1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
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Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
3.
Robert P. Griffin
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Robert Paul Griffin was a Republican U. S. Representative, U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan and Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, Griffin was born in Detroit, Michigan and attended public schools in Garden City and Dearborn. During the Second World War, he enlisted in the 71st Infantry Division in 1943, after the war, he graduated from Central Michigan College at Mount Pleasant in 1947. He received a law degree from the University of Michigan Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1950 and he commenced the practice of law in Traverse City. Griffin was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives from the Michigans 9th congressional district in 1956 and he served in the Eighty-fifth United States Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3,1957 to his resignation May 10,1966. He was appointed by Governor George Romney on May 11,1966 to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy and he was elected, on November 8,1966, to a full six-year term, defeating former Governor Soapy Williams by a 56% to 44% margin. He served January 3,1967 and was reelected in 1972 after winning a race against state Attorney General Frank J. Kelley. He was Republican Whip from 1969 to 1977, Fortas resigned his Associate Justice seat in May 1969 when it was discovered Fortas had been paid a $20,000 a year retainer by Louis Wolfson, a close friend and former client, since 1966. He was a candidate for reelection in 1978, narrowly defeated by former Detroit City Council president Carl Levin. He was a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1987 to 1994, during Griffins first Senate campaign in 1966, a suburban Detroit rock band, Doug Brown and the Omens, released a promotional flexidisc in support of his candidacy. The song, Give Bob The Ball has been included on the rock compilation album Friday At The Hideout. A resident of Traverse City, Griffin died on April 16,2015, the Landrum-Griffin Act, Twelve Years of Experience in Protecting Employee Rights. Georgia Law Review 5, 622–42 Griffin, Robert P, rules and Procedure of the Standing Committees. In We Propose, A Modern Congress, edited by Mary McInnis, presentation of the Portrait of the Honorable Robert P. Griffin United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
4.
United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
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The Armed Services Committee was created as a result of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 following U. S. victory in the Second World War. It merged the responsibilities of the Committee on Naval Affairs and the Committee on Military Affairs, Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, generally. Maintenance and operation of the Panama Canal, including administration, sanitation, national security aspects of nuclear energy. Naval petroleum reserves, except those in Alaska, pay, promotion, retirement, and other benefits and privileges of members of the Armed Forces, including overseas education of civilian and military dependents. Strategic and critical materials necessary for the common defense
5.
John Warner
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John William Warner served as Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and as a five-term Republican United States Senator from Virginia from January 2,1979, to January 3,2009. He did not seek reelection in 2008 and he works for the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he had previously worked before joining the United States Department of Defense. Warner was the husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married before being elected to the Senate. He is a veteran of World War II, and was one of five such veterans serving in the Senate at the time of his retirement. John William Warner was born on February 18,1927, in Washington, D. C. to John W. and he grew up in Washington, where he attended the elite St. Albans School before graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School in February 1945. He enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II in January 1945 and he served until the following year, leaving as a Petty Officer 3rd Class. He went to college at Washington and Lee University, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, graduating in 1949, he then entered the University of Virginia Law School. He joined the U. S. Marine Corps in October 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War and he continued in the Marine Corps Reserves after the war, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He then resumed his studies, taking courses at the George Washington University and that year, he became a law clerk to Chief Judge E. Barrett Prettyman of the United States Court of Appeals. In 1956, he became an assistant U. S. attorney, in 1960 he entered law practice. In 1957, Warner married banking heiress Catherine Conover Mellon, the daughter of art collector Paul Mellon and his first wife, Mary Conover, by his marriage, Warner accrued substantial capital for investing and expanding his political contacts. The Warners, who divorced in 1973, have three children, Virginia, John Jr, and Mary and his former wife now uses the name Catherine Conover. John Warner married actress Elizabeth Taylor on December 4,1976 and they divorced on November 7,1982. Warner and Larry Fortensky were the living former spouses of Elizabeth Taylor at the time of her death in 2011. On December 15,2003, Warner married Jeanne Vander Myde and she is also the widow of White House official Paul Vander Myde. After giving substantial campaign funds and time to the Nixon Presidential election, on February 1969, on May 4,1972, he succeeded John H. Chafee as Secretary of the Navy. He was subsequently appointed by Gerald Ford to the post of Director of the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration, following Fords defeat, Warner began to consider political office for himself. He entered politics in the 1978 Virginia election for U. S. Senate, much of this loss was due to his perceived liberal political stances, especially his soft approach to Soviet relations
6.
John McCain
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John Sidney McCain III is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for the 2008 U. S. presidential election, McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became an aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, in October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973, McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds have left him with physical limitations. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1982, McCain served two terms. He was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily five times, while generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a maverick for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. He is also known for his work in the 1990s to restore relations with Vietnam. McCain ran for the Republican nomination in 2000 but lost a primary season contest to George W. Bush of Texas. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration, by 2013, however, he had become a key figure in the Senate for negotiating deals on certain issues in an otherwise partisan environment. In 2015, McCain became chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, John McCain was born on August 29,1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. and Roberta McCain. He has a brother named Joe and an elder sister named Sandy. At that time, the Panama Canal was under U. S. control, McCains family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors. Both his father and his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. became four-star United States Navy admirals. The McCain family followed his father to various postings in the United States. Altogether, he attended about 20 schools, in 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis
7.
Detroit City Council
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The Detroit City Council is the legislative body of Detroit, Michigan, United States. The full-time council is required to meet every day for at least 10 months of the year. The council may convene for meetings at the call of the mayor or at least four members of council. The City Council was first constituted as the body of the city in 1824. Prior to 1918, the council was elected from city wards, however, starting in 1918, all city council members were elected at large, unusual for a city of Detroits size. On November 4,2009, city voters approved a referendum to once again elect most of the council by districts beginning in 2013. The council is composed of nine members, seven of which are elected from districts of approximately equal population. The officers can be removed by a vote of council exclusive of the member being removed during any session meeting. Elections to the body are officially non-partisan, a major overhaul of Detroit City Charter took place in 2012. This change moved to election by district for 7 districts and 2 at-large positions, at-large Councilwoman Saunteel Jenkins, first elected in 2009, resigned her seat in October 2014. Janee Ayers appointed by a vote of City Council 6-2 began serving office on February 17,2015, castañeda-López is the citys first Hispanic council member. The appointee serves until the general election. However, the seat remains vacant if the vacancy occurs fewer than 180 days before the general election. Starting in 1919, nine Detroit City Council members were elected at large. Members of the council, from 1919 to the present, are, As of May 2013, members of the city council collect $73,181 a year and the council president is paid $76,911 per year. On March 30,2015 City Council approved a pay increase placing the city in the number 11 rank among the nations 25 largest cities, City Council members and the City Clerk will be paid $78,761, City Council President to be paid $82,776. The 2. 5% raises take place July 1,2016, government of Detroit, Michigan List of mayors of Detroit, Michigan Detroit City Council website
8.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
9.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
10.
Swarthmore College
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Swarthmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,11 miles southwest of Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States, the school was organized by a committee of Quakers from three Hicksite yearly meetings, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. Swarthmore was established to be a college. under the care of Friends, by 1906, Swarthmore dropped its religious affiliation, becoming officially non-sectarian. Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium, a cooperative arrangement among Swarthmore, Bryn Mawr, in addition, the College is affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium, allowing for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions. The name Swarthmore has its roots in early Quaker history, in England, Swarthmoor Hall near the town of Ulverston, Cumbria, was the home of Thomas and Margaret Fell in 1652 when George Fox, fresh from his epiphany atop Pendle Hill in 1651, came to visit. The visitation turned into an association, as Fox persuaded Thomas. Swarthmoor was used for the first meetings of what became known as the Religious Society of Friends, the College was founded in 1864 by a committee of Quakers who were members of the Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore Yearly Meetings of the Religious Society of Friends. Edward Parrish, was its first president, lucretia Mott, and Martha Ellicott Tyson, were among those Friends, who insisted that the new college of Swarthmore be coeducational. Edward Hicks Magill, the president, served for 17 years. In the early 1900s, the College had a major collegiate American football program during the period of the soon-to-be nationwide sport. During World War II, Swarthmore was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, wolfgang Köhler, Hans Wallach and Solomon Asch were noted psychologists who became professors at Swarthmore, a center for Gestalt psychology. Both Wallach, who was Jewish, and Köhler, who was not, had left Nazi Germany because of its policies against Jews. Köhler came to Swarthmore in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1958, Wallach came in 1936, first as a researcher, and also teaching from 1942 until 1975. Asch, who was Polish-American and had immigrated as a child to the US in 1920, joined the faculty in 1947 and served until 1966, Swarthmores Oxbridge tutorial-inspired Honors Program allows students to take double-credit seminars from their junior year and often write honors theses. Seminars are usually composed of four to eight students, students in seminars will usually write at least three ten-page papers per seminar, and often one of these papers is expanded into a 20–30 page paper by the end of the seminar. At the end of their year, Honors students take oral. Usually one student in each discipline is awarded Highest Honors, others are either awarded High Honors or Honors, rarely, each department usually has a grade threshold for admission to the Honors program. Uncommon for an arts college, Swarthmore has an engineering program in which at the completion of four years work
11.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
12.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
13.
Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
14.
Harvard Law School
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Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is considered to be one of the most prestigious in the world. The school is ranked third by the U. S. News & World and its acceptance rate was 15. 4% in the 2013–14 admissions cycle, and its yield rate of 66. 2% was the second-highest of any law school in the United States. It is ranked first in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, Harvard Law admitted 16. 5% of applicants in its most recent class, compared to 9. 2% at Yale and 11. 2% at Stanford. With a current enrollment of 1,990, HLS has about as many students as its three closest-ranked peer institutions, first-ranked Yale, second-ranked Stanford, and fourth-ranked Chicago, combined. The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, Harvards uniquely large class size and its prestige have led the law school to graduate a great many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government, and the business world. According to Harvard Laws 2015 ABA-required disclosures,95. 33% of the Class of 2014 passed the Bar exam. Harvard Law Schools founding is linked to the funding of Harvards first professorship in law, paid for from a bequest from the estate of Isaac Royall. Today, it is home to the largest academic law library in the world, the current dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1,2009. The law school has 328 faculty members, Harvard Law Schools founding is traced to the establishment of a law department at Harvard in 1817. Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation, William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920. The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War. Or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation shall judge to be best. ”The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938, the Harvard Corporation allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815. The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair, deans Elena Kagan, royalls Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. The Royall family coat-of-arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves, was adopted as the school crest in 1936, topped with the university motto, in March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery. By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling, nathan Dane, a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. For a while, the school was called Dane Law School, in 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of Eli Porter Ashmun and brother of George Ashmun, accepted a professorship and closed his Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice, at Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U. S. law schools
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Michigan Attorney General
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The Attorney General of Michigan is the fourth-ranking official in the U. S. state of Michigan and one of four great offices of state. Since the Michigan Constitution of 1963 was adopted, the general has served a term of four years. Until 1950, the general was appointed by the governor. Michigans current attorney general is Bill Schuette, who was elected in November,2010, the attorney general traditionally receives the courtesy title of The Honorable for life. Justia. com U. S
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 1978
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The 1978 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 7,1978. Senator Robert P. Griffin ran for re-election to a third term, Carl Levin, President of the Detroit City Council Robert P. Griffin, incumbent U. S
17.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 1984
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The 1984 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 5,1984. Senator Carl Levin won re-election to a second term, senator Jack Lousma, astronaut Arthur Richard Tisch Lynn Johnston Helen Meyers William Roundtree Max Dean Samuel L. Webb Fred Mazelis
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 1990
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The 1990 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 5,1990. Senator Carl Levin won re-election to a third term, representative Clark Durant, attorney and founder of Cornerstone Schools Susan Farquhar
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 1996
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The 1996 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 5,1996. Senator Carl Levin won re-election to a fourth term, senator Ronna Romney, radio talk show host and former daughter-in-law of Michigan governor George W. Romney. Kenneth L. Proctor William Roundtree Joseph S. Mattingly Martin P. McLaughlin
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 2002
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The 2002 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 5,2002. Senator Carl Levin won re-election to a fifth term, senator Andrew Raczkowski, State Representative Eric Borregard John Mangopoulos Doug Dern
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 2008
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The 2008 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 4,2008 Incumbent Democrat U. S. Senator Carl Levin won re-election to a sixth term, Carl Levin, incumbent U. S. State representative Jack Hoogendyk declared his candidancy to challenge Levin. Troy engineer Bart Baron was also running, Baron apparently failed to qualify for the August 5,2008 party primary ballot in the Michigan Secretary of States office. So only Hoogendyk was listed on the Republican side in the Michigan primary election, Levin was unopposed on the Democratic side. The filing deadline for candidates to run was May 13, minor party candidates who ran included Harley Mikkelson of the Green Party, Scotty Boman of the Libertarian Party, Michael Nikitin of the U. S. Taxpayers Party and Doug Dern of the Natural Law Party, Levin, who maintained a huge fundraising advantage over his opponents, easily won re-election. On November 19 WGVU Public television hosted a Senatorial debate to which only Democratic Senator Carl Levin and they debated topics such as the economy, immigration, and foreign policy. Levin blamed job loss in Michigan on President Bush, while Hoogendyk blamed Levin, Levin supported a Federal bailout of the auto industry, while Hoogendyk opposed the idea. The event, which was moderated by WZZM TV 13s News anchor Peter Ross, was met with protest by supporters of excluded candidates, one of the protesters was Libertarian candidate Scotty Boman, who asserted that he met the stations qualifications. WGVU required the candidates to show at least 5% support in a scientific poll. An exclusive WXYZ poll included all of the candidates, but only contacted respondents in the 7th and 9th Congressional district, Boman also claimed that public broadcasters should have invited the other candidates since it is supported with tax dollars. Senator Carl Levin and State Representative Jack Hoogendyk met again, the following day, Levin was declared the winner right when the polls closed in Michigan. Levin won all but six of Michigans 83 counties, Levin unsurprisingly won major metropolitan areas, such as Wayne County home of Detroit or Ingham County home of Lansing. When combining the suburban and rural counties, it was too much for Hoogendyk to overcome
23.
Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn
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Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP is a law firm founded in Detroit with nearly 300 attorneys in eight offices. The firm ranked 144th on The American Lawyers 2016 AmLaw 200 rankings of U. S. law firms. In 1948, Detroit-based attorneys Jason L. Honigman and Milton J. Miller founded Honigman, in 2015, Honigman merged with Chicago-based law firm, Schopf & Weiss to establish its first Illinois office
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Judaism
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Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
25.
Central High School (Detroit)
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As of 2012 Education Achievement Authority operates the school. In 1858, Detroits first high school opened on Miami Avenue, by 1863, due to increased enrollment, the school was moved to a building that had formerly housed the State Capitol - becoming Capitol High School. In 1871 the University of Michigan granted accreditation to the school, in 1893 a fire destroyed Capitol High School, it continued to function temporarily at the Biddle House on East Jefferson Avenue. In 1896, Capitol became Central High School, located at the intersection of Cass and Warren Avenue, during 1904, innovative educator David Mackenzie returned to his hometown as the new principal of Central High School. By 1913, under Mackenzies direction, a one-year, college-level premedical curriculum was established at Central High - the first junior college curriculum organized in Michigan. In 1916, the program was extended to two years, and in 1917 the state legislature approved Mackenzies plans for establishing the Detroit Junior College, in 1919, David Mackenzie was officially appointed first Dean of the college. In 1926, due to a increase in the student population, Central High School moved to its current location. As Detroits oldest high school, Central has enjoyed a tradition of athletic success, Central High School dominated city league mens basketball during the early twentieth century, winning championship titles in 1906,1907 and 1909. Despite the absence of tournament play, Central High was a fixture atop the standings at seasons end. CHS also won city tournament titles in 1934,42 and 1980, in 1998, Coach Oronde Taliaferro marched his Trailblazers through the postseason, all the way to the Michigan High School Athletic Association championship game. In the final, Central dispatched Belleville High 63-47 to claim the state title
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Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
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Michigan State University
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Michigan State University is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, one of the countrys first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture. After the introduction of the Morrill Act, the college became coeducational, today, MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States and has approximately 540,000 living alumni worldwide. MSU pioneered the studies of packaging, hospitality business, supply chain management, Michigan State frequently ranks among the top 30 public universities in the United States and the top 100 research universities in the world. U. S. MSU is a member of the Association of American Universities, the universitys campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, the W. J. The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference, Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954,1956,1988 and 2014, and a total of six national championships. Spartans mens basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000, Spartans ice hockey won NCAA national titles in 1966,1986 and 2007. Classes began on May 13,1857, with three buildings, five faculty members, and 63 male students, the first president, Joseph R. Williams, designed a curriculum that required more scientific study than practically any undergraduate institution of the era. It balanced science, liberal arts, and practical training, the curriculum excluded Latin and Greek studies, since most applicants did not study any classical languages in their rural high schools. However, it did three hours of daily manual labor, which kept costs down for both the students and the College. Despite Williams innovations and his defense of education for the masses and they forced him to resign in 1859 and reduced the curriculum to a two-year vocational program. In 1860, Williams became acting lieutenant governor and helped pass the Reorganization Act of 1861 and this gave the college a four-year curriculum and the power to grant masters degrees. Under the act, a newly created body, known as the State Board of Agriculture, the college changed its name to State Agricultural College, and its first class graduated in the same year. As the Civil War had begun, there was no time for a graduation ceremony. The first alumni enlisted to the Union Army, Williams died, and the following year, Abraham Lincoln signed the First Morrill Act of 1862 to support similar colleges, making the Michigan school a national model. Shortly thereafter, on March 18,1863, the designated the college its land-grant institution making Michigan State University one of the nations first land-grant college. The college first admitted women in 1870, although at that time there were no female residence halls, the few women who enrolled boarded with faculty families or made the arduous stagecoach trek from Lansing. From the early days, female students took the same scientific agriculture courses as male students
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Wayne State University
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Wayne State University is an American public research university located in the Midtown Cultural Center Historic District of Detroit, Michigan. Founded in 1868, WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering more than 380 programs to nearly 28,000 graduate and undergraduate students and it is currently Michigans third-largest university and one of the 100 largest universities in the United States. The WSU main campus encompasses 203 acres linking more than 100 education and it also has six extension centers in the metro Detroit area providing access to a limited selection of courses. The first component of the modern Wayne State University was established in 1868 as the Detroit Medical College, in 1881, the Detroit Normal Training School was established, now known as the College of Education. Old Main Hall was built in 1896 as Central High School and those classes evolved into the Detroit Junior College in 1917, the Colleges of the City of Detroit in 1923 and now WSUs College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. With Mackenzie at the helm, Detroit Junior College grew to become the third-largest institution of learning in Michigan. The college was granted four-year degree status in 1923, becoming the College of the City of Detroit, Mackenzie continued as dean until his death in 1926. In 1920, the Merrill-Palmer Institute for Child Development was founded and it is now known as the Merrill-Palmer Skillman Institute. In 1927, the Detroit Board of Education dedicated its newest high school to the memory of Mackenzie, the three-story structure stood on the citys west side at 9275 Wyoming Avenue, Mackenzie High School closed its doors in June 2007 and was demolished in 2012. A new pre-kingergarten-to-eighth-grade Mackenzie School opened near the school site in 2012. In 1933, the Detroit Board of Education organized the six colleges it ran — liberal arts, medical, education, pharmacy, engineering, in January 1934, that institution was officially named Wayne University, taking its name from the county in which it is located. Wayne University continued to grow, adding its Law School in 1927, its School of Social Work in 1935, Wayne University was renamed Wayne State University in 1956 and the institution became a constitutionally established university by a popularly adopted amendment to the Michigan Constitution in 1959. The Wayne State University Board of Governors created the Institute of Gerontology in 1965 in response to a State of Michigan mandate, the primary mission in that era was to engage in research, education and service in the field of aging. The university libraries have grown to seven, including desks at the universitys extension centers in Oakland. More than 500 researchers, staff and principal investigators work out of the building, on June 5,2013, the Board of Governors unanimously elected M. Roy Wilson as Wayne States 12th president. He was sworn in on August 1,2013, in 2015, WSU bestowed its first posthumous honorary doctorate degree on Viola Liuzzo. In 2015, the School of Business administration was renamed the Mike Ilitch School of Business, the name was changed in recognition of a $40 million grant from Mike and Marian Ilitch. In gift will go toward building a new, state-of-the-art business school facility in Detroit, Wayne States campus is located in the heart of Detroits Cultural Center Historic District, home of renowned museums, galleries and theatres
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Michigan Technological University
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Michigan Technological University is a public research university located in Houghton, Michigan, United States. Its main campus sits on 925 acres on a bluff overlooking Portage Lake, Michigan Tech was founded in 1885 as the first post-secondary institution in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and was created to train mining engineers to operate the local copper mines. Science, technology, forestry and business have been added to the engineering disciplines. US News and World Report ranked Michigan Techs undergraduate program 116th in the based on peer assessment, student selectivity, financial resources. Michigan Tech was also rated among the Best in the Midwest by The Princeton Review, Michigan Techs athletic teams are nicknamed the Huskies and compete primarily in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. The mens hockey team competes in Division I as a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association, the womens basketball team were national runners-up in 2011. Michigan Tech was founded in 1885 as the Michigan Mining School, after much agitation by Jay Abel Hubbell, the state legislature established the school to train mining engineers. Hubbell donated land for the schools first buildings, the school started with four faculty members and twenty-three students. It was housed in the Houghton Fire Hall from 1886 through 1889, a few years after the schools creation, enrollment grew to such a point that its name no longer reflected its purpose. The name was changed to the Michigan College of Mines in 1897. By 1931 enrollment had reached nearly 600, during the next few years, due to the Great Depression, money was scarce, causing department heads and even the president of the university, William Hotchkiss, to take pay cuts. Dillman was president from 1935 to 1956, during this time, the school underwent many notable changes, including the construction of the Memorial Union Building and purchase of an ice rink and golf course. Around 1948, enrollment passed 2000 students total, in 1956, J. Robert Van Pelt became the new president of the university. He restarted many PhD programs and created a focus on research and this included the schools first analog computation class in 1956–1957. In the final years of his presidency, the changed from a college to a university. The change from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology was necessary for two reasons, according to Van Pelt, First, the college had expanded too greatly and the current name was no longer an accurate title. Also, including mining in the name of the college was misleading, the name Michigan Technological University was chosen in order to retain the nickname Michigan Tech that had already been in use since 1927. Although engineering still accounts for some 59 percent of all enrollment as of fall 2010, along with its new name, the school also gained new constitutional status in 1964
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State Bar of Michigan
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The State Bar of Michigan is the governing body for lawyers in the State of Michigan. Membership is mandatory for attorneys who practice law in Michigan, under the authority of the Michigan Constitution Article 6, the Michigan Supreme Court established the State Bar of Michigan in 1935. The organization is governed by the Michigan Supreme Court Rules concerning the State Bar of Michigan, a Board of Commissioners, number 31-33 members, governs the State Bar. The Bars elected officers include a president, president-elect, vice president, secretary, Standing committees of the Board provide oversight to the operations of the Bar in strategic planning, finance, public policy, member services, and other matters. A 150-member Representative Assembly is the policy making body of the State Bar. In 2016, the Bar had more than 45,000 members, the State Bar provides a wide variety of programs and member services benefiting both the public interest and the members of the Bar. Among them, Conducting the Bars Character and Fitness investigations to ensure members admitted to the Bar meet appropriate professional standards, providing ethics counseling and advising lawyers and judges about the propriety of their conduct with respect to the Code of Professional Conduct and Code of Judicial Conduct. Resources include a website, telephone hotline, lending library, technology training, advocating public policy positions and seeking legislative support for those positions, as permitted by AO 2004-01. Publishing the Bar Journal 11 times a year and a Resource Directory issue, publishing the e-Journal, which updates the legal profession daily on changes to laws and summarizes cases to help attorneys stay up to date with the law as it emerges from the courts. Publishing the SBM NewsLinks, a daily summary of law-related news articles, editorials, and columns carried in major local, state. Operating a Public Policy Resource Center to increase awareness of public issues of particular interest to lawyers. Maintaining an Internet site that serves as both a tool and a source of information regarding the organization. Operating a lawyer referral service that provides referrals to the general public, pledge Form Operating the Lawyers and Judges Assistance Program that provides confidential personal counseling services to the Bars members. Providing member affinity programs that offer discounted services to members including credit cards, insurance, rental cars, providing annual Bar membership identification cards to members and, when requested, Certificates of Good Standing. Providing a member orientation for the newest members of the Bar, providing members the opportunity to actively participate, network, and share information in Bar member interest groups and Bar committees, including providing administrative support to these groups. Providing Bar organizations with a print on demand service for newsletter preparation, holding an annual meeting and conference and an annual training for members, which provides for networking and educational updates. Conducting the Upper Michigan Legal Institute, which provides opportunities for Northern Michigan lawyers. Providing Casemaker, a tool for attorneys to search for case law
31.
University of Detroit Mercy
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University of Detroit Mercy is a private, Roman Catholic co-educational university in Detroit, Michigan, United States, sponsored by both the Society of Jesus and the Religious Sisters of Mercy. Antoine M. Garibaldi, Ph. D. is the president, founded in 1877, it is the largest Roman Catholic university in Michigan. Detroit Mercy was ranked in the top tier of Midwestern regional universities in the 2015 edition of the U. S. News & World Report Best Colleges rankings and has been for over a decade. In athletics, the University sponsors 19 NCAA Division I level varsity sports for men and women, Detroit Mercy is one of the 28 members of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, which represents Jesuit institutions in the United States. University of Detroit Mercys origin dates back to 1877 with the founding of Detroit College by the Society of Jesus, under the leadership of John Baptist Miège, the college developed into the University of Detroit, and in 1927 Fr. John P. McNichols, S. J. the then president of the University of Detroit, in 1941, the Sisters of Mercy opened Mercy College of Detroit. In 1990, despite some opposition these two schools consolidated to become University of Detroit Mercy, the University has a long history of being active in the community and continues to play a major role in the minds and hearts of Detroiters. McNichols Road, on the southeast corner of McNichols Road and Livernois Avenue, the majority of the Universitys undergraduate and graduate programs are offered on this campus, as well as the Universitys main administration and athletic facilities like Calihan Hall. It is also the location of all six student residence halls, the Riverfront Campus is home to the School of Law in downtown Detroit at 651 East Jefferson. The Corktown Campus, at 2700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, has housed the School of Dentistry, Detroit Mercy has also partnered with Aquinas College and St. Mary Mercy Hospital in Grand Rapids, Mich. to offer a Nursing prelicensure program. A former campus at 8200 West Outer Drive in Detroit was home to Mercy College of Detroit from 1941 until consolidation in 1990, as part of University of Detroit Mercy, the Outer Drive Campus hosted Detroit Mercys Dentistry Clinic starting in 1997. Detroit Mercy agreed to sell the Outer Drive Campus to WCCCD in 2003, the University is home to a variety of institutes and centers, clinics providing services to the public, and archives. Examples include, In 1965 University of Detroits Urban Law Clinic was one of the first in the country and it is one of the few law schools in the country requiring a practicum course for all students. In 2003 the clinic acquired a 28-foot long mobile law office, in 2012 a downtown building was purchased and renovated for the clinic, bringing the clinic closer to the court buildings. At that time the courses were serving over 1000 clients a year. Following are the courses offered at Detroit Mercy, all of which fulfill the student requirement. This serves immigrants seeking family sponsorship or Special Immigrant Juvenile Status, students argue before the Department of Veterans Affairs for disability benefits for veterans. This prepares students for all aspects of defense in cases, including courtroom appearances
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Civil and political rights
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Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society, Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the phrase civil rights is a translation of Latin ius civis. Roman citizens could be either free or servile, but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Ketts Rebellion, all men may be made free. In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights, the Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776, the Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a civil disability, in early 19th century Britain, the phrase civil rights most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for civil rights was divided, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks, congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866,1871,1875,1957,1960,1964,1968, and 1991. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights, in many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil, Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that a free people their rights as derived from the laws of nature, the question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr. Custom also plays a role, the United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. It is considered by some that the purpose of government is the protection of life. Ideas of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the one takes
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Urban decay
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Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. Since the 1970s and 1980s, urban decay has been associated with Western cities, especially in North America, since then, major structural changes in global economies, transportation, and government policy created the economic and then the social conditions resulting in urban decay. In contrast, North American and British cities often experience population flights to the suburbs and exurb commuter towns, another characteristic of urban decay is blight—the visual, psychological, and physical effects of living among empty lots, buildings and condemned houses. Such desolate properties are socially dangerous to the community because they attract criminals and street gangs, however, subsequent economic change left many cities economically vulnerable. Changes in means of transport, from the public to the private—specifically, the manufacturing sector has been a base for the prosperity of major cities. When the industries have relocated outside of cities, some have experienced population loss with associated urban decay, cut backs on police and fire services may result, while lobbying for government funded housing may increase. Increased city taxes encourage residents to move out, rent controls are often enacted due to public pressure and complaint regarding the cost of living. Proponents of rent controls argue that rent controls combat inflation, stabilize the economic characteristics of a population, prevent rent gouging. Rent control contributes to urban blight by reducing new construction and investment in housing and deincentivizing maintenance, if a landlords costs to perform maintenance consume too large a proportion of revenue from rent, the landlord will feel pressure to drastically reduce or eliminate maintenance entirely. This effect has been observed in New York City as 29% of rent-controlled buildings were categorized as either deteriorated or dilapidated in contrast with 8% of non-rent-controlled housing, some historians differentiate between the first Great Migration, numbering about 1. Between 1910 and 1970, Blacks moved from 14 states of the South, especially Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, more townspeople with urban skills moved during the second migration. By the end of the Second Great Migration, African Americans had become an urbanized population, more than 80 percent lived in cities. A majority of 53 percent remained in the South, while 40 percent lived in the North and 7 percent in the West. Later urban centers were drained further through the advent of car ownership, the marketing of suburbia as a location to move to. In North America this shift manifested itself in strip malls, suburban retail and employment centers, large areas of many northern cities in the United States experienced population decreases and a degradation of urban areas. Inner-city property values declined and economically disadvantaged populations moved in, in the U. S. the new inner-city poor were often African-Americans that migrated from the South in the 1920s and 1930s. As they moved into traditional neighborhoods, ethnic frictions served to accelerate flight to the suburbs. Britain experienced severe urban decay in the 1970s and 1980s exemplified by The Specials 1981 hit single Ghost Town, some seaside resort towns have also experienced urban decay towards the end of the 20th Century, due to the popularity of Package holidays to the continent
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Mayor of Detroit, Michigan
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This is a list of mayors of Detroit, Michigan. See History of Detroit, Michigan, for information about the history of the incorporation of the city. The current mayor is Mike Duggan, who was sworn into office on January 1,2014. Detroits current strong mayor system dates from the citys 1824 charter, from 1824 to 1857, mayors were elected to terms of one year, from 1858 to 1953 the term was increased to two years, and after 1953 mayoral terms were four years. During the early part of Detroits existence, local authority was vested in a series of military commandants or other representatives of the French or English crown, the first local rule of Detroit was established in 1802, when Detroit was incorporated as a town. The original incorporation provided for a Board of Trustees to govern the town, the first chairman of the Board, appointed on February 9,1802, was James Henry. Henry was elected to the later in the year. Subsequent elections were held in May of each year, chairmen of the Board of Trustees were James May, Solomon Sibley, however, the fire of 1805 destroyed the town and effectively eliminated the government. Governor William Hull and Judge Augustus Woodward dissolved the original incorporation, however, the position was largely honorary, and the two men who held it both quickly resigned upon realizing the lack of power in the office. After the war, an act in 1815 ended the interregnum and returned political control to the citizens of Detroit through a Board of Trustees. In October of that year, Solomon Sibley was elected as the first chair, subsequent chairs were George McDougall, Abraham Edwards, John R. Williams, James McCloskey, James Abbott, and A. G. Whitney. In 1824, John R. Williams drew up a new city charter provided for the first time for a directly elected mayor. Following approval by the legislature, Williams became the City of Detroits first elected mayor. In June 1918 Detroits first home-rule city charter came into effect, the new charter mandated that all Detroit public offices be non-partisan, and that elections to those positions would be held on a non-partisan basis, with no party designations on the ballot. These provisions have been continued through all subsequent city charter revisions, since 1918, all mayoral elections in Detroit have been held on a non-partisan basis, and mayors have officially served unaffiliated with any political party. Thus, the party given in the chart below for mayors elected after 1918 are not official and are based on the inferences of editors based on available historic information. The mansion was donated to the city by industrialist Alex Manoogian, two mayors served under the 1806 charter. The following mayors served under the stronger executive mayoral system begun in the 1824 charter, A new city charter went into effect in 1918, timeline of Detroit The Early Government of Detroit
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Coleman Young
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Coleman Alexander Young was an American politician who served as mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 1974 to 1994. Young was the first African-American mayor of Detroit, although Young had emerged from the far left element in Detroit, he moved to the right after his election as mayor. He called a truce and gained widespread support from the citys business leaders. The new mayor was energetic in the construction of the Joe Louis Arena, highly controversial was his assistance to General Motors to build its new Poletown plant at the site of the former Dodge Main plant, which involved evicting many long-time residents. It has been argued that he pulled out of the neighborhood to rehabilitate the downtown business district. In 1981, he received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, Young was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama to William Coleman Young, a dry cleaner, and Ida Reese Jones. His family moved to Detroit in 1923, where he graduated from Eastern High School in 1935, a member of United Auto Workers, Young worked for Ford Motor Company and later the United States Post Office Department. During World War II, Young served in the 477th Medium-Bomber Group of the United States Army Air Forces as a lieutenant, bombardier. As a lieutenant in the 477th, he played a role in the Freeman Field Mutiny in which 162 African-American officers were arrested for resisting segregation at a base near Seymour, Indiana in 1945. In the 1940s, Young was labelled a fellow traveler of the Communist Party by belonging to groups whose members belonged to the Party. He protested segregation in the Army and racial discrimination in the UAW, in 1948, Young supported Progressive Party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace. The encounter came at a highly publicized hearing in Detroit. Young’s performance made him a hero in Detroit’s growing black community. ”On the HUAC congressman from Georgia, “I happen to know, in Georgia, Negro people are prevented from voting by virtue of terror, intimidation and lynchings. It is my contention you would not be in Congress today if it were not for the restrictions on voting on the part of my people. I have not been responsible for firing a person from his job for what I think are his beliefs, or what somebody thinks he believes in, and things of that sort. That is the hysteria that has swept up by this committee. ”According to historians Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Ronald Radosh. Young built his base on the East Side in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1960, he was elected as a delegate to help draft a new constitution for Michigan
36.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
37.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
38.
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
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Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is a United States National Lakeshore located along the northwest coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan in Leelanau and Benzie counties near Empire, Michigan. The park covers a 35-mile-long stretch of Lake Michigans eastern coastline and this Northern Michigan park was established primarily because of its outstanding natural features, including forests, beaches, dune formations, and ancient glacial phenomena. The lakeshore also contains many features including the 1871 South Manitou Island Lighthouse. In 2011, the won the title of The Most Beautiful Place in America from Good Morning America. In 2014, a section of the park was named the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness by the United States Congress, the park was authorized on October 21,1970. The parks creation was controversial because it involved the transfer of private property to public. The federal governments stance at the time was that the Great Lakes were the third coast and had to be preserved much like Cape Hatteras or Big Sur, which are National Seashores. The residents living in what is now Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lake shore believed they were stewards of the land and did not want it to be overrun by tourists. The government eventually won out in part by supporting the schools to offset the lost property tax revenue. The park is named after an Ojibwe legend of the sleeping bear, according to the legend, an enormous forest fire on the western shore of Lake Michigan drove a mother bear and her two cubs into the lake for shelter, determined to reach the opposite shore. After many miles of swimming, the two cubs lagged behind, when the mother bear reached the shore, she waited on the top of a high bluff. The exhausted cubs drowned in the lake, but the mother stayed and waited in hopes that her cubs would finally appear. The bear was a small tree-covered knoll at the top edge of the bluff that, wind and erosion have caused the bear to be greatly reduced in size over the years. In 2014,32,500 acres of the park were designated as the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness by the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act. This was the first wilderness protection bill to be passed by the United States Congress in five years, Glen Haven existed as a company town from 1865 to 1931. Originally, a dock for Glen Arbor, the site became a fuel supply point for ships traveling up. Here Charles McCarty decided to open his own business and built a dock to supply the ships with wood, in 1863, McCarty built the Sleeping Bear House. It was expanded a few years later to accommodate travelers, in 1928, it was remodeled into the inn for summer vacationers
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National Wilderness Preservation System
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The National Wilderness Preservation System of the United States protects federally managed wilderness areas designated for preservation in their natural condition. Activity on formally designated wilderness areas is coordinated by the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness areas are managed by four federal land management agencies, the National Park Service, the U. S. Forest Service, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. As of 2015, there are 765 designated wilderness areas, totaling 109,129,657 acres, during the 1950s and 1960s, as the American transportation system was on the rise, concern for clean air and water quality began to grow. A conservation movement began to place with the intent of establishing designated wilderness areas. Howard Zahniser created the first draft of the Wilderness Act in 1956 and it took nine years and 65 rewrites before the Wilderness Act was finally passed in 1964. The Wilderness Act of 1964, which established the NWPS, was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3,1964, the first national forest wilderness areas were established by the Wilderness Act itself. The Great Swamp in New Jersey became the first National Wildlife Refuge with formally designated wilderness in 1968, Wilderness areas in national parks followed, beginning with the designation of wilderness in part of Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho in 1970. A smaller spike in 1984 came with the passage of many bills establishing national forest wilderness areas identified by the Forest Services Roadless Area Review and Evaluation process. Over 200 wilderness areas have been created within Bureau of Land Management administered lands since then, as of August 2008, a total of 704 separate wilderness areas, encompassing 107,514,938 acres, had become part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. With the passage of the Omnibus Public Lands Act in March 2009, as of September 2015, the system includes 765 wilderness areas totaling 109,129,657 acres. On federal lands in the United States, Congress may designate an area as wilderness under the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Congress then reviews these cases on a state by state basis and determines which areas, there have been multiple occasions in which congress designated more federal land than had been recommended by the nominating agency. The Wilderness Act provides criteria for lands being considered for wilderness designation, Wilderness areas are subject to specific management restrictions, human activities are limited to non-motorized recreation, scientific research, and other non-invasive activities. During these activities, patrons are asked to abide by the Leave No Trace policy and this policy sets guidelines for using the wilderness responsibly, and leaving the area as it was before usage. When closely observed, the Leave No Trace ethos ensures that wilderness areas remain untainted by human interaction, Wilderness areas fall into IUCN protected area management category Ia or Ib. Wilderness areas are parts of parks, wildlife refuges, national forests. Initially, the NWPS included 34 areas protecting 9.1 million acres in the national forests, today, there are 762 wilderness areas in the NWPS, preserving 108,916,684 acres
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