1.
FIFA
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The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international governing body of association football, futsal, and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations, although FIFA does not control the rules of football, it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2013, FIFA had revenues of over 1.3 billion U. S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million and those among these officials who were also indicted in the U. S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well. Many officials were suspended by FIFAs ethics committee including Sepp Blatter, in early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee during the FIFA congress in May 2017. The need for a body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries, the founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Also, that day, the German Association declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram. The first president of FIFA was Robert Guérin, Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by then a member of the association. Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina in 1912, Canada and Chile in 1913, and the United States in 1914. During World War I, with players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann and it was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations, who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership, the FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum at Urbis in Manchester, England. The first World Cup in the world was in 1930 in Montevideo, FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and is an association established under the Law of Switzerland. FIFAs supreme body is the FIFA Congress, a made up of representatives from each affiliated member association. Each national football association has one vote, regardless of its size or footballing strength, the Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year, and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998. The congress makes decisions relating to FIFAs governing statutes and their method of implementation and application, only the Congress can pass changes to FIFAs statutes
2.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
3.
Armband
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You may be looking for Inflatable armbands An armband is a piece of material worn around the arm over the sleeve of other clothing if present. They may be worn for pure ornamentation to mark the wearer as belonging to group, having a rank or role. Sprung armbands, known as sleeve garters, have used by men to keep overlong sleeves from dropping over the hands. Armbands may also refer to inflatable armbands used to assist flotation for swimmers, bronze Age armbands have been found made from bronze and jet. Some were constructed so that it would have been impossible to remove them, when used as part of a military uniform it is called a brassard. Uniforms serving other purposes such as to members of clubs. An armband might identify a group leader, a team captain, police Departments in Asia use armbands for a traffic reflection armband or marking a type of unit. Journalists in Asia use an armband to mark themselves, similar to a press badge, armbands are sometimes used to indicate political affiliations or to identify the wearer with an ideology or social movement. Large corporations sponsor athletes and teams in an effort to get advertising when the athletes exhibit the corporate logo visibly, armbands, headbands, handbands and wristbands are common forms of such advertising. The phrase to wear your heart on your sleeve, meaning to show your feelings, to display an emotional affiliation or conviction, is supposedly related to armbands. In medieval jousts, ladies of the court were said to tie a piece of cloth — a scarf or kerchief — around the arm of their favorite knight, who thus displayed his affection for the lady. Armbands are often used to hold a smartphone or a music player on a wearers arm while doing activities such as lifting weights, running. A hybrid type of armband and handband combination is now widely used by runners. In some cultures, a black armband signifies that the wearer is in mourning or wishes to identify with the commemoration of a family friend and this use is particularly common in the first meeting following the loss of a member. In association football, it is common for a team to wear armbands in their next match after the death of a former player or manager. This may also be accompanied by a moment of silence at the start of the match, the term was used by Prime Minister John Howard, whose perspective on Australian history strongly contrasted with what he called the black armband view. Arm ring Bracelet Brassard, or armlet, a piece of military uniform Inflatable armbands, flotation devices Sleeve garter Tefillin
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Abby Wambach
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Mary Abigail Abby Wambach is an American retired soccer player, coach, two-time Olympic gold medalist and FIFA Womens World Cup champion. A six-time winner of the U. S, Soccer Athlete of the Year award, Wambach was a regular on the U. S. womens national soccer team from 2003 to 2015, earning her first cap in 2001. As a forward, she currently stands as the highest all-time goal scorer for the national team, Wambach was awarded the 2012 FIFA World Player of the Year, becoming the first American woman to win the award in ten years. She was included on the 2015 Time 100 list as one of the most influential people in the world, Wambach played college soccer for the Florida Gators womens soccer team while attending the University of Florida and helped the team win its first NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championship. She played at the level for Washington Freedom, magicJack. All together, she has played in 29 matches and scored 22 goals at these five international tournaments, Wambach scored the equalizer in stoppage time helping the Americans to eventually progress to the championship final against Japan after defeating Brazil in penalty kicks. Her last-minute goal set a new record for latest goal ever scored in a match and was awarded ESPNs 2011 ESPY Award for Best Play of the Year, following her performance at the 2011 World Cup, she was awarded the tournaments Bronze Boot and Silver Ball. In 2011, she became the first ever soccer player of either gender to be named Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press, Wambach announced her retirement on October 27,2015. Her last game was played on December 16 in New Orleans when the United States played its last match of its 10-game Victory Tour following its win at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup. Her autobiography, Forward, released in September 2016, became a New York Times best seller, born in Rochester, New York, Wambach was raised in the Rochester suburb of Pittsford. She is the youngest of seven born to Pete and Judy Wambach. She began playing soccer at the age of four after her sister decided she wanted to try the sport and their mother checked out a book from the library explaining how to play the game, and from then on soccer became part of their family tradition. I think I was bred to do what I do now, growing up as the youngest of seven was like being in a team environment, you learn all kinds of things. I learned how to compete, my brothers and sisters always played with me on the level and they never let me win until I was better than them. Being in such a big family makes you humble and you might have a certain skill or talent but there is always someone who is better at something than you. Wambach recalls being toughened up by her elder brothers firing hockey pucks at her for target practice, while playing in her first youth soccer league at age five, she was transferred from the girls team to the boys after scoring 27 goals in only three games. As a pre-teen, she began eluding defenders by heading the ball over them, Wambach attended Our Lady of Mercy High School in Rochester from 1994 to 1998, where she lettered in soccer and basketball. During her high school career, she scored 142 goals, including 34 in 1997 alone, mercys soccer coach, Kathy Boughton, recalled that Wambach would stay after practice to practice diving headers – a skill that would later become her signature as an international player
5.
Steph Houghton
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Stephanie Jayne Houghton, MBE is an English footballer, who both plays for and captains Manchester City and the England womens national football team. Since her debut in 2007, Houghton has played over 50 times for the England national team and she suffered serious injuries immediately before the 2007 World Cup and Euro 2009, but recovered to play in the 2011 World Cup and Euro 2013. She was made England captain in January 2014, Houghton came to prominence at the 2012 London Olympics, scoring three goals in Great Britains four games, including winners against New Zealand and Brazil. At club level Houghton started at Sunderland in her native North East England before moving on to Leeds United in 2007 then Arsenal Ladies in 2010, an extremely versatile player, she broke into the Sunderland team as a striker before moving back into midfield and later into defence. Houghton was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to football and she began her career five years at Sunderland. She helped Sunderland to win promotion from the Northern Division in 2005–06, when Sunderland were relegated that season, Houghton became a target for Arsenal and Everton. She eventually joined Leeds United Ladies, after helping Leeds win the 2010 FA Womens Premier League Cup, Houghton signed for Arsenal in August of that year. In April 2012 Houghton was appointed as one of eight digital media ambassadors, one each team. On 5 December 2013 it was announced that Houghton had signed an agreement to leave Arsenal for new WSL side Manchester City on 1 January 2014, Houghton was involved with England at U16 schools, U19, U20, U21 and U23 level. She was called into the squad for a match against Germany on 25 October 2006. She was a substitute in the 5–1 defeat in Aalen. Houghton made her debut in the match, replacing Emily Westwood after 73 minutes of a 6–0 win over Russia in Milton Keynes on 8 March 2007. Her first start three days later, in a 1–0 win over Scotland at Adams Park. She missed the 2007 World Cup with a leg and Euro 2009 with a damaged cruciate ligament. In May 2009, Houghton was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by The Football Association, Houghton played in all three games at UEFA Womens Euro 2013 as England finished in last place, a massive disappointment personally and collectively as a squad. In January 2014 she was named the new captain for Englands team under coach Mark Sampson, for the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup in Canada, Houghton was again named Englands team captain. Houghton was called up to the first Great Britain womens side for the 2012 Summer Olympics as a defender, Houghton was also named left back of the tournament due to her outstanding performance during the games. For England Scores and results list Englands goal tally first, for Great Britain Scores and results list Great Britains goal tally first
6.
Laws of the Game (association football)
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The Laws of the Game are the codified rules that help define association football. They are the rules of association football subscribed to by the sports governing body FIFA. During a match, it is the task of the referee to interpret, there were various attempts to codify the rules of football in England in the mid-19th century. The extant Laws date back to 1863 where a ruleset was formally adopted by the newly formed Football Association, the original Laws were heavily influenced by the Cambridge rules and their early development saw substantial influence from the Sheffield Rules. Over time the Laws have been amended, and since 1886 they have maintained by the International Football Association Board. These laws are written in English Common Law style and are meant to be guidelines and goals of principle that are then clarified through practice, tradition, and enforcement by the referees. The actual law book has long contained 50 pages more of material, organized in numerous sections, the entire 2015/2016 edition is 144 pages. Referees are expected to use their judgement and common sense in applying the laws, the laws are administered by the International Football Association Board. They meet at least once a year to debate and decide any changes to the text as it exists at that time, the meeting in winter generally leads to an update to the laws on 1 July of each year that take effect immediately. The laws govern all international matches and national matches of member organizations, a minimum of six of the eight seat IFAB board needs to vote to accept a rule change. Games which could be described in the most general sense as football had been popular in Britain since the Medieval period, Rules for these games, where they existed, were neither universal nor codified. A significant step towards unification was the drafting of the Cambridge rules in 1848 – though these were not universally adopted outside Cambridge University, the first and still oldest Football Club was Sheffield FC, who in 1858 codified the Sheffield rules of football. The Sheffield rules were popular and adopted by several Northern and Midlands clubs, the Laws were first drawn up by Ebenezer Cobb Morley and approved at a meeting of the newly founded Football Association on 8 December 1863. These rules were based on the Cambridge rules which were codified in 1848. The Football Association Laws of 1863 were published on 5 December in Bells Life in London for approval, adoption of the laws was not universal among English football clubs. The Sheffield Rules continued to be used by many, at its meeting on 8 December the FA agreed that, as reported in Bells Life in London, John Lillywhite would publish the Laws. The first game to be played under the new rules was a 0-0 draw between Barnes and Richmond and their first meeting was in 1886. Before this, teams from different countries had to agree to which rules were used before playing
7.
Coin flipping
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Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to resolve a dispute between two parties. It is a form of sortition which inherently has only two possible and equally likely outcomes, the historical origin of coin flipping is the interpretation of a chance outcome as the expression of divine will. Coin flipping as a game was known to the Romans as navia aut caput, as some coins had a ship on one side, in England, this game was referred to as cross and pile. The expression Heads or Tails results from heads and tails being considered opposite body parts, during a coin toss, the coin is thrown into the air such that it rotates edge-over-edge several times. Either beforehand or when the coin is in the air, an interested party calls heads or tails, the other party is assigned the opposite side. Depending on custom, the coin may be caught, caught and inverted, when the coin comes to rest, the toss is complete and the party who called correctly or was assigned the upper side is declared the winner. It is possible for a coin to land on its edge, however, even on a flat surface it is possible for a coin to land on its edge, with a chance of about 1 in 6000. Angular momentum typically prevents most coins from landing on their edges unsupported if flipped, such cases in which a coin does land on its edge are exceptionally rare and in most cases the coin is simply re-flipped. The coin may be any type as long as it has two sides, it need not be a circulating coin as such. Larger coins tend to be more popular than smaller ones, most high-profile coin tosses use custom-made ceremonial medallions. Three-way coin flips are also possible, by a different process – this can be either to choose two out of three, or to choose one out of three. To choose two out of three, three coins are flipped, and if two coins come up the same and one different, the different one loses, leaving two players. To choose one out of three, either reverse this, or add a regular two-way coin flip between the players as a second step. Note that the flip is 75% likely to work each time it is tried. A legacy of this coin flip was to reduce the use of coin flips to break ties in Texas sports, Coin tossing is a simple and unbiased way of settling a dispute or deciding between two or more arbitrary options. In a game theoretic analysis it provides even odds to both involved, requiring little effort and preventing the dispute from escalating into a struggle. Factors such as direction, the position of the sun. In team sports it is often the captain who makes the call, a competitive method may be used instead of a toss in some situations, for example in basketball the jump ball is employed, while the face-off plays a similar role in ice hockey
8.
Kick-off (association football)
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A kick-off is the method of starting and, in some cases, restarting play in a game of association football. The rules concerning the kick-off are part of Law 8 of the Laws of the Game, a kick-off is used to start each half of play, and each period of extra time where applicable. The kick-off to start a game is awarded to the team that lost the coin toss. The kick-off begins when the referee blows the whistle, the kick-off to start the second half is taken by the other team. If extra time is played another coin-toss is used at the beginning of this period, a kick-off is also used to restart play after a goal is scored, and is taken by the team that conceded the goal. The kick-off is taken from the centre spot, all players must be in their own half of the field of play, and all opposing players must remain at least 10 yards from the ball, until the ball is in play. The ball is initially stationary until it is put into play by being kicked, a stipulation that this kick must be forward was eliminated in a 2016 rules change. The player who has first kicked the ball may not touch it again until it has been touched by another player, a goal may be scored directly from a kick-off against the opponent. If a player moves from their position as detailed above the kick is retaken. Failure to maintain position may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution
9.
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
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A penalty shoot-out is a method of determining the winner of an association football match that is drawn after the regulation as well as extra playing time. Although the procedure for taking kicks from the penalty mark resembles that of a penalty kick, most notably, neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked. The method of breaking a draw in a match requiring a winner is determined beforehand by the organizing body. Although employed in football commonly since the 1970s, penalty shoot-outs remain unpopular with some, during a shoot-out, coaches, players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the centre circle. The kicking teams goalkeeper stands at the intersection of the goal line, goals scored during the shoot-out are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. A tie is a result in football. Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league or round-robin match may be provided for and this provision appears for occasions where opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, which can result in an immediate shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship, several leagues, such as the J-League, have experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately following a drawn league match, with the winner being awarded an extra point. A team that loses a penalty shoot-out is eliminated from the tournament but it does not count as a defeat, for instance, the Netherlands are considered to have concluded the 2014 FIFA World Cup undefeated, despite being eliminated at the semi-final stage. The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark, the procedure is specified in Law 10 of the IFABs Laws of the Game document. The referee tosses a coin to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken, the choice of goal by the coin toss winner may only be changed by the referee for safety reasons or if the goal or playing surface becomes unusable. The referee tosses the coin a second time to determine which team will take the first kick, all players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the pitchs centre circle. Each kick will be taken in the manner of a penalty kick. Each kick will be taken from the penalty mark, which is 12 yards from the line and equidistant from each touch line. Each team is responsible for selecting from the players the order in which they will take the kicks. The referee is not informed of the order, each kicker can kick the ball only once per attempt. Once kicked, the kicker may not play the ball again, no other player on either team, other than the designated kicker and goalkeeper, may touch the ball. The ball may touch the goalkeeper, goal posts, or crossbar any number of times before going into the goal as long as the referee believes the motion is the result of the initial kick
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Referee (association football)
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In association football, the referee is the person responsible for enforcing the Laws of the Game during the course of a match. At higher levels of play the referee may also be assisted by an official who supervises the teams technical areas. Referees remuneration for their services varies between leagues, Referees are licensed and trained by the same national organisations that are members of FIFA. Each national organisation recommends its top officials to FIFA to have the honour of being included on the FIFA International Referees List. International games between national teams require FIFA officials, otherwise, the local national organisation determines the manner of training, ranking and advancement of officials from the youngest youth games through professional matches. The referees powers and duties are described by Law 5 of the Laws of the Game, as per Law 9 of the game, if during the game the ball hits the referee there is no stoppage in play. However the officials would be expected to position themselves such that this would be unlikely to occur. Modern day referees and their assistants wear a uniform consisting of a jersey, badge, shorts and socks, since then, most referees have worn either yellow or black, but the colours and styles adopted by individual associations vary greatly. For international contests under the supervision of FIFA, Adidas uniforms are worn because Adidas is the current sponsor, FIFA allows referees to wear five colours, black, red, yellow, green and blue. Along with the jersey, referees are required to wear shorts, black socks. The badge, which displays the referees license level and year of validity, is affixed to the left chest pocket. All referees carry a whistle, a watch, penalty cards, a wallet with pen and paper. Most are encouraged to have more than one of each on them in case they drop a whistle or a pen runs out, often, referees utilize two watches so that they can use one to calculate time lost for stoppages for the purposes of added time. In matches with goal-line technology, the referee will have on their person a device to receive the systems alerts, Referees use a whistle to help in match control. The whistle is sometimes needed to stop, start or restart play but should not be used for all stoppages, fIFAs Laws of the Game document gives guidance as to when the whistle should and should not be used. Overuse of the whistle is discouraged since, as stated in the Laws, the whistle is an important tool for the referee along with verbal, body and eye communication. Before the introduction of the whistle, referees indicated their decisions by waving a white handkerchief, the whistles that were first adopted by referees were made by Joseph Hudson at Mills Munitions in Birmingham, England. The Acme Whistle Company first began to mass-produce pea whistles in the 1870s for the Metropolitan Police Force, Referees in football are first described by Richard Mulcaster in 1581
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