a mill district developed at falls on the Mascoma River. Industries included, at times, furniture mills, a tannery, several machine shops, a woolen textile mill. In the mid-19th century, this attracted many French workers from Canadas Quebec province. This became the center of town, although West Lebanon grew into a hub with a separate identity after lines entered from Boston. This rail center would become known as Westboro after two trains collided when West Lebanon was mistaken for Lebanon, the mill district, like the railroad, declined into the 1950s and 1960s. The town suffered two fires, the second, in 1964, destroyed a large portion of the old mill district. Reconstruction resulted in an urban renewal project featuring a closed-off district, called The Mall. Partly in defiance of economic decline, and partly to counter a movement by West Lebanon to declare itself an independent town, Lebanon re-incorporated as a city in 1958. The routing of Interstates 89 and 91 through Lebanon and nearby White River Junction, Vermont, in addition to the growth of Dartmouth College, the former mill town now has a mixed economy based on education, medical services, high-technology and retail. Just south of the village of West Lebanon, a shopping district has sprung up at the intersection of Route 12A. Lebanon has undertaken improvements to its facilities, including miles of hiking trails, a municipal ski area. In 1991, the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, along with most departments of Dartmouth Medical School, a number of medical and high-tech firms have located facilities near the medical center campus. Tele Atlas, a leading developer of mapping databases, has its North American headquarters in Lebanon
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Westchester County Airport
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The airfield is also sometimes referred to as White Plains Airport and has been identified by this name in the past by the Official Airline Guide. It serves suburban Westchester County, New York and Fairfield County and it also serves the New York metropolitan area, as it is about 33 miles north of Midtown Manhattan. Two scheduled charter airlines also offer flights out of the airport and this airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a primary commercial service airport. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 904,482 passenger boardings in calendar year 2008,964,927 enplanements in 2009, and 999,831 in 2010. Westchester County Airport was built during World War II in 1942 as a home to an Air National Guard unit to protect New York City and Rye Lake, part of the citys water supply system. In May 1983, with the growth of suburban Westchester, the Guard unit abandoned Westchester Air National Guard Base and moved to Stewart International Airport, Mohawk Airlines replaced American in 1955 with Mohawk and successor Allegheny Airlines serving HPN until 1979. The first scheduled jet flight was operated by Mohawk with a British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven in 1965, Air Florida arrived in 1980 and United Airlines during the mid 1980s. American Airlines also resumed mainline service, on January 5,2006, the airport was the point of departure for the last flight operated by regional carrier Independence Air with this service departing to Washington, D. C. at 7,26 pm. Major airlines that served the airport with mainline jet aircraft include American Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Republic Airlines, United Airlines. New start up carriers Air Florida, AirTran Airways, Carnival Air Lines, AirTran began service at the airport in 2006 with flights to Atlanta, Orlando and West Palm Beach. These flights ended on August 11,2012, during the summer of 1981, Air Florida was operating nonstop Boeing 737-200 jet service to Bermuda from the airport. JetBlue began service at the airport in 2007 and is now the airports largest carrier with 11 daily round trips to five destinations, jetBlue is currently the only airline to serve the airport with mainline jet aircraft. In June 2009 Cape Air added service to Westchester, with service to Nantucket, Cape Air introduced service to Lebanon Municipal Airport in New Hampshire in early 2010. All Cape Air flights depart and arrive from the Signature Flight Support facility south of the Main Terminal due to a lack of ticket counter space in the terminal building. In June 2010 a regional affiliate of Air Canada announced it would cease all flights into the airport. Commuter code sharing service with Beechcraft turboprop aircraft was flown on behalf of Air Canada for several years between the airport and Toronto and this ended international flights until service to the Bahamas began in 2011. However, the airport currently does not have any international nonstop service, later, the American Connection name was dropped and American Eagle service returned. In 2013, Delta Air Lines announced that it would start service to Orlando starting in December of that year
41.
Cessna 402
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The Cessna 401 and 402 are series of 6 to 10 seat, light twin, piston engine aircraft. This line was manufactured by Cessna from 1966 to 1985 under the name Utiliner and Businessliner, All seats are easily removable so that the aircraft can be used in an all-cargo configuration. Neither the Cessna 401 nor the 402 were pressurized, nor were they particularly fast for the installed horsepower, instead, Cessna intended them to be inexpensive to purchase and operate. The Cessna 401 and 402 were developments of the Cessna 411, All 401s and 402s are powered by 300 hp turbocharged Continental engines with three-bladed, constant speed, fully feathering propellers. On later models cruise power was limited to 75% to reduce cabin noise, some aircraft have a propeller synchrophaser to reduce cabin noise and vibration. The Cessna 401s, 402s, 402As and some 402Bs built from 1966 to 1971 had four small oval windows, All 402Bs were equipped with tip-tanks. In 1969, American Jet Industries began work on a conversion of the Cessna 402, named the Turbo Star 402. The prototype flew on 10 June 1970, further modifications providing increased fuel tankage, higher gross weight, and lower minimum control speed were carried out in 1974 and the modification was recertificated. Scenic Airlines of Las Vegas purchased the rights to the design in 1977, the Cessna 402C may be outfitted with vortex generators to increase maximum allowable takeoff weight to 7,210 lb, with a zero-fuel weight of 6,750 lb. Another modification for the 402C increases the landing weight to 7,200 lb. This family of aircraft was built in several versions,401 Six to eight seat interior, the replacement for the 401 in the corporate transport role was the 402 Businessliner variant. 401A A401 with minor changes,132 built, 401B A 401A with minor changes,91 built later replaced by the 402B. 402 A401 with either a utility or nine-seat commuter use, 402A A402 with a baggage compartment in lengthened nose and an optional crew entry door,129 built. 402B Utiliner/Businessliner 402A with minor changes, from 1972 had increased cabin volume, certified 12 November 1969. Utiliner version has a ten-seat interior intended for commuter airline operations. Businessliner version has a six to eight-seat interior with executive seating intended for corporate transport, 402C Utiliner/Businessliner 402B with 325 hp engines, increased takeoff weight, longer wingspan without main tip tanks and hydraulic instead of electric landing gear,681 built. The Cessna 402 has proven to be dependable over the years. The aircraft are flown on short, thin routes to hubs where passengers can connect to higher density routes. The largest operator of the type is Cape Air, which as of March 2015 has a fleet of over 83 Cessna 402s operating in the Caribbean, the main cause of the crash was determined to be loading the plane beyond its maximum takeoff weight
42.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
43.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
44.
SeaPort Airlines
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SeaPort Airlines was a US-based regional airline with its headquarters located at Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon. It operated scheduled service from its bases at Portland International Airport, from 2013 to January 2016 it also operated a Southwest region from San Diego International Airport. SeaPort Airlines used the callsign Sasquatch to communicate with air traffic controllers, the carrier played off this in early 2013 when it introduced Roger, The SeaPort Airlines Sasquatch as the airlines mascot. As of November 2013 SeaPort Airlines received $13,879,930 in annual Federal subsidies for Essential Air Services that they provided to rural airports in the U. S. On February 5,2016 it was announced by the airline it had filed for voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy after being forced to reduce its route network, normal day-to-day operations were set to continue during the company reorganization. The company filed a plan emerge from Chapter 11 on July 12,2016, as of September 20th 2016, the company is no longer in business after its Chapter 11 bankruptcy was converted to a Chapter 7 liquidation. The Cessna 208 Caravan is a turboprop engine aircraft. Until January 2016 the airline also had a Southwest region with destinations in California, in late 2011, SeaPort began to reinvent its business model and the carrier ended its namesake route between Seattle and Portland on January 27,2012. On March 20,2016, SeaPort Airlines ceased service to North Bend/Coos Bay, the entirety of SeaPorts Mid-South service based at Memphis International Airport was federally subsidized under the Essential Air Service. On March 12,2010, SeaPort won a two-year Essential Air Service contract to three daily flights Sunday through Friday between Salina, Kansas and Kansas City International Airport. As part of this growth SeaPort secured Department of Transportation approval to add daily flights between Kansas City International Airport and Harrison, Arkansas, in July 2011, SeaPort began service to Dallas Love Field from El Dorado and Hot Springs. However, the no longer serves Dallas. However, the no longer serves Jackson. On January 16,2016, SeaPort ceased service to Salina, Great Bend, on May 1,2013, the airline began service connecting Imperial/El Centro to San Diego and Burbank. The EAS contract was awarded to SeaPort in January 2013, replacing incumbent carrier SkyWest Airlines, in July,2014, SeaPort Airlines announced it would begin nonstop service between Burbank and San Diego on October 1, with four weekday flights each way, and reduced service on weekends. Later the airline added service to Sacramento and Visalia as well as its first international destination, SeaPort later ceased all operations in California and Mexico on January 15,2016
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