1.
Sisters of Mercy
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The Religious Sisters of Mercy are members of a religious institute of Catholic women founded in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland by Catherine McAuley. In 2003 the institute had about 11,000 members worldwide and they also started many schools around the globe. The House aroused much opposition, however, it being traditional for nuns rather than lay women to engage in this sort of activity. The house still today, as the Mercy International Centre. Catherine McAuley and two made their novitiate with the Presentation Sisters. Now known as Sister Mary Catherine, she was appointed first superior of the new congregation, the rule and constitutions of the congregation were not completed until 1834, nor approved until 1835, yet they contained in substance only that which had been observed from the year 1827. The basis of the rule was that of St. Austin although circumstances required many alterations before its approval, kingstown was the first place outside Dublin in which a house of the congregation was opened. In 1838 at the suggestion of Rev. Peter Butler of Bermondsey, upon their return, Mother M. Clare Moore was appointed the superior of the Bermondsey Convent. In May 1842, at the request of Bishop Fleming, a colony of Sisters of Mercy crossed the Atlantic to found the congregation at St. Johns. The sisters arrived in Perth, Australia in 1846, and three years later, a band from Carlow arrived in New Zealand, in Sydney they opened schools and a servants home. Sisters from Limerick opened a house in Glasgow in 1849, in 1992 the leaders of the various congregations created the Mercy International Association to foster collaboration and cooperation. The purpose of the association is to support and foster collaboration, organisation and inspiration for the ministries of the Sisters of Mercy. On December 12,2011,14 of the 17 independent congregations in Australia, members take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the evangelical counsels commonly vowed in religious life, and, in addition, vows of service. They continue to participate in the life of the surrounding community, in keeping with their mission of serving the poor and needy, many sisters engage in teaching, medical care, and community programs. The organization is active in lobbying and politics, the Sisters of Mercy are constituted as religious and charitable organizations in a number of countries. Mercy International Association is a charity in the Republic of Ireland. In the United Kingdom, The Union of the Sisters of Mercy of Great Britain is a registered charity, on May 20,2009, the institute was condemned in an Irish government report known as the Ryan Report, the work of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse. The Sisters of Mercy were named as the chief among the institutes under whose care girls endured frequent assaults, personal and family denigration was widespread
2.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
3.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
5.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
United States Collegiate Athletic Association
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The USCAA holds 12 National Championship tournaments in 7 sports. The USCAA was founded in 1966 as the National Little College Association, primarily to sponsor a basketball tournament for small colleges. It began adding sports in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1989, it changed its name to the National Small College Association and it adopted its current name in 2001. A USCAA national invitational meet is sponsored in wrestling
8.
National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
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The NAIA began accepting members from Canada in 1972, which made it the only international intercollegiate athletic association in North America until 2009. Today there are three Canadian members, as of July 1,2016, the NAIA reports having 246 member institutions. The NAIA, whose headquarters is in Kansas City, Missouri, the CBS Sports Network, formerly called CSTV, serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA. In 2014, ESPNU began carrying the NAIA National Football Championship, the goal of the tournament was to establish a forum for small colleges and universities to determine a national basketball champion. The original eight-team tournament expanded to 32 teams in 1938, on March 10,1940, the National Association for Intercollegiate Basketball was formed in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1952, the NAIB was transformed into the NAIA, and with that came the sponsorship of sports such as mens golf, tennis and outdoor track. Football in the NAIA was split into two divisions in 1970, based on enrollment, it was consolidated back into a division in 1997. In 1948, the NAIB became the first national organization to open their intercollegiate postseason to black student-athletes and that same year, Indiana State coach John Wooden, later to become a coaching legend at UCLA, brought the first African-American student athlete to play at the national tournament. In 1957, Tennessee A&I became the first historically black institution to win a basketball national championship. The National Junior College Athletic Association had established a division in the spring of 1975. In 1997, Liz Heaston became the first female athlete to play. Launched in 2000 by the NAIA, the Champions of Character program promotes character, membership- The NAIA was the first association to admit colleges and universities from outside the United States. The NAIA began admitting Canadian members in 1999, football- The NAIA was the first association to send a football team to Europe to play. In the summer of 1976, the NAIA sent Henderson State and Texas A&I to play 5 exhibition games in West Berlin, Vienna, Nuremberg, Mannheim, the NAIA sponsors 14 sports in which it conducts 25 annual championships. The NAIA recognizes three levels of competitions, emerging, invitational, and championship, the association conducts, or has conducted in the past, championship tournaments in the following sports. The tournament was the brainchild of Dr. James Naismith, creator of the game of basketball, Emil Liston, athletic director at Baker University, the event began in 1937 with the inaugural tournament at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, MO. The 2012 mens championship marked the 75th edition of what has been tabbed College Basketball’s Toughest Tournament, Basketball is currently the only NAIA sport in which the organizations member institutions are aligned into divisions. The NAIA has 21 member conferences, including 9 that sponsor football, Athletic Trainer of the Year Presented to the NAIA-ATA member Athletic Trainer who has provided substantial service to student-athletes, the association or the member institution
9.
River States Conference
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Alice Lloyd — left the KIAC in 1992, and re-joined in 2005. Midway — former womens college now-turned co-ed college since 2016, rio Grande — left the KIAC in 1971, and re-joined in 2014. Clinch Valley College — school name reflects that used during conference membership, Kentucky Wesleyan College — moved to its current site in Owensboro, Kentucky in 1955. Mountain State — basketball competed as an Independent, the River States Conference currently fields 15 sports, Official website
10.
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
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The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities or ACCU is a voluntary association of delegates from Catholic institutions of higher learning. It was founded in 1899 by fifty-three delegates from Catholic colleges across the United States, currently the association includes more than 90% of accredited Catholic institutions of higher learning in the United States as well as over twenty international universities. The president or rector of each participating institution serves as voting representative to the ACCU, there is also collaboration with the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the National Catholic Educational Association and various other agencies
11.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Catholicism
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
13.
Oakland (Pittsburgh)
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Oakland is the academic and healthcare center of Pittsburgh and one of the citys major cultural centers. The neighborhood is home to three universities, museums, and hospitals, as well as an abundance of shopping, restaurants and it is also home to the locally designated Oakland Square Historic District. The Pittsburgh Fire Bureau has Fire Station No.14 on McKee Place, Oakland is officially divided into four neighborhoods, North Oakland, West Oakland, Central Oakland, and South Oakland. Each section has an identity, and offers its own flavor of venues. Oakland is Pittsburghs second most populated neighborhood with 22,210 residents, North Oakland can be loosely defined as the area of Oakland between Neville and Bouquet Streets, encompassing all of Craig Street and running north to Polish Hill. The Cathedral of Learning, the engineering or midsection of the University of Pittsburgh campus, rANDs Pittsburgh center is located in North Oakland as well as the long time RIDC business incubator on Henry Street. North Oakland is also home to the Schenley Farms Historic District and many mid-rise condominium, Central Oakland is bordered by Schenley Park, the Boulevard of the Allies, Fifth Avenue, and Halket Street. Many students at the University of Pittsburgh who decide to live off-campus reside in this neighborhood, many of its homes are historic masonry structures dating from the turn of the century. The area is sometimes mistakenly called South Oakland and its Main Business District runs along Forbes and Fifth Avenue, and contains a diversity of restaurants, retailers, and financial services. These businesses are organized by the Oakland Business Improvement District, smaller business districts in Central Oakland provide additional dining options along Atwood Street and Semple Street. It is also the location of the isolated and historic neighborhood of Panther Hollow which runs along Boundary Street in Junction Hollow as well as the Oakland Square Historic District. South Oakland runs along the Monongahela River and forms a shape between the Monongahela River, the Boulevard of the Allies, and the western bank of Junction Hollow. Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC and the Pittsburgh Technology Center are major landmarks of this neighborhood, the neighborhood is split between a riverfront flood plain to the southwest and a plateau to the northeast. The plateau is divided into two residential areas which are separated from one another by Bates Street, which runs up a valley from the flood plain to the plateau. The residents of the neighborhood on the side of Bates Avenue self-identify their neighborhood as Oakcliffe. It is important to note that some residents of Central Oakland misidentify that neighborhood as being part of South Oakland, in other words, the border between Central Oakland and South Oakland is much further south than is believed by some residents. The area between Forbes Avenue and Boulevard of the Allies is officially part of Central Oakland. South Oakland can be reputed to be a student neighborhood, but in fact, South Oakland was the childhood home of Andy Warhol, and later the residence of fellow pop artist Keith Haring
14.
County Carlow, Ireland
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County Carlow is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Carlow, which lies on the River Barrow, Carlow County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 54,612 according to the 2011 census, Carlow, or Ceatharlach originally part of the Norman Palantine-county of Leinster, became a separate county probably around 1306. At that time it was larger than today, extending to and including the area around Arklow. These areas were given over to County Wicklow in 1606-07 There are seven historic baronies in the county, Carlow, Forth, Idrone East, Idrone West, Rathvilly, St Mullins Lower and St Mullins Upper. Local government in County Carlow is governed by the Local Government Acts, the top tier of the structure consists of Carlow County Council. The second tier of government consists of town councils. Outside the borough, the county council is responsible for local services. Two towns in the county have town councils, Carlow and Muine Bheag, There are 21 councillors in the county council who are returned from five local electoral areas, Borris, Carlow East, Carlow West, Muine Bheag and Tullow. As the county is part of the South-East Region, some county councillors are also representatives on the South-East Regional Authority, for elections to Dáil Éireann, Carlow is part of the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency which returns 5 TDs. The present form of the constituency was created for the 1948 general election, F. C. Carlow are the local soccer team who compete in the A Championship Carlow GAA are the countys Gaelic Athletic Association body which fields both hurling and football teams. Pierce Butler - soldier, planter, and statesman, recognized as one of United States Founding Fathers and he represented South Carolina in the Continental Congress and the United States Senate. Myles Keogh - American Civil War military officer and later Captain of Company I, U. S. 7th Cavalry Regiment - Fought in Indian Wars and was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 and he was born in Orchard, Leighlinbridge in 1840. William Dargan - engineer, often seen as the father of Irish railways, richie Kavanagh - comic songwriter, from Raheenwood, Fenagh, Co. John Tyndall - the 19th century scientist who was the first to explain why the sky is blue, derek Ryan - Country music singer & former member of Pop band D-side Saoirse Ronan - Oscar and Golden Globe nominated actress. Samuel Haughton - polymath, in 1866 published a formula for calculating the drop needed to cause death at hangings. Peter Murphy - radio and television broadcaster, presented RTÉs Cross Country Quiz, was born in Carlow Sean OBrien Leinster, frank OMeara, Carlow-born Irish artist known for his Impressionist, plein air landscape painting
15.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh is a Roman Catholic diocese. It was established in Western Pennsylvania on August 11,1843. The diocese includes 211 parishes in the counties of Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Greene, Lawrence, and Washington, the cathedral church of the diocese is the Cathedral of Saint Paul. As of March 2009, the diocese had 280 active priests, the diocese is in the process of reorganizing its schools, sixteen elementary schools have been closed since 2005. The Diocese of Pittsburgh was erected from the Diocese of Philadelphia on August 11,1843, territory was lost to the newly created Diocese of Erie on July 29,1853. The short-lived Diocese of Allegheny was created out of the Pittsburgh diocese on January 11,1876, the Diocese of Altoona was formed on May 30,1901, and the Diocese of Greensburg on March 10,1951, out of Pittsburgh diocesan territory. Paul Joseph Bradley – Currently Bishop of Kalamazoo, Michigan, edward James Burns – Appointed Bishop of Juneau, Alaska on January 19,2009, installed on April 2,2009. Appointed Bishop of Dallas on December 13,2016, † Coleman Francis Carroll – Archbishop of Miami, Florida. † Howard Joseph Carroll – Bishop of Altoona-Johnstown, † William Graham Connare – Bishop Emeritus of Greensburg. † Nicholas Carmen Dattilo – Bishop of Harrisburg, Daniel Cardinal DiNardo – Appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Sioux City, Iowa on August 19,1997, succeeded to the see on November 28,1998. Appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Galveston-Houston on January 16,2004, appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Galveston-Houston on December 29,2004, named Cardinal-Priest on November 24,2007, installed on February 20,2008. † Norbert Felix Gaughan – Bishop Emeritus of Gary, Indiana, † Jerome Daniel Hannan – Bishop of Scranton. † Ralph Leo Hayes – Appointed Bishop of Helena, Montana on June 23,1933, Appointed Rector of the Pontifical North American College on October 26,1935. Appointed Bishop of Davenport, Iowa on November 16,1944, bernard Anthony Hebda – Currently Archbishop of St. Paul-Minneapolis. Adam Joseph Cardinal Maida – Currently Archbishop Emeritus of Detroit, † Tobias Mullen – Bishop Emeritus of Erie and Titular Bishop of Germanicopolis. † James OConnor – Bishop of Omaha, thomas Joseph Tobin – Currently Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island. Donald Cardinal Wuerl – Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle, Washington on November 30,1985, returned to Pittsburgh as diocesan bishop on February 12,1988, appointed Archbishop of Washington, D. C. on May 16,2006 and installed on June 22,2006. Created cardinal on November 20,2010, Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh Official Site Herbermann, Charles, ed. Pittsburgh
16.
Pittsburgh in the American Civil War
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The antebellum iron industry in Pittsburgh had thrived, fueled by access to coal, iron ore, and other raw materials, as well as transportation routes to get the iron to markets. In 1859, the Clinton and Soho iron furnaces introduced coke-fired smelting to the region, arms manufacture included ironclad warships and the worlds first 21 heavy artillery gun. By wars end, over one-half of the steel and more than one-third of all U. S. glass was produced in Pittsburgh, during the war, Pittsburghs heavy industry provided significant quantities of weapons and ammunition. The Fort Pitt Foundry made mammoth iron castings for giant siege howitzers and mortars, one of the largest was a 20-inch bore Rodman Gun, a large black powder, smoothbore, muzzle-loading coastal defense gun. The foundry produced 1,193 guns and almost 200,000 artillery projectiles, other prominent Pittsburgh area factories included Singer, Nimick and Co. and Smith, Park and Co. which produced more than 300,000 projectiles. Pittsburgh industries collectively manufactured 10 percent of the total U. S. wartime production of artillery rounds, the Allegheny Arsenal was the primary military manufacturing facility for U. S. Army accoutrements, as well as saddles and other cavalry equipment. In addition, the factory produced as many as 40,000 bullets and cartridges every day. A significant explosion on the afternoon of September 17,1862, killed 78 factory workers, five Ellet-class rams were converted from civilian towboats at Pittsburgh. In addition, four ironclads were built from the keel up—the USS Manayunk, Marietta, Sandusky, Pittsburghs rolling mills supplied the armor for many of the ironclads that were built in New York City and Philadelphia for the Union Navy. The citys 110-year run of hosting a major stock exchange can be traced to the oil traded at Pittsburgh during the war with the creation of Thurstons Oil Exchange on Fourth Avenue, downtown. Both Morgans Raid from the west and Jones-Imboden Raid from the south came within a days march of the city before being captured or forced to retreat, concerned that the Confederate Army might target Pittsburgh for invasion, the U. S. The Army dispatched Maj. Gen. William T. H. Brooks to organize the defenses of Pittsburgh, Brooks authorized the construction of several miles of earthworks and a series of small forts to control access to the city. He suspended liquor sales, and put the citizenry to work digging trenches, bars and saloons were asked to close but many refused. Among these bastions was Fort Robert Smalls, a built by free blacks on McGuires Hill at the mouth of Becks Run in Arlington Heights. It was also known as Fort McKinley or Fort Ormsby, concurrent with Fort Laughlin, Jones and Laughlin Steel employees constructed Fort Jones, named for the mills co-owner, Benjamin Franklin Jones. Fort Jones occupied the top of a hill in Mount Oliver and it was sometimes known as Fort Jackson, in honor of Brig. Gen. Conrad Feger Jackson, killed in the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862. There was also Fort Black, in Greenfield, the greater Pittsburgh area was the birthplace or long-time residence of several Union army and navy officers, as well as some leading politicians of the era. Among the recipients of the Medal of Honor for gallantry in action during the war were Alexander Kelly, the mayors of Pittsburgh during the Civil War were George Wilson, Benjamin C
17.
Peter F. Flaherty
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Peter Francis Pete Flaherty was an American politician from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Flaherty was born and raised on Pittsburghs North Side and he served in the United States Air Force during World War II and used the G. I. Bill to become the first in his family to attend college and he graduated from Carlow University in three years, then graduated cum laude from Notre Dame Law School and became a member of the Pennsylvania Bar. He developed his own practice which included the Pittsburgh Steelers among his clients. In 1971 he received a Masters in Public Administration from the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Affairs, in 1965, Flaherty led the Democratic Party ticket when he was elected to City Council. Four years later in 1969 he easily won as Nobodys Boy against the Democratic Party machine candidate, Judge Harry A. Kramer, in the general election Flaherty beat the Republican, John K. Tabor. He was the mayoral candidate to have achieved this feat in Pittsburghs history. It would not be achieved again until by incumbent Mayor Luke Ravenstahl in 2009 and he first campaigned for Mayor with the promise to return the Mayors Office to the neighborhoods instead of the special interests. Flaherty became immensely popular as he focused on instead of the large redevelopment projects which had been pursued over the previous twenty years. He also focused on the tax burden which had increased every year from 1960 to 1970 by tax increases and/or the addition of new taxes each year. He made national headlines by using rental trucks and his staff to collect refuse during the strike to comply with a mandamus action by the Democratic machine County Commissioners. He increased the amount of street repaving from less than ten miles in 1969 to more than 100 miles in his last year in office and this was accomplished in part by using City personnel and a City owned asphalt plant instead of continuing to contract out the work. In reaction to public demand Flaherty organized the first City wide emergency ambulance system using City employees, Flaherty converted the City Zoo, the Conservatory and a number of fire stations from coal furnaces to gas heat in order to eliminate pollution and operate the systems more cost effectively. Flaherty put in a centralized water filtration and pump station system which dramatically increased the efficiency of the Water Department. Flahertys City management brought accolades from David Rockefeller and Fortune Magazine, Flaherty was featured in a book on City governing called City Money, Political Processes, Fiscal Strain, and Retrenchment by Terry N. Clark and Laura Crowley Ferguson, Columbia University Press 1983. Throughout most of his tenure as Mayor Flaherty successfully opposed the Early Action Program, at the end of his tenure the dispute over this program was resolved by a study performed through the agreement of Flaherty, the County Commissioners, representatives of labor and of City Council. The study recommended the abandonment of Skybus and the use, instead and this recommendation was adopted by the County transit agency. While Flaherty was Mayor, the City adopted a home rule charter which he supported, one of his early appointments was former Duquesne University and Boston Celtics basketball star Chuck Cooper, as Director of Parks and Recreation
18.
Mayor of Pittsburgh
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The Mayor of Pittsburgh is the chief executive of the government of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, as stipulated by the Charter of the City of Pittsburgh. This article is a listing of past mayors of Pittsburgh, prior to the 1816 city charter, the Borough of Pittsburgh had its council elect a Chief Burgess among themselves. After the borough rechartered itself as a city, its first seven mayors were selected in a fashion as the Chief Burgesses had been under borough council. It was not until Mayor Samuel Pettigrew in the 1830s that general elections of popular vote were conducted all the citys voters to determine who would hold the mayors office. Pettigrew was both the last selected by mayor and the first generally elected mayor of Pittsburgh. Since 1903, all mayors have been popularly elected, the current mayor, since January 2014, is Democrat Bill Peduto. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980
19.
St. Patrick's Day
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Saint Patricks Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick, is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick, the foremost patron saint of Ireland. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, cèilidhs, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks. Saint Patricks Day is a holiday in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world, especially in Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia. Saint Patricks Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival, modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. In recent years, there has been criticism of Saint Patricks Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration and it is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church, according to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. It says that he spent six years working as a shepherd. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, after making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity, the Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands. Patricks efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove out of Ireland. Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick, over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Irelands foremost saint. Todays St Patricks Day celebrations have been influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora. Until the late 20th century, St Patricks Day was often a celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions, there are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. St Patricks Day parades began in North America in the 18th century, the participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become akin to a carnival
20.
Nun
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A nun is a member of a religious community of women, typically one living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The term nun is applicable to Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Anglicans, Lutherans, Jains, Buddhists, Taoists, Hindus, Mother Teresas Missionaries of Charity, lives an active vocation of both prayer and service, often to the needy, ill, poor, and uneducated. All Buddhist traditions have nuns, although their status is different among Buddhist countries, fully ordained Buddhist nuns have more Patimokkha rules than the monks. The important vows are the same, however, as with monks, there is quite a lot of variation in nuns dress and social conventions between Buddhist cultures in Asia. Chinese nuns possess the full ordination, Tibetan nuns do not. In Thailand, a country never had a tradition of fully ordained nuns. However, some of them have played an important role in dhamma-practitioners community. There are in Thai Forest Tradition foremost nuns such as Mae Ji Kaew Sianglam, the founder of the Nunnery of Baan Huai Saai, who is believed by some to be enlightened as well as Upāsikā Kee Nanayon. At the beginning of the 21st century, some Buddhist women in Thailand have started to introduce the bhikkhuni sangha in their country as well, dhammananda Bhikkhuni, formerly the successful academic scholar Dr. Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, established a controversial monastery for the training of Buddhist nuns in Thailand. The relatively active roles of Taiwanese nuns were noted by some studies, researcher Charles Brewer Jones estimates that from 1952 to 1999, when the Buddhist Association of the ROC organized public ordination, female applicants have outnumbered males by about three to one. He adds, All my informants in the areas of Taipei and Sanhsia considered nuns at least as respectable as monks, in contrast, however, Shiu-kuen Tsung found in Taipei county that female clergy were viewed with some suspicion by society. She reports that while outsiders did not necessarily regard their vocation as unworthy of respect, wei-yi Cheng studied Luminary order in southern Taiwan. Based on studies of Luminary order, Cheng concluded that the order in Taiwan was still young and gave nuns more rooms of development. Gelongma ordination requires the presence of ten fully ordained people keeping exactly the same vows, because ten nuns are required to ordain a new one, the effort to establish the Dharmaguptaka bhikkhu tradition has taken a long time. It is permissible for a Tibetan nun to receive ordination from another living tradition. Based on this, Western nuns ordained in Tibetan tradition, like Thubten Chodron, the ordination of monks and nuns in Tibetan Buddhism distinguishes three stages, rabjung-ma, getshül-ma and gelong-ma. The clothes of the nuns in Tibet are basically the same as those of monks, hokke-ji in 747 was established by the consort of the Emperor. It took charge of provincial convents, performed ceremonies for the protection of the state, aristocratic Japanese women often became Buddhist nuns in the premodern period
21.
Albright College
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Albright College is a private, co-educational, liberal arts college. It was founded in 1856 and is located in Reading, Pennsylvania, Albright College has been named one of the Best Northeastern schools for 13 consecutive years by The Princeton Review. Albright College has also named one of the most ethnically and economically diverse schools in the country by U. S News. In the “Campus Ethnic Diversity” category, as part of its 2017 Best Colleges rankings, in the “Economic Diversity” category, Albright ranked 21st out of 214 national liberal arts schools named. The Economist magazine listed Albright among the top 50 American colleges and universities for economic value in 2015, Albright College offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees, as well as a Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees in education. The college also offers accelerated degree programs with 10 locations throughout Pennsylvania, Albright does not require applicants to take the SAT or submit SAT scores, submission of these scores is optional. Albright offers liberal arts and pre-professional programs and it created one of the first undergraduate psychobiology programs in the nation in the 1960s. The Colleges liberal arts curriculum has a focus that allows students to create an individualized education. Fully half of Albright students have concentrations that combine two or three fields of learning, berks Countys oldest institute of higher learning, Albright College traces its founding to 1856 when Union Seminary opened. Present-day Albright was actually formed by the mergers of several institutions, Albright Collegiate Institute opened in 1895 and was renamed Albright College three years later. Union Seminary became Central Pennsylvania College and, in 1902, merged with Albright College, Schuylkill College, previously called Schuylkill Seminary, merged with Albright College in 1928. Albrights campus relocated from Myerstown, to Schuylkill College’s campus, which is the present location of Albright, the College is named for Pennsylvania-German evangelical preacher Jacob Albright, who founded the Evangelical Association. Born in 1759 in Douglass Township, with the name of Johannes Jacob Albrecht. Albright College athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III as a member of the Middle Atlantic Conferences, charles Pop Kelchner founded the Mens Basketball team in 1900 and was athletic director at Albright College for 21 years. He was involved in aspects of Major League Baseball for over 50 years, Albright College dedicated the baseball field as Kelchner Field in 1952. Branch Rickey gave the speech, with Connie Mack in attendance. Kelchner was a graduate of Lafayette College with two degrees and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, Classical Latin and he served as Professor of Languages and athletic director. Clarence Lester Biggie Munn was an American football player, coach and he was the head football coach at Albright College, Syracuse University, and most notably Michigan State College, where his 1952 squad won a national championship
22.
Allegheny College
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Allegheny College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in northwestern Pennsylvania in the town of Meadville, approximately 35 miles south of Erie. Founded in 1815, Allegheny is the oldest college in existence under the same name west of the Allegheny Mountains. Allegheny is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference, Allegheny was founded in April 1815 by the Reverend Timothy Alden, a graduate of Harvards School of Divinity. The college was affiliated with the United Methodist Church after 1833. The first class, consisting of four students, began their studies on July 4,1816. Within six years, Alden accumulated sufficient funds to building a campus. The first building erected, the library, was designed by Alden himself, Bentley Hall is named in honor of Dr. William Bentley, who donated his private library to the College, a collection of considerable value and significance. In 1824, Thomas Jefferson wrote to Alden, expressing the hope that his University of Virginia could someday possess the richness of Alleghenys library, Alden served as president of the college until 1831, when financial and enrollment difficulties forced his resignation. Ruter Hall was built in 1853, Allegheny began admitting women in 1870, early for a US college, a woman was valedictorian of the Allegheny class of 1875. One source suggests that Ida Tarbell, the pioneering journalist who exposed the practices of Rockefellers Standard Oil Company, was the first woman to attend Allegheny. In 1905, Allegheny built Alden Hall as a new and improved preparatory school, over the decades, the college has grown in size and significance while still maintaining ties to the community. In 1971 the film Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me based on the Richard Farina novel was filmed on college grounds. While the word Allegheny is a brand for the college, it is also the name of a county, a river, and a range. For example, Allegheny objected in 2006 when Penn State tried to rename one of its campuses Allegheny, Allegheny president Richard Cook said Allegheny was our brand. It sued the Philadelphias Allegheny Health and Research Foundation in 1997 to change its name, under president Richard J. Cook, Allegheny was reported to have had a stronger endowment, optimal enrollment, record retention rates, innovative new programs and many physical campus improvements. These years were marked by growth in the endowment, marked by a $115-million fund-raising drive. In February 2008, James H. Mullen Jr. was named the 21st president of Allegheny and he took office Aug.1,2008. The college and the town cooperate in many ways, one study suggested the Allegheny College generates approximately $93 million annually into Meadville and the local economy
23.
Bryn Mawr College
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Bryn Mawr College is a womens liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. The school has an enrollment of about 1300 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students, Bryn Mawr College is a private womens liberal arts college founded in 1885. The phrase bryn mawr means large hill in Welsh, literally hill large and it is named after the town of Bryn Mawr, in which the campus is located, which had been renamed by a representative of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Bryn Mawr was the name of an estate granted to Rowland Ellis by William Penn in the 1680s. Elliss former home, also called Bryn Mawr, was a house near Dolgellau, Merionnydd, Gwynedd, the College was largely founded through the bequest of Joseph W. Taylor, and its first president was James Evans Rhoads. Bryn Mawr was one of the first institutions of education in the United States to offer graduate degrees, including doctorates. The first class included 36 undergraduate women and eight graduate students, Bryn Mawr was originally affiliated with the Religious Society of Friends, but by 1893 had become non-denominational. In 1912, Bryn Mawr became the first college in the United States to offer doctorates in social work, through the Department of Social Economy and this department became the Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research in 1970. In 1931, Bryn Mawr began accepting men as graduate students, from 1921 to 1938 the Bryn Mawr campus was home to the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, which was founded as part of the labor education movement and the womens labor movement. The school taught women workers political economy, science, and literature, a June 3,2008, article in The New York Times discussed the move by womens colleges in the United States to promote their schools in the Middle East. The article noted that in doing so, the schools promote the work of alumnae of womens colleges such as Hillary Clinton, Emily Dickinson, Diane Sawyer, Katharine Hepburn and Madeleine Albright. The Dean of Admissions of Bryn Mawr noted, We still prepare a number of women scientists We’re really about the empowerment of women. Middle Eastern students who attend these colleges tell of a transition that can be jarring. The College celebrated its 125th anniversary of bold vision, for women, on February 9,2015, the Board of Trustees announced approval of a working group recommendation to expand the undergraduate applicant pool. Trans women and intersex individuals identifying as women may now apply for admission and this official decision made Bryn Mawr the fourth womens college in the United States to accept trans women. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named Bryn Mawr as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States. The majority of Bryn Mawr students live on campus in residence halls, many of the older residence halls were designed by Cope & Stewardson and are known for their Collegiate Gothic architecture, modeled after Cambridge University. Each is named after a county town in Wales, Brecon, Denbigh, Merion, and Radnor, Rhoads North and South was named after the colleges first president, James E. Rhoads, Rockefeller is named after its donor, John D. Rockefeller
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