1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Ten-pin bowling
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Ten-pin bowling is a game in which a player rolls a bowling ball down a wood-structure or synthetic lane and towards ten pins positioned at the end of the lane. The objective is to score points by knocking down as many pins as possible, three finger holes are drilled into a traditional bowling ball, and weights vary considerably to make the sport playable for all ages. The pins are arranged in a position by an automated machine. While professional ten-pin bowling tournaments are held in countries, the sport is commonly played as a hobby by millions of people around the world. In Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the 41. 5-inch-wide, 60-foot-long lane is bordered along its length by semicylindrical channels called gutters, which are designed to collect errant balls. The overall width of the lane including the channels is 60 1⁄8 inches, the narrow lane prevents bowling a straight line at the angle required to consistently carry all ten pins for a strike. Most skillful bowlers will roll a side spinning ball to overcome this, a foul line is marked at the seam of the start of the lane and end of the approach. If any part of a bowlers body touches the line itself or beyond after the ball is delivered, the bowl is a foul and any pins knocked over by that delivery are scored as zero. The bowler is allowed one shot at a new rack of ten pins if s/he fouled on the first roll of a frame, behind the foul line is an approach approximately 15 feet long used to gain speed and leverage on the ball before delivering it. The bowler is allowed 10 frames in which to knock down pins, the tenth frame is composed of up to three rolls, the bonus roll following a strike or spare in the tenth are fill ball used only to calculate the score of the mark rolled in the tenth. If neither a strike nor a spare is achieved in the tenth frame, Bowling has a unique scoring system which keeps track not only of the current pinfall in a frame, but also strikes and spares which allow for the value of subsequent pinfall. Effectively, there are three kinds of marks given in a score, a strike, a spare, and an open, a strike earns ten points plus the points for the next two balls thrown. A spare earns ten points plus the points for the ball thrown. Open frames count the value of the pinfall in that frame only, the maximum score in ten-pin bowling is 300. This consists of getting 12 strikes in a row in one game, very shortly before the reign of Narmer, one of the very first Egyptian pharaohs. Their discovery represents the earliest known trace of bowling. Others claim that originated in Germany around 300 A. D. as part of a religious ritual in which people would roll stones at clubs to absolve themselves of sins. A site in Southampton, England claims to be the oldest lawn bowling site still in operation, the first written reference to bowling dates to 1366, when King Edward III of England banned his troops from playing it so that they could focus more on their archery practice
3.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
4.
Schaumburg, Illinois
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Schaumburg /ˈʃɔːmbərɡ/ is a village located in Cook County in northeastern Illinois, United States. The village is a suburb of Chicago and is part of the Golden Corridor. Schaumburg is located roughly 28 miles northwest of the Chicago Loop, as of the 2010 census, the village had a total population of 74,227. The village contains one of only two IKEA stores in Illinois and it contains the Woodfield Mall, the 11th largest mall in The United States according to List of largest shopping malls in the United States, which at most times has over 300 stores. By the mid-nineteenth century, settlers first began to arrive from Germany, legend has it that one of the earliest settler was Trumball Kent from Oswego, New York. Kent, a Yankee, as settlers from New England were called in the west, another Yankee was Horace Williams, who owned substantial lands but lived in the hamlet of Palatine in Palatine Township. Ernst Schween settled in 1835 not far from used to be called Olde Schaumburg Centre. Another early settler in Schaumburg Township was German-born Johann Sunderlage, according to one legend, Sunderlage was a member of a survey team that divided Cook County into townships around 1833, or, according to another legend, he worked on a survey team on the Joliet canal. His home still stands in its original location, Sunderlage and his family occupied their land in the township until the federal land sale of 1842 allowed them to buy the property and obtain the deed. Sunderlage and Kent represented the predominant groups that settled Schaumburg Township in its early days, in 1840,56 percent of the township households originated from the eastern United States, while 28 percent were German-born. By the 1850s, the mix had changed to 28 percent Yankee and 48 percent German. By 1870, Schaumburg Township had become completely German, land records show that most of the property in the township was owned by German immigrants or their descendants. This pattern emerged as many Yankee settlers continued to travel west for the promise of newly opened lands on the Great Plains, the land they owned in Schaumburg was then purchased by German-born immigrants. Schaumburg Township remained almost exclusively under German ownership until the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Depression caused the foreclosure on some German-owned farms which were then purchased by non-German individuals and companies. Nonetheless, German heritage remained important in the area, German was the first language of the majority of households until the 1950s. St. Peter Lutheran Church, the communitys oldest Christian church, had services in German as late as 1970, the church remains as a museum, as does the second church of this congregation. The pastor was Francis Hoffman, who walked from the Bensenville area to hold the Christian religious meetings in Schaumburg and he later served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. When he retired from the ministry, he moved to Wisconsin where he operated an experimental farm
5.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
6.
Professional Bowlers Association
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The Professional Bowlers Association is the major sanctioning body for the sport of professional ten-pin bowling in the United States. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, the PBA membership consists of almost 4,300 members worldwide, Members include pro shop owners and workers, teaching professionals and bowlers who compete in the various events put on by the Association. The PBA also oversees competition between professional bowlers via the tours, PBA Tour – An annual calendar of events. PBA50 Tour – Formerly PBA Senior Tour, set up like the PBA Tour, but allowing PBA members 50 years and older to compete in their own events. PBA Regional Tour – Allowing exempt and non-exempt members, and amateurs to compete in weekend events, the Tour consists of seven regions, Central, East, Midwest, Northwest, South, Southwest, and West. PBA Womens Series – Selected PBA Tour events from 2007 to 2010 included an event for female professionals. The PBA Hall of Fame was founded in 1975 with eight initial inductees, six for Performance, since its inception, it was located at the International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame in St. Louis, Missouri. It is now part of the new USBC headquarters in Arlington, through 2012, there are 89 PBA Hall of Fame Members in three categories, Performance Meritorious Service Veterans/Senior Membership in the Hall of Fame was originally determined by annual elections. From 2000-2008, those in the Performance category had to have ten PBA titles on their resume, another revision took effect in 2008. Bowlers can now qualify for the Hall of Fame based on five PBA titles on their resume, other active bowlers can now qualify for the Hall as well if they have 20 years of membership and are elected. Late in 2008, The PBA announced the launch of a new PBA Seniors Hall of Fame, john Handegard, the all-time leader in PBA Senior titles became the first inductee on January 24,2009. In January 2016 Ryan Gasparovich was nominated in the PBA Hall of fame and his notable act of scoring a perfect series 2 times in a year during Michigans Regional Competition held at Skore Lanes in Taylor, Michigan
7.
Dick Weber
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Richard Anthony Dick Weber was a Ten-pin bowling professional and a founding member of the Professional Bowlers Association. Along with Don Carter, Weber is widely regarded as professional bowlings first superstar, Weber made his first bowling headlines during the early 1950s, while working as a mailman in his native Indianapolis. In 1955 he moved to Florissant, Missouri to join the team named the Budweisers. Other members of the Budweisers included Ray Bluth, Don Carter, Tom Hennessey, the record wasnt broken until 1994. In 1958 Weber became a member of the Professional Bowlers Association. Weber captured his first PBA title in the 2nd tournament of the inaugural 1959 season and he went on to win 10 of the first 23 PBA tournaments, including winning seven titles in the 13 events held during the 1961 PBA season. Only Mark Roth has won titles in a PBA season with eight victories in 1978. During his career, Weber won titles in 30 PBA Tour events, all of his major titles were earned in the BPAA All-Star, which later became the U. S. Open. Weber won this tournament four times in a five-year span and he also captured six PBA Senior Tour events, amassing a total of 36 PBA titles in both categories. He was PBA Player of the Year in 1965, and earned BPAA National Bowler of the Year honors three times and he was named an All-American ten times, and in 1999 was ranked #2 bowler of the 20th Century by Bowlers Journal. In 2002 Weber also became the first player to win at least one PBA title in six decades, Bowling mostly in an era of low prize money, Weber managed to cash over $930,000 in PBA earnings. He also enjoyed a decades-long sponsorship agreement with AMF bowling, Weber was also known as a tireless ambassador of his sport, and rarely passed up an opportunity to promote it. One promotion had him bowling the highest game ever in Operation AstroBowl and this was a joint campaign for American Airlines Cargo Service. The aircraft used was an all-cargo Boeing 707 with a single AMF lane installed in the cargo hold. The flight was from New York to Washingtons Dulles Airport, Weber also appeared several times on Late Show with David Letterman. He usually bowled into strange items, as requested by viewers, a lane was set up outside the studio and Weber would roll a ball into things like TV sets or eggs. League bowling in the United States had its heyday in the 1960s and early 1970s, partly due to the influence of pros like Weber, several PBA pros like Johnny Petraglia claimed to be inspired by Dick Weber, The main reason I went on Tour was Dick Weber. When I was 14, I saw him do an exhibition in Madison Square Garden, when I left I remember saying to myself, I know what I want to do now, I want to be like Dick Weber
8.
Perfect game (bowling)
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A perfect game is the highest score possible in a game of bowling, achieved by rolling a strike during every frame. Because a strike counts as ten pins plus any pinfall in the two balls,30 points are possible in a given frame. In five-pin bowling, the highest possible score is 450, as a strike is worth 15 pins and it is rare to bowl or witness one. The Canadian Five Pin Bowlers Association approves from 10 to 40 perfect games per year, before a 300 game is recognized by the certifying body of the league or tournament, a series of tests are conducted by the local or regional bowling association. First, the bowler and league must be in good standing with the organization, in earlier years, the bowling ball used in the scoring was taken for testing. Also, the used in the scoring were shut down after the last game of the day was completed. The official then used a tape reader to test the oil condition, the data was then sent to the certifying body, and the score received final certification or not a few days to a few weeks later. There are cases where the tests do not meet regulation, however, the score still counts towards the league or tournament statistics. Modern recognition is much easier, lanes are no longer shut down, balls are no longer taken, the lanes are inspected once a year, and the balls make and serial number are taken by a league/tournament official and reported to the certifying organization. In league or tournament play, a certified 300 game is commemorated with a ring. Subsequent league 300s are denoted by setting chips or precious stones into the ring, the United States Bowling Congress offers a multiple 300 ring for an additional fee that features the number of approved 300 games for that bowler surrounded by stones. The ring can be returned to have the number changed as the bowler rolls additional perfect games, a handful of 300 games have been broadcast on live TV. Grazio Castellano of Brooklyn, New York was the first to roll a 300 game on live television and this occurred on October 4,1953 during an Eastern All-Star league session at Newark, New Jersey. A more recent example of this came in October 2006, when Englands Paul Moor became the first man to register a score of 300 in the Weber Cup, the annual Europe versus America team challenge event. Australian bowler Jason Belmonte became the first player to roll a 300 game in the televised finals of the World Tenpin Masters. Tommy Jones had shot a perfect game in each Weber Cup from 2007 to 2009, through November 2016, there have been 26 televised 300 games in title events on the PBA Tour, and two more on the Senior PBA Tour. The first 300 game in a televised PBA event was rolled by Jack Biondolillo in the match of the 1967 Firestone Tournament of Champions finals. This was also the first nationally televised broadcast of a perfect game, the most recent in a U. S. telecast of a PBA Tour event was accomplished by Francois Lavoie in the semifinal match of the 2016 U. S. Open live finals
