1.
Change (Sugababes album)
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Change is the fifth studio album by English girl group Sugababes, released through Island Records on 1 October 2007. The album features production by Dr. Luke, Jony Rockstar, Dallas Austin, Deekay and Xenomania, among others, the album debuted on top of the UK Albums Chart, where it became the bands second consecutive number one album and was eventually certified platinum by the BPI. In addition, it reached the top ten in Estonia and Ireland, in France, Change was adapted as the groups first greatest hits compilation. Collaborators on the album include Dr. Luke, Danish production team Deekay, although, it was Amelles first production, many of the songs from the album were tracks that did not appear on Taller In More Ways. The mixing process was undertaken by Jeremy Wheatley for 365 Artists at Twenty One Studios, located in London and this was assisted by Richard Edgeler. Keyboards and programming were provided by Powell, Higgins, Cowling and Matt Gray, AXM Magazine reported the Sugababes assumed attempt to move into the American market with the album. On 30 August 2007, the group appeared on The Album Chart Show to perform the first single, About You Now and they also confirmed that the albums title would be Change. The album leaked in its entirety, excluding the UK bonus track 3 Spoons of Suga, a day later, the bonus track was also leaked. When inserted into the computer, the UK edition disc allows access to features such as remix versions of About You Now. The French edition of Change is a greatest hits compilation because the album Overloaded, The Singles Collection was not released there, and it contains all their hits since Overload to Denial. Never Gonna Dance Again was written by Sugababes members Keisha Buchanan and Heidi Range in collaboration with Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Tim Powell, Lisa Cowling and Nick Coler. The song was written for the groups previous album Taller In More Ways but was cut from the final track listing due to the girls not being fond of the song. When the group were writing the studio album, they came back to the track. The song About You Now was used in the movie Wild Child, in December 2007,3 Spoons of Suga was included on the soundtrack for the 2007 film St Trinians. Never Gonna Dance Again is a pop song that displays musical elements of dance-pop. Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote that the songs desperately sad disco lament is composed almost entirely at mid-tempo, kim Dawson of the Daily Star described it as a dreamy mid-tempo with a hint of Ibiza chill-out rhythms. James Cabooter of Daily Mail noted the incorporation of a heavier US guitar sound, lyrically, Never Gonna Dance Again is about the break-up of a relationship which is set on a dancefloor. During the chorus, Sugababes sing the lines I lost the rhythm when you said its over / As the final record starts to fade, the Guardians Alexis Petridis and Schultz have both noted that the songs lyrical content is reminiscent to that of George Michaels song, Careless Whisper
2.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
3.
George Michael
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Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, known professionally as George Michael, was an English singer, songwriter, record producer, and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham. He was best known for his work in the 1980s and 1990s, including hit singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas, and albums such as Faith and Listen Without Prejudice Vol.1. Up to the time of his death, Michael sold more than 115 million records worldwide and his breakthrough duo Wham. sold 28 million records between 1982 and 1986, and his debut solo album Faith sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. Michael achieved seven number one singles in the UK and eight number one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, including Careless Whisper and Praying for Time. He ranks among the best-selling British acts of all time, Michael, who came out as gay in 1998, was an active LGBT rights campaigner and HIV/AIDS charity fundraiser. In 2004, the Radio Academy named Michael the most played artist on British radio during the period 1984–2004, the documentary A Different Story covered his career and personal life. Michaels first tour in 15 years, the worldwide 25 Live tour, in the early hours of 25 December 2016, Michael, aged 53, was found dead in bed at his Oxfordshire home. A coroners report attributed his death to natural causes, Michael was born in East Finchley on 25 June 1963. His father, Kyriacos Jack Panayiotou, a Greek Cypriot restaurateur, had emigrated to Britain in the 1950s, Michaels mother, Lesley Angold, was an English dancer, and his maternal grandmother was Jewish. Michael spent most of his childhood in Kingsbury, London, in the home his parents soon after his birth. His older sisters are Yioda and Melanie, while he was in his early teens, the family moved to Radlett. There, Michael attended Bushey Meads School in Bushey, where he befriended his future Wham. partner Andrew Ridgeley, the two had the same career ambition of being musicians. Michael busked on the London Underground, performing such as 39 by Queen. His involvement in the business began with his working as a DJ, playing at clubs and local schools around Bushey, Stanmore. This was followed by the formation of a ska band called The Executive, with Ridgeley, Ridgeleys brother Paul, Andrew Leaver. Michael formed the duo Wham. with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981, the bands first album Fantastic reached No.1 in the UK in 1983 and produced a series of top 10 singles including Young Guns, Wham Rap. and Club Tropicana. Their second album, Make It Big, reached No.1 on the charts in the US, Michael sang on the original Band Aid recording of Do They Know Its Christmas. And donated the profits from Last Christmas/Everything She Wants to charity and he also contributed background vocals to David Cassidys 1985 hit The Last Kiss, as well as Elton Johns 1985 successes Nikita and Wrap Her Up
4.
Mini CD single
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The mini CD single is a music single released on a mini Compact Disc that measures 8 cm in diameter, rather than the standard 12 cm. They are manufactured using the methods as standard full-size CDs. The format was first released in the United Kingdom, Japan, United States, France, West Germany and they also remain a popular, low cost way for independent musicians and groups to release music. These were released in both a 5 size slim jewel case and snap-packs or as they are known in Japan, the compact disc is 3 inches or 8 Japanese. The singles were called 3 CD snap-packs, as they could be snapped and folded into a square rather than being the original 6×3-inch length type of packaging when sold. Most cost about ¥1000 at the time of release during the late 1980s to early 2000s, the last single released was I Was Born to Love You by Queen in 2004. The singles packaged in 5 single jewel cases contained a 5 CD adapter, US versions were often packaged in cardboard slipcases, either 3 square or 6 by 3 gatefold. Others were released in 5 slimline single cases, which allowed an adapter to be included with the CD, UK3 CDs were made mostly in a small square case/cover form only, some including a 5 CD adapter to use in normal compact disc players. Most of the mini CD singles had at least two tracks, often consisting of an edit, and an instrumental version. From a technical standpoint, a 3-inch CD follows the Red Book standard for CD digital audio, the major difference is that the smaller physical size of the disc allows for fewer data sectors, meaning the disc can store less audio. The majority of audio CD players and CD-ROM drives have a circular indentation in the CD tray for holding these discs. Some slot-loading drives, such as found in some car CD players, are unable to manipulate the smaller discs or their adapters. Laptop drives generally only require the centre hole to hold the disc so the diameter is irrelevant. In fact, software and drivers for some hardware are provided on the 3 discs, in the United States and United Kingdom, the format barely lasted into the early 1990s, being replaced by simply putting less music on a regular full-size CD, at least among major labels. The full-size discs are a more standard manufacturing process and so may end up being cheaper to press, the CD single format continued until 2000 for Japanese releases. As of December 2007, the format is used in small CD runs by a range of independent artists and labels, many of which burn 3 inch CDR discs. Data, 185-210MB Audio, 21–24 minutes The slim jewel boxes used for 3 CDs are nearly the size as 3.5 floppy disks
5.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
6.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
7.
Cassette single
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A cassette single is a music single in the form of a Compact Cassette. Bow Wow Wows C·30 C·60 C·90 Go was the first cassette single released in the U. K. in 1980, records released the first cassette single in the U. S. with the Go-Gos Vacation in 1982. The ZTT label made good use of the format by 1984, with singles by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Art of Noise, the format was used as a promotion in the 1990s, with Disney giving a cassingle to attendees of Hercules promotional events. Originally, most cassette singles were released in a sleeve that slipped over the outside of the release. This was then usually shrink wrapped in plastic, some singles contained one song on each side, much as 45s had done, but others repeated the songs on both sides. In some markets, cassette singles generally used the packaging as standard cassettes. As the cassette maxi-single was released, more intricate packaging was incorporated that looked similar to the packaging of a cassette release. These were placed in regular plastic cassette cases with a paper/cardstock insert, unlike a full-length cassette album, these were generally only one two-sided inlay instead of a fold-out. Maxi-singles usually contained four versions of a song, i. e. unique mixes & edits. In the U. S. cassette singles were completely phased out by the early 2000s, one reason for their lesser popularity was because they appeared to be an inefficient use of the media to consumers - a cassette single took up the same storage space as a full album
8.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
9.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
10.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
11.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
12.
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment is an American music company owned by Sony. It is incorporated as a partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, in 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987 and renamed it Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, the buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is one of the Big Three record companies, being the second largest after Universal Music Group, in 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several record companies. In 1934, in the midst of Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company, ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off. ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label and Okeh its subsidiary label and this allowed ARCs leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to their former owner Warner Bros. which sold them to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward on the Columbia label and he was succeeded by James Conkling as head of Columbia Records. In 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name, Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 and in 1956, Conkling left Columbia and he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. His successor, Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company, and in 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music. In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its international distributor Philips Records with the goal of starting its own global record company. Philips acquisition of US-based Mercury Records in 1961 paved the way for this, elsewhere, CBSs Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963. In 1964, Columbia set out acquiring record companies in countries for its CBS Records International Unit. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution. In late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived and this label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Dates biggest success was Time of the Season by the Zombies, the label was discontinued in 1970
13.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
14.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
15.
A Different Corner
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A Different Corner is a song written and performed by George Michael which was released on Epic Records in 1986. At the time of its release in April 1986, Michael was still a member of pop duo Wham, though he and partner Andrew Ridgeley had announced that they would split in the summer after a farewell single, album and concert. Michael had already enjoyed a number one on the UK Singles Chart in 1984 with Careless Whisper. Featuring George Michael in the US, after radio DJ Simon Bates first aired A Different Corner on Radio 1, he rated the song so highly that he immediately played it again from the beginning. The song was credited with being the second number one which was written, sung, played, arranged. The song reached number 7 on the us Billboard Hot 100, the song was also remixed for his compilation Ladies & Gentlemen, The Best of George Michael. This version omitted the guitar and the chorus from Andrew Ridgeley, the song was featured in a 1986 episode of the US daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives. The song was performed by Chris Martin as part of a tribute to Michael during the 2017 BRIT Awards, a note on the back of the sleeve proclaims, This record is dedicated to a memory. The music video is set in a white room with a window. George Michael is also dressed in white, and is sitting and walking around the room whilst singing the song. A Different Corner –3,57 A Different Corner –4,13 A Different Corner –3,57 A Different Corner –4,13 released in gatefold sleeve Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
16.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
17.
Sentimental ballad
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Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listeners attention. Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as, pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music, Ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement, emphasizing melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, however though, many modern, mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm. Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century, sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. Ballads at this time were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance, in the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and Native American ballads, a further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music. In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads, by the Victorian era, ballad had come to mean any sentimental popular song, especially so-called royalty ballads. Some of Stephen Fosters songs exemplify this genre, by the 1920s, composers of Tin Pan Alley and Broadway used ballad to signify a slow, sentimental tune or love song, often written in a fairly standardized form. Jazz musicians sometimes broaden the term still further to embrace all slow-tempo pieces, notable sentimental ballads of this period include, Little Rosewood Casket, After the Ball, and Danny Boy. Popular sentimental ballad vocalists in this era were Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Andy Williams, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Liza Minnelli and their custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs. The most popular and enduring songs from this style of music are known as pop standards or American standards. Soft rock, a subgenre that mainly consist of ballads, was derived from rock in the early 1970s, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. Major sentimental ballad artists of this decade included Barbra Streisand, Nana Mouskouri, Elton John, Engelbert Humperdinck, Carole King, Cat Stevens, James Taylor. By the early 1970s, softer songs by the Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow
18.
Wham!
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Wham. were an English musical duo formed by members George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley in 1981. They were briefly known in the United States as Wham, UK due to a naming conflict with an American band. Wham. sold more than 28 million certified records worldwide from 1982 to 1986, Michael and Ridgeley met at Bushey Meads School in Bushey near the town of Watford in Hertfordshire. The two at first performed in a ska band called The Executive, alongside of former school friends David Mortimer, Andrew Leaver. When this group split, Michael and Ridgeley eventually formed Wham, Michael took on the majority of roles and responsibilities within the band—composer, producer, lead singer, and occasional instrumentalist. Still teenagers, they promoted themselves as hedonistic youngsters, proud to live a life without work or commitment. This was reflected in their earliest singles which, part-parody, part-social comment, a reputation as a dance protest group. The debut record to be released by the band was Wham Rap. in June 1982 and it was a double A-side including the Social Mix and the Unsocial Mix. The record was not playlisted by BBC Radio 1 in the UK, separate videos were recorded for each set of lyrics. Wham Rap. did not chart for the group, but in October 1982 Young Guns was issued. Initially, it also stalled outside the UK Top 40 but the band got lucky when the BBC programme Top of the Pops scheduled them after another act unexpectedly pulled out of the show, Wham. s first manager was Bryan Morrison. The effect of Wham. on the public, especially girls, was felt from the moment they finished their debut performance of Young Guns on Top of the Pops. Michael wore espadrilles, an open jacket, and rolled-up denim jeans. Ridgeley stood behind him, flanked by backing dancers Dee C. Lee, afterwards, the song shot into the Top 40 at No.24 and peaked at No.3 in December. The following year, Dee C. Lee began her work with Paul Weller in The Style Council, Holliman and DeMacque would later record as Pepsi & Shirlie. Followed up Young Guns with a reissue of Wham Rap, by the end of 1983, Wham. were competing against pop rivals Duran Duran and Culture Club as Britains biggest pop act. Their debut album Fantastic spent two weeks at No.1 in the UK album charts in 1983, soon after this Ridgeley became conscious of legal problems with their initial contract at Innervision. While the legal battle raged, Innervision released a medley of non-single album tracks from Fantastic, publicly denounced the release and urged fans not to buy it
19.
Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)
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Wham Rap. is the debut single by British pop duo Wham. on Innervision Records, released in 1982. It was written by Wham. members George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, the explicitly political song flew in the face of the conventional British left-wing who were talking about the Right to work at the time. The chorus asked the question Do you enjoy what you do, which brought about the bracketed section of the title. The video depicted Michael and Ridgeley in their leather jackets, combining their moody image with a bright and it subsequently reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart, the second of four hits from Wham. s debut album Fantastic. Uncharacteristically for Wham. the Unsocial Mix of the song contains multiple repetitions of the words damn, bullshit, shit. All versions include dont need this crap and these lines were included to illustrate the bands then rebellious image, and future songs by Wham. would mostly refrain from using this type of language. Both the Social Mix and the Fantastic album version have different verses to the Unsocial Mix, however, only the album version has appeared on CD. A new remix of the song was made in 1986, combining some of the Unsocial Mix with the album version. Rap 86, was released on their American and Japanese album Music from the Edge of Heaven, the original version of the song was used for the 1985 film drama Perfect from James Bridges, with John Travolta and Jamie Lee Curtis. All tracks written by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, all tracks written by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley
20.
Club Tropicana
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Club Tropicana is a song by British pop duo Wham. Released in 1983 on Innervision Records and it was written by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. The song was a departure from Wham. s previous singles. Club Tropicana, however, was a satire of the boom for cheap package holidays for younger and it was specifically seen in the UK as a swipe at the very popular Club 18-30 scheme. They were also seen relaxing by a pool and sipping cocktails, a twist in the sexual tension between the two men and two women was revealed at the end, when it turned out that Michael and Ridgeley were airline pilots and Dee and Shirlie were stewardesses. The song was released in July 1983 and peaked at #4 in the UK and it was the fourth and final single to be taken from the album Fantastic. Wham. then achieved four UK #1 singles before splitting at their height in 1986, the song is also included in the Japanese release of Twenty Five. The B-side, Blue, is a semi-instrumental dub track of higher quality than is expected for B-side material. It in fact appeared as a track on the Japanese pic disc version of the album. The studio version of the song has not appeared on CD except for a 3 CD single in Japan and it was also overlooked for the 25th Anniversary rerelease of The Final, even though this version claimed to be accurate to the original release
21.
Watford
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Watford is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, situated 17 miles northwest of central London and inside the circumference of the M25 motorway. It is not to be confused with Watford, Northamptonshire which is 55 miles to the north, the town developed on the River Colne on land belonging to St Albans Abbey until the 16th century. During the 12th century a charter was granted allowing a market, the town grew modestly, assisted by travellers passing through to Berkhamsted Castle and the royal palace at Kings Langley. A big house was built at Cassiobury in the 16th century and this was partly rebuilt in the 17th century and another substantial house was built nearby at The Grove. Two brewers Benskins and Sedgwicks flourished in the town until their closure in the late 20th century, Hertfordshire County Council designates Watford, along with Stevenage, to be its major sub-regional centre. Several head offices are based in Watford, both the 2006 World Golf Championship and the 2013 Bilderberg Conference took place at The Grove. Watford was created as a district under the Local Government Act 1894. The borough had 90,301 inhabitants at the time of the 2011 census, the borough is separated from Greater London to the south by the parish of Watford Rural in the Three Rivers District. Watford Borough Council is the authority with the Mayor of Watford as its head, one of only 18 directly elected mayors in England. Dorothy Thornhill has been the mayor since the elected system was set up in May 2002 and is both the first Liberal Democrat and the first female directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom. Watford elects one Member of Parliament for the Watford constituency, prior to the establishment of this constituency in 1885 the area was part of the three-seat constituency of Hertfordshire. There is evidence of some limited prehistoric occupation around the Watford area, with a few Celtic and Roman finds, watfords High Street follows the line of this route on the northern side of the ford. The town was located on the first dry ground above the edges of the River Colne. The name Watford may have arisen from the Old English for waet, or wath, St Albans Abbey claimed rights to the manor of Cashio, which included Watford, dating from a grant by King Offa in AD793. The name Watford is first mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 1007, where Watforda is one of the marking the boundary of Oxanhaege. It is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, when area was part of St Albans Abbeys manor of cashio. In the 12th century the Abbey was granted a charter allowing it to hold a market here, the town grew modestly, assisted by travellers passing through to Berkhamsted Castle and the royal palace at Kings Langley. A big house was built at Cassiobury in the 16th century and this was partly rebuilt in the 17th century and another substantial house was built nearby at The Grove
22.
Muscle Shoals, Alabama
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Muscle Shoals is the largest city in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of Muscle Shoals was 13,146, the estimated population in 2015 was 13,706. Both the city and the Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area are commonly called the Shoals, northwest Alabama Regional Airport serves the Shoals region, located in the northwest section of the state. It was also the site of a community development project by Henry Ford in 1922. Since the 1960s, the city has known for music – developing the Muscle Shoals Sound. There are several explanations on how the city got its name, one is that the city gets its name from a former natural feature of the Tennessee River, namely a shallow zone where mussels were gathered. When the area was first settled, the distinct spelling mussel to refer to a shellfish had not yet fully adopted. Another is that the name comes from the bend of the Tennessee River around the area, the city is one of four municipalities known as the Quad Cities, the others being Florence, Sheffield and Tuscumbia, all in Alabama. Muscle Shoals was a part of the Cherokee hunting grounds dating to at least the eighteenth century. After the American Revolution, the Cherokees were divided over attitudes toward the new U. S. republic and they claimed Muscle Shoals as part of their domain, and when Anglo-Americans attempted to settle the region in the 1780s and 1790s, the Chickamaugas bitterly resisted them. Upper Creeks, residing in what is now north and central Alabama, a major incident occurred in 1790, when U. S. President George Washington sent an expedition under Major John Doughty in an attempt to establish a fort and trading post at Muscle Shoals. This expedition was annihilated by a Chickamauga and Creek party sent to destroy it, and the project was abandoned by Doughty. Anglo-American settlers in Tennessee continued to agitate for control of the region, the site was particularly desirable, as it controlled access to fine cotton-producing land immediately to its south. At Seviers behest, Jackson attempted to persuade Congress and President John Adams to fund a new expedition to control of the site. U. S. officials finally took control of the region in the wake of the U. S. invasion of Creek country during the War of 1812. Jackson and General John Coffee obtained cession of the land from both the Cherokee and Creek by treaty, without permission to do so from the federal government. When Jackson, as President, implemented the policy of Indian Removal, during World War I President Wilson authorized a dam just downstream of Muscle Shoals to help power nitrate plants for munitions. The first plant started producing nitrates two weeks after the armistice, but the dam was not completed until 1924, meanwhile, in 1922 Henry Ford tried to buy the nitrate works and the unfinished dam
23.
Jerry Wexler
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Gerald Jerry Wexler was a music journalist-turned music producer, and was one of the main record industry players behind music from the 1950s through the 1980s. Wexler was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, Wexler was born in The Bronx, New York City, had a Jewish father of Polish ancestry and mother of German origin, and grew up in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan. He graduated from George Washington High School at age 15 and dropped out after two semesters at City College of New York, in 1935, Wexler enrolled at what is now Kansas State University and dropped out several times. Following his service in the Army, Wexler became a serious student, during his time as an editor, reporter, and writer for Billboard Magazine, Wexler coined the term rhythm and blues. He became a partner in Atlantic Records in 1953, there followed classic recordings with Ray Charles, the Drifters and Ruth Brown. With Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegün, he built Atlantic Records into a force in the recording industry. In 1967 he was named Record Executive of the Year for turning Aretha Franklins career around, in the 1960s, he notably recorded Wilson Pickett and Aretha Franklin, and oversaw production of Dusty Springfields highly acclaimed Dusty in Memphis and Lulus New Routes albums. His work in this decade put Atlantic at the forefront of soul music, in 1975, Wexler left Atlantic Records for Warner Bros. In 1979, Wexler produced Bob Dylans controversial first born again album, Slow Train Coming at Muscle Shoals, when Wexler agreed to produce, he was unaware of the nature of the material that awaited him. Naturally, I wanted to do the album in Muscle Shoals - as Bob did -, thats when I learned what the songs were about, born-again Christians in the old corral. I like the irony of Bob coming to me, the Wandering Jew, I had no idea he was on this born-again Christian trip until he started to evangelize me. I said, Bob, youre dealing with a sixty-two-year-old confirmed Jewish atheist, in 1983, Wexler recorded with UK pop star George Michael. The most famous outtake of these sessions would prove to be an early version of Careless Whisper. In 1987, Wexler was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and he retired from the music business in the late 1990s. Wexler spent a majority of the 1990s living on Davids Lane in East Hampton, NY, in Ray, the biopic of Ray Charles, Jerry Wexler is portrayed by Richard Schiff. Interviews and archive footage of Wexler are featured prominently in the 2000 documentary film Immaculate Funk, Jerry Wexler died at his home in Sarasota, Florida, on August 15,2008, from congestive heart failure. Asked by a documentary filmmaker several years before his death what he wanted on his tombstone, Wexler replied Two words, Muscle Shoals, Alabama Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section Muscle Shoals Sound Studios FAME Studios Category, Albums produced by Jerry Wexler Jerry Wexler. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Jerry Wexler at Find a Grave Jerry Wexler at AllMusic Salon. com NYTimes obit Obituary in the Star Gazette
24.
Muscle Shoals Sound Studio
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The group closed the Jackson Highway studio in 1979, moving the operation to 1000 Alabama Avenue. The old studio, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 2006, was restored in the early 2000s and was sold to the Muscle Shoals Music Foundation in 2013. This group completed a restoration and the location reopened on January 9,2017. The Alabama Avenue location ceased operations in 2005 when it was sold to a record label, Chers sixth album was titled 3614 Jackson Highway and this became the informal name for the studio in 1969. The studio at this closed in 1979, the recording facility was moved to new premises at 1000 Alabama Avenue. The Jackson Highway building had been restored and open for tours in 2013 when the documentary Muscle Shoals raised public interest in a major restoration of the studio. The Muscle Shoals Music Foundation was formed in 2013 to raise funds to purchase the building, in June 2013, Noel Webster sold the property, without the historic recording equipment, to the Muscle Shoals Music Foundation. The foundation praised the contribution made to the project by Sheffield resident, a large grant from Beats Electronics, a manufacturer of headphones and similar devices founded by Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine, provided an essential $1 million. State tourism director Lee Sentell told the media in August 2015 that the 2013 Muscle Shoals had significant influence, the financial support from Beats is a direct result of their film. Additional donations were made by groups and individuals. In 2015, Rodney Hall, a foundation Board member, reminded fans of the value of the additional donations, the foundation was able to purchase the building through the generosity of private investors like Gene Hamby, who understand the importance of preserving the legacy of Muscle Shoals music. As recently as August 2015, tours were visiting the studio on Jackson Highway. It was closed when major work started in September 2015. Muscle Shoals Sound Studio reopened as a finished tourist attraction on January 9,2017, owned and operated by the foundation, the interior is reminiscent of the 1970s, with relevant recording equipment and paraphernalia. There are plans to allow artists to record in the studio, even before the Jackson Highway studio reopened, The Alabama Tourism Department named Muscle Shoals Sound Studio as the states top attraction in 2017. They are referred to as The Swampers in the lyrics of Sweet Home Alabama by Lynyrd Skynyrd, initially they worked for Rick Hall, the founder of FAME Studios and they are recognized as having crafted the Muscle Shoals sound in conjunction with Hall. After leaving Rick Halls FAME studio, the four musicians partnered with Jerry Wexler who provided funding to found Muscle Shoals Sound Studio at 3614 Jackson Highway in Sheffield. The first hit to the credit was R. B. Greaves’ Take a Letter Maria
25.
Club Fantastic Megamix
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Club Fantastic Megamix was a single released by Wham. in 1983, and was the last single release for the duo on Innervision Records. It was approved by Mark Dean, the manager of Innervision Records, the single was released three months after Wham. had begun proceedings to leave the label, and was disapproved of by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. The single, which consisted of a mix of the tracks A Ray of Sunshine, Love Machine, the only reason why the Club Fantastic Megamix was able to be released was because the songs had already been released. Prior to a song being released a publisher has the right to grant the first license of a tune of which he holds the copyright. Because those three songs had already released to the public, the songwriter was unable to prevent the record company from creating this second release
26.
Two Tribes
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Two Tribes is the second single by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, released in the UK by ZTT Records on 4 June 1984. The song was included on the album Welcome to the Pleasuredome. The recording makes use of samples of the British Protect. It was the longest running single in the UK of the 1980s. It has sold 1.58 million copies in the UK as of November 2012, songwriters Johnson, Gill and OToole received the 1984 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nations 14th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV, a version of Two Tribes was originally recorded for a BBC John Peel session in October 1982. The songs title derives from the line when two great warrior tribes go to war, from the film Mad Max 2, the single was released at a time when the Cold War had intensified and fears about global nuclear warfare were at a peak. Johnson also noted, Theres two elements in the music — an American funk line and a Russian line, it’s the most obvious demonstration of two tribes that we have today. The driving funk/rock rhythm section was played on synthesisers, the original cover art featured a Soviet mural of Vladimir Lenin and images of Reagan and then-UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The sleeve notes, attributed to ZTTs Paul Morley, dispassionately reported details of the nuclear arsenals of each superpower. The various mixes were subtitled in terms of the aftermath of nuclear conflict. The track featured actor Patrick Allen, who recreated his narration from the Protect, the 12-inch A- and B-sides also ostensibly featured voice parts by Reagan, as played by actor Chris Barrie, who also voiced the character on Spitting Image. Barrie would return for the next single, The Power of Love, imitating Mike Read in a parody of the DJs banning of their previous single. The standard 7-inch mix featured a production that dispensed with a section of the songs middle eight altogether. A significantly different guitar-driven We Dont Want To Die mix appeared, with complete middle eight, the eventual album version would derive from the Carnage mix. The Hibakusha mix was released in a very limited edition. Apart from these five original single mixes, there was also the version which appeared on the LP and this version was shorter than any of the other versions at only 3 minutes,27 seconds and went by the name For The Victims Of Ravishment. CD editions of the contained the Annihilation version
27.
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
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Frankie Goes to Hollywood, formed in 1980, were a British band popular in the mid-1980s. The group was fronted by Holly Johnson, with Paul Rutherford, Peter Gill, Mark OToole and it also won the 1985 Brit Award for Best British Single. This record remained unbeaten until the Spice Girls achieved a streak in 1996-1997. In 1985, Frankie Goes to Hollywood won the Brit Award for Best British Newcomer, songwriters Johnson, Gill and OToole received the 1984 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for Two Tribes. In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nations 14th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV, the original group named Frankie Goes to Hollywood dates from 1980. The nucleus of the group emerged from the late 1970s Liverpool punk scene, lead singer Johnson had played bass with Big in Japan and had also released two solo singles. Local musicians Peter Gill, Jed OToole, and OTooles cousin Brian Nash initially joined Johnson and this line-up secured a number of small local gigs before disbanding. The group was reprised when Johnson joined Mark OToole and Peter Ped Gill to form FGTH, in October 1982, the group recorded a John Peel Session for BBC Radio 1, comprising the originals Krisco Kisses, Two Tribes, Disneyland, and The World Is My Oyster. Around this time Jed OToole left the group, to be replaced by the returning Brian Nash, in February 1983, the group was invited to record a video for Relax by the Channel 4 show The Tube at the Liverpool State Ballroom. After the broadcast, the Peel session was repeated on radio, and these performances, along with a repeat of the Tube video, convinced Trevor Horn to sign the group for his new label, ZTT Records, in May 1983. Relax was released by ZTT in October 1983 and got a modicum of airplay, following a debut on the BBCs Top of the Pops on 5 January 1984 while at number 35, the single rose to number six the following week. On 11 January 1984, BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Mike Read was playing the record on his show when he noticed the front cover design. Relax immediately shot to Number One in the UK charts and stayed there for five weeks, during which time the BBC could not feature the nations best-selling single on Top of the Pops. The video featured a scene one of the band members wrestled a live tiger, to the admiration of the clubgoers. The BBC lifted its ban on Relax at the end of 1984 to allow the band to perform it on the Christmas edition of Top of the Pops, Relax remained in the charts when the follow-up, Two Tribes, was released in May 1984. The anti-conflict song was given an aggressively topical nuclear war slant.5 million copies, ultimately, the audience – consisting of other world leaders – were brought into the fight, and eventually Earth was seen to explode. Two Tribes was a single in its own right. The release of Two Tribes also coincided with an extensive and iconic T-shirt marketing campaign during the British summer of 1984, hide Yourself and Frankie Say Relax Dont Do It
28.
Relax (song)
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Relax is the debut single by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, released in the United Kingdom by ZTT Records in 1983. The song was included on the album Welcome to the Pleasuredome. The single eventually sold a reported 2 million copies in the UK alone, upon release in the United States in late 1984, Relax repeated its slow UK progress, reaching number 67 upon initial release, but eventually reaching number 10 in March 1985. The song won Best British Single at the 1985 Brit Awards, once the band was signed, ZTT co-founder Paul Morley mapped out the marketing campaign fashioned as a strategic assault on pop. Horn dominated the recording of Relax in his effort for perfectionism, the band were overawed and intimidated by Horns reputation, and thus were too nervous to make suggestions. Johnson said in his autobiography, Whatever he said we went along with, when attempts to record with the full band proved unsatisfactory, Horn hired former Ian Dury backing band the Blockheads for the sessions, with Norman Watt-Roy providing the original bass line. Those sessions were deemed to be not modern sounding enough. Horn then constructed a more electronic-based version of the song with keyboards by session musician Andy Richards, Horn developed this version of the recording in his west London studio while the band remained in their hometown of Liverpool. Horn had made 3 versions of Relax prior to Richards and guitarist Stephen Lipson joining his ZTT Production Theam in late 1983, Horn explained years later, I was just. Look, Relax had to be a hit, despite the bands absence from the record, Horn said, I could never have done these records in isolation. There was no actual playing by the band, but the feeling came from the band. Horn completed the recording having spent £70,000 in studio time, Morley intentionally courted scandal with the promotion of Relax. ZTT initiated the ad campaign for Relax with two quarter-page ads in the British music press, the first ad featured images of Rutherford in a sailor cap and a leather vest, and Johnson with a shaved head and rubber gloves. The images were accompanied by the phrase ALL THE NICE BOYS LOVE SEA MEN, making Duran Duran lick the shit off their shoes. Nineteen inches that must be taken always, the second ad promised theories of bliss, a history of Liverpool from 1963 to 1983, a guide to Amsterdam bars. When first released in November 1983, the progress of Relax on the UK Top 75 was sluggish. First charting at number 67, by its seventh week on the chart it had progressed only to number 35, but then on Thursday 5 January 1984, Frankie Goes to Hollywood performed Relax on the BBC flagship television chart show, Top of the Pops. The following week it soared to number 6 and he announced his refusal to play the record, not knowing that the BBC had just decided that the song was not to be played on the BBC anyway
29.
I Just Called to Say I Love You
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I Just Called to Say I Love You is a song written, produced and performed by Stevie Wonder. The song was first featured in the 1984 comedy The Woman in Red, along with two other songs by Wonder, and scored number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from October 13 to 27,1984. It also became his tenth number-one on the R&B chart, and his fourth on the adult contemporary chart, in addition, the song won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The song also received three nominations at the 27th Grammy Awards for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, Song of the Year, there was a dispute among Wonder, his former writing partner Lee Garrett, and Lloyd Chiate as to who actually wrote the song. Chiate claimed in a lawsuit that he and Garrett wrote the song years before its 1984 release, Stevie Wonder - vocals, synthesizer, drums, vocoder, organ Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
30.
Do They Know It's Christmas?
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Is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia. It was first recorded in a day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid. It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton Johns Candle in the Wind 1997, the original version of Do They Know Its Christmas. Has sold 3.79 million copies in the UK to date, the song was also a major success around the world, reaching number one in thirteen other countries outside the UK. In the US, the single short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay. Worldwide the single had sold 11.7 million copies by 1989, Geldofs cautious hope was that the single would raise £70,000 for Ethiopia, but in the event Do They Know Its Christmas. Raised £8 million within twelve months of release, the song also led to various spin-off charity events, such as Comic Relief, and the Live Aid concert which would take place seven months later in July 1985. Was re-recorded three times, in 1989,2004, and 2014, all the re-recordings were also charity records, the 1989 and 2004 versions also provide money for famine relief, while the 2014 version was used to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa. All three of these versions reached number one in the UK, and the 2004 version of the song was also a UK million seller. The song was inspired by a series of reports that Michael Buerk made for BBC television news programmes, the Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his wife, television presenter Paula Yates, watched the report broadcast on 23 October 1984 and were deeply affected by it. On 2 November Yates travelled from the home in London to the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube. Among the acts performing on that weeks programme were Ultravox, promoting their greatest hits album The Collection, ultravoxs front man Midge Ure happened to be chatting to Yates in the dressing room after the show when Geldof called her. On discovering that she was with Ure, an old friend of Geldofs, he asked to speak to Ure, following their meeting, Geldof immediately set about recruiting other well known musicians to participate on the record. Geldof said, I then rang Sting and he said, yeah, count me in, the same day I was passing by this antique shop and who is standing in there but Gary Kemp, just about to go off on tour to Japan. He said he was mad for it as well and to wait 10 days till they got back in the country, I thought, Christ, we have got the real top boys here, all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this. I knew then that we were off, and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up, asking them to do it. Geldof and Ures biggest problem was to be able to come up with a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas, Geldof came to Ures house the next day and together they worked on the tune with Geldof on his acoustic guitar. Midge, reliable as ever, sent down this tune which is the sort of Christmassy bit at the end and we married the two together
31.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
32.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
33.
Coconut Grove
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Coconut Grove is the oldest continuously inhabited neighborhood of Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The neighborhood is bound by North Prospect Drive to the south, LeJeune Road to the west, South Dixie Highway and Rickenbacker Causeway to the north. It is south of the neighborhoods of Brickell and The Roads, the neighborhoods name has been sometimes spelled Cocoanut Grove but the definitive spelling Coconut Grove was established when the city was incorporated in 1919. What is today referred to as Coconut Grove was formed in 1925 when the city of Miami annexed two areas of equal size, the city of Coconut Grove and most of the town of Silver Bluff. Coconut Grove approximately corresponds to the area as the 33133 ZIP Code although the ZIP Code includes parts of Coral Way and Coral Gables. The area is referred to as The Grove and many locals take pride that Coconut Grove is one of the greenest areas of Miami. Coconut Grove is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at Coconut Grove, several waves of immigration established Coconut Grove, the first in 1825, when the Cape Florida lighthouse went into operation and was manned by John Dubose. Dr. Horace P. Porter is credited for coming up with the name when in 1873 he rented a home from Edmond D. Beasley’s widow and he lived there for only a year but during that time he established a post office which he named Coconut Grove. Around the same time the area saw an influx of Americans from the Northeastern US, as well as British, the first hotel on the South Florida mainland was located in Coconut Grove. Coconut Groves first black settlement, in the 1880s, was established by Bahamian laborers who worked at the Peacock Inn, the Barnacle Historic State Park is the oldest house in Miami-Dade County still standing in its original location. Formerly an independent city, Coconut Grove was annexed by the city of Miami in 1925, in the 1960s, bay-shore Coconut Grove served as the center of South Floridas youth countercultural movement, notably hosting several love-ins and concerts during the latter part of the decade. Coconut Grove has a number of festivals and events, the most prominent of which is the annual Coconut Grove Arts Festival. Others include the King Mango Strut, which began as a parody of the Orange Bowl Parade, the Great Taste of the Grove Food & Wine Festival takes place each April. Each June, the Goombay Festival transforms Grand Avenue in Coconut Grove into a Carnaval, celebrating Bahamian culture, with Bahamian food, the Grove has numerous restaurants, open air and streetside cafes, and several waterfront restaurants and bars. By night, the Grove becomes a center of nightlife frequented by locals, young professionals, students from the-nearby University of Miami and Florida International University, and tourists. Shopping is abundant in the Grove, with two malls, CocoWalk, the Streets of Mayfair, and many other street shops. Development and redevelopment continue to redefine and transform the area, major corporations including Arquitectonica, Spanish Broadcasting System, and Watsco are located in the Grove. The eastern border of Coconut Grove is Biscayne Bay, which lends itself to the boating and sailing communities
34.
Watson Island
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Watson Island is a neighborhood and man-made island in Biscayne Bay, in Miami, Florida, United States. Immediately east of the CBD and Omni neighborhoods of Greater Downtown Miami, it is connected to the mainland and South Beach, the island was deeded to the city in 1919 with the restriction that it only be used for public or municipal purposes. The city gave it to the state and the state deeded it back to the city with similar restrictions - both in the 1940s. The island had a change from Causeway Island to Watson Island, named for John W. Watson, Sr. who was Mayor of Miami 1912-1915. In 1932 Watson Island was considered for the site of Miamis Pan-American Exposition, by the end of the 1940s, however, the site of the Exposition, now called Interama, was moved North to where Oleta River State Park is today. A Goodyear Blimp base was located on Watson Island from 1930 to 1978, initially on the east side of the island, Goodyear moved the base to Opa-locka Airport after failing to agree on lease renewal terms with the city. Vestiges of the old base still remain such as the imprint of the mooring circle, grand plans to develop the island started in 1979, with a planned amusement park, Diplomat World. Residents formed Save Watson Island, Inc, a group opposing the use for anything other than a park. They had public demonstrations and because of the demonstrations and a variety of other reasons, another development included one from the late 1990s, culminating in 2003 when Jungle Island relocated to Watson. There has been continued controversy stemming from Jungle Islands inability to meet the terms it had made with the local municipalities when the move was approved. Local elected officials had and continue to bail out Jungle Island with tax dollars, the Miami Childrens Museum also relocated to the island, in 2004. The State of Florida offered a site in the Island Gardens project on Watson Island to host the Free Trade Area of the Americas Permanent Secretariat, on May 24,2010, construction began on the Port of Miami Tunnel and was comepleted on August 3,2014. Aviation CenterChalks International Airlines maintained a base on Watson Island from 1926 until it ceased operation in 2007. As of 2006, the City of Miami is relocating the Miami Heliport to an adjacent to Chalks seaplane base, with the intention of creating an Aviation Center serving corporate. As of 2006, the garden was being redesigned and reconstructed, Jungle IslandJungle Island opened its new facility on Watson Island in 2003. Originally named Parrot Jungle, the popular tourist attraction first opened in the Pinecrest neighborhood of Miami in 1936. Over the years, the attraction came to be an attraction for Miami residents and tourists. Jungle Island has many animals, and none of the old growth vegetation the original park was known for
35.
Anne Dudley
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Anne Dudley is an English composer, keyboardist, conductor and pop musician. She was the first BBC Concert Orchestras Composer in Association in 2001 and she has worked in both the classical and pop genres, but she is perhaps best known as one of the core members of the synthpop band Art of Noise and as a film composer. In 1998 Dudley won an Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score for The Full Monty. In addition to twenty other film scores, in 2012 she served as music producer for the film version of Les Misérables, also acting as arranger. Dudley was born Anne Jennifer Beckingham, in Beckenham, Kent, trained as a classical performer, she moved into the competitive commercial field as a session musician, where her professional relationship with Trevor Horn began. In 1982 Dudley made significant contributions to the Horn-produced The Lexicon of Love album by ABC and she went from fleshing-out keyboard parts to scoring the albums orchestrations and also co-writing some of the songs. Her association with Horn led on to working with such as Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Seal, Marc Almond, Rod Stewart, Robbie Williams and, more recently. She has co-written songs with Malcolm McLaren, Cathy Dennis, and she produced the Tom Jones hit You Can Leave Your Hat On and a Debbie Harry single Strike Me Pink. Dudley produced two tracks on the 2002 Opera Babes album Beyond Imagination, in 2004 she produced the album Voice for Alison Moyet. The album, a collection of covers, reached No.7 in the UK charts. Dudley was a member of the successful band Art of Noise. Their stand-out hits include Beat Box, Moments in Love and, with Tom Jones, Dudley arranged Bachs Chaconne from Partita in D minor for piano trio, and a recording by the Eroica Trio appears on their Baroque album. Her album Ancient and Modern, with versions of some traditional hymns. The show was toured in 2009 with eight different regional orchestras participating and it involved the orchestra playing the Nokia theme tune and a french horn concerto evolving into the theme from Coronation Street. Dudley collaborated with Sam Taylor-Wood in producing the sound and video installation Sigh at the White Cube in 2008 and this work featured the BBC Concert Orchestra on eight large projected screens, miming to Dudleys score. C. Les Misérables, a version of the celebrated long-running musical. Elle, a French thriller directed by Paul Verhoeven, starring Isabelle Huppert, poldark, a BBC TV series Dudley has worked as a session musician for many artists, and her string and orchestral arrangements crop up on a diverse array of albums. — Everything She Wants single and Young Guns, their first hit single, Robbie Williams — Reality Killed the Video Star album, Will Young — Fridays Child album and Leave Right Now single
36.
Danny Cummings
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Danny Cummings is a drummer from Sheffield, England. At age 12, Cummings began playing snare drum in his school band and his personal musical influences include Bob Dylan, The Beach Boys, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Jimi Hendrix. In addition to drums, congas and other instruments, he plays African instruments and experiments with electronic sounds. He plays drums as a member of BluesClub, playing songs by Little Walter, Big Joe Williams, Howling Wolf. The last Dire Straits album On Every Street featured Cummings as a percussionist and he contributed to Mark Knopflers albums Kill to Get Crimson, Get Lucky. He toured with Knopfler on the tours for each of these albums, Cummings also appears on Guy Fletchers albums Inamorata and Natural Selection
37.
Kent Music Report
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The Kent Music Report was a weekly record chart of Australian music singles and albums which was compiled by music enthusiast David Kent from May 1974 through to 1988. After 1988, the Australian Recording Industry Association, who had been using the report under licence for a number of years, prior to the Kent Report, Go-Set magazine published weekly Top-40 Singles from 1966 and Album charts from 1970 until the magazines demise in August 1974. David Kent later publicised the Australian charts from 1940–1973 in a retrospective fashion using state by state chart data obtained from various Australian radio stations. Kent had spent a number of years working in the music industry at both EMI and Phonogram records and had developed the report initially as a hobby. The Kent Music Report was first released on a basis in July 1974 and was offered for subscription. The report data was based solely on radio station charts from around the country. These radio station charts were compiled using data collected from local record stores and. In 1976, as funding from subscriptions grew, Kent himself started collecting data from retail stores to supplement the radio station charts. His operation grew and staff were employed to assist with research, within a year or so, the major record companies started using the Report for their own marketing programs and it had established itself as the leading national chart publication. From 1982, retail sales data collected by Kent and his staff were used exclusively, some radio station chart data was used as supplementary information, however. At about the time, the Australian Recording Industry Association was established by the major record companies, being EMI, Festival Records, CBS, RCA, WEA. From 1983 until 1988 ARIA had an arrangement with Kent to use the Report under their own banner. The Kent Report continued however and in 1987 was rebadged as the Australian Music Report, in 1988 the arrangement with ARIA ended and the ARIA Charts were produced in-house by the Association. In April 1998, the AMR charts ceased publishing, leaving the ARIA charts as the nationally recognised chart publication. In 1993, David Kent published his Australian Chart Book 1970 -1992 and this was based on his chart data already published as the Kent Music Report from May 1974 onwards. He specially retro-calculated charts based on state-based Australian radio station available to him dated prior to May 1974. On this basis, he put together Australian national charts from 1940 -1969. Prior to 1949, radio music charts in Australia were only available on a monthly basis
