Carlos Ghosn

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Carlos Ghosn
Carlos Ghosn, 2013 (cropped).jpg
Carlos Ghosn in 2013.
Born (1954-03-09) March 9, 1954 (age 64)
Porto Velho, Brazil
NationalityFrench-Lebanese-Brazilian
Alma materÉcole polytechnique (1974)
École des mines (1978)
OccupationBusinessman

Carlos Ghosn, KBE (/ɡoʊn/;[1] born March 9, 1954) is a Brazilian-born businessman who also has French and Lebanese nationality. Ghosn has served as the CEO of Michelin North America, chairman and CEO of Renault, chairman of AvtoVAZ, chairman and CEO of Nissan, and chairman of Mitsubishi Motors[2][3][4][5][6][1][7][8][9] Ghosn was also chairman and CEO of the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, a strategic partnership between those automotive manufacturers through a complex cross-shareholding agreement. The venture has held an approximately 10% market share since 2010, and as of 2017 was reckoned to be the third largest automobile group worldwide.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

In 1996, Renault's CEO Louis Schweitzer hired Ghosn as his deputy and charged him with the task of turning the company around from near bankruptcy. Ghosn elaborated a plan to cut costs for the period 1998–2000, reducing the workforce, revising production processes, standardising vehicle parts and pushing the launch of new models. The company also undertook organisational changes, introducing a lean production system with delegate responsibilities inspired by Japanese systems (the "Renault Production Way"), reforming work methods and centralising research and development at its Technocentre to reduce vehicle conception costs while accelerating such conception.[16] Ghosn became known as "Le Cost Killer".[17] In the early 2000s, for orchestrating one of the auto industry's most aggressive downsizing campaigns and spearheading the turnaround of Nissan from its near bankruptcy in 1999, he earned the nickname "Mr. Fix It".[18]

Following the Nissan financial turnaround, in 2002 Fortune awarded him Asia Businessman of the Year.[19][20] In 2003 Fortune identified him as one of the 10 most powerful people in business outside the U.S.,[21] and its Asian edition voted him Man of the Year.[22] Surveys jointly published by the Financial Times and PricewaterhouseCoopers named him the fourth most respected business leader in 2003,[23] and the third most respected business leader in 2004 and in 2005.[24][25][26] He quickly achieved celebrity status in Japan and in the business world,[27][28] and his life has been chronicled in a Japanese manga comic book.[29]

Ghosn stepped down as CEO of Nissan on April 1, 2017, while remaining chairman of the company.[30] He was arrested at Haneda Airport on 19 November 2018, for under-reporting his earnings and misuse of company assets.[31] On November 22, 2018, the company's board made a unanimous decision to dismiss Ghosn as Nissan's chairman,[32][33] followed by Mitsubishi Motors' board on November 26, 2018.[34][35]

Early life and education[edit]

Ghosn's grandfather was Bichara Ghosn, a Maronite Christian who emigrated from French Mandate Lebanon to Brazil at the age of 13, eventually settling in remote Guaporé, Rondônia, near the border between Brazil and Bolivia.[36] Bichara Ghosn was an entrepreneur and eventually headed several companies, in businesses including the rubber trade, the sale and purchase of agricultural products, and aviation.[37] His son Jorge Ghosn married a Nigerian-born woman whose family also came from Lebanon,[38] and they settled in Porto Velho, the state capital of Rondônia.[39]

Carlos Ghosn was born on March 9, 1954, in Porto Velho.[39][40][41] When he was about two years old he became sick after drinking unsanitary water, and his mother moved with him to Rio de Janeiro.[39] He did not fully recover there, and in 1960, when Ghosn was six years old, he and his mother and sister moved to Beirut, Lebanon, where his grandmother lived.[39]

Ghosn completed his secondary school studies in Lebanon, at the Jesuit school Collège Notre-Dame de Jamhour. He then completed his classes préparatoires in Paris, at the Collège Stanislas and the Lycée Saint-Louis.[42] He graduated as an engineer from the École Polytechnique in 1974 and the École des Mines de Paris in 1978.[40][43][44]

Career[edit]

Michelin[edit]

Carlos Ghosn answers reporters' questions at the Nissan factory in Kyushu, Japan. (September 2011)

After graduation in 1978, Ghosn spent 18 years at Michelin, Europe's largest tire maker, initially training and working in several plants in France and Germany.[40][45] In 1981, he became plant manager in Le Puy-en-Velay, France.[40][46] In 1984 he was named head of research and development for the company's industrial tire division.[40][47]

In 1985, when Ghosn was 30 years old, he was appointed chief operating officer (COO) of Michelin’s South American operations.[40][48] He returned to Rio de Janeiro, reporting directly to François Michelin, who tasked Ghosn with turning around the operation, which was unprofitable and struggling under Brazil's hyperinflation.[48][49] Ghosn formed cross-functional management teams to determine best practices among the French, Brazilian, and other nationalities working in the South American division.[50] The multicultural experience in Brazil formed the basis of his cross-cultural management style and emphasis on diversity as a core business asset.[50][51] "You learn from diversity ... but you're comforted by commonality", Ghosn has said.[52] The division returned to profitability in two years.[50][53][54]

After turning around Michelin's South American operations, Ghosn was appointed president and COO of Michelin North America in 1989, and moved to Greenville, South Carolina, with his family.[55] He was promoted to CEO of Michelin North America in 1990.[50][55] He presided over the restructuring of the company after its acquisition of the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company.[40][56]

Post-privatisation Renault[edit]

In 1996, Ghosn became executive vice president in charge of purchasing, advanced research, engineering and development, powertrain operations, and manufacturing at Renault; and he was also in charge of Renault’s South American division, located in the Mercosur.[40][57] Ghosn's radical restructuring of Renault successfully contributed to profitability of the company over 1997.[17][58] His reputation of successful performance under François Michelin was repeated under the first CEO of the freshly privatized Renault.

Nissan and the Renault–Nissan Alliance[edit]

In March 1999, Renault and Nissan formed the Renault–Nissan Alliance, and in May 1999 Renault purchased a 36.8% stake in Nissan.[59] While maintaining his roles at Renault, Ghosn joined Nissan as its chief operating officer (COO) in June 1999, became its president in June 2000, and was named chief executive officer (CEO) in June 2001.[40] When he joined the company, Nissan had a consolidated interest-bearing net automotive debt of more than $20 billion (more than 2 trillion yen),[49][60] and only three of its 46 models sold in Japan were generating a profit.[61] Reversing the company's sinking fortunes was considered nearly impossible.[62][63][64][65]

Ghosn's "Nissan Revival Plan", announced in October 1999, called for a return to profitability in fiscal year 2000, a profit margin in excess of 4.5% of sales by the end of fiscal year 2002, and a 50% reduction in the current level of debt by the end of fiscal year 2002.[66][67][68] Ghosn promised to resign if these goals were not met.[69] Ghosn's Nissan Revival Plan called for cutting 21,000 Nissan jobs (14% of total workforce), mostly in Japan; shutting five Japanese plants; reducing the number of suppliers and shareholdings; and auctioning off prized assets such as Nissan's aerospace unit.[66][70][71]

Ghosn was the fourth non-Japanese person to lead a Japanese automaker, after Mark Fields, Henry Wallace, and James Miller were appointed by Ford to run Mazda in the late 1990s.[72] In addition to cutting jobs, plants, and suppliers, Ghosn spearheaded major and dramatic structural and corporate-culture changes at Nissan. He defied Japanese business etiquette in various ways, including by eliminating seniority-based and age-based promotion, by changing lifetime employment from a guarantee to a desired goal for when the company achieved high performance, and by dismantling Nissan's keiretsu system – an interwoven web of parts suppliers with cross-holdings in Nissan.[73][74][75] When the Nissan Revival Plan was announced, the proposed dismantling of keiretsu earned Ghosn the nickname "keiretsu killer",[76] and The Wall Street Journal quoted a Dresdner Kleinwort Benson analyst in Tokyo as saying Ghosn might become a "target of public outrage" if Nissan threw former affiliates out of its supply chain.[77][78] Ghosn changed Nissan's official company language from Japanese to English, and included executives from Europe and North America in key global strategy sessions for the first time.[79][80]

In the first year of the Nissan Revival Plan, Nissan's consolidated net profit after tax climbed to $2.7 billion for fiscal year 2000,[81] from a consolidated net loss of $6.46 billion in the previous year.[82] Twelve months into his three-year turnaround plan, Nissan had returned to profitability, and within three years it was one of the industry's most profitable auto makers, with operating margins consistently above 9%—more than twice the industry average.[83] The goals of the Nissan Revival Plan were all reached before March 31, 2002.[84]

In May 2002, Ghosn announced his next set of goals for the company, "Nissan 180", a three-year plan for growth based on the numbers 1, 8, and 0: By the end of September 2005, Nissan planned to increase its global sales by one million vehicles; and by the spring of 2005, it was committed to achieving an operating margin of at least 8% and reducing its net automotive debt to zero.[85][86] These goals were all reached:[87] In the spring of 2003, Nissan announced that its net automotive debt was eliminated in fiscal year 2002.[88][89] Nissan's operating profit margin climbed to 11.1% in fiscal year 2003;[90] it had been 1.4% in fiscal year 1999.[91] In October 2005, Nissan announced that its annual sales from September 30, 2004 to September 30, 2005 were more than 3.67 million, up from the 2.6 million vehicles sold in the fiscal year ended March 2002.[92][93]

Ghosn at Datsun Go launch in New Delhi, India (2013)

In May 2005, Ghosn was named president and chief executive officer of Renault.[40] When he assumed the CEO roles at both Renault and Nissan, Ghosn became the world's first person to run two companies on the Fortune Global 500 simultaneously.[94]

In 2005, billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian acquired a 9.9% stake in General Motors (GM) and seated one of his representatives on the company's board, then urged GM to investigate a merger with Renault and Nissan with Ghosn as the new chairman of GM. In 2006, GM's embattled management rebuffed the takeover attempt, and by the end of the year, Kerkorian's Tracinda Corp. sold most of its GM stock.[95]

In 2006, Ford Motor Co. made Ghosn a formal offer to lead the company, according to the book American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company by Bryce Hoffman.[96] Ghosn refused, reportedly saying the only way he would come to the struggling company was if he was named both the CEO and chairman of the board. Bill Ford Jr. refused to give up his chairmanship.[97]

Carlos Ghosn at Nissan’s Honmoku Wharf, a logistics hub about 10 km southeast of Nissan’s global headquarters in Yokohama, July 2011.

In 2007, Ghosn led the Renault–Nissan Alliance into the mass-market zero-emission electric car market in a major way, and committed €4 billion (more than $5 billion) to the effort.[98][99][100][101] In 2008, he confirmed that Nissan-Renault would bring an "entire lineup" of zero-emission electric cars to the worldwide market by 2012.[102][103] In 2009, he told the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, "If you're going to let developing countries have as many cars as they want—and they're going to have as many cars as they want one way or another—there is no absolutely alternative but to go for zero emissions. And the only zero-emissions vehicle available today is electric.... So we decided to go for it."[104] The Nissan Leaf, an electric car billed as "the world's first affordable zero-emission car",[105][106] debuted in December 2010.[99][107] As of 2017, the Renault–Nissan Alliance is the world's electric vehicle leader, selling more than double the number of electric cars as Tesla, and the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling electric vehicle by a wide margin.[108]

In 2008, Ghosn was named chairman, president, and CEO of Nissan.[40] In 2009 he was named chairman and CEO of Renault.[40]

Ghosn was a visible leader in recovery efforts after the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, one of the worst natural disasters in modern history.[109] On March 29, 2011, he made the first of several visits to the hard-hit Iwaki engine plant in Fukushima prefecture, 50 km (31 miles) from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant,[110][111][112] and at his direction Nissan restored full operations at the Iwaki factory well ahead of expectations.[113][114][115] He appeared on television in Japan to encourage optimism.[112][116][117][118] In May 2011, Ghosn remained committed to building at least 1 million of Nissan's cars and trucks in Japan annually.[119]

In June 2012, Ghosn was named deputy chairman of the board of directors of Russian automobile manufacturer AvtoVAZ.[120] Ghosn has been asked to run at least two other automakers, General Motors and Ford.[121] In June 2013, he was appointed chairman of the Russian company, a position he retained through June 2016.[122][7][123][8][9] Renault had begun a strategic partnership with AvtoVAZ in 2008 by acquiring a 25% stake in the company;[124] this led to increasingly deeper partnerships between Renault–Nissan and AvtoVAZ,[125] ending in Renault–Nissan Alliance control of the Russian automaker in 2014.[126]

In February 2017, Ghosn announced he would step down as CEO of Nissan on April 1, 2017, while remaining chairman of the company.[30][127] Hiroto Saikawa, succeeded Ghosn at Nissan.[30]

Mitsubishi[edit]

In October 2016, Nissan completed the acquisition of a controlling 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors. Ghosn became, in addition to his Renault–Nissan posts, chairman of Mitsubishi, with an aim to rehabilitate the automaker after a months-long scandal involving fuel-economy misrepresentation and consequent falling revenues. The Nissan–Mitsubishi partnership includes partnership in developing electric automobiles for Mitsubishi, and the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance creates the world's fourth-largest auto group, after Toyota, Volkswagen AG, and General Motors Co.[11][128][129]

Mitsubishi Motors board removed Ghosn from his role as chairman on November 26, 2018, following his arrest and ousting from Nissan for alleged financial misconduct.[34]

Advisorships[edit]

Ghosn served on the International Advisory Board of Brazilian bank Banco Itaú (a major party in the privatisation of Renault) until 2015.[130][131] He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management in Beijing.[132] He has received an honorary doctorate from American University of Beirut;[133] and he is a member of the Strategic Council, Saint Joseph University of Beirut.[134] In 2014 and 2015, he was elected president of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association.[135][136][137] He serves as governor of the World Economic Forum.[138]

Arrest in Tokyo[edit]

Tokyo District Prosecutors arrested Ghosn at 4:30 pm on 19 November 2018 upon his re-entry into Japan, for questioning over allegations of false accounting.[139][140][141]

On the same day, Nissan chief executive Hiroto Saikawa announced at a press conference that Ghosn had been dismissed and would be stripped of executive rights at a meeting to be held November 22. Saikawa stressed that the dismissal was the result of an internal inquiry by Nissan.[142][139] Nissan publicly acknowledged that Ghosn and director Greg Kelly under-reported their compensation (a violation of securities law) and used company assets for personal use.[143] Although the company did not provide details, reports in the Japanese media stated that Nissan was paying all or some of the costs at some amount of US$18 million for residences used by Ghosn in Rio de Janeiro, Beirut, Paris and Amsterdam, and that Ghosn charged family vacation expenses to the company.[141]

Investigators alleged that Ghosn under-reported deferred compensation. According to Nikkei reports, Ghosn told investigators that he instructed Kelly to handle the reporting in a legal matter, and Kelly told investigators that he acted on advice from outside law firms and the Financial Services Agency in handling the reporting.[144][145]

Ghosn was detained at the Tokyo Detention House, under Japanese rules that allow suspects to be detained for up to 23 days without criminal charges being filed.[146] Ghosn and Kelly were reportedly arrested on information provided by an unidentified non-Japanese executive in Nissan's legal department, in the second deal ever struck under Japan's recently introduced plea bargaining system.[141]

Personal life[edit]

By his first marriage to Rita in 1984, Ghosn is the father of four grown children: Caroline, Nadine, Maya and Anthony.[147] In May 2016, he married Carole Nahas and threw a large-scale wedding party at the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles, in the outskirts of Paris.[148] He is reported by several Japanese media to have six private residences: in Tokyo, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Amsterdam, Beirut and New York.[149][150]

Ghosn, whom Forbes magazine called "the hardest-working man in the brutally competitive global car business",[50] splits his time between Paris and Tokyo and as of 2006 logged roughly 150,000 miles in airplanes per year.[50] Japanese media have called him "Seven-Eleven" ("work very hard from early in the morning till late at night").[78] He holds both Brazilian and French citizenships.[147] He has been noted for his direct, no-nonsense, results-oriented and execution-oriented style in business strategy meetings,[50] but also for his interest in resolving problems from within a company by listening to workers and by cross-functional and cross-cultural team groupings.[75]

Ghosn is multilingual, speaking four languages fluently: French, Portuguese, English, and Arabic, and he has also studied Japanese.[53][151] He also maintains ties to Lebanon, where he lived for 10 years and where he completed his primary and secondary education. He is a partner in Ixsir, a winery in the northern coastal town of Batroun, Lebanon.[152] In 2012 he was named to the Honorary Board of the American Foundation of Saint George Hospital in Beirut.[153][154]

Ghosn has been hailed as a potential presidential candidate in Lebanon.[155][156] In a June 2011 survey by life-insurance company AXA, Ghosn was ranked No. 7 in a random poll asking Japanese people, "Which celebrity do you want to run Japan?" (Barack Obama was No. 9, and Prime Minister Naoto Kan was No. 19.)[157][158][159][160] He has so far declined such overtures, saying he has "no political ambitions".[155]

In the media[edit]

Beginning in November 2001, Ghosn's life story was turned into a superhero comic book series in Japan, titled The True Story of Carlos Ghosn, in the manga comic book Big Comic Superior.[161] The series was published as a book in 2002.[78][162]

Ghosn also has a Japanese bento box named after him on the menus at some Tokyo restaurants.[163] Bento boxes are popular with businessmen, students, and others who want a quick lunch. The Financial Times called the "Carlos Ghosn Bento" a "measure of the extraordinary rise of Mr. Ghosn in Japan that he should be deemed worthy enough to eat. The Japanese take their food seriously and do not welcome foreign intrusions. As such, the 'Ghosn bento' could be seen as a Japanese way of bestowing acceptance upon him."[163]

Ghosn is the subject of a number of books in English, Japanese, and French. In English, he wrote a best-selling business book called Shift: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival.[164] He was the subject of another business book called Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan by David Magee.[165] He also provided strategic business commentary and on-the-job lessons to aspiring managers in a book called The Ghosn Factor: 24 Inspiring Lessons From Carlos Ghosn, the Most Successful Transnational CEO by Miguel Rivas-Micoud.[166]

Awards and recognition[edit]

As a result of his achievements, Ghosn has had numerous awards and honors bestowed upon him. Some of these include:

Sources[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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