1.
Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)
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The Capitol Limited is one of two Amtrak trains connecting Washington, D. C. to Chicago, running 764 miles via Pittsburgh and Cleveland. Service began in 1981 and was named after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads Capitol Limited which ended in 1971 upon the formation of Amtrak and it carries the Amtrak train numbers 29 and 30, which were previously assigned to the discontinued National Limited. During fiscal year 2011, the Capitol Limited carried over 225,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $20,312,544 in FY2011, a 9. 3% increase from FY2010. On October 1,1981, Amtrak inaugurated its Capitol Limited upon the discontinuance of the Shenendoah and its numbers,440 and 441, were derived from the Broadway Limiteds 40 and 41 and the new train also used Heritage Fleet equipment. The new train replaced the Broadway Limiteds former Washington section which had diverged at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in late 1984, the Capitol Limited re-equipped with new Amfleet II coaches but also lost its full diner east of Pittsburgh. Beginning with the October 26,1986, timetable, Amtrak split up the Capitol Limited, the former received new numbers,29 and 30, and a later schedule. The Capitol Limited continued to operate over the same route, with the change the Capitol Limited regained a full diner east of Pittsburgh, which it had lost in 1984. The Broadway Limited and its successor, the Three Rivers, were re-routed over the B&Os Chicago-Pittsburgh route, in October 1994, Amtrak, with great fanfare, relaunched the Capitol Limited with a new bilevel Superliner II consist. Eleven people died aboard the MARC train in the accident, Three died of injuries suffered in the impact, the rest were killed by smoke and flames. The MARC engineer and two conductors were among the dead, between 1984 and 1986 and again from 1991 to 1993, the Capitol Limited exchanged a Chicago-Miami coach with the New York-Miami Silver Star at Washington, D. C. During 1997 and part of 1998, Amtrak operated the Capitol Limited in conjunction with the Southwest Chief, the two trains used the same Superliner equipment sets, and passengers traveling on both trains could remain aboard during the layover in Chicago. Originally announced in 1996, Amtrak planned to call this through service the National Chief with its own numbers, although the name, Amtrak dropped the practice with the May 1998 timetable. Trains magazine picked up on this in their January 2011 issue, also cited was the consist switch that would take place, an eight-hour layover on Sundays due to the Pennsylvanians 1, 20p departure, and the lack of Viewliner sleepers to accommodate the service. The Capitol Limiteds original routing west of Pittsburgh included stops in Canton, Ohio, Crestline, Ohio, Lima, Ohio, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Valparaiso, Indiana, Amtrak dropped Gary as a station stop on April 28,1985. On April 27,1986, Amtrak added Warsaw, Indiana, all these cities lost service when Amtrak re-routed the Capitol Limited north through Toledo on November 11,1990. For a year, a bus connection was offered between Fort Wayne and Waterloo, Indiana. Between March 2,1982, and April 7,1991, at the time the Port Authority of Allegheny County operated the PATrain commuter rail between McKeesport and downtown Pittsburgh. The Port Authority ended the service in 1989, citing low ridership, Amtrak followed suit a year later, noting that on average one passenger boarded at McKeesport per trip during the trains final months of service at that station
2.
Washington Union Station
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Washington Union Station is a major train station, transportation hub, and leisure destination in Washington, D. C. Opened in 1907, it is Amtraks headquarters and the railroads second-busiest station with annual ridership of just under 5 million, the station also serves MARC and VRE commuter rail services, the Washington Metro, and buses. At the height of its traffic, during World War II, in 1988, a headhouse wing was added and the original station renovated for use as a shopping mall. Today, Union Station is one of the busiest rail facilities and shopping destinations in the country, when the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced in 1901 that they had agreed to build a new union station together, the city had two reasons to celebrate. The decision meant that railroads would soon remove their trackwork and terminals from the National Mall. Though changes there appeared only gradually, the consolidation of the depots allowed the creation of the Mall as it appears today, the Act authorized the Washington Terminal Company to construct a station “monumental in character” that would cost at least $4 million. This cost was financed by $12 million in first mortgage bonds as well as advances by the owners which were repaid by stock, each carrier also received $1.5 million in government funding to compensate them for the costs of eliminating grade crossings in the city. The only railroad station in the nation specifically authorized by Congress, the building was primarily designed by William Pierce Anderson of the Chicago architectural firm of D. H. Burnham & Company. The first B&O train to arrive with passengers was the Pittsburgh Express which did so at 6,50 a. m. on October 27,1907 while the first PRR train arrived three weeks later on November 17, the main building itself was completed in 1908. Of its 32 station tracks,20 enter from the northeast, the suite was converted in December 1941 to a U. S. O. Canteen, which went on to serve 6.5 million service members during World War II, although closed on May 31,1946, it was reopened in 1951 as a U. S. O. Lounge and dedicated by President Harry Truman as a permanent home away from home for traveling U. S. armed service members, on the morning of January 15,1953, the Pennsylvania Railroads Federal, the overnight train from Boston, crashed into the station. When the engineer tried to apply the trainline brakes two miles out of the platforms, he discovered that he only had engine brakes. A switchman on the approach to the station noticed the train and telephoned a warning to the station. Just then, the floor of the terminal, having never designed to carry the weight of a locomotive, gave way. The 447, 000-pound electric locomotive fell into about the center of what is now the food court, remarkably, no one was killed, and passengers in the rear cars thought that they had only had a rough stop. An investigation revealed that an anglecock on the brakeline had been closed, the accident inspired the finale of the 1976 film Silver Streak. The durable design of the GG1 made its damage repairable, and it was back in service after being hauled away in pieces to the PRRs main shops in Altoona
3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
4.
Inter-city rail
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Inter-city rail services are express passenger train services that cover longer distances than commuter or regional trains. There is no definition of inter-city rail, its meaning may vary from country to country. Most typically, an inter-city train is a train with limited stops. Inter-city rail sometimes provides international services and this is most prevalent in Europe, due to the close proximity of its 50 countries in a 10,180,000 square kilometre area. Eurostar and EuroCity are examples of this and this use of the term appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and has been widely imitated. The speeds of inter-city rail lines are diverse, ranging from 50 km/h in a mountainous area or on undeveloped tracks to 200–350 km/h on newly constructed or improved tracks. As a result, Inter-city rail may or may not fall into the category of higher-speed rail or high-speed rail, ideally, the average speed of inter-city rail service would be faster than 100 km/h in order to be competitive with car, bus and other methods of transport. 50–100 km The distance of an inter-city rail journey is usually at least 50–100 km, although in large metropolitan areas commuter. 100–500 km A distance of 100–500 km is a common journey distance for inter-city rail in many countries, in many cases, railway travel is most competitive at about 2–3 hours journey time. Inter-city rail can compete with highways and short-haul air travel for journeys of this distance. 500–1,000 km In journeys of 500–1,000 km, development of high-speed rail in some countries increases the share of railway for such longer-distance journeys. The Paris-Marseille TGV and Tokyo-Aomori Shinkansen are examples of type of journey. In conventional non high-speed rail, overnight trains are common for this distance, in many other countries, such long-distance rail journey has been replaced by air travel except for tourism or hobbyist purposes, luxury train journeys, or significant cost benefit. Discount Eurail Pass in Europe, Amtrak in the United States, New high-speed lines from 200–350 km/h operation are constructed, and many conventional lines are also upgraded to 200 km/h operation. Currently there are seven High-Speed Inter-City lines in China, with up to 21 planned and they are operated independently from the often parallel High-Speed-Rail-Lines. Japan has six main regional railway companies, known collectively as Japan Railways Group or simply as JR. Many other cities are covered by a network of JRs limited express inter-city trains on 1,067 mm, narrow gauge, major cities are covered by convenient train services of every one hour or more frequent. In addition to the JR Group, Japan has several major regional carriers such as the Kintetsu, almost every major town and city in South Korea is linked by railway, run by Korail
5.
Eastern United States
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It is geographically diverse, spanning the Northeast and Southeast as well as the eastern part of the Central United States. In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi had an population of 179,948,346 or 58. 28% of the total U. S. population of 308,745,358. The Southern United States constitutes a region in the south-eastern. In the last few decades, the Southern US has been attracting internal and international migrants, the American South is among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. In one of the earliest English settlements in the New World, English Pilgrims from Europe first settled in New England in 1620, New England produced the first examples of American literature and philosophy and was home to the beginnings of free public education. In the 19th century, it played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States and it was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution. The Midwestern United States is one of the four regions within the United States that are recognized by the United States Census Bureau. The region consists of seven states in the central and inland northeastern US, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, a 2006 Census Bureau estimate put the population at 66,217,736. Both the geographic center of the contiguous U. S. the United States Census Bureau divides this region into the East North Central States and the West North Central States. Chicago is the largest city in the region, followed by Indianapolis, chicago has the largest metropolitan statistical area, followed by Detroit, and Minneapolis – Saint Paul. Marie, Michigan is the oldest city in the region, having been founded by French missionaries, the term Midwest has been in common use for over 100 years. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen into disuse, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, since the book Middletown appeared in 1929, sociologists have often used Midwestern cities as typical of the entire nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Four of the associated with the Midwestern United States are traditionally referred to as belonging to the Great Plains region. However, in recent years they are included in the Midwestern region. The following is a list of the 24 largest cities in the East by population, East Coast of the United States Eastern Canada Territories of the United States on stamps
6.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
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The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad. At first this railroad was located entirely in the state of Maryland with a line from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook. At this point to continue westward, it had to cross into Virginia over the Potomac River, adjacent to the confluence of the Potomac, from there it was extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. It is now part of the CSX Transportation network, and includes the oldest operational railroad bridge in the USA, the B&O also included the Leiper Railroad, the first permanent horse-drawn railroad in the U. S. In later years, B&O advertising carried the motto, Linking 13 Great States with the Nation, the B&O Warehouse at the Camden Yards rail junction in Baltimore now dominates the view over the right-field wall at the Baltimore Orioles current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. At the end of 1970 B&O operated 5552 miles of road and 10449 miles of track, not including the Staten Island Rapid Transit or the Reading and its subsidiaries. The fast-growing port city of Baltimore, Maryland faced economic stagnation unless it opened routes to the western states, as New York had done with the Erie Canal in 1820. In 1827, twenty-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation and their answer was to build a railroad—one of the first commercial lines in the world. Two men — Philip E. Thomas and George Brown — were the pioneers of the railroad and they spent the year 1826 investigating railway enterprises in England, which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held a meeting on February 12,1827, including about twenty-five citizens. Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer, the capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars, but the B&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Virtually every citizen of Baltimore owned a share, as the offering was oversubscribed, construction began on July 4,1828, when Charles Carroll of Carrollton did the groundbreaking. The initial tracks were built with granite stringers topped by iron rails. The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicotts Mills, opened on May 24,1830. Developers decided to follow the Patapsco River to a point near Parrs Ridge, a later compromise allowed the two companies to share the right of way. The State of Maryland granted the B&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to Washington, D. C. in 1831, and the Washington Branch was opened in 1835. This line joined to the mainline at Relay, Maryland, crossing the Patapsco on the Thomas Viaduct. This line was funded by the state, and was operated separately until the 1870s
7.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
8.
Rolling stock
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The term rolling stock originally referred to any vehicles that move on a railway. It has since expanded to include the vehicles used by businesses on roadways. It usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles, for locomotives, railroad cars, coaches, and wagons. Rolling stock is considered to be an asset, or close to it, since the value of the vehicle can be readily estimated. The term contrasts with fixed stock, which is a term for the track, signals, stations, other buildings, electric wires. In Great Britain, types of rolling stock were given code names and these codes were telegraphese, somewhat analogous to the SMS language of today. List of railway vehicles Great Western Railway telegraphic codes Great Western Railway wagons The dictionary definition of rolling stock at Wiktionary
9.
Strata-Dome
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The Strata-Domes were a fleet of five streamlined dome cars operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The term referred both to a pair of dome cars constructed by Pullman-Standard and three Budd Company domes the B&O acquired from the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. They were the first dome cars operated in the Eastern United States, following on the success of the Chicago, Burlington, the cars entered service in 1949 and were all out of regular service by 1981. Pullman-Standard built the two original Strata-Domes, the dome area seated 24, while the lower level contained two lounges and coach seating for 42. To accommodate the lower clearances on railroads in the Eastern United States the dome sat lower on the Strata Dome than on other cars,21 inches instead of the standard 28 inches. These cars were numbered 5550 and 5551 and given the names High Dome, at the front of the car the B&O installed a speedometer, clock, altimeter, and barometer. In December 1950 the B&O acquired three dome-sleepers from the C&O, the Budd Company had built these cars for the Chessie, a Washington, D. C. –Cincinnati, Ohio luxury streamliner which was cancelled before it entered service. Each of these had 24 dome seats, with 3 drawing rooms,5 roomettes,1 bedroom in the lower level, the B&O numbered these 7600–7602, with the names Moonlight Dome, Starlight Dome, and Sunlight Dome. In 1952 the B&O would mount floodlights on the Strata-Domes to enable viewing the scenery at night. The two original Strata-Domes entered service on the new Columbian, which debuted on May 5,1949 and they were the first domes in regular service on the East Coast. The B&O placed the acquired C&O dome-sleepers on the Capitol Limited, contemporary advertising referred to Strata-Dome service on all three services, despite the mixed origin of the equipment. The Atlantic Coast Line used the domes on its Florida Special, although operation was limited to Richmond, Virginia–Miami and they were the first domes to operate on the Florida route. The Seaboard Coast Line, successor to the Atlantic Coast Line, the domes returned to the Florida Special. The B&O modified the two coaches to include a snack bar in one of the lower-level lounges. The two cars operated on other B&O trains such as the Cincinnatian. The High Dome, painted blue and lettered American Railroads 1869–1969, was part of the 1969 Golden Spike Centennial Limited to mark the centennial of the first transcontinental railroad in the U. S. Both cars later ran on the final Capitol Limited run April 30,1971 when the train was discontinued at the start of Amtrak, Amtrak acquired all five domes and operated them on various services in the 1970s. High Dome was wrecked in 1975 and scrapped in 1980, Amtrak retired its last, Starlight Dome, in October 1981
10.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
11.
Train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
12.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
13.
Grand Central Station (Chicago)
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Grand Central Station was a passenger railroad terminal in downtown Chicago, Illinois, from 1890 to 1969. It was located at 201 West Harrison Street on a block bounded by Harrison, Wells and Polk Streets, Grand Central Station was designed by architect Solon Spencer Beman for the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and was completed by the Chicago and Northern Pacific Railroad. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad purchased the station in 1910 and used it as the Chicago terminus for its rail service, including its Capitol Limited service to Washington. Major tenant railroads included the Soo Line Railroad, successor to the Wisconsin Central, the Chicago Great Western Railway, the station opened December 8,1890, closed November 8,1969, and was demolished in 1971. The location of this new depot, along the branch of the Chicago River, was selected to take advantage of the bustling passenger. The structure measured 228 ft along Harrison Street and 482 ft along Wells, imposing arches, crenellations, a spacious arched carriage-court facing Harrison Street, and a multitude of towers dominated the walls. Its most famous feature, however, was an impressive 247 ft tower at the northeast corner of the structure. Beman, an advocate of the Floating raft system to solve Chicagos unique swampy soil problems. Early on, an 11,000 lb bell in the tower rang on the hour, at some point, however, the bell was removed, but the tower. Only a 17-story apartment building was completed in 1986, however it can accommodate additional floors as part of an expansion. Several other plans for office towers, condominiums, or retail development on the Grand Central Station terminal site have all been proposed over the past several years, the land at the corner of Harrison and Wells, the lot on which the station itself stood, remains vacant. MGLM Architects proposed constructing a new station on the site in February 2012 to accommodate high-speed trains between the city core and OHare Airport. The firm feels that this location would be preferable to adding additional capacity at the already crowded Union Station, as of October 2013, a proposal to build two towers containing 700 units has resurfaced for 1.5 acres of the 6.5 acre site. The development known as Franklin Point is being backed by Jay-Z business partners Arnold Alex Bize, author Carl W. Condit remarked that the station was an important Chicago building even if it never received much recognition. Architect Harry Weese bemoaned its wanton destruction, ira J. Bach noted that when the terminal was demolished, Chicago lost its greatest monument to the institution which had created it, the railroad. This first bridge was replaced by a structure in 1901 to accommodate larger boats. The new bridges location, about seven blocks south of its previous crossing, both the B&OCT bascule bridge, and that of the St. Charles Air Line Bridge immediately adjacent to it, were built in 1930, and both are bascule bridges. As of 2013 the B&OCT bridge sits unused
14.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
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Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
16.
Pullman (car or coach)
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In the United States, Pullman was used to refer to railroad sleeping cars which were built and operated on most U. S. railroads by the Pullman Company from 1867 to December 31,1968. Pullman also refers to dining cars in Europe that were operated by the Pullman Company. Specifically, in Great Britain, Pullman refers to the cars operated by the British Pullman Car Company. Such coaches ran in Kiev since 1907 and in Odessa since 1912, since 1920s tramcars nicknamed Pullmanwagen in German ran in Leipzig, Cologne, Frankfurt and Zürich. In some Western European countries in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, in 1963, the luxurious Mercedes-Benz 600 was introduced, with a range including a long wheelbase version called Pullman. Later, stretched versions of regular Mercedes-Benz S-Class cars were also called Pullman, in Greek and Italian, the word pullman is used to refer to a coach bus. In Greek, it would be spelled as πούλμαν, in Latin America, pullman may refer to a luxury bus as well as to a railroad sleeping car. In the video game Sid Meiers Railroads, players can bid on the Pullmans Palace Car patent. This patent makes Passengers pay an extra 25% to bask in its comfort. Buses portal Pullman loaf, a type of long, square bread developed to be baked in the kitchens of rail cars Starlight Express. Clerestory#Transportation, Railway Coach roof design following the Pullman American influence, travel by Pullman, a century of service. A Century of Pullman Cars, Volume I, Alphabetical List. Greenberg Publishing Company, a Century of Pullman Cars, Volume II, The Palace Cars. The Pullman Project Canadian National Railways Sleeping Car No.1683 St. Hyacinthe—photographs, chicago Historical Societys Pullman website Pullman Prototypes—Pantagraph
17.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
18.
Pennsylvania Station (Newark)
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Pennsylvania Station is a major transportation hub in Newark, New Jersey. Located at Raymond Plaza, between Market Street and Raymond Boulevard, Newark Penn Station is served by rail and bus carriers. The rail carriers include Newark Light Rail, New Jersey Transit, the PATH rapid transit system to Manhattan, national bus carries include Greyhound, Peter Pan and Trailways. Local and regional bus carriers include NJ Transit and ONE, with 31 and 2 routes respectively, designed by the renowned architectural firm McKim, Mead and White, the station contains a mixture of Art Deco and Neo-Classical features. The interior of the waiting room has medallions illustrating the history of transportation, from wagons to steamships to cars and airplanes. The current building was dedicated on March 23,1935, the first regular train to use it was a New York–Philadelphia express at 10,17 on March 24. The new station was alongside the old station, which was then demolished and replaced by the southeast half of the present station. Except for the separate, underground Newark Light Rail station, tracks are elevated above street level, at the time, PRR operated 232 weekday trains between Newark and New York Penn Station, after 1937, the 10-mile trip took an average of 16 minutes. Both systems were extended or realigned to the station on June 20,1937, during the 1960s, Pennsylvania Railroad sold the bankrupt Hudson and Manhattan to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey which reestablished the line as Port Authority Trans-Hudson in 1962. New Jersey Department of Transportations Aldene Plan redirected Central Railroad of New Jersey, Amtrak took over inter-city service in 1971, but Penn Central continued to operate commuter service, despite suffering from major bankruptcy. Newark Penn Station was extensively renovated in 2007, with restoration of the facade and historic materials, as well as train platform. In 2014 Newark Penn was the 14th busiest Amtrak station, providing intercity service on the Northeast Corridor and it is the western terminus of the Newark – World Trade Center line of the PATH train which operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. On the lower level is the end of the Newark Light Rail. Passengers on this rail system from Newark and its nearby suburbs can transfer to Amtrak or PATH trains. Newark Penn Station carries the IATA airport code of ZRP, seven are on one level, but PATH trains arrive on an upper-level track with a platform on the west side, from which passengers can quickly reach platforms for their onward trains. Track A is less used and has a platform, usually for Raritan Valley Line arrivals. Trains relay and lay-up at Hudson Yard in Harrison before returning on Track 5 for the reverse trip, Track 2 is typically used by northbound Amtrak trains, but is also used during the PM rush for westbound North Jersey Coast Line express trains. This platform has a platform shared with, Track 4
19.
Lehigh Valley Railroad
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The Lehigh Valley Railroad was one of a number of railroads built in the northeastern United States primarily to haul anthracite coal. On January 7,1853, the name was changed to Lehigh Valley Railroad. It was sometimes known as the Route of the Black Diamond, at the time, anthracite was transported by boat down the Lehigh River, the railroad was meant to be faster transportation. The railroad ended operations in 1976 and merged into Conrail along with several railroads that same year. During its existence, the Lehigh Valley Railroad used a line that later became known as the Lehigh Line in order for it to operate. The line was known as the Lehigh Valley Mainline during the majority of its time under the ownership of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Conrail shortened the line by abandoning most of its route to Buffalo. The Lehigh Line still exists and retains its original route but it now also doesnt reach close to New York City, the Lehigh Line is now owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway and has lost its trackage miles between Manville, New Jersey and Newark, New Jersey. As of 31 Dec 1925,1363.7 miles of road,3533.3 miles of track, the Lehigh Valley Railroad was authorized on April 21,1846 for freight and transportation of passengers, goods, wares, merchandise and minerals in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. The route was surveyed and grading started in 1850, but progress was slow, the railroad began to survey a route from Mauch Chunk to Easton, Pennsylvania and the route was to be double tracked. The survey was conducted by Robert H. Sayre, the railroads Chief Engineer, with a rail of not less than 55 lb to the yard, and aiding along the line not less than four miles additional. Asa Packer wanted thorough rock cuts throughout the length of the line and doubled tracked bridge over the Delaware River into Phillipsburg. The railroads growth occurred after Asa Packer invested in the company in 1852, on January 7,1853, the railroad was renamed to the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Sayre, the chief engineer, the lines route to Mauch Chunk was delayed. At Easton, the LVRR constructed a bridge across the Delaware River for connections to the CNJ. From Easton to Allentown, the LVRR ran two trains daily from its opening date until September 11,1855, during this time, the LVRR was finishing construction of an extension of the line from Allentown to Mauch Chunk. After October 1,1855, the LVRR added more services to the Allentown-Mauch Chunk route. Through a connection with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, LVRR passengers had a route to Newark, New Jersey, Jersey City, New Jersey, a daily freight train was put into operation leaving Easton in the morning and returning in the evening. In the early part of October 1855, a contract was made with Howard & Co of Philadelphia to do the business of the railroad
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Reading Company
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The Reading Company operated an important railroad in southeast Pennsylvania and neighboring states from 1924-1976. Commonly called the Reading Railroad, it was a successor to the Philadelphia, until the decline in anthracite loadings in the Coal Region after World War II, it was one of the most prosperous corporations in the United States. Competition with the highway system and short hauls compounded the companys problems. Its railroad operations were merged into Conrail in 1976, but the corporation lasted into 2000, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was one of the first railroads in the United States. Along with the Little Schuylkill, a railroad in the Schuylkill River Valley. Primarily, the P&R was constructed to haul coal from the mines in northeastern Pennsylvanias Coal Region to Philadelphia. The P&R mainline had the distinction of being, upon its 1843 completion, the P&R became profitable almost immediately. In 1871, the Reading established a subsidiary called the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, the heavy investment in coal paid off quickly. By 1871, the Reading was the largest company in the world, with $170,000,000 in gross value, in 1879, the Reading gained control of the North Pennsylvania Railroad and gained access to the burgeoning steel industry in the Lehigh Valley. Instead of broadening its rail network, the Reading invested its vast wealth in anthracite and this led to financial trouble in the 1870s. In 1890, Reading president Archibald A. McLeod saw that more riches could be earned by expanding its rail network, McLeod went about trying to control neighboring railroads in 1891. He was able to control of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Central Railroad of New Jersey. The Reading almost achieved its goal of becoming a road, but the deal was scuttled by J. P. Morgan and other rail barons. The Reading was relegated to a railroad for the rest of its history. The Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road was chartered April 4,1833, the portion from Reading to Norristown opened July 16,1838, the full line December 9,1839. An extension northwest from Reading to Mount Carbon, also on the Schuylkill River, opened on January 13,1842, at Mount Carbon, it connected with the earlier Mount Carbon Railroad, continuing through Pottsville to several mines, and would eventually be extended to Williamsport. On May 17 of 1842, a branch from West Falls to Port Richmond on the Delaware River north of downtown Philadelphia opened. Port Richmond later became a large coal terminal
21.
Pennsylvania Railroad
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The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the Pennsy, the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U. S. for the first half of the 20th century. Over the years, it acquired, merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies and its only formidable rival was the New York Central, which carried around three-quarters of PRRs ton-miles. At one time, the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world, with a larger than that of the U. S. government. The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history, in 1968, PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company, which filed for bankruptcy within two years. The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail, which was broken up in 1999, with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway. Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg, with the opening of the Erie Canal and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic. The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and it soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads, inclined planes, and canals was proposed. Because freight and passengers had to change several times along the route and canals froze in winter, it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson, an engineer from the Georgia Railroad, to survey, the crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3, 612-foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown. The western end of the line was built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny. In 1857, the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania, the line was double track from its inception, and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added. Over the next 50 years, PRR expanded by gaining control of railroads by stock purchases. This line is still an important cross-state corridor, carrying Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and he served as PRRs first Chief Engineer and third President. Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRRs Connecting Railway, the PRRs Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2,1872, between Baltimore and Washington, D. C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the lines heading north from the city. On June 29,1873, the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed, the PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia, Pennsylvania
22.
New York Central Railroad
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The New York Central Railroad was a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. NYCs Grand Central Terminal in New York City is one of its best known extant landmarks, in 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, to form Penn Central. That company went bankrupt in 1970 and was taken over by the federal government, Conrail was broken up in 1998, and portions of its system was transferred to the newly formed New York Central Lines LLC, a subsidiary leased to and eventually absorbed by CSX and Norfolk Southern. Those companies lines included the original New York Central main line, but outside that area it included lines that were never part of the New York Central system. At the end of 1925, the New York Central System operated 11,584 miles of road and 26,395 miles of track, at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles and 18,454 miles. The Mohawk and Hudson opened on September 24,1831, and changed its name to the Albany, the Utica and Schenectady Railroad was chartered April 29,1833, as the railroad paralleled the Erie Canal it was prohibited from carrying freight. Revenue service began August 2,1836, extending the line of the Albany and Schenectady Railroad west from Schenectady along the side of the Mohawk River, opposite the Erie Canal. The Syracuse and Utica Railroad was chartered May 1,1836, the full line opened July 3,1839, extending the line further to Syracuse via Rome. This line was not direct, going out of its way to stay near the Erie Canal and serve Rome, nothing of that line was ever built, though the later West Shore Railroad, acquired by the NYC in 1885, served the same purpose. The Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was chartered May 1,1834, and opened mostly in 1838, a month later, with the opening of the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, this formed a complete line from Albany west via Syracuse to Auburn, about halfway to Geneva. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad was chartered May 13,1836, as an extension via Geneva and Canandaigua to Rochester. The two lines merged on August 1,1850, to form the rather indirect Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, to fix this, the Rochester and Syracuse Direct Railway was chartered and immediately merged into the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad on August 6,1850. That line opened June 1,1853, running more directly between those two cities, roughly parallel to the Erie Canal. The Tonawanda Railroad, to the west of Rochester, was chartered April 24,1832 to build from said city to Attica. The first section, from Rochester southwest to Batavia, opened May 5,1837, the Attica and Buffalo Railroad chartered in 1836 and opened on November 24,1842, running from Buffalo east to Attica. On March 19,1844, the Tonawanda Railroad was authorized to build the connection, the Albany and Schenectady Railroad bought all the baggage, mail and emigrant cars of the other railroads between Albany and Buffalo on February 17,1848, and began operating through cars. On December 7,1850, the Tonawanda Railroad and Attica and Buffalo Railroad merged to form the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad. A new direct line opened from Buffalo east to Batavia on April 26,1852, the line was added to the New York and Erie Railroad system and converted to the Eries 6 ft broad gauge
23.
Lead glass
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Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. Lead glass contains typically 18–40 weight% lead oxide, while modern lead crystal, historically known as flint glass due to the original silica source. Lead glass is desirable owing to its decorative properties, originally discovered by Englishman George Ravenscroft in 1674, the technique of adding lead oxide improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea-coal as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the period making the glass easier to manipulate. The term lead crystal is, by technicality, not a term to describe lead glass, as glass. The use of the lead crystal remains popular for historical and commercial reasons. It is retained from the Venetian word cristallo to describe the rock crystal imitated by Murano glassmakers and this naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative hollow-ware. Lead crystal glassware was formerly used to store and serve drinks, but due to the health risks of lead. One alternative material is glass, in which barium oxide, zinc oxide. Lead-free crystal has a refractive index to lead crystal, but it is lighter. In the European Union, labeling of products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as lead crystal, products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled crystallin or crystal glass. The addition of oxide to glass raises its refractive index and lowers its working temperature. The attractive optical properties of lead glass result from the content of the heavy metal lead. The high atomic number of lead also raises the density of the material, since lead has a high atomic weight of 207.2. The density of glass is 2.4 g/cm3 or below, while typical lead crystal has a density of around 3.1 g/cm3. The brilliance of lead crystal relies on the refractive index caused by the lead content. Ordinary glass has a index of n =1.5
24.
Central Railroad of New Jersey
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The Central Railroad of New Jersey, also known as the Jersey Central or Jersey Central Lines, was a Class I railroad with origins in the 1830s. It filed for three times, in 1939,1947 and on 3/22/1967 the CNJ filed for bankruptcy for the final time. It foreshadowed the rest of New Jerseys railroads, but not by much and it then pulled out of Pennsylvania completely in 1972. The Elizabethtown and Somerville Railroad was chartered on February 9,1831, the line to Plainfield was completed in March 1839, connecting to the New Jersey Rail Road in Elizabeth. Extensions took it west to Dunellen in 1840, just east of Bound Brook in 1841, the Somerville and Easton Railroad was chartered on February 26,1847, to continue the line west to Easton, Pennsylvania. The first extension, to Whitehouse, opened in 1848 and was leased to the Elizabethtown and Somerville Railroad. The rest of the line to Phillipsburg opened in 1852, and on September 8,1855, at that time, Lehigh Valley coal trains began running over the CNJ to Elizabeth. A similar operation with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, joining at Hampton and this required the addition of a third rail as the DL&W was 6 ft broad gauge. On December 1,1859, the CNJ arranged to run over the New Jersey Rail Road to the terminal in Jersey City. That operation began December 19, and included a rail for DL&W trains. The South Branch Railroad, controlled by the CNJ, opened July 1,1864, on July 23,1869, the Newark and New York Railroad opened, providing a straight route from downtown Newark to the CNJs Jersey City terminal. The Newark Branch, running north from Elizabethport to the N&NY in Newark, on October 6,1873, the CNJ leased the New York and Long Branch Railroad, which was in the process of building from Perth Amboy southeast to Long Branch. At the same time the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad was building from Elizabethport on the CNJ south to Perth Amboy, hostilities at the crossing of the Pennsylvania Railroads Perth Amboy and Woodbridge Railroad in April 1872 led to an injunction against the PRR interfering with the construction. The CNJ bought the PA&E later that year, the full line to Long Branch opened September 7,1875, and was later extended south, reaching Bay Head in 1881 by acquiring other companies. The first commercially successful diesel-electric locomotive, manufactured by Alco in 1924, was built for the Central Railroad of New Jersey, in 1929 the CNJ began operating its most famous train, the Blue Comet, from Jersey City to Atlantic City. The Interstate Commerce Commission authorized the CNJ to acquire the Wharton and Northern Railroad, the Hibernia Mine Railroad was merged into the CNJ on November 25,1930. CNJ had its terminus at Elizabethport, New Jersey. In 1864 CNJ extended its railroad across the bay into Bayonne and it had used a succession of bridges over the years, the last being Newark Bay Bridge, demolished in the 1980s
25.
Bound Brook, New Jersey
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Bound Brook is a borough in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States, located along the Raritan River. Bound Brook was originally incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 24,1869, on February 11,1891, it was reincorporated as a borough, based on the results of a referendum held on the previous day. The brook, which was mentioned as a boundary in a Native American deed, a wooden bridge over the Raritan River was erected as early as 1761 and named Queens Bridge in 1767. Later, it became a covered bridge, during the American Revolutionary War, the bridge was used repeatedly by both sides including during the Battle of Bound Brook in 1777. In 1875, the bridge was replaced by a steel pipe truss bridge. More than 100 years later, that bridge was replaced by a steel girder bridge in 1984. The bridge was renovated and repaved in 2007, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.695 square miles, including 1.659 square miles of land and 0.036 square miles of water. The borough borders the municipalities of Bridgewater Township and South Bound Brook in Somerset County, since the southern portion of the borough is a low-lying natural flood plain of the Raritan River, Bound Brook has suffered occasional severe flooding after heavy rain. Extensive flood control measures were put into place during 1999–2015 to provide protection from 150-year floods, Bound Brook prides itself on having a diverse community. It has many thriving businesses, including restaurants and small markets. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,402 people,3,586 households, the population density was 6,269.6 per square mile. There were 3,816 housing units at a density of 2,300.0 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 48. 66% of the population,22. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the family size was 3.28. In the borough, the population was out with 22. 6% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,34. 2% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35.1 years, for every 100 females there were 109.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 108.4 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $67,056 and the median family income was $68,315. Males had an income of $33,462 versus $35,261 for females
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Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal
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It was also serviced by the Reading Railroad, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and Lehigh Valley Railroad during various periods in its 78 years of operation. The current terminal building was constructed in 1889 but was abandoned in 1967 and it was later added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and incorporated into Liberty State Park. The terminal was one of five passenger railroad terminals lined the Hudson Waterfront during the 19th and 20th centuries. The terminal was built in 1889, replacing an earlier one that had been in use since 1864 and it operated until April 30,1967. The station has been listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places, additionally it is a New Jersey State Historic Site. The terminal is part of Liberty State Park, and along with nearby Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty recalls the era of immigration through the Port of New York. It is estimated that around 10.5 million entered the country through the station, the area has long been known as Communipaw, which in the Algonquian language Lenape means big landing place at the side of a river. The first stop west of the station was indeed called Communipaw, the land on which the extensive yards were built was reclaimed, or filled. The terminal itself is next to the Morris Canal Big Basin, the long cobbled road which ends at the terminal is Audrey Zapp Drive, for the environmentalist active in the creation of the park. The main building is designed in a Richardsonian Romanesque style, the intermodal facility contains more than a dozen platforms and several ferry slips. Arriving passengers would walk to the concourse and could either pass through its main waiting room, by-pass it on either side. The ferry slips have also been restored though the structure which housed them has been removed, as have the tracks. The Bush-type trainsheds, the largest ever to be constructed and designed by A. Lincoln Bush, were not part of the original construction, but were built in 1914 and have not been restored. The terminal, along with its docks and yards, was one of several massive terminal complexes that dominated the waterfront of the New York Harbor from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. Of the two standing, the Hoboken Terminal is the only one still in use. Lines from the station headed to the southwest, for its mainline, the railroad constructed the Newark Bay Bridge to Elizabeth. Its Newark branch cut through Bergen Hill and crossed two bridges at Kearny Point, both rights-of-way in Hudson County are now used by the Hudson Bergen Light Rail, one terminating at West Side Avenue and the other at 8th Street Station in Bayonne. The main ferry from the crossed the river to Liberty Street Ferry Terminal at Liberty and West Streets in Manhattan
27.
Wanamaker's
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Wanamakers was the first department store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the first department stores in the United States. In 1994, Woodies, as it was known, filed for bankruptcy, the assets of Woodies were purchased by the May Company Department Stores and JCPenney. In 1995, Wanamakers transitioned to Hechts, one of the May Company brands, in 2006, Macys Center City became the occupant of the former Philadelphia Wanamakers Department Store, which is now a National Historic Landmark. The current store and layout was restored for Lord & Taylor in 1996, John Wanamaker, the founder of the store that bears his name, was unable to join the U. S. Army during the American Civil War because of a persistent cough. Having been rejected from war duty, he ventured into business with his brother-in-law, in 1861, they founded a mens clothing store in Philadelphia called Oak Hall. Wanamaker carried on the business alone after Browns death in 1868, in 1876, Wanamaker purchased the abandoned Pennsylvania Railroad station for use as a new, larger retail location. In 1877 the interior of Wanamakers was refurbished and expanded to not only mens clothing. This was Philadelphias first modern-day department store, and one of the earliest founded in America, a circular counter was placed at the center of the building, and concentric circles radiated around it with 129 counters of goods. The store also accepted mail orders, though it was not a business until the early twentieth century. Wanamaker first thought of how he would run a store on new principles when, as a youth, a practicing Christian, he chose not to advertise on Sundays. Before he opened his Grand Depot for retail business, he let evangelist Dwight L, moody use its facilities as a meeting place, while Wanamaker provided 300 ushers from his store personnel. His retail advertisements—the first to be copyrighted beginning in 1874—were factual, Wanamaker guaranteed the quality of his merchandise in print, allowed his customers to return purchases for a cash refund and offered the first restaurant to be located inside a department store. Wanamaker also invented the price tag, the store was the first department store with electrical illumination, first store with a telephone, and the first store to install pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents. Wanamakers commissioned a Philadelphia/New Jersey artist, George Washington Nicholson, to paint a landscape mural, The Old Homestead. The 7x14-foot mural was still owned by Wanamakers in 1950, but has passed into a private collection. In 1910, Wanamaker replaced his Grand Depot in stages, and constructed a new, purpose-built structure on the same site in Center City Philadelphia. The new store, built in the Florentine style with walls by Chicago architect Daniel H. Burnham, had 12 floors, numerous galleries. The palatial emporium featured the Wanamaker Organ, the former St. Louis Worlds Fair pipe organ, the organ was installed in the stores marble-clad central atrium known as the Grand Court
28.
Columbus Circle
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It is the point from which all official distances from New York City are measured. The name is used for the neighborhood a few blocks around the circle in each direction. To the south of the circle lies Hells Kitchen, also known as Clinton, and the Theater District, completed in 1905 and renovated a century later, the circle was designed by William P. Its pedestal features an angel holding a globe, renovations to the circle completed in 2005 included new water fountains by WET, of Fountains of Bellagio fame, wooden benches, and plantings encircling the monument. The inner circle measures approximately 36,000 square feet, the redesign, by the Olin Partnership of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the recipient of the 2006 American Society of Landscape Architects’ General Design Award Of Honor. In 2007 Columbus Circle was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal, Time Warner Center, the world headquarters of the Time Warner corporation, is located on the west side of Columbus Circle on the site of the old New York Coliseum. The complex also hosts the Shops at Columbus Circle, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, on the north side of Columbus Circle is the Trump International Hotel and Tower, with its noted steel globe. This building had been a tower, the headquarters of the Gulf+Western conglomerate. Prestigious restaurants in the center include Landmarc, Per Se and Masa, on the northeast lies the Merchants Gate to Central Park, dominated by the USS Maine National Monument. Vacant since the citys Department of Cultural Affairs departed in 1998,240 Central Park South, a balconied moderne apartment building across Broadway from the museum, is on the southeast side of the circle. Built in 1941, it is a landmark with a new addition. From its inception, Columbus Circle has been a transportation hub. The M5, M7, M20, M104 buses all serve the circle, under it is the 59th Street – Columbus Circle subway station. Columbus Circle is also the location of English indie rock band Kaiser Chiefs music video and it was featured on the bands second studio album, Yours Truly, Angry Mob
29.
Rockefeller Center
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Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Commissioned by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is famous for its annual Christmas tree lighting, Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it beginning in 1930. Rockefeller stated, It was clear there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development, the other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone. The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings and it was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times. Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style began on May 17,1930, principal builder and managing agent for the massive project was John R. Todd. The construction of the project employed over 40,000 people and it was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name Rockefeller Center for the complex, in 1931. Rockefeller, Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, what could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Ivy Lee and others attempts to rent the space to German commercial concerns. Rockefeller ruled this out after being advised of Hitlers Nazi march toward World War II and this subsequently became the primary location of the U. S. In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million, in 1989, Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, purchased the entire Rockefeller Center complex, and its owner, Rockefeller Group. In 1996, the complex was purchased by a consortium of owners that included Goldman Sachs, Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller. Tishman Speyer, led by Jerry Speyer, a friend of David Rockefeller. The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and these are co-owned by Tishman-Speyer, and open to the public. 1 Rockefeller Plaza – The original Time–Life Building, a tenant was General Dynamics. 10 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the Holland House, then the Eastern Air Lines Building, currently home of Today Show studios. 30 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the RCA Building, in 1988 it was renamed the GE Building, headquarters of NBC, the Rainbow Room restaurant is located on the 65th floor
30.
EMC EA/EB
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The EMC EA/EB was an early passenger train-hauling diesel locomotive built in May 16,1937 –1938 by Electro-Motive Corporation of La Grange, Illinois for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. They were the first model in a line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units. The locomotives were of A1A-A1A wheel arrangement—two three-axle trucks of which only the two axles were powered. Six two-unit 3,600 hp locomotives were produced, each consisting of a lead cab-equipped EA A unit and they were numbered 51 through 56, the A units bore the bare number and the B units the number followed by X. The six locomotives hauled some of the named trains of the B&O, the Royal Blue, the Capitol Limited, the National Limited. B&O52 was sold to the Alton Railroad in 1940 and this locomotive became a Gulf Mobile and Ohio unit in 1947. These locomotives are definitely related in a manner with all EMDs future passenger models. The EA/EB and E1 featured largely identical and innovative styling showing the influence of the Electro-Motive Corporations new buyer General Motors, while mechanically they had much in common with previous, experimental EMC locomotives, GM understood the importance of looking new and exciting, not merely being technically innovative. It could fairly be said that the overall styling influenced passenger locomotives around the world and its initial design was protected under US Patent D106,918. The first EA, #51, survives as an exhibit at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum in Baltimore
31.
Electro-Motive Diesel
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Electro-Motive Diesel is an American manufacturer of diesel-electric locomotives, locomotive products and diesel engines for the rail industry. The company is owned by Caterpillar through its subsidiary Progress Rail Services Corporation, in 1930, General Motors purchased Electro-Motive Company and the Winton Engine Co. combining the two to form its Electro-Motive Division in 1941. In 2005, GM sold EMD to Greenbriar Equity Group and Berkshire Partners, in 2010, Progress Rail Services completed the purchase of Electro-Motive Diesel from Greenbriar, Berkshire, and others. EMDs headquarters, engineering facilities and parts manufacturing operations are based in McCook, Illinois, while its final assembly line is located in Muncie. EMD also operates a traction motor maintenance, rebuild and overhaul facility in San Luis Potosí, as of 2008, EMD employed approximately 3,260 people, and in 2010 it held approximately 30 percent of the market for diesel-electric locomotives in North America. Harold L. Hamilton and Paul Turner founded the Electro-Motive Engineering Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1922, the company developed and marketed self-propelled railcars using General Electrics newly developed internal combustion-electric propulsion and control systems. Hamilton started his career as a fireman, then locomotive engineer, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Financing himself, he quit his sales position and set up shop in a hotel with his partner. In 1923 EMC sold two gasoline-powered rail motor cars, one to the Chicago Great Western and the other to the Northern Pacific, EMC subcontracted the body construction to St. Louis Car Company, electrical components to General Electric, and the prime mover to Winton Engine Company. The motorcars were delivered in 1924 and worked well, fortunate for the fledgling company, in 1925, EMC entered full-scale production, selling 27 railcars. In 1930 General Motors was seeking to improve their Diesel technology and they purchased the Winton Engine Company who, in addition to their Diesel products, sold non-Diesel engines for EMC-developed rail motorcars. The combined resources of GM and their new Winton subsidiary were focused on developing Diesel engines with improved power-to-weight ratios, GM saw EMCs role in marketing and applications development as fitting their objectives and purchased the company shortly after the Winton acquisition, renaming it Electro-Motive Corporation. In 1933 EMC designed the power setups for the Zephyr and M-10000 streamliners, the Zephyr used the first major product of the new GM-Winton venture, the 600 hp Winton 201A 2-stroke Diesel engine. Encouraged by the success of the new streamliners, EMC invested in a new locomotive factory. The new headquarters on 55th Street in McCook, Illinois, west of Chicago, in 1938 EMC started production of locomotives using GMs new 567 engine, which upgraded the horsepower to 2000 per locomotive unit and increased reliability. The 567, named for its displacement-per-cylinder of 567.45 in³, was a two-cycle Roots-blown, Uniflow-scavenged, Unit-injected engine with overhead camshafts and it was built as a V-6, V-8, V-12 and V-16. Charles F. Kettering and the General Motors Research Corporation were in charge of its development and their nearest competitor was the American Locomotive Company, who started production of less-developed Diesel locomotives to compete with the E-units in 1939. Baldwins response to the challenge of the E-units was to develop a steam locomotive design that pushed beyond the limits of practicality, passenger trains made little money for the railroads, but replacement of steam engines with reliable Diesel units could provide railroads with a crucial difference for profitability
32.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
33.
Otto Kuhler
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Otto Kuhler was an American designer, one of the best known industrial designers of the American railroads. According to Trains magazine he streamstyled more locomotives and railroad cars than Cret, Dreyfuss and his extensive concepts for the modernization of the American railroads have repercussions onto the railways worldwide until today. In addition he was a prolific artist of industrial aesthetics and of the American West in general, Kuhler became a US citizen in 1928. Eight years before he had married Simonne Gillot, daughter of a Belgian doctor and they had one daughter, Winona, and one son, Renaldo, who became known as a natural-history museum artist. Kuhler was born in Remscheid near Essen, Germany the only child in an anvil casters family and he was determined to study electrical engineering, but returning from an early school exchange with Belgium he showed a conspicuous drawing talent. At age 19 he was commissioned to illustrate a catalog of steam locomobiles. He served in the German Army during World War I, was suspended because of an accident, but called up again to command a logging railway troop in Belgium. His automobile body design sent in to Kathe & Soehne for a Mercedes chassis won a medal in 1913. Employed as a stylist with N. A. G, berlin he designed movie sets for William Wauers silent film The Tunnel. He became associate editor of Der Motor magazine, and then styled car bodies for Snutsel Père&Fils, influenced by the art of Pennell he learned etching after World War I and enrolled at the Academy of Art in Düsseldorf. After emigration to the US in 1923 he worked as a commercial artist in Pittsburgh and his works centered on industrial landscapes, steel works and locomotives. Kuhler opened a Manhattan studio in 1928 and using the media promoted streamstyling of the railroads for more passenger appeal. Three years later he got an assignment at J. G. Brill and Company for Union Pacific Railroads competition leading to the streamliner M-10000, for Brill he also styled their PCC trolley prototype for Chicago and later the Rebel power cars for Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad. The American Locomotive Company assigned Kuhler to its department in 1931. His first task was restyling the exterior trim of ALCOs Diesel switcher HH600 that persisted through all following variants, the next task established Kuhlers worldwide fame. The Milwaukee Road wanted a high-speed train for the route between Chicago and Minneapolis. The cars were built in the shops, and the four A class locomotives were built by ALCO. Kuhler embellished their inverted bathtub look by a carefully colored livery and these Hiawatha trains became the fastest passenger service in the world by 1935
34.
Grand Central Terminal
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Grand Central Terminal is a commuter, rapid transit railroad terminal at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Its platforms, all ground, serve 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower, though the total number of tracks along platforms. The terminal serves commuters traveling on the Metro-North Railroad to Westchester, Putnam, until 1991, the terminal served Amtrak, which moved to nearby Pennsylvania Station upon completion of the Empire Connection. The East Side Access project is underway to bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal, Grand Central Terminal has intricate designs both on its inside and outside. In addition, it contains a vast interior main concourse, the terminal is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, with 21.9 million visitors in 2013. Unlike other Metro-North stations, Grand Central Terminal is not owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Grand Central Station is the name of the nearby U. S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue, but may refer to the Grand Central – 42nd Street subway station that is located next to the terminal. The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building, the upper-level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west. Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North, Track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13 and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train. The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west, currently, only tracks 102–112, odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform, even-numbered tracks on the west. Grand Central Terminal has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade, in a February 2013 BBC News article, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century. In 2013, Grand Central Terminal hosted 21.6 million visitors, among them are chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and, as of December 2011, an Apple Store. Other chain restaurants include a Shake Shack, Grand Central Terminals 49-acre basements are among the largest in the city. This includes M42, a secret sub-basement under the terminal that contains the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the tracks. The exact location of M42 is a guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on the History Channel program Cities of the Underworld. Two of the rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard. It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight, abwehr sent two spies to sabotage it, they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike
35.
Wayne Junction station
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Wayne Junction station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station located at 4481 Wayne Avenue, extending along Windrim Avenue to Germantown Avenue. The station is located in the Nicetown neighborhood of Philadelphia, the original station building was designed by architect Frank Furness and constructed in 1881. The current station building was designed in 1900 by architects Wilson Brothers & Company, an old post card once boasted that more trains stop here than at any other station in the world. The station, located in fare zone one, does have a sales office, in FY2013, Wayne Junction station had a weekday average of 527 boardings and 521 alightings. The SEPTAs Roberts Yard and Midvale District Bus Garage are nearby to this station, the Chestnut Hill East Line joins the SEPTA Main Line at Wayne Junction. Wayne Junction is the last station before the Fox Chase Line splits off the SEPTA Main Line, additionally, Wayne Junction is served by the Warminster Line, West Trenton Line, and Lansdale/Doylestown Line on the SEPTA Main Line. For most of the first half of the 20th Century, Wayne Junction served as the Reading Railroads counterpart to the Pennsylvania Railroads North Philadelphia Station,2 miles away. It served a very busy and prosperous business and residential area, drawing from North Philadelphia, Nicetown, Tioga, Logan, Germantown, the station provided a baggage room and lunch room, as well as the usual telegraph office. On October 25,1959, Wayne Junction was the point for the first of the Readings Iron Horse Rambles excursions featuring their T-1 class steam locomotives. The surrounding neighborhood was a shopping area and provided additional services. The station has been a property in the Colonial Germantown Historic District since 1966
36.
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Station, Philadelphia
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Designed by architect Frank Furness, it stood at 24th Street and the Chestnut Street Bridge from 1888 to 1963. The B&O Railroad completed the Philadelphia Subdivision in 1886, its own line between Baltimore and Philadelphia that did not rely on Pennsylvania Railroad routes. Relying on Reading Railroad routes between Philadelphia and Jersey City, New Jersey, the B&O could provide service to the New York City area. The Philadelphia station was built on stilts, with the main entrance from the Chestnut Street Bridge,30 feet above ground level. The B&O tracks ran along the east bank of the Schuylkill River and under the bridge, Furness mixed Flemish Revival detailing with an industrial aesthetic of brick, iron and glass. Through the stations innovative plan, he separated the flow of waiting to board the trains from those arriving. It also had a connection to the 24th Street trolley stop until that was closed in 1956, the station saw its last regularly scheduled passenger train on April 28,1958, when the Baltimore & Ohio railroad ended all passenger service north of Baltimore. The station was destroyed by fire in 1963, the B&O Station building was also home to the Philadelphia Model Railroad Club, which split into two separate clubs when the building was torn down. The first reopened as the Cherry Valley Model Railroad Club in Merchantville, New Jersey in 1962, some of the models and buildings from the PMRC were salvaged, and live on today on the CVMRR layout. More Photos Measured drawings and 1959 photos from HABS image gallery of the station Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Station From Walnut Street Wharf Schuylkill River, June 29,1889 by D. J
37.
Mount Royal Station
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It was the first railroad station in the world to have electrified passenger trains when it opened on September 1,1896, serving the B&Os famed Royal Blue line. Following its closure as a station in 1961, it became part of the Maryland Institute College of Art in an acclaimed adaptation preserving the buildings original architectural features. The building is now used for MICA art studios, located at the north end of the B&Os Howard Street tunnel, the station was built of Maryland granite trimmed with Indiana limestone, with a red tile roof and landmark 150-foot clocktower. The stations interior featured marble mosaic flooring, a fireplace, and it opened to the public on September 1,1896. It was considered, said the Baltimore Sun, the most splendid station in the country built, the most famous train associated with the Mount Royal Station was the Royal Blue, which ran between Washington, D. C. and New York City. Luminaries using the B&Os station over the years include U. S. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Dwight D. After the B&O discontinued passenger service to New York on April 26,1958 and it was one of thirteen Baltimore buildings selected in 1959 for the Historic American Buildings Survey. On June 30,1961, the B&O consolidated its Baltimore passenger train service at Camden Station, the vacant railroad station building, train shed, and the surrounding 3¼ acres were subsequently acquired by the Maryland Institute College of Art in 1964 for $250,000. The sale amount was far below market value and represented a substantial donation on the part of the B&O, the former B&O baggage room and platform areas were enclosed for use as studios and the stations exterior and clock tower were retained. The original 800-foot long iron trainshed remains over CSX Transportations active mainline tracks and this adaptive reuse preserved the Mount Royal Station as an example of late 19th century industrial architecture, using it for a purpose different from its original one. Design work for the conversion was performed by Richard Donkervoet of Cochran, Stephenson, Donkervoet retained as much of the building’s exterior appearance as possible, and also preserved much of the interior character, including the vaulted ceilings, columns, and mosaic floor. On December 8,1976, the station was added to the register of National Historic Landmarks, the Mount Royal Station’s train shed, one of the country’s last remaining such structures, was renovated in 1985 due to advanced deterioration of the shed’s materials. Between 2005–2007, MICA accomplished a two-phased, $6.3 million renovation of the building by the firm of Grieves, Worrall, Wright & O’Hatnick. Classroom space was increased, as well as the quality and quantity of studio space. MD-193, B & O Railroad, Mount Royal Station, Cathedral Street at Mount Royal Avenue, Baltimore, Independent City, MD,4 photos,7 data pages Historic American Engineering Record No. MD-10, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Mount Royal Station, Baltimore, Independent City, mD-29, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Mount Royal Trainshed,1400 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Independent City, MD,7 photos,5 data pages,1 photo caption page
38.
Camden Station
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It is adjacent to Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Architectural renderings for Camden Station were submitted by the firm of Niernsee, construction was completed in 1867 with the addition of two wings and the towers following the end of the Civil War. The stations center tower was originally 185 feet high, in February,1861, Abraham Lincoln travelled through Camden Station in February 1861, on his way to Washington, D. C. to be inaugurated as President of the United States. News of the Battle of Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War, first reached Baltimore on April 12,1861, trainloads of wounded soldiers and Confederate POWs came through the station following the Battle of Antietam,75 miles west of Baltimore on September 17,1862. President Lincoln changed trains at Camden Station on November 18,1863 en route to Gettysburg, Lincoln also used Camden Station on April 18,1864 when he made an overnight visit to Baltimore for a speaking engagement. Some in the crowd attempted to set fire to the station, and nearby buildings associated with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but were largely unsuccessful. Beginning in 1897, Camden Station also had lower level platforms for B&Os New York–Washington passenger trains, which used the Howard Street tunnel to reach Mount Royal Station. The first mainline electrification of a railroad in the U. S. occurred at Camden Station on June 27,1895. In 1912, the B&O remodeled the central waiting room, enlarging it and adding oak panelling with marble wainscoting for the Democratic National Convention, the Annapolis & Baltimore Short Line Railroad also used Camden Station for its trains to Annapolis, Maryland, beginning in 1887. The first streamlined, non-articulated diesel locomotive in the U. S. EMC EA-EB #51, began using Camden Stations lower level platforms in 1937, pulling the B&Os famed Royal Blue. When the modern-era Major League Baseball Baltimore Orioles began playing in Baltimore, declining rail passenger traffic in the 1950s–1960s led to substantial reductions in passenger train arrivals and departures at the venerable station. When Mount Royal closed in 1961, the lower platforms were removed. Today, the lower level tracks and the Howard Street tunnel continue to be used by freight trains of B&Os successor CSX Transportation. The inception of Amtrak on May 1,1971, marked the demise of all B&O long-haul passenger service, thereafter, only B&Os local commuter trains, mostly Budd Rail Diesel Cars, continued to use Camden Station. Its golden oak benches and large overhead lamps were maintained in the pristine condition as when they welcomed delegates to the 1912 Democratic Presidential Convention. The MTAs Light Rail began service around the time that Oriole Park at Camden Yards opened and its schedules refer to the stop as Camden Yards, its name derives from the B&Os freight yards that were part of the site. The adjacent B&O Warehouse is now part of the Orioles stadium, although MARC schedules still refer to the Camden Lines terminus as Camden Station, only the stations platforms are now used. The station is served by three platforms, and six tracks
39.
Martinsburg station
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Martinsburg is a railway station in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States, served by Amtrak and MARC. The station also included the historic Baltimore and Ohio Railroad roundhouse, located on the mainline of CSX, the Martinsburg station sits among the eponymous citys many cultural and historic destinations. The station is a restored 1848-1876 railroad hotel and its sympathetic modern train station addition at 229 East Martin Street in Martinsburg and it is also a contributing property to the Baltimore and Ohio and Related Industries Historic District. The station has many events historic to Berkeley County and the nation. In 1863, the hotel witnessed the destruction of the B&O Roundhouses, panTran Blue, Red, and Green bus routes originate and terminate at the station. Blue and Red routes stop there approximately every hour and half, running between 6,00 a. m. and 9,00 p. m. on weekdays. The Green Route provides a service between the station and Shepherd University during weekday rush hours while the university is in session. MARC,177 Media related to Martinsburg at Wikimedia Commons Amtrak – Stations – Martinsburg, WV Martinsburg Amtrak-MARC Station Martinsburg, wV-17, Martinsburg Station & Hotel, Martin Street, Martinsburg, Berkeley County, WV,1 photo,1 photo caption page
40.
Cumberland station (Maryland)
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Cumberland is a train station in Cumberland, Maryland, United States served by Amtrak, the national railroad passenger system. It is also served by the Bayrunner Shuttle bus, which runs between Grantsville and BWI Airport, the current waiting shelter for Amtrak service in Cumberland sits on the original site of the Queen City Station. This was a 174-room hotel constructed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1871 with a ballroom, a 400-seat dining room, the station was demolished in 1972, an act which spurred conservation efforts for architecturally and historically significant structures. Amtrak, the passenger rail system, provides intercity service to Cumberland under the Capitol Limited route which runs between Chicago and Washington, D. C
41.
Connellsville station
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Connellsville is a train station in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, United States served by Amtrak, the United States national railroad passenger system. The current station is the station placed here. It was constructed during the winter of 2010-11 and cost $1.25 million, built primarily of dark red brick, the structure has an enclosed, one-story waiting room with large windows. From the outside, the room is marked by projecting bays whose surfaces are covered in a rock-faced, coursed ashlar in a light beige tone. Developed by d+A design+Architecture of Yardley, Pennsylvania, the design draws inspiration from historic late 19th. It is similar to stations Amtrak has built in Okeechobee, Florida, Winnemucca, Nevada and Alliance, in addition to the shelter, Amtrak installed a 550-foot concrete platform, signage and light poles. The new station is in the vicinity of the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station, Amtrak – Stations – Connellsville, PA Connellsville Amtrak Station Connellsville, PA
42.
Union Station (Gary, Indiana)
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Union Station in Gary, Indiana was built in 1910, just four years after the city was founded. The station is located between the lines of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway and Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Built in a Beaux-Arts style utilizing the new cast-in-place concrete methods in which, after pouring, Indiana Landmarks has placed the building on its 10 Most Endangered Places in Indiana list. The building faces west on Broadway, because it sits between two raised rail lines, it is nearly invisible until one is next to it. The only sign still visible inside or outside the building is a notice on the front pillar that says “No Parking Cabs Only”. The method of construction has retained its integrity after 50 years of abandonment, the main room is a two stories hall. At the east end of the hall is a staircase to the platform on the upper level. Built into a hill, the building is only a story in the back. A door on the side leads from a cobblestone driveway. Across the drive is a built up to track level along the south side. On the north there is a tunnel under the tracks to a stairway up to the loading platform, garys Union Station was used as an example for what could happen to a Chicago building in 30 years without humans providing maintenance and upkeep on Life After People, The Series. Union Station was a location for the 1951 Alan Ladd movie Appointment with Danger. This shows off a feature of the building not clearly visible in most photographs. Union Station was also featured in the 1996 film Original Gangstas where it served as the hideout for the known as The Rebels. Longest, David E. Railroad Depots of Northern Indiana
43.
Official Guide of the Railways
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The Official Guide of the Railways, now known as the Official Railway Guide, was originally produced by National Railway Publication Company of New York City, beginning in 1868. The modern Official Railway Guide provides routing and shipping information for freight on United States railroads and is now published by the RailResource division of JOC. On October 2,1866, the National Association of General Passenger and Ticket Agents passed a resolution calling for a guide to be published. The result was the publication of the Travelers Official Railway Guide of the United States, Mexico and Canada. Eventually the Official Guide would list all of the train schedules of railroads in the United States, Canada, Mexico. With the advent of passenger airlines the Official Guide included schedules for major US airlines, the Official Guide was the primary reference used by ticket agents for all railroads in the U. S. and Canada, and for international rail travel to Mexico. The Guide was especially useful for constructing connections among the railroads of the time. Other related publications produced by National Railway Publication Company and its affiliates included the Pocket List of Railroad Officials, with the decline of long-distance passenger service in the U. S. In the years after Amtrak was established the Official Guide was split into separate freight, some of the publications by the National Railway Publishing Company were eventually acquired by UBM Global Trade, which in turn became a division of United Business Media. United Business Media, a United Kingdom-based firm, provides information services principally to the technology, healthcare, media, automotive. UBM Global Trades sister company UBM Aviation now publishes the Official Airline Guide, with the resurgence of rail freight in the U. S. since the 1990s, the quarterly Official Railway Guide is used by transportation and logistics managers for routing and shipping information. UBM sold the majority of its business to Electra Partners in 2013, who formed AXIO Data Group
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Dining car
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A dining car or a restaurant car, also a diner, is a railroad passenger car that serves meals in the manner of a full-service, sit-down restaurant. Grill cars, in which sit on stools at a counter and purchase. Fare typically consisted of meat, cold beans, and old coffee. Such poor conditions discouraged many from making the journey, most railroads began offering meal service on trains even before the First Transcontinental Railroad. As competition among railroads intensified, dining car service was taken to new levels, the room accommodated 12 guests, and could be reserved anytime for private dinner or cocktail parties, or other special functions. The room was used by celebrities and dignitaries traveling on the Super Chief. Edwin Kachel was a steward for more than twenty-five years in the Dining-Car Department of the Great Northern Railway and he said that on a dining car, three elements can be considered -- the equipment, the employee, then passenger. In other words, the whole is constituted by two-thirds of human parts, as cross-country train travel became more commonplace, passengers began to expect high-quality food to be served at the meals on board. The level of service on trains in the 1920s and 1930s rivaled that of high-end restaurants. Elegance is one of the words used to describe the concept of dining on a train. Use of fresh ingredients was encouraged whenever possible, the Christmas menu for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. In one of the most common dining car configurations, one end of the car contains a galley while the end has table or booth seating on either side of a center aisle. Dining cars enhance the familiar restaurant experience with the visual entertainment of the ever-changing view. While dining cars are common today than in the past they still play a significant role in passenger railroading, especially on medium-. Today, a number of tourist-oriented railroads offer dinner excursions to capitalize on the fascination with the dining car experience. The U76/U70 tram line between the German cities of Düsseldorf and Krefeld offers a Bistrowagen, where passengers can order drinks and snacks and this practise comes from the early 20th Century, when interurban trams conveyed a dining car. Despite the introduction of tram units,4 trams still have a Bistrowagen. The Harvey House Cookbook, Memories of Dining along the Santa Fe Railroad, luckin, Richard W. Mimbres to Mimbreño, A Study of Santa Fes Famous China Pattern
45.
Dome car
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A dome car is a type of railway passenger car that has a glass dome on the top of the car where passengers can ride and see in all directions around the train. It also can include features of a coach, lounge car, dining car, in North America, dome cars were manufactured by the Budd Company, Pullman Standard and American Car & Foundry. Southern Pacific Railroad built its own cars in its Sacramento, California. In the 1990s Colorado Railcar began producing dome cars, generally, seats in the dome were considered non-revenue like lounge car seats. When dome cars operate today in excursion trains, the dome seats often command a premium fare, a portion of the car, usually in the center of the car but offset towards one end, is split between two levels. The offset results in floorplans having a long end and an end on the main level. Passengers in the portion of the dome are able to see in all directions from a vantage point above the trains roofline. In the United States, the Union Pacific Railroad operated dome dining cars and these cars had a kitchen in the short end, with a pantry in half the space under the dome. The other half of the space under the dome was a dining room for small groups. Between the pantry and kitchen there was a dumbwaiter to transfer items between the kitchen and the area in the dome portion of the car. The long end was the dining area. The dormitory space was used by train crew such as the dining car staff. Several railroads operated dome sleeping cars and those of the Northern Pacific Railway had four bedrooms in the long end, four roomettes in the short end and four duplex single rooms under the dome. The Wabash Railroad and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad operated dome cars for first class day service. Wabashs Blue Bird included a Budd dome-parlor-observation as part of its original consist, the CB&Q operated dome-parlor-observation cars on the Twin Zephyrs, the Kansas City Zephyr and the Denver Zephyr. Several railroads operated dome cars, usually at the rear of the train. These cars have a dome on top of the car with a rounded-end or flat-end rear observation section where passengers can sit and these cars often have additional sleeping compartments under the dome and/or in the short end as well as a bar and/or additional lounge spaces. The Canadian Pacific Railway outfitted the 1955 Canadian with Park-series dome-sleeper-observations, while the partial dome cars were the most common, a number of variations on the dome car were developed
46.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
47.
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
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The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as Santa Fe or AT&SF, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. Chartered in February 1859, the reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo, Colorado. To create a demand for its services, the set up real estate offices. Despite the name, its main line never served Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the terrain was too difficult, the Santa Fe was a pioneer in intermodal freight transport, an enterprise that included a tugboat fleet and an airline. Its bus line extended passenger transportation to areas not accessible by rail, the AT&SF was the subject of a popular song, Harry Warren & Johnny Mercers On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe, written for the film, The Harvey Girls. The railroad officially ceased operations on December 31,1996, when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway was chartered on February 11,1859, to join Atchison and Topeka, Kansas, with Santa Fe, in its early years, the railroad opened Kansas to settlement. Much of its revenue came from wheat grown there and from cattle driven north from Texas to Wichita, rather than turn its survey southward at Dodge City, AT&SF headed southwest over Raton Pass because of coal deposits near Trinidad, Colorado and Raton, New Mexico. D&RG paid an estimated $1.4 million to Santa Fe for its work within the Gorge and agreed not to extend its line to Santa Fe, while Santa Fe agreed to forego its planned routes to Denver and Leadville. Building across Kansas and eastern Colorado was simple, with few natural obstacles and it set up real estate offices in the area and promoted settlement across Kansas on the land that was granted to it by Congress in 1863. It offered discounted fares to anyone who traveled west to land, if the land was purchased. AT&SF reached Albuquerque in 1880, Santa Fe, the destination of the railroad, found itself on a short branch from Lamy. In March 1881 AT&SF connected with the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico, the railroad then built southwest from Benson, Arizona, to Nogales on the Mexican border where it connected with the Sonora Railway, which the AT&SF had built north from the Mexican port of Guaymas. The Atlantic & Pacific Railroad was chartered in 1866 to build west from Springfield, Missouri, the infant A&P had no rail connections. The line that was to become the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway would not reach Springfield for another four years, A&P started construction in 1868, built southwest into what would become Oklahoma, and promptly entered receivership. In 1879 A&P struck a deal with the Santa Fe and Frisco railroads to construct a line for each. The railroads would jointly build and own the A&P railroad west of Albuquerque, in 1883 A&P reached Needles, California, where it connected with an SP line. A&P also built a line between Tulsa, Oklahoma and St. Louis, Missouri for the Frisco, but the Tulsa-Albuquerque portion remained unbuilt, by January 1890, the entire system consisted of some 7,500 miles of track
48.
Chief (train)
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The Chief was one of the named passenger trains of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Its route ran from Chicago, Illinois to Los Angeles, California, the Chief was inaugurated as an all-Pullman limited train to supplement the roads California Limited, with a surcharge of USD $10.00 for an end-to-end trip. The Chief was a success, dubbed Extra Fast-Extra Fine-Extra Fare though it failed to relieve traffic on the California Limited, the Chief became famous as a rolling boudoir for film stars and Hollywood executives. In 1954 the Chief reduced its schedule to equal its cousins, the Super Chief and El Capitan, the Chief would have been the crown jewel of most railroads passenger fleets. But it did not survive the decline in passenger demand. 1926, to supplement the California Limited Santa Fe inaugurates the all-Pullman, extra-fare Chief, november 14,1926, The Chief makes its first departure from both ends of the line simultaneously. February 22,1938,10 new streamlined cars are placed into service,1942, Consist expands to 13 cars, and each averages 743 daily miles. 1945, The train receives new cars and the schedule is reduced to 45 hours, march 27,1947, sleeping car service direct to San Diego starts. January 10,1954, The 45-hour schedule is cut to 39 hours,45 minutes eastbound and 39 hours,30 minutes westbound, the westbound train spends only one night in transit, leaving Chicago in the morning and arriving in Los Angeles late evening of the following day. The fare surcharge is dropped after the Union Pacific introduces its Challenger train,1954, Coaches are added to the Chief, observation cars are removed for the first time since the trains inauguration. The cars are blunt-ended at Pullmans Richmond, California facility and returned to service in the new San Francisco Chiefs consists as Pullman lounges, january 1954, Santa Fe transfers transcontinental sleeping car service to the Super Chief. Both engine crews are killed, a total of 20 train crew, thirty-five passengers and crew members are injured. 1960, eastward Chief begins running via Topeka, may 15,1968, The Chief ceases operations, Santa Fe will resurrect the name for a fast piggyback freight train in the 1970s. Summer 1972, Amtrak revives the Chief for three months using Nos.19 &20 and the Chiefs morning departure from Chicago, in summer 1926 the fastest schedules between Chicago and San Francisco/Los Angeles were 68 hours. In 1928 the four eastward trains dropped to 61 hours 15 minutes to improve connections at Chicago. In June 1929 the Chief and Overland Limited schedules dropped to 58 hours each way, leaving Chicago at 11,15 AM/11,50 AM, the standard-fare schedule then became 63 hours westward and 61-1/4 eastward on seven routes from Chicago to the Coast. The Los Angeles Limited and Golden State Limited retained their 1928 schedules, in 1931 the Overland Limited dropped its extra fare and combined with the 63-hour train on its route, the Chief was the only extra fare transcon train thereafter, until the streamliners. In February 1936 it was scheduled 53 hours 45 minutes to Los Angeles, compared to 61 hours for the Los Angeles Limited, Golden State Ltd, in May 1936 Union Pacific opened high speed Chicago - Los Angeles service with its City of Los Angeles Diesel streamliner
49.
Sleeping car
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The sleeping car or sleeper is a railway passenger car that can accommodate all its passengers in beds of one kind or another, primarily for the purpose of making nighttime travel more restful. The first such cars saw use on American railroads in the 1830s. Some of the more types have private rooms. The Cumberland Valley Railroad pioneered sleeping car service in the spring of 1839, with a car named Chambersburg, a couple of years later a second car, the Carlisle, was introduced into service. The man who made the sleeping car business profitable in the United States was George Pullman. Pullman cars were normally a dark Pullman green, although some were painted in the host railroads colors, the cars carried individual names, but usually did not carry visible numbers. Pullman-Standard continued manufacturing sleeping cars and other passenger and freight cars until 1980. One unanticipated consequence of the rise of Pullman cars in the US in the 19th and early 20th centuries was their effect on civil rights, each Pullman car was staffed by a uniformed porter. The majority of Pullman Porters were African Americans, the pullman attendants, regardless of their true name, were traditionally referred to as George by the travelers, the name of the companys founder, George Pullman. The Pullman company was the largest employer of African Americans in the United States, subsequently, railway porters fought for political recognition and were eventually unionized. Their union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, became an important source of strength for the burgeoning Civil Rights Movement in the early 20th century, notably under the leadership of A. Because they moved about the country, Pullman porters also became an important means of communication for news, the African-American newspaper, the Chicago Defender, gained a national circulation in this way. Porters also used to re-sell phonograph records bought in the metropolitan centres, greatly adding to the distribution of jazz and blues. From the 19th to the century, the most common type of sleeping car accommodation on North American trains was the open section. Open-section accommodations consist of pairs of seats, one facing forward. The seat pairs can be converted into the combination of an upper, a famous example of open sections can be seen in the movie Some Like It Hot. As the 20th century progressed, a variety of private rooms was offered. Most of these rooms provided significantly more space than open-section accommodations could offer, Some of them, such as the rooms of the misleadingly named Slumbercoach cars manufactured by the Budd Company and first put into service in 1956, were triumphs of miniaturization
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