1.
Eagle (British comics)
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Eagle was a seminal British childrens British comics periodical, first published from 1950 to 1969, and then in a relaunched format from 1982 to 1994. It was founded by Marcus Morris, an Anglican vicar from Lancashire, Morris edited a Southport parish magazine called The Anvil, but felt that the church was not communicating its message effectively. Simultaneously disillusioned with contemporary literature, he and Anvil artist Frank Hampson created a dummy comic based on Christian values. Morris solicited the idea to several Fleet Street publishers, with little success, following a huge publicity campaign, the first issue of Eagle was released in April 1950. Revolutionary in its presentation and content, it was enormously successful, featured in colour on the front cover was its most recognisable story, Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future, created by Hampson with meticulous attention to detail. Other popular stories included Riders of the Range and P. C, Eagle also contained news and sport sections, and educational cutaway diagrams of sophisticated machinery. A members club was created, and a range of related merchandise was licensed for sale, amidst a takeover of the periodicals publisher and a series of acrimonious disputes, Morris left in 1959, Hampson followed shortly thereafter. Although Eagle continued in various forms, a lowering of editorial standards preceded plummeting sales. Eagle was relaunched in 1982 and ran for over 500 issues before being dropped by its publisher in 1994, Eagle was founded by John Marcus Harston Morris. Morris was born in the Lancashire town of Preston, and in 1918 moved to Southport and he graduated from Brasenose College, Oxford with a second-class degree in Literae Humaniores, and at Wycliffe Hall gained a second in theology in 1939. He became a priest the year, and served as a chaplain in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve from 1941 to 1943. In 1945 he became vicar of St. James Church in Birkdale, Morris also felt that the church was completely out of touch with the people whom it was supposed to represent. He gradually expanded the parish magazine—printed on four pages of cheap paper— into The Anvil, Morris managed to employ several notable contributors on Anvil, such as C. S. Lewis, and Harold Macmillan. I. s. He realised that a market existed for a childrens comics periodical which featured stories in cartoon form. Morriss article provoked a reaction from its readers, letters of support flooded into his home. Morris envisioned a character called Lex Christian, a tough, fighting parson in the slums of the East End of London, whose adventures would be told in strip cartoon form, illustrated by Hampson. The idea gained the support of Terence Horsley, editor of the Sunday Empire News, Morris met Hampson and proposed instead an entirely new childrens publication. Hampson was enthusiastic about the idea, and in May that year the two work on a dummy of it
2.
Radio Times
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Radio Times is a British weekly television and radio programme listings magazine. It was the worlds first broadcast listings magazine when it was founded in 1923 by John Reith and it was published entirely in-house by BBC Magazines from 1937 until 2011 when the BBC Magazines division was merged into Immediate Media Company. Radio Times was first issued on 28 September 1923, carrying details of BBC radio programmes, initially, Radio Times was a combined enterprise between the BBC and the publisher George Newnes, who type-set, printed and distributed the magazine. But in 1925 the BBC assumed full control, and by 1937 the publication was fully in-house. The Radio Times established a reputation for using leading writers and illustrators, in 1928, Radio Times announced a regular series of ‘experimental television transmissions by the Baird process for half an hour every morning. The launch of the first regular 405-line television service by the BBC was reflected with television listings in the Radio Times edition of 23 October 1936, thus Radio Times became the first television listings magazine in the world. Initially only two pages in each edition were devoted to television, however, in January 1937 the magazine published a lavish photogravure supplement and by September 1939, there were three pages of television listings. Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 and television broadcasting ceased, Radio listings continued throughout the war for a reduced service, but by 1944, paper rationing meant editions were only 20 pages of tiny print on thin paper. After the war resumed and the Radio Times expanded too. In 1953 the television listings, which so far had been in the back of the magazine, were alongside the radio schedules. By the 1950s Radio Times had grown to be the magazine with the largest circulation in Europe, today both publications carry listings for all major terrestrial, cable and satellite television channels in the United Kingdom. A number of magazines, from independent publishers, also exist. Radio Times is published on Tuesdays and carries listings for the following Saturday through to Friday, since Christmas 1969, a double-sized issue has been published each December containing listings for two weeks of programmes. Originally, this covered Christmas and New Year listings, but in some years these appear in separate editions, by the early 2000s, advertisements for the publication had become sparse on the BBC. The Radio Times has not been promoted on BBC television and radio channels since 2005, the latest circulation figure for the Radio Times is 831,591 making it third in the TV listings magazine market behind TV Choice and Whats on TV. There are several editions, which each contain different listings for regional programming. All editions carry variations for adjoining regions and local radio listings, the number of English regional editions has been reduced since the 1990s due to there being fewer variations in the schedules. The most recent of these was in August 2007 when the Midlands, the exception to this process of merging is Wales, which used to be part of a larger Wales/West version, mirroring the HTV region
3.
John Ryan (cartoonist)
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John Gerald Christopher Ryan was a British animator and cartoonist, best known for his character Captain Pugwash. His brother was Roman Catholic theologian and philosopher Columba Ryan and he expressed his love of writing and drawing early in life, creating his first book, Adventures of Tommy Brown, at the age of 7. Ryan attended Ampleforth College, a Catholic boarding school, after serving as an officer with the Lincolnshire Regiment in Burma during the Second World War, Ryan studied at the Regent Street Polytechnic. Unperturbed, Ryan created Harris Tweed, Special Agent, the animation of these films was done in real time using an ingenious system of cut-out characters and boats, moved by hidden cardboard levers. Further episodes were commissioned almost twenty years later in 1974, Ryan also wrote and illustrated a number of childrens books featuring the character, in the 1980s three new comic albums appeared. Through his animation studio, John Ryan Studios, he also created The Adventures of Sir Prancelot and Mary Mungo & Midge for the BBC, in 1981 Ryan presented The Ark Stories for Yorkshire TV, the series being produced by Anne Wood. Each episode saw Ryan present and illustrate a story about Noahs Ark and he also created Lettice Leefe, the Greenest Girl in School, a comic strip for Girl magazine. Ryan, a Catholic, provided illustrations and cartoons for Catholic newspapers, notably The Catholic Herald, towards the end of his life, he was resident in Rye. There are a number of Ryans original book illustrations on permanent loan at the Centre for the Study of Cartoons, in addition to the 24 books in the Captain Pugwash series and the 11 in his Noahs Ark series, he produced a further 24 books. Ryan died in hospital in Rye, East Sussex and he is survived by his wife Priscilla and his three children. Jedis Childrens TV Captain Pugwash page, contains a 1974 interview with Ryan on the animation of Captain Pugwash
4.
Piracy
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship- or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, the earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, a land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land, or in major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the vessel as the perpetrator. Piracy or pirating is the name of a crime under customary international law. They also use larger vessels, known as ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice. In the 2000s, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect ships from pirate attacks. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής, brigand, in turn from πειράομαι, I attempt, from πεῖρα, attempt, the meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is one who attacks. The word is cognate to peril. The term is first attested to c, spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce, the earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession, it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, by the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos brought impoverishment, among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic and it was not until 229 BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended
5.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5
6.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
7.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
8.
Traditional animation
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Traditional animation is an animation technique where each frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation in cinema until the advent of computer animation, Animation productions begin by deciding on a story. The oral or literary source material must then be converted into a film script. The storyboard has a somewhat similar to a comic book, and it shows the sequence of shots as consecutive sketches that also indicate transitions, camera angles. The images allow the team to plan the flow of the plot. The storyboard artists will have meetings with the director and may have to redraw or re-board a sequence many times before it meets final approval. Before true animation begins, a soundtrack or scratch track is recorded. A completed cartoon soundtrack will feature music, sound effects, often, an animatic or story reel is made after the soundtrack is created, but before full animation begins. An animatic typically consists of pictures of the storyboard synchronized with the soundtrack and this allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard is perfected, advertising agencies today employ the use of animatics to test their commercials before they are made into full up spots. Animatics use drawn artwork, with moving pieces, video storyboards are similar to animatics but do not have moving pieces. Photomatics are another option when creating test spots, but instead of using drawn artwork, there is a shoot in which hundreds of digital photographs are taken. The large amount of images to choose from may make the process of creating a test commercial a bit easier, as opposed to creating an animatic, because changes to drawn art take time and money. Photomatics generally cost more than animatics, as they may require a shoot, however, the emergence of affordable stock photography and image editing software permits the inexpensive creation of photomatics using stock elements and photo composites. Once the animatic has been approved, it and the storyboards are sent to the design departments, character designers prepare model sheets for all important characters and props in the film, these are used to help standardize appearance, poses, and gestures. These model sheets will show how a character or object looks from a variety of angles with a variety of poses, sometimes, small statues known as maquettes may be produced, so that an animator can see what a character looks like in three dimensions. While design is going on, the director takes the animatic and analyzes exactly what poses, drawings. An exposure sheet is created, this is a table that breaks down the action, dialogue
9.
Peter Hawkins
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Peter John Hawkins was an English actor and voice artist. A policemans son, Peter John Hawkins was born in Brixton and he made his first stage appearance as a member of the chorus in a musical sketch at school in Clapham. At 14 he wrote, with three friends, a revue entitled The Five Bs and he ran with the Herne Hill Harriers. Hawkins joined the Royal Navy, and survived, though shrapnel pierced his clothing when HMS Limbourne sank after being torpedoed, while recovering he took part in plays, which resulted in his being taken into Combined Operations Entertainments. Hawkins worked at the East Riding Theatre, and then did a course at the Central School of Speech. His first West End appearance was at the Comedy Theatre, Hawkins long association with British childrens television began in 1952 when he voiced both Bill and Ben, the Flower Pot Men. In 1955–1956, he voiced Big Ears and Mr. Plod in The Adventures Of Noddy and he was also the narrator for SuperTed and Jimbo and the Jet-Set. He voiced several characters on Doctor Who in the early years, especially the Daleks. He was also the voice of Zippy on Rainbow during the first year of its run. Coincidentally his replacement on Rainbow, Roy Skelton, also voiced the Daleks, Hawkins and Skelton also voiced the Cybermen in The Tenth Planet. Hawkins was the voice for the character of Frankie Mouse in the fourth radio episode of The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. He also provided the voice of Money, a walking, talking pound sign on the UK adverts for the Access credit card, during the 1980s and 1990s. Hawkins was the owner of an art collection, including works by Monet, Pissarro and Alfred Sisley, Graham Sutherland, Jacob Epstein. He also owned a collection of Japanese sword guards and was keen on Japanese delicacy. In 1992 Hawkins developed a brain tumour which, although successfully treated, left him with memory problems. Due to this he was unable to contribute to any DVD release of Doctor Who outside of archive footage and he had married Rosemary Miller, an actress, in 1956, with whom he had a son, Silas, who is also an actor and voice artist. None of us have been as good as Peter, but he supplied our inspiration and he was truly the Emperor of the Daleks. In 2013 the BBC produced a docudrama depicting the creation and early days of Doctor Who, called An Adventure in Space and Time, Hawkins was a small role, played by Nicholas Briggs
10.
Anachronism
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An anachronism is a chronological inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of person, events, objects, or customs from different periods of time. An anachronism may be intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms may be introduced into a literary or artistic work to help a contemporary audience engage more readily with a historical period, Anachronism can also be used for purposes of rhetoric, comedy, or shock. Unintentional anachronisms may occur when a writer, artist, or performer is unaware of differences in technology, language, customs, attitudes, a parachronism is anything that appears in a time period in which it is not normally found. They may be objects or ideas which were common, but are now considered rare or inappropriate. They can take the form of technology or outdated fashion. Examples of parachronisms could include a suburban housewife in the United States around 1960 using a washboard for laundry, often, parachronism is identified when a work based on a particular eras state of knowledge is read within the context of a later era—with a different state of knowledge. Parachronism differs from prochronism, in which the object or idea has not yet been invented when the situation takes place, a prochronism occurs when an item appears in a temporal context in which it could not yet be present. The intentional use of older, often obsolete cultural artifacts may be regarded as anachronistic, for example, it could be considered anachronistic for a modern-day person to wear a top hat, write with a quill, or carry on a conversation in Latin. Such choices may reflect an eccentricity, or an aesthetic preference, some writings and works of art promoting a political, nationalist or revolutionary cause use anachronism to depict an institution or custom as being more ancient than it actually is. These flags date only from the 1830s, here anachronism promotes legitimacy for the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia into the Kingdom of Romania at the time the painting was made. Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis and they vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. It is only since the close of the 18th century that this kind of deviation from historical reality has jarred on a general audience. Nothing becomes obsolete like a vision of an older period, writes Anthony Grafton. Come in and practice your piano now and we are jerked from our suspension of disbelief by what was intended as a means of reinforcing it, and plunged directly into the American bourgeois world of the filmmaker. Anachronism can also be an aesthetic choice, anachronisms abound in the works of Raphael and Shakespeare, as well as in those of less celebrated painters and playwrights of earlier times. Anachronisms can exist in ancient texts, carol Meyers says that these anachronisms can be used to better understand the stories by asking what the anachronism represents. Repeated anachronisms and historical errors can become an part of popular culture
11.
George I of Great Britain
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George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. George was born in Hanover and inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father, a succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as prince-elector of Hanover. At the age of 54, after the death of his second cousin Queen Anne of Great Britain, in reaction, Jacobites attempted to depose George and replace him with Annes Catholic half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, but their attempts failed. During Georges reign, the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the system of cabinet government led by a prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole. George died of a stroke on a trip to his native Hanover, George was born on 28 May 1660 in Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Sophia was the granddaughter of King James I of England through her mother, Elizabeth of Bohemia. For the first year of his life, George was the heir to the German territories of his father. In 1661 Georges brother, Frederick Augustus, was born and the two boys were brought up together, after Sophias tour she bore Ernest Augustus another four sons and a daughter. In her letters, Sophia describes George as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his brothers and sisters. In 1679 another uncle died unexpectedly without sons and Ernest Augustus became reigning Duke of Calenberg-Göttingen, Georges surviving uncle, George William of Celle, had married his mistress in order to legitimise his only daughter, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, but looked unlikely to have any further children. Under Salic law, where inheritance of territory was restricted to the male line, in 1682, the family agreed to adopt the principle of primogeniture, meaning George would inherit all the territory and not have to share it with his brothers. The same year, George married his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, the marriage of state was arranged primarily as it ensured a healthy annual income and assisted the eventual unification of Hanover and Celle. His mother was at first against the marriage because she looked down on Sophia Dorotheas mother and she was eventually won over by the advantages inherent in the marriage. In 1683, George and his brother, Frederick Augustus, served in the Great Turkish War at the Battle of Vienna, and Sophia Dorothea bore George a son, George Augustus. The following year, Frederick Augustus was informed of the adoption of primogeniture and it led to a breach between father and son, and between the brothers, that lasted until Frederick Augustuss death in battle in 1690. With the imminent formation of a single Hanoverian state, and the Hanoverians continuing contributions to the Empires wars, Georges prospects were now better than ever as the sole heir to his fathers electorate and his uncles duchy. Sophia Dorothea had a child, a daughter named after her, in 1687
12.
Louis XIV of France
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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIVs France was a leader in the centralization of power. Louis began his rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs, under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg. There were also two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions, warfare defined Louis XIVs foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique, in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military, Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné and bore the title of French heirs apparent. At the time of his birth, his parents had married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631, leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, in defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his sons behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Annes political abilities was his primary rationale and he did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time, contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis journal entries, such as, but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood
13.
Middle Ages
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In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance, the Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history, classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is subdivided into the Early, High. Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, the large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power, the empires law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions, monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th, the Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence, intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the conflict, civil strife. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages, the Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history, classical civilisation, or Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Period. Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the Six Ages or the Four Empires, when referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being modern. In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua, leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People. Bruni and later argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarchs time. The Middle Ages first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or middle season, in early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or middle age, first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or middle ages, first recorded in 1625. The alternative term medieval derives from medium aevum, tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods, Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, for Europe as a whole,1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period
14.
First Sea Lord
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The First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff is the professional head of the United Kingdoms Royal Navy and the whole Naval Service, originally the title was the First Naval Lord. The concept of a professional First Naval Lord was introduced in 1805, from 1923 onward, the First Sea Lord was a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, he now sits on the Defence Council and the Admiralty Board. The current First Sea Lord is Admiral Sir Philip Jones, the flagship of the First Sea Lord is HMS Victory. Lords High Admiral were appointed from the 15th century until the 18th, from 1683 to 1684, there were seven paid Commissioners and one supernumerary Commissioner who served without salary. The number varied between five and seven Commissioners through the 18th century, the standing of all the Commissioners was in theory the same, although the First Commissioner or First Lord exercised an ascendancy over his colleagues from an early date. The title of the First Naval Lord was changed to First Sea Lord on the appointment of Sir Jackie Fisher in 1904, in 1917, the First Sea Lord was designated as Chief of the Naval Staff. The title was retained when the Board of Admiralty was abolished in 1964, under the current organisation, the First Sea Lord sits on both the Defence Council and the Admiralty Board. In John Buchans novel, The Thirty-Nine Steps, the First Sea Lord is named as Lord Alloa, the real First Sea Lord at the time the story is set was Prince Louis of Battenberg, coincidentally also bearded. Chief of the Defence Staff Second Sea Lord Third Sea Lord Fourth Sea Lord Fifth Sea Lord Heathcote, the British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 -1995. Prince Louis of Battenberg, Admiral of the Fleet, mackay, Ruddock F. Fisher of Kilverstone
15.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
16.
ABC Television
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ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956. As a public broadcaster, the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia. ABC is one of five main networks in Australia. Commercial station TCN-9 Sydney was the first to broadcast in Australia, soon followed by the ABCs own ABN-2 Sydney, six stations, three in Melbourne and three in Sydney, were in operation in time to cover the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. The ABCs first television broadcast was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November, at the Gore Hill studios in Sydney, outside broadcasting was also initiated on 5 November, from the ABCs first outside broadcast van. The van, now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia, was instrumental in the production of thousands of outside broadcasts. It was restored in time to be displayed at the Sydney Olympic Games and was used to film the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to the site of the National Museum in 2000. Although radio programs could be broadcast nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not put in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually. A purpose-built television studio was built in Sydney, and opened on 29 January 1958, in the same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958, respectively. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease, aBQ-2 Brisbane was the third ABC TV station to launch and was followed a year later by counterparts in Perth, Hobart, and Adelaide. ABC-3 Canberra opened a year later, with ABD-6 Darwin finally completing the ABCs coverage of state in 1971. Teletext services were introduced to ABC in 1983 to allow hearing-impaired viewers access to closed captions, International television service Australia Television International was established in 1993. Australia Television was sold to the Seven Network in 1998, however the continued to show content from ABC News up until its closure in 2001. The ABCs television operations joined its radio and online divisions at the Corporations Ultimo headquarters in 2000, in 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific, the replacement for the defunct Australia Television channel operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network Radio Australia, funding cuts in 2003, meanwhile, led to the closure of Fly and the ABC Kids Channel. ABC2, an attempt at a digital-only television channel, was launched on 7 March 2005. Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later, the new channel, titled ABC3 would aim to provide at least 50% Australian-made content
17.
Spanish Main
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In the context of Spains New World Empire, its mainland coastal possessions surrounding the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico were referred to collectively as the Spanish Main. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the portion of these coastal possessions were known as the Province of Tierra Firme. It included present-day Florida, the shore of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas and Mexico, Central America. Veracruz in New Spain was another major port, from there, they were shipped to Spain by Spanish galleons. Because of the tremendous riches shipped from it, the Spanish Main was ripe territory for pirates, the word main in the expression is short for mainland. Spanish treasure fleet Piracy in the Caribbean Archived version of Reefs, Wrecks and Rascals http, //web. archive. org/web/20120206112400/http, //www. melfisher. org/reefswrecks/spanish. htm
18.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
19.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
20.
Urban legend
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These legends can be used for entertainment purposes, as well as for semi-serious explanations for random events such as disappearances and strange objects. Despite its name, an urban legend does not necessarily originate in an urban area, rather, the term is used to differentiate modern legend from traditional folklore of pre-industrial times. For this reason, sociologists and folklorists prefer the contemporary legend. Because people frequently allege that such tales happened to a friend of a friend, Urban legends are spread by any media, including newspapers, e-mail and social media. In America in 1938 a radio dramatization of The War of the Worlds supposedly caused mass panic, in 2005, a widespread legend claimed that a large percentage of people have a biological father who is not their assumed father. Some urban legends have passed through the years only minor changes to suit regional variations. More recent legends tend to reflect modern circumstances, like the story of people ambushed and anesthetized, who awaken minus one kidney, the term urban legend, as used by folklorists, has appeared in print since at least 1968. Jan Harold Brunvand, professor of English at the University of Utah, many urban legends are framed as complete stories with plot and characters. The compelling appeal of an urban legend is its elements of mystery, horror. Often they serve as cautionary tales, some urban legends are morality tales that depict someone, usually a child, acting in a disagreeable manner, only to wind up in trouble, hurt, or dead. As Jan Brunvand points out antecedent legends including some of the motifs, themes, the teller of an urban legend may claim it happened to a friend, which serves to personalize, authenticate and enhance the power of the narrative while distancing the teller. Many urban legends depict horrific crimes, contaminated foods, or other situations which would affect many people. Anyone believing such stories might feel compelled to warn loved ones, not seldom, news organizations, school officials and even police departments have issued warnings concerning the latest threat. A fax received at the Nassau County, Florida fire department was forwarded to police, even the Minister of Defence for Canada was taken in by the same legend, he forwarded an urgent security warning to all Ontario Members of Parliament. Many urban legends are essentially extended jokes, told as if they were true events, persistent urban legends often maintain a degree of plausibility, for instance a serial killer deliberately hiding in the back seat of a car. One such example since the 1970s has been the rumor that the Procter & Gamble Company was associated with Satan-worshippers because of details within its nineteenth-century trademark. The legend interrupted the companys business to the point that it stopped using the trademark, the coinage leads in turn to the terms FOAFlore and FOAFtale. Here the authors make a connection between urban legends and popular folklore, such as Grimms Fairy Tales where similar themes and motifs arise
21.
Wigan
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Wigan /ˈwɪɡən/ is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Douglas,7.9 miles south-west of Bolton,10 miles north of Warrington and 16 miles west-northwest of Manchester, Wigan is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and is its administrative centre. The town of Wigan had a population of 97,000 in 2011. Historically in Lancashire, Wigan during classical antiquity was in the territory of the Brigantes, the Brigantes were subjugated in the Roman conquest of Britain during the 1st century, and it is asserted that the Roman settlement of Coccium was established where Wigan lies. Wigan is believed to have incorporated as a borough in 1246 following the issue of a charter by King Henry III of England. At the end of the Middle Ages it was one of four boroughs in Lancashire established by Royal charters, the others were Lancaster, Liverpool, during the Industrial Revolution Wigan experienced dramatic economic expansion and a rapid rise in the population. Although porcelain manufacture and clock making had been major industries in the town, Wigan subsequently became known as a mill town. The first coal mine was established at Wigan in 1450 and at its peak there were 1,000 pit shafts within 5 miles of the town centre, mining was so extensive that one town councillor remarked that a coal mine in the backyard was not uncommon in Wigan. Coal mining ceased during the part of the 20th century. Wigan Pier, a wharf on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, was famous by the writer George Orwell. In his book, The Road to Wigan Pier, Orwell highlighted the poor working and living conditions of the inhabitants during the 1930s. Following the decline of activities in the region, Wigan Piers collection of warehouses and wharfs became a local heritage centre. On 24th November 2016, on his 80th birthday, a statue of Dave Whelan was unveiled outside the stadium. Wigan had a population of 99,391 in 2011 but its Urban Subdivision had a population of 103,608, the name Wigan has been dated to at least the 7th century and probably originally meant a village or settlement. It has also suggested that the name is Celtic, named after a person called Wigan. This may have linked with Tre to give an original name of Trewigan. The name of the town has been recorded variously as Wigan in 1199, Wygayn in 1240, the first people believed to have settled in the Wigan area were the Brigantes, a Celtic tribe who controlled most of northern Britain. In the 1st century, the area was conquered by the Romans, the late 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary mentions a Roman settlement called Coccium 17 miles from the Roman fort at Manchester and 20 miles from the fort at Ribchester
22.
Concertina
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A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica. It has a bellows, and buttons typically on both ends of it, when pressed, the buttons travel in the same direction as the bellows, unlike accordion buttons, which travel perpendicularly to the bellows. The concertina was developed in England and Germany, most likely independently, the English version was invented in 1829 by Sir Charles Wheatstone, while Carl Friedrich Uhlig announced the German version five years later, in 1834. Various forms of concertina are used for music, for the traditional musics of Ireland, England, and South Africa. Because the concertina was developed nearly contemporaneously in England and Germany, systems can be divided into English, Anglo-German. To a player proficient in one of these systems, a concertina of a different system may be quite unfamiliar, the English concertina and the Duet concertina bear similarities in history and construction. Both systems generally play a scale, and are unisonoric. Both these English-developed instruments are smaller than German concertinas, and tend to be hexagonal, though occasionally having 8,10, the English system alternates the notes of the scale between two hands, enabling rapid melodies. The Duet system places the low notes on the hand and high on the right. The English concertina is credited to Sir Charles Wheatstone, who first patented such a design in 1829 in Great Britain, Wheatstone was also the first to patent a Duet concertina, in 1844. The German concertinas, developed within Germany itself for its market and diaspora. They are generally bisonoric, use a different style of long plate reeds, unlike the English and Anglo, they sometimes have more than one reed per note, creating a vibrato effect. Various German concertina systems share common features and core button layout. In the United States, particularly in the Midwest where there are many German and Central European descendants, a related variant is the Carlsfelder concertina of C. F. Zimmerman, unveiled in 1849. and at the 1851 London Industrial Exposition. The bandoneon is a German concertina system with an original bisonoric layout devised by Heinrich Band, though the typical bandoneon is bisonoric, the 1920s saw the development of unisonoric variants such as the Ernst Kusserow and Charles Peguri systems, both introduced around 1925. Bandoneons typically have more than one reed per button, dry-tuned with the reeds an octave apart, Ástor Piazzolla was one of the most famous exponents of this instrument. The Anglo or Anglo-German concertina is, historically, a hybrid between the English and German concertinas, the button layouts are generally the same as the original 20-button German concertinas designed by Uhlig in 1834, and in a bisonoric system. Within a few years of its invention, the German concertina was an import in England, Ireland
23.
Home counties
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The home counties are the counties of England that surround London. The counties generally included in the list are Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey, the origin of the term home counties is unknown and no exact definition exists, making their composition a matter of constant debate. The earliest use of the term cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1695, the term is sometimes understood to mean those counties which, on their borders closest to London, have been partly subsumed into London. Indeed, the county of Middlesex has been almost wholly within London since 1965 as have parts of Hertfordshire and Surrey. The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as the English counties surrounding London and they comprise chiefly Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Hertfordshire. Parts of all of historic counties are, since 1965, officially within London. An additional theory is that the derived from the Home Circuit of the courts of Assize which contained Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Sussex. The Home counties were described by one 1987 reference book as being inhabited on the whole by nice, comfortable, in fiction, Margo and Jerry Leadbetter of the television sitcom The Good Life, set in Surbiton, represent a typical home counties suburban couple. The home counties as a whole are more prosperous than other parts of the United Kingdom. The towns of Amersham, Gerrards Cross and Beaconsfield, all in Buckinghamshire, were ranked as the top three most expensive in the country in one 2008 survey of average house prices. The area is so large, however, that it includes a number of areas of deprivation such as Margate, Hastings. Multiple definitions of the term have been used in legislation and by official bodies, in the twentieth century, for instance, as follows,1908, The Home Counties Division of the Territorial Force comprised units recruiting in Middlesex, Kent, Surrey and Sussex. 1920, The London and Home Counties Electricity District consisted of the counties of London and Middlesex,1924, The London and Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee, covering the London Traffic Area, London, Middlesex, and parts of Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent and Surrey. 1926, The Home Counties Licensing Act regulated activities in all parts of Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent,1938, Green Belt Act limited development in parts of Middlesex, Kent, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Essex, Berkshire and Hertfordshire. 1948, The Home Counties Brigade was formed to administer the regiments of the City and County of London, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey. London commuter belt Metro-land The Association of British Counties
24.
Flying Dutchman
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The Flying Dutchman is a legendary ghost ship that can never make port and is doomed to sail the oceans forever. The myth is likely to have originated from 17th-century nautical folklore, the oldest extant version has been dated to the late 18th century. Sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries reported the ship to be glowing with ghostly light, if hailed by another ship, the crew of the Flying Dutchman will try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. In ocean lore, the sight of this ship is a portent of doom. Having refitted, and returning to Europe, they were assailed by a violent tempest nearly in the same latitude. From the Dutch the English seamen got the infatuation, and there are very few Indiamen, but what has one on board. A footnote adds, The above lines were suggested by a very common among sailors, who call this ghost-ship, I think. According to some sources, 17th century Dutch captain Bernard Fokke is the model for the captain of the ghost ship, Fokke was renowned for the speed of his trips from the Netherlands to Java and was suspected of being in league with the Devil. The first version of the legend as a story was printed in Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine for May 1821 and she was an Amsterdam vessel and sailed from port seventy years ago. Her masters name was Van der Decken and he was a staunch seaman, and would have his own way in spite of the devil. For all that, never a sailor under him had reason to complain, the story is this, that in doubling the Cape they were a long day trying to weather the Table Bay. However, the wind headed them, and went against them more and more, just after sunset a vessel spoke him, asking him if he did not mean to go into the bay that night. Van der Decken replied, May I be eternally damned if I do, and to be sure, he never did go into that bay, for it is believed that he continues to beat about in these seas still, and will do so long enough. This vessel is never seen but with foul weather along with her, there have been many reported or alleged sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries. Unfortunately he made no mention of this in his two volume autobiography or other works and HMS Jubilee did not, in fact, exist, monsarrats connection probably stems from his book Master Mariner which was partly inspired by this tale and the story of the Wandering Jew. Another sighting was by Prince George of Wales, the future King George V and he was on a three-year voyage during his late adolescence in 1880 with his elder brother Prince Albert Victor of Wales and their tutor John Neill Dalton. They temporarily shipped into HMS Inconstant after the rudder was repaired in their original ship. The princes log records the following for the hours of 11 July 1881
25.
Waste collector
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Waste and recycling pickup work is physically demanding and it exposes workers to a number of occupational hazards. Statistics show waste collection to be one of the most dangerous jobs, at even more dangerous than police work. In many developing countries, the first people to tackle the waste collection are pickers working in the economy, i. e. they may be self-financing through recycling, repairing. Examples include the bottley-wallah, recycler of many sorts of materials in India, castes such as the Zabbaleen in Egypt, many varieties of English have a range of names for waste collectors, from formal job titles for municipal employees, to colloquial and regional terms. Eugène Poubelle, French official, who ordered in 1884 that all Paris landlords supply their tenants with covered garbage containers. Alfred P. Doolittle, a common dustman, My Fair Lady from the play, Broadway,1956, London,1958. California Occupational Guide Number 460, Mechanical - Skilled Occupations, Refuse Collectors, state of California, Employment Development Department
26.
West Country English
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West Country English refers collectively to the English language varieties and accents used by much of the native population of South West England, the area popularly known as the West Country. However, the northern and eastern boundaries of the area are hard to define, academically the regional variations are considered to be dialectal forms. The Survey of English Dialects captured manners of speech across the South West region that were just as different from Standard English as anything from the far North of England, there is some influence from the Welsh and Cornish languages depending on the specific location. In literary terms, most of the usage has been in either poetry or dialogue and it has rarely been used for serious prose in recent times, but was used much more extensively up to the 19th century. West Country dialects are represented as Mummerset, a kind of catchall southern rural accent invented for broadcasting. In the medieval period Sumer is icumen in is an example of a work in the dialect. The Cornish language descended from the ancient British language that was all over what is now the West Country until the West Saxons conquered and settled most of the area. Cornish began to decline after the Late Middle Ages with English expanding westwards, in King Lear, Edgar speaks in the West Country dialect, as one of his various personae. Considered one of the first true English novels, the novels of Thomas Hardy often use the dialect in dialogue, notably Tess of the DUrbervilles. Some dialogue and song lyrics, especially for the chorus, are an approximation of West Country speech. The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore are also set in Cornwall, John Davey a farmer from Zennor, records the native Cornish language Cranken Rhyme. According to Blackmore, he relied on a style for his characters speech, emphasizing their accents. Several Pages of Folk-Speech of Zummerzet in The Somerset Coast by George Harper pp168-171, a Glastonbury Romance by John Cowper Powys ISBN 0-87951-282-2 / ISBN 0-87951-681-X contains dialogue written in imitation of the local Somerset dialect. Laurie Lees, works such as Cider with Rosie, portray a somewhat idealised Gloucestershire childhood in the Five Valleys area, John Fowless Daniel Martin, which features the title characters girlfriends dialect, and which has sometimes been criticised for being too stereotyped. Dennis Potters Blue Remembered Hills is a play about children in the Forest of Dean during the Second World War. The dialogue is written in the style of the Forest dialect, the songs of Adge Cutler were famous for their West Country dialect, sung in a strong Somerset accent. His legacy lives on in the present day Wurzels and other so-called Scrumpy, the folk group The Yetties perform songs composed in the dialect of Dorset. Andy Partridge, lead singer with the group XTC, has a pronounced Wiltshire accent, although more noticeable in his speech, his accent may also be heard in some of his singing
27.
Jamaicans
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Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. Most Jamaicans are of African descent, with minorities of Europeans, East Indians, Chinese, Mixed-Race. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in Canada, United States, according to the official Jamaica Population Census of 1970, ethnic origins categories in Jamaica include Negro or Black, East Indian, Chinese, Syrian or Lebanese, White, Mixed, and Other races. Negro or Black workers made up 89. 4% of the working population and those of mixed race were the second most prominent labour category, making up 6% of the working population. Within the Caribbean, there are an estimated 30,000 Jamaicans living in the Dominican Republic, an equal number reside in other CARICOM members states, including the Bahamas, Cuba, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. Demographics of Jamaica Jamaican British Jamaican American Jamaican Canadian Jamaican Australian Jamaicans in Ethiopia
28.
Carpentry
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Carpentry in the United States is almost always done by men. With 98. 5% of carpenters being male, it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999, Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century and it is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places. The word carpenter is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier which is derived from the Latin carpentrius, the Middle English and Scots word was wright, which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place, second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the construction of such as skirting boards, architraves. Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of such as roads. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured, or in situ, although the. work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined. Joiner is less common than the finish carpenter or cabinetmaker. The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically, now used by carpenters who work using traditional methods. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter, wood is one of mankinds oldest building materials. The ability to shape wood improved with technological advances from the age to the bronze age to the iron age. The oldest surviving, complete text is Vitruvius ten books collectively titled De architectura which discusses some carpentry. By the 16th century sawmills were coming into use in Europe, the founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and these technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing. The 19th century saw the development of engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails. In the 20th century portland cement came into use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath, plywood, engineered lumber and chemically treated lumber also came into use
29.
Captain Haddock
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Captain Archibald Haddock is a fictional character and a major protagonist in The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. He is Tintins best friend, a seafaring Merchant Marine Captain, Haddock is initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character under the control of his treacherous first mate Allan, who keeps him drunk and runs his freighter. In the adventure Secret of the Unicorn he and Tintin travel to find a treasure captured by his ancestor. With newfound wealth and regaining his ancestral home Marlinspike Hall, Captain Haddock becomes a socialite, riding a horse, wearing a monocle and he then evolves to become genuinely heroic, volunteering to sacrifice his life to save Tintins own in the pivotal Tintin in Tibet. In later volumes he is clearly retired, throughout it all, the Captains coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintins often implausible heroism. He is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy gets too idealistic. Until Haddocks introduction, Tintins constantly positive, optimistic perspective was offset by his faithful companion Snowy, before Haddock, Snowy was the source of all dry and cynical side-commentary for the series. Hergé, however, realised Haddocks potential as a foil to Tintin, after he brought Haddock into the series, the Captain took over the role of the cynic, relieving Snowy, and establishing Captain Haddock as a permanent addition to the cast. Because of his alcoholism and temperamental nature, his character was weak and unstable, however, Haddock is a sincere figure in need of reform, and by the end of his first adventure Tintin has gained a loyal companion, albeit one still given to uttering the occasional expletive. Hergé also allowed more artistic expression through Haddocks features than with Tintins. Michael Farr, author of Tintin, The Complete Companion, notes, Whereas Hergé kept Tintins facial expressions to a bare minimum, Farr goes on to write that In Haddock, Hergé had come up with his most inspired character since creating Tintin. Sales of the volume in which Haddock was introduced indicated the character was well received, upon locating the treasure, the newly wealthy Haddock retires. Hergé built the next adventure around Haddock, furnishing the character with an ancestral home, as Haddocks role grew, Hergé expanded his character, basing him upon aspects of friends, with his characteristic temper somewhat inspired by Tintin colourist E. P. Jacobs and his bluffness drawn from Tintin artist Bob de Moor, harry Thompson has commented on how Hergé utilised the character to inject humour into the plot, notably where Haddock plays the fool to smooth over a lengthy explanation. By the time of their last completed and published adventure, Tintin, as Hergé was considering names for his new character, he asked his wife, Germaine, what she had cooked for dinner. She told him, “a sad English fish—haddock. ”Hergé thought this was a name for Tintin’s new mariner friend. There was a real 20th-century ships master bearing this unlikely but appropriate surname and he had also been temporarily at the helm of Olympics even more famous sister ship Titanic before Titanic was officially handed over to White Star for her doomed 1912 maiden voyage. Another famous namesake, and an inspiration for the Captains ancestor Sir Francis, was the English admiral Richard Haddock
30.
The Adventures of Tintin
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The Adventures of Tintin is a series of 24 comic albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, who wrote under the pen name Hergé. The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, by 2007, a century after Hergés birth in 1907, Tintin had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies. The series first appeared in French on 10 January 1929 in Le Petit Vingtième, the success of the series saw the serialised strips published in Belgiums leading newspaper Le Soir and spun into a successful Tintin magazine. In 1950, Hergé created Studios Hergé, which produced the canonical versions of ten Tintin albums, the Adventures of Tintin have been adapted for radio, television, theatre, and film. The series is set during a largely realistic 20th century and its hero is Tintin, a young Belgian reporter and adventurer. He is aided by his faithful dog Snowy, the series has been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergés signature ligne claire style. Its well-researched plots straddle a variety of genres, swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries, political thrillers, the stories feature slapstick humour, offset by dashes of sophisticated satire and political or cultural commentary. Georges Remi, best known under the pen name Hergé, was employed as an illustrator at Le Vingtième Siècle, run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez, the paper described itself as a Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information and disseminated a far-right, fascist viewpoint. Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a new Thursday youth supplement, titled Le Petit Vingtième, propagating Wallezs socio-political views to its young readership, it contained explicitly pro-fascist and anti-Semitic sentiment. In addition to editing the supplement, Hergé illustrated Lextraordinaire aventure de Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet, dissatisfied with this, Hergé wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip. He already had experience creating comic strips, from July 1926 he had written a strip about a Boy Scout patrol leader titled Les Aventures de Totor C. P. des Hannetons for the Scouting newspaper Le Boy Scout Belge. Totor was an influence on Tintin, with Hergé describing the latter as being like Totors younger brother. Although Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States, Wallez ordered him to set his adventure in the Soviet Union, the result, Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième from January 1929 to May 1930. Popular in Francophone Belgium, Wallez organised a publicity stunt at the Gare du Nord station, the storys popularity led to an increase in sales, so Wallez granted Hergé two assistants. At Wallezs direction, in June he began serialisation of the story, Tintin in the Congo. The Adventures of Tintin had been syndicated to French Catholic magazine Cœurs Vaillants since 1930, and Hergé was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers too. Hergé went on to pen a string of Adventures of Tintin, sending his character to real locations such as the Belgian Congo, the United States, Egypt, India, China, in May 1940, Nazi Germany invaded Belgium as World War II broke out across Europe. Although Hergé briefly fled to France and considered a self-imposed exile, for political reasons, the Nazi authorities closed down Le Vingtième Siècle, leaving Hergé unemployed
31.
Jolly Roger
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Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack during the early 18th century. Use of the term Jolly Roger in reference to pirate flags goes back to at least Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, johnson specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721 and Francis Spriggs in December 1723. Neither Spriggs nor Roberts Jolly Roger consisted of a skull and crossbones, Richard Hawkins, who was captured by pirates in 1724, reported that the pirates had a black flag bearing the figure of a skeleton stabbing a heart with a spear, which they named Jolly Roger. The origin of the name is unclear, in 1703, a pirate named John Quelch was reported to have been flying the Old Roger off Brazil, Old Roger being a nickname for the devil. It is sometimes claimed that the term derives from Jolie Rouge in reference to a red flag used by French privateers and this hypothesis is considered a false etymology, as the phrase Jolie Rouge in reference to a pirate flag does not appear in any historical sources. Another early reference to Old Roger is found in a report in the Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. This Day,26 of the Pirates taken by his Majesty Ship the Greyhound and their black Flag, under which they had committed abundance of Pyracies and Murders, was affixd to one Corner of the Gallows. It had in it the Portraiture of Death, with an Hour-Glass in one Hand, and a Dart in the other, striking into a Heart and this Flag they called Old Roger, and usd to say, They would live and die under it. The first recorded uses of the symbol on naval flags date to the 17th century. It possibly originated among the Barbary pirates of the period, which would connect the black colour of the Jolly Roger to the Muslim black flag. But an early reference to Muslim corsairs flying a skull symbol, in the context of a 1625 slave raid on Cornwall, there are mentions of Francis Drake flying a black flag as early as 1585, but the historicity of this tradition has been called into question. An early record of the design being used on a flag by pirates is found in a December 6,1687 entry in a log book held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The entry describes pirates using the flag, not on a ship, before this time, British privateers such as Sir Henry Morgan sailed under English colours. An early use of a flag with skull, crossbones. Reportedly, these sources are based on the account of Captain John Cranby of HMS Poole and are verified at the London Public Record Office. With the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 and they still used red and black flags, but now they decorated them with their own designs. Just as variations on the Jolly Roger design existed, red flags sometimes incorporated yellow stripes or images symbolic of death, colored pennants and ribbons could also be used alongside flags. Marcus Rediker claims that most pirates active between 1716 and 1726 were part of one of two large interconnected groups sharing many similarities in organisation, by 1730, the diversity of symbols in prior use had been mostly replaced by the standard design
32.
Hornpipe
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The hornpipe is any of several dance forms played and danced in Britain and Ireland and elsewhere from the 16th century until the present day. The earliest references to hornpipes are from England with Hugh Astons Hornepype of 1522 and it is suggested that hornpipe as a dance began around the 16th century on English sailing vessels. The hornpipe is an Irish, Scottish and English dance and it is done in hard shoes, which are used to help keep track of how the dancer keeps in time. There are two variations of the dance, fast and slow. Usually, more experienced dancers will do the slow hornpipe but younger dancers will start out with the fast hornpipe, there is a change of tempo in the music but not the dancing between these two speeds. The only difference in the dancing between the fast and slow steps are the dances that the competitor does and the rhythm/sound of how they move their legs, the rhythm for both fast and slow hornpipes is very even and should be executed that way by the dancer. The most common use of the term refers to a class of tunes in 44 time. The dance is done in hard shoes, perhaps the best known example is the Sailors Hornpipe. Some 19th-century examples mix the dotted and even styles and these led the form to being called the Newcastle Style The form dates back to the mid-18th century or earlier but became much more popular in the early 19th century. Many fine hornpipes were written in period, often with well-known composers. In Ireland, examples include The Groves Hornpipe and The Boys of Bluehill, in England, a noted composer of hornpipes on Tyneside was the influential fiddler-publican James Hill. The form also became popular in the United States – President Garfields Hornpipe being a fine example. A lively 32 time dance rhythm, which remained popular in northern English, many examples are still well known and widely played in Northumberland, such as the song Dance ti thy Daddy, and the variation set Lads of Alnwick. Often these tunes have off-beat accents, usually in even-numbered bars, the form, having short strains, with a simple fixed harmonic scheme, and recognisable tags at the ends, is very suitable for the playing of variations. This has probably accounted for its survival among players of the Northumbrian smallpipes, the term was also used formerly to refer to tunes in 94 or 98 time. These may have thought of as differing only inessentially from the 32 hornpipes. Some early examples of these are also syncopated, the form survives in Northumberland and Ireland. One example, Mad Moll, or The Peacock Follows the Hen, has remained current since at least 1698 when it appeared in The Dancing Master, such tunes are usually referred to nowadays by the Irish name slip jig
33.
Jimmy Shand
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Sir James Shand MBE was a Scottish musician who played traditional Scottish dance music on the accordion. His signature tune was The Bluebell Polka, James Shand was born in East Wemyss in Fife, son of a farm ploughman turned miner and one of nine children. The family soon moved to the burgh of Auchtermuchty, the town now boasts a larger than life-sized sculpture of Shand. His father was a melodeon player. Jimmy started with the organ and soon played the fiddle. At the age of 14 he had to school and go down the mines. He played at events and competitions. His enthusiasm for motor-bikes turned into an advantage when he played for all round Fife. In 1926 he did benefit gigs for striking miners and was prevented from returning to colliery work. One day Jimmy and a friend were admiring the instruments in the window of a shop in Dundee. His friend said, It wouldnt cost you to try one, so Jimmy walked in, the owner, Charles Forbes, heard Jimmy and immediately offered him a job as travelling salesman and debt-collector. He soon acquired a van and drove all over the north of Scotland and he switched to the British chromatic button accordion, an instrument he stuck with for the rest of his life. Being a keen motorcyclist, Shand was also an enthusiastic supporter, Jimmy also sponsored a motorcycle road racer from Errol, Perthshire called Jack Gow, a multiple Scottish Motorcycle Racing champion and later a motorcycle dealer in Dundee. Jack Gow was the son of Andy Gow who drove the bus which transported the Shand tour, Shands interest in motorcycles began when a boyfriend of his sister had problems with his bike, which had broken down. Shand repaired it and was allowed to use it and he failed an audition for the BBC because he kept time with his foot. At a time when gramophones were very much luxury items he made two records for the Regal Zonophone label in 1933 and his career took off when he switched to making 78s for the Beltona label. Most of the Beltona recordings were solo, but he experimented with small bands and he appeared in a promo film shown in cinemas. While the image showed his fingers moving in a blur, Jimmy was disappointed to hear the track playing a slow air
34.
Puffin Books
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Puffin Books is the childrens imprint of British publishers Penguin Books. Since the 1960s it has been among the largest publishers of books in the UK. Lane saw the potential, and the first of the book series were published the following year. The name Puffin was a companion to the existing Penguin. Many continued to be reprinted right into the 1970s, a fiction list soon followed, when Puffin secured the paperback rights to Barbara Euphan Todds 1936 story Worzel Gummidge and brought it out as the first Puffin story book in 1941. S. Lewis and Charlottes Web by E. B. White, many different genres featured in the list, e. g. In 1961, Kaye Webb became Puffins second editor, as a boom began in childrens publishing, the books were promoted with flair through the Puffin Club, started by Kaye Webb in 1967 with the promise to Allen Lane that It will make children into book readers. Colony Holidays ran Childrens Literature Summer Camps for members of the Puffin Book Club, Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl and Watership Down by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, the 1980s saw Puffin taking full advantage of popular culture with film tie-in publishing, forming close links with Disney and other production companies. It was at time that Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone introduced the concept of adventure gamebooks to Puffin which grew into the Fighting Fantasy phenomenon. The 1980s also saw the launch of the Puffin Plus line of adult fiction. In 2010, the young adult line was relaunched as Razorbill, Puffin Post was a childrens books magazine published by Puffin Books. It was launched in 1967 by Kaye Webb, editor of Puffin Books and it declined after Webb retired in 1982, but was relaunched in 2009 through the bookseller The Book People as a bi-monthly magazine. So much is done online and through media, and Penguin and Puffin are very good at that. Puffin Post is an expensive way of getting to consumers. The magazine contained a mix of stories, jokes, interviews, competitions and quizzes, at its height, it had more than 200,000 readers. Prior to 1982, contributors to the magazine included well-known authors such as Alan Garner, Roald Dahl, Joan Aiken, Leon Garfield, after the 2009 re-launch, contributors included Charlie Higson, Cathy Cassidy and Michael Morpurgo. UK childrens book publishers List of largest UK book publishers Phil Baines, the History of Puffin History of Puffin in the USA Puffin Books checklist
35.
Sunday Correspondent
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The Sunday Correspondent was a short-lived British weekly national broadsheet newspaper. The newspaper first appeared on 17 September 1989, the title ceased publication with the last issue on 25 November 1990 and it was edited by Peter Cole for most of its existence. On launching, the paper billed itself as the first new quality Sunday title for 28 years, the Chicago-based Tribune Company, publishers of the Chicago Tribune newspaper, were one of the investors in the new venture. Others included the Prudential Group and Rothschild Ventures, among other banking, the newspaper was planned as having only two sections and a colour supplement. By this time, the imminent launch of the The Independent on Sunday was public knowledge, and Shott himself did not think both titles could survive. In March 1990, in an arrangement, the Tribune Company of Chicago doubled its shareholding to a 17. 7% holding. Guardian and Manchester Evening News P. L. C, then without a national Sunday title, also became involved acquiring a 16. 6% stake and gave the struggling company a substantial loan. The company had said the papers break-even point was a circulation of 350,000, by the time it ceased publication just over a year after its launch, it had been relaunched as Britains first quality tabloid. In this form, from the issue published on 20 August 1990 onwards, it had a new editor, underfunding and the launch of the IoS in January 1990 were factors in its demise, as well as the lack of a daily equivalent to help spread production costs. The IoS was also in competition with the Sunday Correspondent for the sources of potential investment. One of the features in the Correspondent was Pass Notes, which was taken up by The Guardian in 1992, where it has remained ever since
36.
Roger
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Roger is a masculine given name and a surname. The given name is derived from the Old French personal names Roger and Rogier and these names are of Germanic origin, derived from the elements hrōd and gār, gēr. The name was introduced into England by the Normans, in Normandy, the Frankish name had been reinforced by the Old Norse cognate Hróðgeirr. The name introduced into England replaced the Old English cognate Hroðgar, Roger became a very common given name during the Middle Ages. A variant form of the given name Roger is Rodger, the surname Roger is sometimes an Anglicised form of the Gaelic surname Mac Ruaidhrí. Roger is also a version of the term Jolly Roger. 1870, Roger was slang for the penis, probably due to the origin of the name involving fame with a spear. Subsequently, to roger became a verb form meaning to have sex with. In 19th century England, Roger was slang for the cloud of green gas that swept through the chlorine bleach factories periodically. The name Hodge is a corruption of Roger in England, where it was used as a term by townsfolk. In Under Milk Wood, Dylan Thomas writes jolly, rodgered suggesting both Jolly Roger, the flag, and the slang for penis. The following forenames are related to the English given name Roger, Arabic, روجر , rŏjara Hungarian, Rezső, Rogerios Icelandic, Hróar, Hróðgeir, Ragnar Italian, Ruggero, Roggero, Ruggeri, Ruggiero, Rugiero Japanese, ロジャー, ロゲル, translit. Rōjar Hangul, 로저, RR, Lojeo Kurdish, راجەر , racer Latin, Rogerius Macedonian, Роџер, translit. Rodžer Manx, Roree Mongolian, Рожер, translit, rōjara Norwegian, Roar, Roger Occitan, Rogièr, Rotger Persian, راجر , translit. Rājər Polish, Roger, Gerek Portuguese, Rogério Punjabi, ਰੋਜ਼ਰ, ruđer Slovene, Rogerij Spanish, Rogelio Swedish, Roar, Roger, Rutger Tamil, ரோஜர், translit. Rājər Welsh, Rosser, Rozier Yiddish, ראַדזשער , translit, carmel, American character actor Roger A. Enoka, American neurophysiologist Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player Roger C. S. Senator from Mississippi Roger Williams Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island Roger L
37.
Rag (student society)
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University Rag societies are student-run charitable fundraising organisations that are widespread in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Most universities in the UK and Ireland, as well as some in South Africa, in some universities Rags are known as Charities Campaigns, Charity Appeals, Charity Committees, or Karnivals, but they all share many attributes. In the UK, the National Student Fundraising Association, set up in December 2011, exists as a support, early Rag collectors may have ragged passers-by until they made a donation. Alternatively, it is thought to be from the Victorian era when students took time out of their studies to collect rags to clothe the poor, the first Rag in South Africa was started at the University of Pretoria in 1925. The students took to the streets in parade that still today and is known as the Procession. During this parade, where they build floats, they carry cans, today RAGs held at Afrikaans universities is called JOOL. The acronym is translated from Afrikaans as Your selfless sacrifice for charity, the annual JOOL/RAG week is held at the start of every academic year and serves also as a kind of welcoming party to students of the university. Traditionally fundraising activities have centred on an annual Rag Week, with each day for the week. While some Rags are only active for this week, others use Rag Week as their flagship week to encourage participation for the whole year, a Rag mag is a small booklet traditionally filled with politically incorrect humour which was originally sold to the local community during Rag Week. Some university Rags with a local tradition still sell their Rag Mags. A number of Rags claim to have published the first ever Rag mags and it is also claimed that Manchester University published the first Rag mag, in 1924. An issue of a Rag mag dating from 1923, called Goblio, is said to be in the archives of the University of Southampton. However, Queens University Belfast holds the most complete set of Rag magazines in its archives, many Rags raise the majority of their money for charity through sponsored challenges and fundraising events. Pub Quizzes Duck races Manchester RAG also run one of the longest running sponsored events in the North West, known as The Bogle Stroll, which celebrated its semicentennial anniversary in 2011. Street Collections, Currently known as Raids, volunteer collectors go out into the streets to collect for a charity on any given day with buckets rather than the clipboards. Many Rags also organise week-long Tours over the university holidays in which they travel from town to town, collecting in each one. All Megaraids tend to include a social aspect and often former students who still take part. NaSFA is an association of UK student fundraising organisations and it stands for National Student Fundraising Association and was born out of a meeting of 15 heads of UK RAG organisations at the national Rag conference in Durham 2011
38.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
39.
Nick Frost
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Nicholas John Nick Frost is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and author. He is best known for his work in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy of films, consisting of Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, and The Worlds End, and he also appeared in Joe Cornishs film Attack the Block. He co-starred in the 2011 film Paul, which he co-wrote with frequent collaborator and he is also well known for his various roles in the sketch show Man Stroke Woman. Frost was born in Dagenham, Essex, the son of Tricia and John Frost, when he was ten, his sister died of an asthma attack aged 18. He attended Beal High School in Ilford, when Frost was 15 his parents business failed and they lost the family home. They moved in with neighbours where he witnessed his mother having a stroke due to the stress, Frost left school and took a job with a shipping company to support the family. He subsequently spent two years at a kibbutz in Israel and he met actor Simon Pegg while working as a waiter at a North London Mexican restaurant and the two became close friends and flatmates. Pegg and Jessica Hynes wrote a role for Frost in the cult comedy series Spaced that was partly based on Pegg. In 2001, Frost played a role in a one-off episode of Victoria Woods Acorn Antiques. In 2002, Frost wrote and presented the show Danger, a spoof of the outdoors survival genre in which SAS experts or the like demonstrated how to improvise solutions to dangerous problems. In the same year, Frost co-wrote and starred in The Sofa of Time with Matt King, in 2004, he appeared in Shaun of the Dead, a romantic zombie comedy, written by Simon Pegg and Spaced director Edgar Wright. In late 2005, Frost starred in the sketch show Man Stroke Woman on BBC Three. A second series of Man Stroke Woman aired on BBC Three in early 2007, in early 2006, Frost played Commander Henderson in two series of the BBC Two science fiction sitcom, Hyperdrive. Also in 2006, he acted in Kinky Boots, Frost had a small appearance in the British comedy Look Around You, a parody of 1970s/1980s technology parodying the format of shows like Tomorrows World. Frost and Pegg appeared in a second Pegg-Wright feature film called Hot Fuzz, Frost plays bumbling Constable Danny Butterman, who partners up with Peggs dynamic Nicholas Angel after the latter is transferred from the Metropolitan Police in London. The pair teamed up again for their self-penned 2011 science-fiction comedy film Paul, the two also starred in Steven Spielbergs The Adventures of Tintin, Secret of the Unicorn as Thomson and Thompson. Frost narrates the Channel 4 reality show Supernanny and he has made fleeting appearances in the Channel 4 surreal medical comedy series Green Wing as just a man in pub scenes. In 2013, Frost played the role of Andy Knightley in the third Pegg-Wright feature film called The Worlds End, in 2014, he played the eponymous character in the Sky Atlantic comedy, Mr. Sloane
40.
Jason Flemyng
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Jason Iain Flemyng is an English actor. He has also appeared in prominent roles in theatre and television in the UK. Flemyng speaks French fluently, and has three films in that language. He won the Best Actor Award at the Geneva Film Festival for his role in 1996s Alive, Flemyng was born in Putney, London, the son of Scottish television and film director Gordon Flemyng. He decided he wanted to become an actor appearing in theatrical productions at his school. I always wanted to be an actor, he told the BBC. From the time I fancied a girl who played Dorothy in the production of The Wizard of Oz. I auditioned for the role of the scarecrow so that I could have the most stage time with her, in the 1980s, he was involved with the National Youth Theatre and the political organisation the Young Socialists. He also became involved with Militant, an entryist group active within the Labour Party, Flemyng has subsequently claimed that both his theatrical and political activities at this time were simply a way of meeting girls. In 1990 he was admitted to the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, following his graduation from LAMDA in the early 1990s he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company. One of his first prominent roles on screen was a guest appearance in the American television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles in 1992 and he was then a regular in the ITV drama series Doctor Finlay from 1993 to 1996. His first film appearance was in the 1994 version of The Jungle Book. Flemyng later claimed to have lost so much money playing poker with the films backers in between takes on set that he had to work on the four days of re-shoots the film required for no fee. He went on to appear in such as The Red Violin and Deep Rising, Snatch, George A. Romeros Bruiser. Flemyng also starred in the short film Feeling Good, written by Dexter Fletcher, the latter film was not a success, but Flemyng commented that, It was a bit of a nightmare. The film cost a fortune and didnt make back the money it was meant to, but I still get a huge kick out of doing films like that and From Hell. Any day you walk onto a set and Sean Connery or Johnny Depp or Brad Pitt is there has to be a good day, in parallel with his film career, Flemyng has continued to take various television roles. He told BBC News Online in 2004 that, Of the 40 feature films Ive made,15 of them failed to make it onto the screen and have ever been seen by cast
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