1.
Carnaby Street (radio programme)
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Carnaby Street, also referred to as Carnaby Street International, is a radio programme broadcast on Manx Radio on Saturday mornings and features music from the 1960s. It is presented by Chris Williams and generally comprises music and news from two chosen years, the programme is produced by Blackpool Bullet Productions for Chris Williams Entertainments and is sponsored by the Isle of Man Railways. The show is broadcast throughout the Isle of Man on FM and MW frequencies and across North West England, North Wales, Southwest Scotland and it is also broadcast worldwide through the Manx Radio website. The title of the show is taken from Carnaby Street, seen by many as the epi-centre of Swinging London in the 1960s. The show commences at the conclusion of the 8, 30am news bulletin and begins with the playing the theme tune. Williams then gives an outline of the chosen years of that weeks show, together with the artists which will be featured. The shows format is usually that of a presentation in the two chosen years. Music from the year is played together with Williams reporting contemporary news items which are spoken about in the context of the present tense. The format differs on the last Saturday of each month when the show comprises a general playlist of 60s music with no specific years featured. Carnaby Street leans heavily on the kind of common on Radio Caroline. Certain Radio London jingles also feature, and the show is very much geared to giving the feeling of a radio broadcast in the spirit and style of Caroline. Numerous competitions from the sponsors are also featured with various prizes offered. The music covers a spectrum by well-known 60s artists. The manner of the presentation and tempo of the show is upbeat and vibrant, being referred to by Williams as, often heard are quips by Doris, which invariably take the form of double entendre. The show generally ends with Williams reviewing some aspects of the show whilst Crunchy Granola Suite plays in the background, the edition is then available on the Manx Radio website to be listened to again for the following seven days. Whilst Manx Radio is a radio station, advertising content on the show is from the shows sponsor only. However, contemporary radio adverts are also played in order to re-create the flavour of radio broadcasting in the 1960s and this association has seen further broadcasts of Carnaby Street from the Ross Revenge and in turn has subsequently lead to numerous collaborations between Manx Radio and Radio Caroline. The programme can trace its lineage to the 1970s with its genesis in previous Manx Radio programmes of a genre such as The Golden Oldies Show which was presented by Stu Lowe
2.
Swinging London
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The term Swinging London refers to a youth-driven cultural revolution that took place in London during the mid-to-late 1960s. The Swinging London also reached British cinema, which saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy. During this period, creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers. During this era, London from a gloomy, grimy post-War capital into a bright, the phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city and the postwar economic boom. The swinging scene also served as a consumerist counterpart to the countercultural British underground of the same period, Swinging London was a youth-oriented phenomenon that emphasized the new and modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a cultural revolution, one catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II austerity which lasted through much of the 1950s. It swings, it is the scene, and celebrated in the name of the radio station, Swinging Radio England. However, swinging in the sense of hip or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, in 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of Vogue magazine, said London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment. Later that year, the American singer Roger Miller had a hit record with England Swings, psychedelic rock from artists such as Pink Floyd, Cream, Procol Harum, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Traffic grew significantly in popularity. During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in Queen magazine, mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and Kings Road, Chelsea. The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the worlds first supermodels and she was the worlds highest paid and most photographed model during this time. Shrimpton was called The Face of the 60s, in which she has been considered by many as the symbol of Swinging London, other popular models of the era included Veruschka, Peggy Moffitt, and Penelope Tree. The model Twiggy has been called the face of 1966 and the Queen of Mod, the British flag, the Union Jack, became a symbol, assisted by events such as Englands home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini-Cooper car was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising that covered their paintwork, the Jaguar E-Type sports car was another British icon of the 1960s. The phenomenon was featured in films of the time, including Darling. The comedy films Austin Powers, International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers, The Spy Who Shagged Me resurrected the imagery, the ITV spy-fi series The Avengers, particularly after it began broadcasting in colour, reveled in its Swinging London setting. In the 1967 episode, Dead Mans Treasure, Emma Peel arrives in the archetypal English village of Swingingdale, in the episode Beauty is an Ugly Word of BBCs Adam Adamant Lives. Adamant, an Edwardian adventurer suspended in time since 1902, was told, jigsaw Man, a 1968 episode of the detective series Man in a Suitcase, opened with the announcement, This is London
3.
Westminster City Council
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Westminster City Council is the local authority for the City of Westminster in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council and is entitled to be known as a city council, the city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors. The council is composed of 44 Conservative Party members and 15 Labour Party members. The borough council provides some shared services with Hammersmith and Fulham, there have previously been a number of local authorities responsible for the Westminster area. The current local authority was first elected in 1964, a year before coming into its powers. All three had been created in 1900, with Paddington and St Marylebone replacing the parish vestries incorporated by the Metropolis Management Act 1855 and it was envisaged through the London Government Act 1963 that Westminster City Council as a London local authority would share power with the Greater London Council. This arrangement lasted until 1986 when Westminster City Council gained responsibility for services that had been provided by the Greater London Council. Westminster became an authority in 1990. The Council is based at Westminster City Hall on Victoria Street, the City Hall was designed by Burnet Tait & Partners on a speculative basis, and completed in 1966. The local authority derives its powers and functions from the London Government Act 1963, Westminster has the powers and functions of a London borough council. It is an authority collecting Council Tax and business rates, it processes local planning applications, it is responsible for housing, waste collection. It is an education authority responsible for social services, libraries. The council shares responsibility with the Greater London Authority for strategic policies including housing, planning, homes for votes scandal Westminster cemeteries scandal
4.
Soho
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Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and is part of the West End of London, England. Since the 1980s, the area has undergone considerable gentrification and it is now predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of sex industry venues. Soho is a small, multicultural area of central London, a home to industry, commerce, culture and entertainment, record shops cluster in the area around Berwick Street, with shops such as Phonica, Sister Ray and Reckless Records. On many weekends, Soho is busy enough to warrant closing off some of the streets to vehicles, Westminster City Council pedestrianised parts of Soho in the mid-1990s, but later removed much of the pedestrianisation, apparently after complaints of loss of trade from local businesses. The name Soho first appears in the 17th century, Most authorities believe that the name derives from a former hunting cry. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, used soho as a call for his men at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685. The Soho name has been imitated by other entertainment and restaurant districts such as Soho, Hong Kong, Soho, Málaga, SOHO, Beijing, SoHo, London, Ontario, Canada, and Palermo Soho, Buenos Aires. SoHo, Manhattan, gets its name from its location SOuth of HOuston Street, however, apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements, so they are not Sohos original boundaries. Soho has never been a unit, with formally defined boundaries. The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St Jamess. According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, Soho is part of the West End electoral ward which elects three councillors to Westminster City Council. In 1536, the land was taken by Henry VIII as a park for the Palace of Whitehall. In the 1660s, ownership of Soho Fields passed to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans and he was granted permission to develop property and quickly passed the lease and development to bricklayer Richard Frith. Soho was part of the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields, as the population started to grow a new church was provided and in 1687 a new parish of St Anne was established for it. The parish stretched from Oxford Street in the north, to Leicester Square in the south and it therefore included all of contemporary eastern Soho, including the Chinatown area. The western portion of modern Soho, around Carnaby Street was part of the parish of St James, building progressed rapidly in the late 17th century, with large properties including Monmouth House, Leicester House, Fauconberg House, Carlisle House and Newport House. Soho Square was first laid out in the 1680s on the former Soho Fields, firth built the first houses around the square, and by 1691,41 had been completed. It was originally called King Square in honour of Charles II, several upper-class families moved into the area
5.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
6.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
7.
Oxford Circus tube station
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Oxford Circus is a London Underground station serving Oxford Circus at the junction of Regent Street and Oxford Street, with entrances on all four corners of the intersection. The station is an interchange between the Bakerloo, Central and Victoria lines and it is the busiest rapid-transit station in the United Kingdom, with 98.51 million entries and exits in 2014. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1, the Central line station opened on 30 July 1900, and the Bakerloo line station on 10 March 1906. The station was rebuilt in 1912 to relieve congestion, further congestion led to another reconstruction in 1923. Numerous improvements were made as part of the New Works Programme, to accommodate additional passengers on the Victoria line, a new ticket hall was built. The Victoria line station opened on 7 March 1969, including cross-platform interchange with the Bakerloo line, in the 1890s, the Central London Railway published a notice of a private bill that would be presented to Parliament for the 1890 parliamentary session. The bill planned a route between Shepherds Bush and Cornhill. These plans were accepted by both Houses of Parliament on 5 August 1891, the CLR employed the engineers James Henry Greathead, Sir John Fowler, and Sir Benjamin Baker to design the railway. The official opening of the CLR by the Prince of Wales took place on 27 June 1900, Oxford Circus station opened as part of the first section of the line, between Shepherds Bush and Bank. In November 1891, notice was given of a bill that would be presented to Parliament for the construction of the Baker Street. The railway was planned to run entirely underground from Marylebone to Elephant & Castle via Baker Street, the route was approved in 1900. Construction commenced in August 1898 under the direction of Sir Benjamin Baker, W. R. Galbraith, the works were carried out by Perry & Company of Tregedar Works, Bow. Oxford Circus was altered below ground following a Board of Trade inspection, at the end of 1905, the official opening of the BS&WR by Sir Edwin Cornwall took place on 10 March 1906. The first section of the BS&WR was between Baker Street and Lambeth North, then known as Kennington Road, a route was approved in 1955 with future extensions to be decided later, though funding for the construction was not approved by the government until 1962. Construction began in 1962 on the initial Walthamstow to Victoria section, the Victoria line platforms opened on 7 March 1969. The station opened as part of an extension from Warren Street to Victoria. Cross-platform interchange between the Bakerloo and Victoria lines was provided by constructing the Victoria line platforms parallel to the Bakerloo ones, on 23 November 1984, during renovation works, the station suffered a severe fire which burned out the northbound Victoria line platform. It is believed that the fire was caused by smoking materials being pushed through a ventilation grille into a storeroom where they set several materials on fire and this caused the Victoria line between Warren Street and Victoria to be suspended until 18 December the same year
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Great Marlborough Street
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Great Marlborough Street is a thoroughfare in Soho, Central London. It runs east of Regent Street past Carnaby Street towards Noel Street, originally part of the Millfield estate south of Tyburn Road, the street was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and was laid out around 1704. It was an address in the 18th century, but its character changed to commercial. Most of the original buildings have since been demolished. The department store Liberty is on the corner of Great Marlborough Street with Regent Street, the road is about 0.2 miles long. At its western end it joins Regent Street and runs east, crossing Kingly Street, Argyll Street, Carnaby Street, at its eastern end, it becomes Noel Street. The nearest tube station is Oxford Circus to the northwest, No buses run along Great Marlborough Street but there are numerous services on Regent Street. In the 16th century, what is now Great Marlborough Street was land belonging to the Mercers Company and it was surrendered to Henry VIII in 1536. The land was owned by local brewer Thomas Wilson. His son, Richard, inherited this in 1622 who sold it to William Maddox, in 1670, Maddoxs son, Benjamin, let the land to James Kendrick for 72 years, who in turn sub-let what is now Great Marlborough Street to John Steele. The land remained undeveloped, with building focusing on Tyburn Road to the north, the street began to be developed in the early 18th century, when Steele let five acres of land to Joseph Collens for property development. It was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, commander of the English Army who won the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, shortly before construction started. Initially the street was an address, in 1714, John Macky said it surpasses anything that is called a street. A1734 report agreed it was popular but added the buildings on each side being trifling and inconsiderable, out of one hundred peers summoned before the King in 1716, five lived in Great Marlborough Street. For a time, Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow owned No.11 while Richard Lumley, for a time in the 18th century, the street was the main London residence of Lord Nelson. No.13 was formed of two houses, both leased by John Richmond in 1710 and subsequently joined as a single property. It was bought by Lord Charles Cavendish in 1740 and later occupied by his son, Sir John Cust, 3rd Baronet lived at No.14 from 1754–62. The Byron family were listed as ratepayers of No.15 during the early 18th century, William Byron, 4th Baron Byron lived here from 1727 until his death in 1736, his widow remained there until 1740
10.
Pedestrian zone
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Pedestrian zones are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian-only use and in which most or all automobile traffic may be prohibited. Converting a street or an area to use is called pedestrianisation. However, pedestrianisation can sometimes lead to reductions in business activity, property devaluation, in some cases traffic in surrounding areas may increase, due to displacement rather than substitution of car traffic. Pedestrian zones have a variety of approaches to human-powered vehicles such as bicycles, inline skates, skateboards. Some have a ban on anything with wheels, others ban certain categories, others segregate the human-powered wheels from foot traffic. Many Middle Eastern kasbahs have no wheeled traffic, but use donkey-driven or hand-driven carts for freight transport, the idea of separating pedestrians from wheeled traffic is an old one, dating back at least to the Renaissance. However, the earliest modern implementation of the idea in cities seems to date from about 1800, separated shopping arcades were constructed throughout Europe in the 19th century, precursors of modern shopping malls. The first pedestrianisation of an existing street seems to have taken place around 1929 in Essen and this was in a very narrow shopping street that could not accommodate both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Two other German cities followed this model in the early 1930s, by 1955 twenty-one German cities had closed at least one street to traffic, although only four were true pedestrian streets, designed for the purpose. At this time pedestrianisation was not seen as a traffic restraint policy, pedestrianisation was also common in the United States during the 1950s and 60s as downtown businesses attempted to compete with new suburban shopping malls. However, most of these initiatives were not successful in the long term, a car-free zone is different from a typical pedestrian zone, in that it implies a development largely predicated on modes of transport other than the car. A pedestrian zone may be more limited in scope, for example a single square or street being for pedestrians. A number of towns and cities in Europe have never allowed motor vehicles, archetypal examples are, Venice, which occupies many islands in a lagoon, divided by and accessed from canals. The city has been car-free for more than three decades, motor traffic stops at the car park at the head of the viaduct from the mainland, and water transport or walking takes over from there. However, motor vehicles are allowed on the nearby Lido, mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state under the sovereignty of Greece, does not permit automobiles on its territory. Trucks and work-related vehicles only are in use there, the medieval city of Mdina in Malta does not allow automobiles past the city walls. It is known as the Silent City because of the absence of traffic in the city. Sark, an island in the English Channel, is a zone where only bicycles, carriages
11.
City of Westminster
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The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough which also holds city status. It occupies much of the area of Greater London including most of the West End. It is to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and it was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon creation, Westminster was awarded city status, which had previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of parks and open spaces, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough, including St. Jamess Palace, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council, the current Westminster coat of arms were given to the city by an official grant on September 2,1964. Westminster had other arms before, which had an identical to the chief in the present arms. The symbols in the two thirds of the shield stand for former municipalities now merged with the city, Paddington. The original arms had a portcullis as the charge, which now forms the crest. The origins of the City of Westminster pre-date the Norman Conquest of England, in the mid-11th Century king Edward the Confessor began the construction of an abbey at Westminster, only the foundations of which survive today. For centuries Westminster and the City of London were geographically quite distinct, Westminster briefly became a city in 1540 when Henry VIII created the short-lived Diocese of Westminster. Following the dissolution of Westminster Abbey, a court of burgesses was formed in 1585 to govern the Westminster area, Jamess, Strand, Westminster, Pimlico, Belgravia, and Hyde Park. The Westminster Metropolitan Borough was itself the result of an amalgamation which took place in 1900. Sir John Hunt O. B. E was the First Town Clerk of the City of Westminster, the boundaries of the City of Westminster today, as well as those of the other London boroughs, have remained more or less unchanged since the Act of 1963. On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place on Westminster Bridge, Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard, five people - three pedestrians, one police officer, and the attacker - died as a result of the incident. More than 50 people were injured, an investigation is ongoing by the Metropolitan Police. The city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors, Westminster City Council is currently composed of 44 Conservative Party members and 16 Labour Party members
12.
Oxford Street
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Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, running from Marble Arch to Tottenham Court Road via Oxford Circus. It is Europes busiest shopping street, with half a million daily visitors. It is designated as part of the A40, a road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such, and traffic is regularly restricted to buses. The road was originally a Roman road, part of the Via Trinobantina between Essex and Hampshire via London and it was known as Tyburn Road through the Middle Ages and was once notorious as a street where prisoners from Newgate Prison would be transported towards a public hanging. The first department stores in Britain opened on Oxford Street in the early 20th century, including Selfridges, John Lewis, unlike nearby shopping streets such as Bond Street, it has retained an element of downmarket street trading alongside more prestigious retail stores. The street suffered heavy bombing during World War II, and several longstanding stores including John Lewis were completely destroyed, the annual switching on of Christmas lights by a celebrity has been a popular event since 1959. However, the combination of a popular retail area and a main thoroughfare for London buses and taxis has caused significant problems with traffic congestion, safety. Various traffic management schemes have proposed by Transport for London, including a ban on private vehicles during daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays. Oxford Street runs for approximately 1.2 miles, the eastward continuation is New Oxford Street, and then Holborn. The road is entirely within the City of Westminster and it is within the London Congestion Charging Zone. Numerous bus routes run along Oxford Street, including 10,25,55,73,98,390 and Night Buses N8, N55, N73, N98 and N207. Oxford Street follows the route of a Roman road, the Via Trinobantina, between the 12th century and 1782, it was variously known as Tyburn Road, Uxbridge Road, Worcester Road and Oxford Road. Despite being a major coaching route, there were several obstacles along it, a turnpike trust was established in the 1730s to improve upkeep of the road. It became notorious as the route taken by prisoners on their journey from Newgate Prison to the gallows at Tyburn near Marble Arch. Spectators drunkenly jeered at prisoners as they carted along the road, by about 1729, the road had become known as Oxford Street. The street began to be redeveloped in the 18th century after many of the fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford. In 1739, local gardener Thomas Huddle began to build property on the north side, John Rocques Map of London, published in 1746, shows urban buildings as far as North Audley Street, but only intermittent rural property thereafter. Buildings began to be erected on the corner of Oxford Street, further development along the street occurred between 1763 and 1793
13.
Regent Street
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Regent Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. It is named after George, the Prince Regent and was built under the direction of the architect John Nash, the street runs from Waterloo Place in St Jamess at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regents Park, the street was completed in 1825 and was an early example of town planning in England, replacing a number of earlier roads including Swallow Street. Nashs street layout has survived, although all the buildings except All Souls Church have been replaced following reconstruction in the late 19th century. The street is known for its retail stores, including Liberty, Hamleys, Jaeger. The Royal Polytechnic Institution, now the University of Westminster, has based on Regent Street since 1838. Regent Street is approximately 0.8 miles long and begins at a junction with Charles II Street as a continuation of Waterloo Place. It runs north to Piccadilly Circus, where it left before curving round the Quadrant to head north again. It ends at a junction with Cavendish Place and Mortimer Street near the BBC Broadcasting House, with the road ahead being Langham Place, the southern section of the road is one-way northbound and part of the A4, a major road through West London. From Piccadilly Circus northwards, it is numbered A4201, though in common with roads inside the London congestion charging zone, the number does not appear on signs. Nearby tube stations are Charing Cross, Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, the lattermost being one of the busiest underground stations in London, numerous bus routes, such as 6,12, and 13, run along Regent Street. Regent Street was one of the first planned developments of London and it was hoped the road could link Pall Mall and the Haymarket, of which has since declined in quality. A further problem was increased congestion around Charing Cross, which would benefit from road improvements, the street was designed by John Nash, who had been appointed to the Office of Woods and Forests in 1806 and previously served as an adviser to the Prince Regent. He put forward his own plans for the street in 1810 following the death of Fordyce, envisioning broad, architecturally distinguished thoroughfares and public spaces. Nash originally wanted to construct a straight boulevard in the style seen in French cities. The northern section involved demolishing most of the existing Swallow Street, the road was designed to curve east between Oxford Street and Piccadilly so that it did not meet St Jamess Square, and the circuses allowed visual continuity down the street. The central section, known as the Quadrant, was designed for shops appropriated to articles of fashion and taste and it was built with a colonnade made out of cast-iron columns, allowing commuters to walk along the street without having to face bad weather. The road was planned to end outside Carlton House in Pall Mall, Nash insisted that businesses on the new street would be of high-quality, rivalling that of the nearby Bond Street, common trades such as butchers or greengrocers were not allowed
14.
Boutique
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A boutique is a small store that sells stylish clothing, jewelry, or other usually luxury goods. The word is French for shop, which derives ultimately from the Greek ἀποθήκη or storehouse, the term boutique entered into everyday English since the late 1960s. In Europe, Avenue Montaigne and Bond Street were the focus of media attention for having the most fashionable stores of the era. This term can refer to a specialized firm in other industries. The word is used to describe a property in the independent sector of the hotel market in order to distinguish itself from larger chains. In such cases, the establishment aims to convey the idea that its operation is small, elite, some multi-outlet businesses can be referred to as boutiques if they target small, upscale market niches. Recently, the term boutique has begun to be applied to items that are either niche or produced in intentionally small numbers to be sold at very high prices. This can be referred to as boutique manufacturing, one of the first concept stores was 10 Corso Como in Milan, Italy, founded in 1990, followed by Colette in Paris and Quartier 206 in Berlin. Several well-known American chains such as Urban Outfitters, Dash, and The Gap, Australian chain Billabong and, though common, Lord & Taylor. Types of retail outlets Types of advertising agencies
15.
Broadwick Street
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Broadwick Street is a street in Soho, City of Westminster, London. It runs for 0.18 miles approximately west-east between Marshall Street and Wardour Street, crossing Berwick Street, Broad Street was notorious as the centre of an 1854 outbreak of cholera. Dr John Snow traced the outbreak to a water pump on the street. The end of the outbreak swiftly followed, before this time, the disease was widely thought to be caused by air-borne miasma, Snows findings showed it to be water-borne. A replica pump, together with a plaque, was erected in 1992 close to the original location. The original pump was sited at the junction of Broad Street and Cambridge Street, the site is subtly marked with a pink granite kerbstone in front of small wall plaque. A house on the corner of Broadwick and Marshall Street was the birthplace, the street crosses, or meets with, Wardour Street, Duck Lane, Berwick Street, Hopkins Street, Ingestre Place, Poland Street, Lexington Street, Dufours Place, Marshall Street and Carnaby Street. Current institutions on Broadwick Street include Yauatcha, a noted Chinese restaurant, also at the same premises were T & A Wise Ltd. engravers, and The Flutemakers Guild, makers of flutes in precious metals
16.
Ganton Street
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Ganton Street is a street in central London that runs between Marshall Street and Kingly Street. It is crossed by Carnaby Street, and Newburgh Street joins it on its north side, the street is in a part-pedestrianised area dominated by independent clothing shops and restaurants, and on upper floors, offices, particularly media companies. Immediately to the east of Regent Street, Ganton Street is variously described as being in the West End, Soho, Ganton street was formerly Cross Court and South Row. Numbers 2 to 8,10 and 12, and 24 are all listed buildings with English Heritage, number 21 Carnaby Street, on the corner with Ganton Street, is also listed. Property company and major London landlord Shaftesbury plc has acquired significant holdings in the Carnaby Street area, designer James Wedge had premises at 4 Ganton Street in about 1962. When Wedge moved out, designers Marion Foale and Sally Tuffin took over the building, peter Smalls clothes shop The Foundry was at 12 Ganton Street, a listed building, in the early 1980s. Boy George worked there as a dresser and the shop sold the creations of Sue Clowes. The shop is now Mor Jewellery, cultural commentator Stephen Bayley has offices at 23 Ganton Street. Other work by the trio included Paul McCartneys piano and the car seen on the cover of The Kinks Sunny Afternoon EP from 1966. An outsize plug and socket has been a feature of the façade of the substation on the corner of Ganton Street. Plug and Socket was installed by James Glancy Design as a piece of art to enliven an otherwise dull building. It has had a number of different designs over the years and the whole item, including the cable, lights up at night
17.
Bakerloo line
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The Bakerloo line /ˌbeɪkərˈluː/ is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. It runs partly on the surface and partly at deep level, from Elephant and Castle in Central London, via the West End, the line serves 25 stations, of which 15 are below ground. It was so named because it serves Baker Street and Waterloo, North of Queens Park, the line shares tracks with London Overgrounds Watford DC Line and runs parallel to the West Coast Main Line. It is the ninth busiest line on the network, carrying over 111 million passengers annually, for a detailed history of the line, see Baker Street and Waterloo Railway. The route had its origins in the projects of the pneumatic 1865 Waterloo and Whitehall Railway. It was extended to Elephant & Castle five months later, on 5 August, the contraction of the name to Bakerloo rapidly caught on, and the official name was changed to match in July 1906. As a result, work on the line was stopped for a few months and did not resume until Charles Yerkes and UERL stepped in, in 1915 the line was extended to Queens Park, where it joined the LNWRs Euston-Watford DC line to Watford Junction. Bakerloo services to Watford Junction were reduced in the 1960s and cut back in 1982 to Stonebridge Park, services as far as Harrow & Wealdstone were gradually restored from 1984, and in 1989 the present all-day service was instituted. By the mid-1930s, the Metropolitan line was suffering from congestion caused by the capacity of its tracks between Baker Street and Finchley Road stations. The Bakerloo line took over the Metropolitan lines service to Stanmore on 20 November 1939, a projected extension as far as Camberwell was shown on a 1949 edition of the Underground map but no further work was done. The train describers at Warwick Avenue station showed Camberwell as a destination until the 1990s, one oddity is that, almost from its opening until 1917, the Bakerloo operated with the polarity of the conductor rails reversed, the outside rail negative and the centre rail positive. This came about because the Bakerloo shared a power source with the District Railway, on the Bakerloo, the outside conductor rail tended to leak to the tunnel wall, whereas on the District Railway, the centre rail shared a similar problem. The solution was to reverse the polarity on the Bakerloo line, in 1917, the two lines were separated when the LNWR began its New Line service between Euston and Watford Junction, which the Bakerloo would share north of Queens Park. As a result, normal operation was restored, the line celebrated its centenary on 10 March 2006, when various events were organised on the line. This was in conjunction with the reorganisation of a number of north London railways under London Overground, under a former London Plan it was projected that by 2026 the Bakerloo line would be re-extended from Harrow & Wealdstone to Watford Junction, restoring the pre-1982 service. The railway line from Queens Park to Watford Junction, currently shared with London Overground, the 1949 extension to Camberwell proposal was resurrected in 2006 when the then London Mayor, Ken Livingstone, suggested that an extension was being considered within 20 years. However, there are no firm commitments to this extension and it remains at the proposal stage, tfLs Transport T2025 - Transport Vision for a growing world city investment programme identifies the ambition to separate the present Northern line into two self-contained lines by 2025. In this scenario, an extension to the Bakerloo line would no longer be required, in its July 2011 London & South East Route Utilisation Strategy, Network Rail recommended extending the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Lewisham and then taking over the Hayes Line
18.
Central line (London Underground)
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The Central line is a London Underground line that runs through central London, from Ealing and Ruislip in the west to Epping, Essex in the north-east. Coloured red on the map, the line serves 49 stations. It is the longest tube line and it is also one of only two lines on the London Underground network to cross the Greater London boundary, the other being the Metropolitan. One of Londons deep-level tube railways, the trains are smaller than those on British main lines. The line was opened as the Central London Railway in 1900, crossing central London on an east–west axis and it was later extended to the western suburb of Ealing. After the Second World War, the line was expanded considerably into the recently constructed suburbs, taking over steam-hauled outer suburban routes to the borders of London and beyond to the east. This realised plans that had delayed by the war, when construction stopped. The Central line has mostly operated by automatic train operation since a major refurbishment in the 1990s. In terms of passengers, the Central line is the busiest line on the London Underground. In the year 2011/12 over 260 million passenger journeys were made on the Central line, the tunnels were bored with the nominal diameter of 11 feet 8 1⁄4 inches, increased on curves, reduced to 11 feet 6 inches near to stations. The tunnels generally rise approaching a station, to aid braking, the Central London Railway was the first underground railway to have the station platforms illuminated electrically. All the platforms were lit by Crompton automatic electric arc lamps, with the white glazed tiling, all underground Central London Railway platforms were very brightly lit. Earlier tube lines generated DC power at the required to run the trains. The line between Shepherds Bush and Bank was formally opened on 30 June 1900, public services beginning on 30 July, with a uniform fare of 2d the railway became known as the Twopenny Tube. This allowed higher-speed and lighter motors to be used, which reduced the weight of the locomotive as well as the unsprung weight. The railway also tried an alternative approach, it converted four coaches to accommodate motors, two of these experimental motor coaches were used in a 6-coach train, the control gear being operated by the system used on the Waterloo and City Railway. The modified locomotives were an improvement, but the motor coaches of an even lower weight were much better still. The CLR ordered 64 new motor cars designed to use Spragues recently developed traction control system, the CLR was exclusively using the resulting electric multiple units by 1903
19.
Victoria line
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The Victoria line is a deep-level London Underground route running from Brixton in the south in Zone 2 to Walthamstow Central in the north-east in Zone 3 of London. It is coloured blue on the Tube map. It is one of two lines to run entirely below ground, the other being the Waterloo & City line. The line has always operated using automatic train operation. The main purpose was to relieve congestion in the central area, the necessary Private Bill was introduced into Parliament in 1955. It described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow, there was also a proposal, though not included in the Bill, for a subsequent extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway station on the District line. Construction began in 1962 on the initial Walthamstow to Victoria section, a test tunnel from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road had been bored in 1959 and was later incorporated into the running tunnels. In August 1967 the government gave approval for the Brixton extension, preparatory work had already started at Bessborough Gardens near Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. In June 1968 a proposal to build a station at Pimlico was approved, the entire Walthamstow-Brixton line was completed in 1972. The name Victoria line dates back to 1955, other suggestions were Walvic line, during the planning stages, it was known as Route C and then was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna, whose suggestion was seconded by Sir John Elliot. It had been intended to build the line beyond Walthamstow Central to Wood Street, proposals were also made to extend the line as far north as South Woodford or Woodford, to provide interchange with the Central line. However, in a decision in 1961 the line was cut back to Walthamstow station. The first section to be opened was between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington, there was no initial opening ceremony, instead the normal timetable started on Sunday 1 September 1968. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 6,30 am, later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened, again without ceremony, on 1 December 1968. The official opening took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5d ticket and travelled to Green Park, the 3.5 mile extension from Victoria to Brixton was approved in August 1967. At the time, London Transport mentioned the possibility of extensions to Streatham, Dulwich and Crystal Palace. Princess Alexandra opened the Brixton extension on 23 July 1971, making a journey from Brixton to Vauxhall, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh had previously visited the line during its construction, in July 1968, they visited tunnel workings under Vauxhall Park
20.
Sybil (novel)
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Sybil, or The Two Nations is an 1845 novel by Benjamin Disraeli. Published in the year as Friedrich Engelss The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. Disraeli was interested in dealing with the conditions in which the majority of Englands working classes lived — or. The book is a roman à thèse, or a novel with a thesis — which was meant to create a furor over the squalor that was plaguing Englands working class cities. Disraelis novel was made into a silent film called Sybil in 1921, starring Evelyn Brent, Chartism failed as a parliamentary movement, however, five of the Six Points of Chartism would become a reality within a century of the groups formation. It also features Disraeli himself as a character, Sybil, or The Two Nations at Project Gutenberg Sybil public domain audiobook at LibriVox There is no critical edition of Disraelis novels. Most editions use the text of Longmans Collected Edition, edited with an introduction by Rab Butler and notes by Thom Braun. Edited with an introduction and notes by Sheila Smith
21.
Benjamin Disraeli
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Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS was a British politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies. Disraeli is remembered for his voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone. He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the glory and he is the only British Prime Minister of Jewish birth. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then part of Middlesex and his father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue, young Benjamin became an Anglican at the age of 12. After several unsuccessful attempts, Disraeli entered the House of Commons in 1837, in 1846 the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel split the party over his proposal to repeal the Corn Laws, which involved ending the tariff on imported grain. Disraeli clashed with Peel in the Commons, Disraeli became a major figure in the party. When Lord Derby, the party leader, thrice formed governments in the 1850s and 1860s and he also forged a bitter rivalry with Gladstone of the Liberal Party. Upon Derbys retirement in 1868, Disraeli became Prime Minister briefly before losing that years election and he returned to opposition, before leading the party to a majority in the 1874 election. He maintained a friendship with Queen Victoria, who in 1876 created him Earl of Beaconsfield. Disraelis second term was dominated by the Eastern Question—the slow decay of the Ottoman Empire, Disraeli arranged for the British to purchase a major interest in the Suez Canal Company. This diplomatic victory over Russia established Disraeli as one of Europes leading statesmen, World events thereafter moved against the Conservatives. Controversial wars in Afghanistan and South Africa undermined his public support and he angered British farmers by refusing to reinstitute the Corn Laws in response to poor harvests and cheap imported grain. With Gladstone conducting a speaking campaign, his Liberals bested Disraelis Conservatives in the 1880 election. In his final months, Disraeli led the Conservatives in opposition and he had throughout his career written novels, beginning in 1826, and he published his last completed novel, Endymion, shortly before he died at the age of 76. Disraeli was born on 21 December 1804 at 6 Kings Road, Bedford Row, Bloomsbury, London, the child and eldest son of Isaac DIsraeli, a literary critic and historian. The family was of Sephardic Jewish Italian mercantile background, All Disraelis grandparents and great grandparents were born in Italy, Isaacs father, Benjamin, moved to England from Venice in 1748. Disraelis siblings were Sarah, Naphtali, Ralph, and James and he was close to his sister, and on affectionate but more distant terms with his surviving brothers
22.
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
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The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snows study of its causes and his hypothesis that contaminated water, not air and this discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the focus of infection would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. Cowsheds, slaughter houses and grease boiling dens lined the streets and contributed animal droppings, rotting fluids, many cellars had cesspools underneath their floorboards which formed from the sewers and filth seeping in from the outside. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames, London had already suffered from a series of debilitating cholera outbreaks which included an outbreak in 1832 and 1849 which killed 14,137 people. Preceding the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak there were two competing theories on the causes of cholera in the human body, the London medical community debated between miasma theory and germ theory as two possible causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city. Miasma Theory, Miasma theorists concluded that cholera was caused by disease causing particles in the air, Miasma particles were considered to travel through the air and infect individuals and cause cholera. Dr. William Farr, the commissioner for the 1851 London census, the soil surrounding the river contained decaying organic matter which contained miasmatic particles and were released into the London air. Miasma theorists believed in cleansing and scouring, rather than through the scientific approach of microbiology. Dr. William Farr later agreed with John Snows Germ Theory following Snows publications, Germ Theory, In contrast to the Miasma theory, the Germ Theory behind the cause of cholera labeled the principle cause of cholera as a germ cell that had not yet been identified. John Snow theorized that this unknown germ would be transmitted from person to person by ingesting water, John Simon, a pathologist and the lead medical officer for London labeled John Snows Germ Theory as Peculiar. Even though Simon understood John Snows theory he called into question Germ theories relation to the cause of cholera, on 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it the most terrible outbreak of cholera which occurred in this kingdom. Over the next three days,127 people on or near Broad Street died, in the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area. By 10 September,500 people had died and the mortality rate was 12.8 percent in some parts of the city, by the end of the outbreak,616 people had died. Dr. Edwin Lankester, a physician who was part of a local research conglomerate that studied the 1854 Broad Street Cholera Epidemic, in 1866 Dr. Lankester came to his conclusion that the pump itself was the cause of the Cholera outbreak. He agreed with John Snow, however his opinion, like Snows, was not publicly supported, Lankester eventually was named the first medical officer of health for the St. James District in London. This was the area where the pump was located
23.
Epidemiology
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Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease, epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results. Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in research, public health studies. However, the term is used in studies of zoological populations, although the term epizoology is available. The distinction between epidemic and endemic was first drawn by Hippocrates, to distinguish between diseases that are visited upon a population from those that reside within a population. The term epidemiology appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española, epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic. Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease cause changes in the function of everyone, Hippocrates believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors. The cure to the sickness was to remove or add the humor in question to balance the body and this belief led to the application of bloodletting and dieting in medicine. He coined the terms endemic and epidemic, in the middle of the 16th century, a doctor from Verona named Girolamo Fracastoro was the first to propose a theory that these very small, unseeable, particles that cause disease were alive. They were considered to be able to spread by air, multiply by themselves, in this way he refuted Galens miasma theory. In 1543 he wrote a book De contagione et contagiosis morbis, the development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visual evidence of living particles consistent with a germ theory of disease. Wu Youke developed the concept that some diseases were caused by transmissible agents and his book Wenyi Lun can be regarded as the main etiological work that brought forward the concept, ultimately attributed to Westerners, of germs as a cause of epidemic diseases. His concepts are considered in current scientific research in relation to Traditional Chinese Medicine studies. Another pioneer, Thomas Sydenham, was the first to distinguish the fevers of Londoners in the later 1600s and his theories on cures of fevers met with much resistance from traditional physicians at the time. He was not able to find the cause of the smallpox fever he researched and treated. John Graunt, a haberdasher and amateur statistician, published Natural and Political Observations, upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662. In it, he analysed the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague, presented one of the first life tables and he provided statistical evidence for many theories on disease, and also refuted some widespread ideas on them. John Snow is famous for his investigations into the causes of the 19th century cholera epidemics and he began with noticing the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Company
24.
John Snow
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John Snow was an English physician and a leader in the adoption of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of an outbreak in Soho, London. Snow was born on 15 March 1813 in York, England, the first of nine born to William and Frances Snow in their North Street home. The neighbourhood was one of the poorest in the city frequently in danger of flooding because of its proximity to the River Ouse, growing up, Snow experienced unsanitary conditions and contamination in his hometown. Most of the streets were unsanitary and the river was contaminated by water from market squares, cemeteries. He demonstrated an aptitude for mathematics at a young age, in 1827, when he was 14 he obtained a medical apprenticeship with William Hardcastle in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1832, during his time as an apprentice, he encountered a cholera epidemic for the first time in Killingworth. Snow treated many victims of the disease and gained a lot of experience, additionally, while he was an apprentice, Snow could not drink, gamble or marry. Eventually he adjusted to teetotalism and led a life characterized by abstinence, Snow was also vegetarian and tried to only drink distilled water that was “pure”. Between 1833 and 1836 Snow worked as an assistant to a surgeon, first in Burnopfield, County Durham. In October 1836 he enrolled at the Hunterian school of medicine on Great Windmill Street, in 1837, Snow began working at the Westminster Hospital. In 1850 he was one of the founding members of the Epidemiological Society of London. In 1857, Snow made an early and often overlooked contribution to epidemiology in a pamphlet and he designed the apparatus to safely administer ether to the patients and also designed a mask to administer chloroform. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether, a longer version entitled On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics and Their Action and Administration was published posthumously in 1858. After finishing his studies in the University of London, he earned his MD in 1844. Snow set up his practice at 54 Frith Street in Soho as a surgeon, John Snow contributed to a wide range of medical concerns including anaesthesiology. He was a member of the Westminster Medical Society, a dedicated to clinical. Snow gained prestige and recognition all the while being able to experiment and he was a speaker multiple times at the society’s meetings and he also wrote and published articles
25.
Florence Mills
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Florence Mills, billed as the Queen of Happiness, was an African-American cabaret singer, dancer, and comedian known for her effervescent stage presence, delicate voice, and winsome, wide-eyed beauty. A daughter of enslaved parents, Nellie and John Winfrey, she was born Florence Winfrey in 1896 in Washington. She began performing as a child, at the age of six she sang duets with her two older sisters, Olivia and Maude. They eventually formed an act, calling themselves the Mills Sisters. The act did well, appearing in theaters along the Atlantic seaboard, florences sisters eventually quit performing, but Florence stayed with it, determined to pursue a career in show business. She joined Ada Smith, Cora Green, and Carolyn Williams in the Panama Four and she received favorable reviews in London, Paris, Ostend, Liverpool, and other European venues. She told the press that despite her years in vaudeville, she credited Shuffle Along with launching her career, after Shuffle Along, Lew Leslie, a white promoter, hired Mills and Thompson to appear nightly at the Plantation Club. The revue featured Mills and a range of black artists. In 1922, Leslie turned the nightclub acts into a Broadway show and it opened at the Forty-Eighth Street Theatre on July 22. The English theatrical impresario Charles B, in 1924 she headlined at the Palace Theatre, the most prestigious booking in vaudeville, and became an international star with the hit show Lew Leslies Blackbirds. Among her fans when she toured Europe was the Prince of Wales, a living example of the potentialities of the Negro of ability when given a chance to make good. Mills was featured in Vogue and Vanity Fair and was photographed by Bassanos studios and her signature song was her biggest hit, Im a Little Blackbird Looking for a Bluebird. Another of her hit songs was Im Cravin for that Kind of Love, exhausted from more than 300 performances of the hit show Blackbirds in London in 1926, she became ill with tuberculosis. She died of infection following an operation at the Hospital for Joint Diseases in New York City and her death shocked the music world. Honorary pall bearers including singers Ethel Waters and Lottie Gee, both of whom had performed with Mills, dignitaries and political figures of both races sent their condolences. She is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, in Bronx, New York and he subordinated his career to hers, acting as her manager, promoter, minder and companion. After her death, he continued performing, traveling around the world, including appearances in China and Australia and he later married Gertrude Curtis, New Yorks first black woman dentist and the widow of the lyricist Cecil Mack. Thompson outlived both of his wives, he died in 1990, at the age of 101, in Little Rock, after her death, Duke Ellington memorialized Mills in his composition Black Beauty
26.
Pan-Africanism
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Pan-Africanism is a worldwide intellectual movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent. It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, the ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core Pan-Africanism is a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny. The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Johannesburg, Pan-Africanism stresses the need for collective self-reliance. Pan-Africanism exists as a governmental and grassroots objective, du Bois, and others in the diaspora. Solidarity will enable self-reliance, allowing the potential to independently provide for its people to be fulfilled. Crucially, an alliance would empower African people globally. that would unsettle social and political structures. in the Americas. United, African nations will have the economic, political and social clout to act and compete on the stage as do other large entities, such as the European Union. Pan-Africans or Pan-Africanists—often champion socialist principles and tend to be opposed to external political, critics accuse the ideology of homogenizing the experience of people of African descent. They also point to the difficulties of reconciling current divisions within countries on the continent, as a philosophy, Pan-Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Another important political form of a religious Pan-Africanist worldview appeared in the form of Ethiopianism, in London, the Sons of Africa was a political group addressed by Quobna Ottobah Cugoano in the 1791 edition of his book Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery. The group addressed meetings and organised letter-writing campaigns, published campaigning material and they wrote to figures such as Granville Sharp, William Pitt and other members of the white abolition movement, as well as King George III and the Prince of Wales, the future George IV. Modern Pan-Africanism began around the start of the 20th century, the African Association, later renamed the Pan-African Association, was established around 1897 by Henry Sylvester-Williams, who organized the First Pan-African Conference in London in 1900. With the independence of Ghana in March 1957, Kwame Nkrumah was elected as the first Prime Minister, Nkrumah emerged as a major advocate for the unity of Independent Africa. The Ghanaian President embodied a political activist approach to pan-Africanism as he championed the “quest for regional integration of the whole of the African continent”, Nkrumah’s pan-African principles, intended for a union between the Independent African states, upon a recognition their commonality, suppression under imperialism. The Conference invited delegates of political movements and major political leaders, with the exception of South Africa, all Independent States of the Continent attended, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan. The Conference signified a monumental event in the movement, as it revealed a political and social union between the those considered Arabic states and the black African regions. Further, the Conference espoused a common African Nationalist identity, among the States, of unity, frantz Fanon, journalist, freedom fighter and a member of the Algerian, FLN Party attended the conference as a delegate for Algeria
27.
50 Carnaby Street
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50 Carnaby Street in Londons Soho district was the site of several important music clubs in the 20th century. These clubs were often run for and by the community, with jazz. From 1936, it was the Florence Mills Social Parlour, in the 1940s it was the Blue Lagoon Club. In 1950, it was briefly Club Eleven, and from the early 1950s it was the Sunset Club, from 1961, it was occupied by the Roaring Twenties nightclub. In the 1970s it was Columbos and it is now a Ben Sherman shop. From 1936 it was the location of the Florence Mills Social Parlour, named after the black actress Florence Mills and run by Amy Ashwood, first wife of Marcus Garvey. James, the Trinidadian journalist George Padmore, the president of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta, the Guyanese Pan-Africanist T. Ras Makonnen. In the 1940s it was the Blue Lagoon Club, supposedly a front for prostitution, in November 1946, Margaret Cook, an exotic dancer, was shot dead outside the club and it was said that guns had to be handed in at the door with coats. The police investigation into the murder of blonde Mrs Cook was hampered by the discovery that she had different names. Also in 1946, Mrs Violet Boofty was found gassed in her flat the night after her party at the Blue Lagoon. The Inquest found that there was no evidence that she had been assaulted by a man at the club as had been reported, Club Eleven were resident for six months in 1950 until they were closed by a police raid. It then became the calypso Sunset Club, Club Eleven had been founded at 44 Great Windmill Street in 1948 as a co-operative to promote bebop jazz. Ronnie Scott and Johnny Dankworth were group leaders, tony Hall writing in 1960 said, I can never recall such a sense of evil excitement in a club. The atmosphere was so vivid that the red glow from the stand, the club was raided by the Drugs Squad on the evening of 15 April 1950. Denis Rose was arrested by the Royal Military Police for desertion from the Army, six of the musicians were arrested and appeared in court on drugs charges. From the early 1950s it was the Sunset Club, a racially mixed club where jazz was played until seven in the morning, american GIs were regular customers, as they were in many London clubs in the 1940s and 50s. Caribbean music became important in the club and the Russ Henderson Steel Band. The influential Trinidadian musician Rupert Nurse was a bandleader at the club from 1954
28.
Beak Street
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Beak Street is a street in Soho, London, that runs roughly east-west between Regent Street and Lexington Street. On its south side, Beak Street is joined by Warwick Street, Upper John Street, Upper James Street, Bridle Lane, on its north side, Beak Street is joined by Kingly Street, Kingly Court, Carnaby Street, and Marshall Street. Beak Street is a street for traffic. The section between Regent and Warwick streets were part of an ancient city highway that ran from Piccadilly to Oxford Circus. The street is named after Thomas Beake, later one of the Queens messengers, the name Beak Street first appeared in the ratebooks for 1689, and in 1691 it was ordered that the street be paved with stone. The remaining section was known as Silver Street until 1883, and was part of Gelding Close until Bridle Lane, the painter Antonio Canaletto lived at number 41 between 1749 and 1752. Artists model Betty May, and her husband Raoul Loveday who died at Aleisters Crowley Abbey of Thelema in 1923, there are a number of listed buildings in Beak Street. Numbers 19,21,23,41 and 43,73,77, and 79 are all listed with Historic England
29.
Mod (subculture)
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Mod is a subculture that began in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and spread, in varying degrees, to other countries and continues today on a smaller scale. Significant elements of the mod subculture include fashion, music, the original mod scene was associated with amphetamine-fuelled all-night dancing at clubs. In England during the early to mid 1960s, mods often engaged in brawls with rockers, in the mid-to-late 1960s, the conflicts between mods and rockers subsided, as several rock bands, including The Who and the Small Faces adopted a mod style. London became synonymous with fashion, music, and pop culture in these years, a period often referred to as Swinging London. There was a mod revival in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s, which was followed by a mod revival in North America in the early 1980s, particularly in southern California, Vancouver, and Toronto. The term mod derives from modernist, a used in the 1950s to describe modern jazz musicians and fans. This usage contrasted with the term trad, which described traditional jazz players, the 1959 novel Absolute Beginners describes modernists as young modern jazz fans who dress in sharp modern Italian clothes. The novel may be one of the earliest examples of the term being written to describe young British style-conscious modern jazz fans and this usage of the word modernist should not be confused with modernism in the context of literature, art, design and architecture. From the mid-to-late 1960s onwards, the media often used the term mod in a wider sense to describe anything that was believed to be popular. Paul Jobling and David Crowley argue that the definition of mod can be difficult to pin down, because throughout the original era. They claim that since the mod scene was so pluralist, the mod was an umbrella term that covered several distinct sub-scenes. Early mods watched French and Italian art films and read Italian magazines to look for style ideas, while clothes were still important at that time, they could be ready-made. Mary Anne Long argues that first hand accounts and contemporary theorists point to the Jewish upper-working or middle-class of London’s East End and suburbs. Simon Frith asserts that the mod subculture had its roots in the 1950s beatnik coffee bar culture, sparks argues that Mod has been much misunderstood. As this working-class, scooter-riding precursor of skinheads, coffee bars were attractive to British youths because, in contrast to typical pubs, which closed at about 11pm, they were open until the early hours of the morning. Coffee bars had jukeboxes, which in some cases reserved space in the machines for the customers own records, in the late 1950s, coffee bars were associated with jazz and blues, but in the early 1960s, they began playing more R&B music. Frith notes that although coffee bars were originally aimed at art school students, they began to facilitate an intermixing of youths from different backgrounds. Violent clashes would often ensue between the two groups and this period was later immortalized by songwriter Pete Townshend, in the Whos 1973 concept album, Quadrophenia
30.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
31.
Mary Quant
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Dame Barbara Mary Quant, Mrs Plunket Greene, DBE, FCSD, RDI is a Welsh fashion designer and British fashion icon. She became a figure in the 1960s London-based Mod and youth fashion movements. In recent fashion there are three, Chanel, Dior, and Mary Quant, Quant was born in Blackheath, London on 11 February 1934, the daughter of Welsh teachers. Her parents, Jack and Mildred Quant, were both from mining families and they had been awarded scholarships to grammar school and had both attained first-class degrees at Cardiff University before they moved to London to work as schoolteachers. She went to Blackheath High School, then studied illustration at Goldsmiths College, after gaining a Diploma in Art Education from Goldsmiths, Quant began an apprenticeship at Erik, a high-end Mayfair milliner on Brook Street next door to Claridges hotel. She met her husband and business partner, Alexander Plunket Greene in 1953. They were married from 1957 until his death in 1990, and had a son, in 1957, they opened the second branch of Bazaar, which was designed by Terence Conran. Following this, Quant decided to design and make more of the clothes she stocked, initially working solo, she was soon employing a handful of machinists, and by 1966 she was working with eighteen manufacturers concurrently. For a while in the late 1950s and very early 1960s, the other was Kiki Byrne, who opened her boutique on the Kings Road in direct competition with Quant. The miniskirt, described as one of the fashions of the 1960s, is one of the garments most widely associated with Quant. While she is cited as the inventor of the style. Others credit Courrèges with the invention of the style, however, skirts had been getting shorter since the 1950s—a development Quant considered practical and liberating, allowing women the ability to run for a bus. Quant later said It was the girls on the Kings Road who invented the mini, I was making easy, youthful, simple clothes, in which you could move, in which you could run and jump and we would make them the length the customer wanted. I wore them short and the customers would say, Shorter, shorter. She enjoys being noticed, but wittily, in the late 1960s, Quant popularised hot pants and became a British fashion icon. Through the 1970s and 1980s she concentrated on household goods and make-up, rather than just her clothing lines, in 1988, Quant designed the interior of the Mini Designer. It featured black and white striped seats with red trimming, the seatbelts were red, and the driving and passenger seats had Quants signature on the upper left quadrant. The steering wheel had Quants signature daisy and the badge had Mary Quant written over the signature name
32.
Marion Foale
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Marion Foale is a British artist and fashion designer. With Sally Tuffin, she formed one half of the team behind the 1960s fashion label Foale. Born in London, Foale attended Ilford County High School for Girls, after school, she attended Walthamstow College of Art. Two years later, she realized that her love of art would never translate into a career that would sustain her, in 1959, she began studying fashion at Royal College of Art under Professor Janey Ironside. Foale studied the construction of garments and how differing fabrics behave by working freely on the tailor’s dummy. It is still worn to this day, in 1961 Foale and her friend, Sally Tuffin, launched the Foale and Tuffin fashion label. They became known for their tailoring, creating long lean suits and coats, the label ran very successfully until 1972, when Foale and Tuffin decided to part company. Some time after Foale and Tuffin dissolved, Foale decided to move into knitwear, hand knit was important at this time and everybody was knitting sweaters with pictures on them, or Arran and Fairisle styles. These garments were two-dimensional, flat shapes, more or less like a “T” shape and she soon realised that there was a market for the designs she was creating and so was launched Foale Ltd. In 1985 Marion Foale produced a pattern book which was designed to be simple, with the most desirable, easy patterns for people to knit at home, using four ply. She then moved into knitting three-dimensionally, making garments that were tailored and shaped just like a jacket, in 1987, Foale opened a shop in Hinde Street, near Marylebone High Street. Webb, Iain R. Foale and Tuffin, The Sixties, a Decade in Fashion, ACC Publishing, ISBN 1-85149-606-8 Marion Foale and Sally Tuffin Foale & Tuffin V&A biography
33.
Sally Tuffin
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Sally Tuffin is the daughter of a dressmaker mother and a printer and draughtsman father. She was educated at Friends School, a progressive Quaker school in Saffron Walden, Tuffin studied at Walthamstow College of Art, where she became friends with Marion Foale, who was in the year below her. On graduating, they enrolled in 1959 on a design diploma course at the Royal College of Art headed by Professor Janey Ironside. These were sold through their own shop in Carnaby Street, Foale and Tuffin were among the first designers to experiment with creating trousers for women that were flattering, sexy garments. Their friend James Wedge helped them become established as designers and retailers, according to Tuffin, to make their clothes, they worked on the billiards table in Jimmy Wedges flat. According to Foale, Wedge had his offices in Ganton Street, soon, they needed more space, so Wedge found space for them above him, and when he moved out, they took over 4 Ganton Street in its entirety. In 1986 Moorcroft, Europes last independent art pottery, was rescued by Maureen and Hugh Edwards together with Sally Tuffin and her husband Richard Dennis, Sally became Art Director of the firm and designed ceramics for them from 1987 to 1997. Her numerous designs include, Balloons, Bramble, Peacock and Rain Forest, Sally Tuffin and Richard Denis left the firm in 1992, since when Maureen and Hugh Edwards have been the sole owners. Sally Tuffin and Richard Dennis now run the independent pottery Dennis Chinaworks, mary Quant We were going to be different
34.
Merc Clothing
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Merc Clothing is a United Kingdom-based clothing company which specialises in the production of shirts, trousers, suits, parkas, harrington jackets, shoes and accessories for men and women. Although the brand focused on the mod and skinhead styles. They also carry a more casual range of jeans and T-shirts, the brand occasionally incorporates the Royal Air Force roundel in its designs. Merc Clothing is a owned company. Founded by Javid Alavi in London in 1967, and with a presence on Carnaby Street, originally, in addition to their own merchandise, they stocked brands such as Fred Perry, Farah and Lonsdale, later dropping these brands to exclusively sell Merc products. Since then, Merc has continued to grow, and now ships goods to every continent via the website http, //www. merc. com/
35.
Small Faces
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Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones and they later evolved into one of the UKs most successful psychedelic acts before disbanding in 1969. This practice has continued on all subsequent North American reissues of the album to this day, a revived version of the original Small Faces existed from 1975 to 1978. Small Faces were one of the biggest musical influences on the Britpop movement of the 1990s and they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012. Lane and Marriott met in 1965 while Marriott was working at the J60 Music Bar in Manor Park, London. Lane came in with his father Stan to buy a guitar, struck up a conversation with Marriott, bought the bass. They recruited friends Kenney Jones and Jimmy Winston, who switched from guitar to the organ and they rapidly progressed from rehearsals at The Ruskin Arms public house in Manor Park, London, to ramshackle pub gigs, to semi-professional club dates. The group chose the name, Small Faces, for reasons, because of the members small physical stature and A Face was somebody special, more than just a snappy dresser. The bands early song set included R&B/soul classics such as Jump Back, James Browns Please Please Please, Smokey Robinsons Youve Really Got a Hold on Me, E too D, which appears on their first album, Small Faces, is named after the guitar chord structure. On US compilation albums the track is titled Running Wild, Marriotts unique and powerful voice attracted rising attention. Singer Elkie Brooks was struck by Marriotts vocal prowess and stage presence, impressed, King began finding them work in London and beyond. Their first out-of-town concert was at a mens club in Sheffield. Since the crowd was made up of Teddy boys and hard-drinking workers. Despondent, they walked into the mod-orientated King Mojo Club nearby and they played a set that left the local mods wanting more and started a strong buzz. During a crucial residency at Leicester Squares Cavern Club, they were supported by Sonny & Cher. The band signed a management contract with management impresario Don Arden and they released a string of high-energy mod/soul singles on the label. Their debut single was in 1965 with Whatcha Gonna Do About It, Marriott and Lane are credited with creating the instrumental to the song, borrowing the guitar riff from the Solomon Burke record Everybody Needs Somebody to Love. The lyrics were written by the Drifters band member Ian Samwell, the group failed to capitalise on the success of their first single with the follow-up which was written by Marriott/Lane, the hard-edged mod number Ive Got Mine
36.
The Who
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The Who are an English rock band that formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation for their live shows. The Who developed from a group, the Detours, and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements, featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars. Their first single as the Who, I Cant Explain, reached the UK top ten, followed by a string of singles including My Generation, Substitute and Happy Jack. In 1967, they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single I Can See for Miles, the groups fourth album, 1969s rock opera Tommy, included the single Pinball Wizard and was a critical and commercial success. Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, along with the live album Live at Leeds, with their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter and visionary Townshend, and the follow-up to Tommy, Lifehouse, was abandoned. Songs from the project made up 1971s Whos Next, which included the hit Wont Get Fooled Again, the group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots, and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975. They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976, the release of Who Are You in 1978 was overshadowed by the death of Moon shortly after. Kenney Jones replaced Moon and the group resumed activity, releasing a film adaptation of Quadrophenia, after Townshend became weary of touring, the group split in 1982. The Who occasionally re-formed for live appearances such as Live Aid in 1985, a 25th anniversary tour in 1989 and they resumed regular touring in 1999, with drummer Zak Starkey. After Entwistles death in 2002, plans for a new album were delayed, Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who, releasing Endless Wire in 2006, and continued to play live regularly. They are cited as an influence by rock, punk rock and mod bands. The founding members of the Who, Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend and John Entwistle, grew up in Acton, London and went to Acton County Grammar School. Townshend and Entwistle became friends in their year of Acton County. Both were interested in rock, and Townshend particularly admired Cliff Richards début single, Entwistle moved to guitar, but struggled with it due to his large fingers, and moved to bass on hearing the guitar work of Duane Eddy. He was unable to afford a bass and built one at home, after Acton County, Townshend attended Ealing Art College, a move he later described as profoundly influential on the course of the Who. Daltrey, who was in the year above, had moved to Acton from Shepherds Bush and he had trouble fitting in at the school, and discovered gangs and rock and roll
37.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
38.
Marquee Club
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The Marquee Club was a music venue first located at 165 Oxford Street, London, England when it opened in 1958 with a range of jazz and skiffle acts. It was always a small and relatively cheap club, located in the heart of the industry in Londons West End. It was a key venue for performances by bands who were to achieve worldwide fame in the 1960s. It was the location of the live performance by The Rolling Stones on 12 July 1962. The club was established by Harold Pendleton, an accountant whose love of jazz had led him to become secretary of the National Jazz Federation. Originally it was located in the Marquee Ballroom in the basement of the Academy Cinema in Oxford Street and its decor was designed by Angus McBean with a striped canopy to imitate a marquee. Pendleton took over management of the ballroom, and the first Jazz at the Marquee night was held on 19 April 1958, johnny Dankworth, Chris Barber, Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies were early resident performers, and Tubby Hayes and Joe Harriott were also regular performers. In 1962 the club began a regular R&B night that occasionally featured visiting American musicians such as Muddy Waters, Pendleton also launched the National Jazz Festival in 1961 in Richmond, this was the precursor to the Reading and Leeds Festivals. In March 1964 the club moved a distance to what became its most famous venue at 90 Wardour Street. Here, almost every major rock band of note played over the next 25 years on the tiny stage, to find out who was playing on any given night, you could just call in at the Ship pub a few doors away. The development of Marquee Studios was largely financed by profits from this record, the studio was later used by Elton John, The Groundhogs, The Clash and others. The Rolling Stones, who first appeared at the club in January 1963, another TV special also filmed at the club, two years later in September 1973, was David Bowies The 1980 Floor Show, screened as part of NBCs The Midnight Special. The Faces performed there on 7 December 1970, although never a seminal punk venue, the club nevertheless embraced the burgeoning punk rock movement of the late 1970s and regularly promoted punk and new wave nights into the 1980s. Mainstream rock acts like Dire Straits, Alexis Korner, Steve Hillage, Rory Gallagher, Racing Cars, The Enid, Hanoi Rocks, The Tyla Gang, during the early to mid-1980s the Marquee became an important venue to the new wave of British heavy metal. Def Leppard played their first show on the Pyromania World Tour here, there was a glam revival spearheaded by Hanoi Rocks, The Babysitters, The Quireboys and others. NWOBHM bands such as Angel Witch, Diamond Head, Witchfynde and Praying Mantis were regulars, metallica performed their first UK show at the venue on March 27th 1984. In April 1985 Robin Trower recorded the majority of his live album Beyond the Mist at the Marquee Club and this album also includes two new studio tracks and an extended 10-minute version of Bridge of Sighs. The Marquee was the venue of the progressive rock revival of the early 1980s
39.
Wardour Street
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Wardour Street /ˈwɔːdɔː/ is a street in Soho, London. It is a street that runs north from Leicester Square, through Chinatown. There has been a thoroughfare on the site of Wardour Street on maps and plans since they were first printed, in 1585, to settle a legal dispute, a plan of what is now the West End was prepared. The dispute was about a field roughly where Broadwick Street is today, the plan was very accurate and clearly gives the name Colmanhedge Lane to this major route across the fields from what is described as The Waye from Vxbridge to London to what is now Cockspur Street. The old plan shows that this follows the modern road almost exactly, including bends at Brewer Street. The road is also a thoroughfare on Faithorne and Newcourts map surveyed between 1643 and 1647. Although they do not give a name, it has about 24 houses, the map also shows a large windmill, 40–50 yards to the west of what is now the Church of St Anne, roughly on the current position of Great Windmill Street. The name Colmanhedge Lane did not last and a 1682 map by Ogilby, the northern part is shown as SO HO, the middle part Whitcomb St and the remainder, from James Street south, is Hedge Lane. It is not clear from the map where the boundary between SO HO and Whitcombe St is, probably somewhere between Compton Street and Gerrard Street and these three names are on the Morden and Lea map of 1682. Wardour Street was renamed and building began in 1686, as shown by a plaque formerly on the house at the corner with Broadwick St. Sir Edward Wardour owned land in the area, and Edward Street was what is now the stretch of Broadwick Street between Wardour Street and Berwick Street, as shown by Roque, neither side of the street was fully built up by 1720. John Rocque shows both roads very clearly on his large scale map of 1746, from Oxford Street south to Meard Street is now Wardour Street. Then south to Compton Street is Old Soho, then down to Coventry Street is Princes Street, for the length of Leicester Square it is Whicomb St and finally Hedge Lane, which now starts at Panton Street rather than James Street. By the end of the 18th century Horwood, on a map of 1799, uses the same names but not Old Soho. This leaves just Wardour, Princess and Whitcomb streets, the houses have individual numbers by then and are shown in detail on Horwoods map. The names are much the same on Greenwoods map of 1827 although the area at the end had been re-developed. The road now ends at Pall Mall East, and the boundary between Wardour and Princes St may have moved north a little, by 1846, Cruchleys new plan of London shows change at the southern end. Wardour, Princes and Whitcomb streets stay the same but Whitcomb Street loses a few hundred yards at the end and
40.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
41.
Greater London Council
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The Greater London Council was the top-tier local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council which had covered a smaller area. The GLC was dissolved in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its powers were devolved to the London boroughs, a new administrative body, known as the Greater London Authority, was established in 2000. It further recommended that the LCC be replaced by a strategic authority, with responsibility for public transport, road schemes, housing development. Most of the Commission’s recommendations were accepted, but the number of new boroughs was reduced to 32, other areas recommended for inclusion that were never part of Greater London included Epsom and Ewell, Caterham and Warlingham, Esher, and Weybridge. GLC councillors elected for areas within the former County of London became ex officio members of the new Inner London Education Authority, the GLC was responsible for running strategic services such as the fire service, emergency planning, waste disposal and flood prevention. The GLC shared responsibility with the London boroughs for providing roads, housing, city planning and it had a very limited role in direct service provision with most functions the responsibility of the London boroughs. The GLC did not take control of transport from the London Transport Board until 1970. Under the 1963 Act, the GLC was required to produce a Greater London Development Plan, the plan included the comprehensive redevelopment of Covent Garden and creating a central London motorway loop. The plan was subject to an Inquiry which lasted from July 1970 until May 1972, the campaign to save Covent Garden along with various opposition on other matters largely derailed the plan. Each of the six GLC elections was won by the national opposition party. The first GLC election was on 9 April 1964, each of the new boroughs elected a number of representatives under the bloc vote system. Despite Conservative hopes, the first GLC consisted of 64 Labour and 36 Conservative councillors, at the next election in 1967 the unpopularity of the national Labour government produced a massive Conservative victory with 82 seats, to Labours 18. Desmond Plummer became the first Conservative leader of London-wide government in 33 years, the Conservatives retained control in 1970 with a reduced majority. In 1972 the electoral system was reformed to introduce single-member constituencies for the election after the 1973 contest, Labour fought the 1973 election on a strongly socialist platform and won with 57 seats to 33 for the Conservatives. The GLCs hopes under the Labour administration of Reg Goodwin were badly affected by the oil crisis of 1974, massive inflation which when combined with the GLCs £1.6 billion debt led to heavy rate increases and unpopular budget cuts. Some months before the 1977 elections the Labour Group began to split, a left group, including Ken Livingstone, denounced the election manifesto of the party. The Conservatives regained control in May 1977, winning 64 seats under their new Thatcherite leader Horace Cutler against a Labour total of just 28, Cutler headed a resolutely right-wing administration, cutting spending, selling council housing and deprioritising London Transport
42.
Don Arden
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He achieved notoriety in Britain for his aggressive, sometimes illegal business tactics, which led to his being called Mr Big, the Yiddish Godfather and the Meyer Lansky of Pop. He was married to Hope Shaw, a former ballet dancer/teacher and he was the father of David Levy and Sharon Osbourne. Ardens success story turned sour when his violent negotiating methods and questionable accounting caught up with him, born into a Jewish family in Cheetham Hill, Manchester. After being demobilised from the British Army at the end of World War II, Arden worked as an entertainer on the British variety circuit. He impersonated famous tenors such as Enrico Caruso and film such as Edward G. Robinson. On weekends, Yiddish-speaking Arden impressed Jewish audiences with his Al Jolson routine, one of his record releases was his version of Blue Suede Shoes on the Embassy label when he did his best to impersonate Elvis. He gave up after that and in 1954 went on to become an agent after realising it would be more profitable. He began his career organising Hebrew folk song contests, then started putting together his own shows, Arden signed up American rocknroller Gene Vincent in 1960 and launched his career as a manager. Taking over from John Schatt, Arden became Vincents manager, Arden could not control Vincents compulsive alcoholism. The relationship ended when Vincent reportedly pulled a knife on his manager, for a short period of time in the early 1960s he worked with up and coming British singer Elkie Brooks who went on to become a household name some years later. During 1964, Arden moved into beat group pop management with the Nashville Teens who secured chart hits with Tobacco Road and Google Eye, according to Johnny Rogans book Starmakers & Svengalis, their earnings from these hits was £3,513. In 1965, Arden met aspiring rock band Small Faces in his office in Carnaby Street, half an hour later he had signed them up. Don Arden was immediately struck by the potential of Small Faces, I thought at that time, on the first hearing, kenney Jones, Small Faces drummer, recalls, He was kind of a Jewish teddy bear I suppose. You liked him immediately because he was enthusiastic and he talked about what he could do and what he couldnt do and whenever he said – Ill do this, Ill do that – he did and it came true. The bands first hit was obtained by chart-fixing, which cost Arden £12,000, Arden denied it was cheating, I had a saying, you cant polish a turd. In other words, if the records no good to begin with it still wont be any good after youve wasted your time and money getting it played. In 1966, Arden and a squad of minders turned up at impresario Robert Stigwoods office to him a lesson for daring to discuss a change of management with Small Faces. This became one of the most notorious incidents from the 1960s British pop business, Arden reportedly threatened to throw Stigwood out of the window if he ever interfered with his business again
Oxford Circus
