1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Paul J. Pelz
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Paul Johannes Pelz was a German-American architect, best known as the main architect of the Library of Congress in Washington DC. Paul J. Pelz was born November 18,1841 in Seitendorf, Waldenburg, Silesia and his father, Eduard Pelz, was elected as a representative of Silesia to the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848. Subsequent political repression led him to emigrate to the U. S. in 1851 while the rest of the family stayed in Breslau. In 1858, Paul Pelz joined his father in New York City, in 1864, he was employed as chief draftsman by Jewish architect Henry Fernbach, best known for his later design of New Yorks Central Synagogue. In 1866, Pelz became a member of the American Institute of Architects, in 1867 he moved to Washington DC and was engaged as a civil engineer for the United States Lighthouse Board, where from 1872 to 1877 he served as chief draftsman. His work won a prize for the Lighthouse Board at the 1873 Universal Exhibition in Vienna, in 1873, Pelz and John L. Smithmeyer, another Washington-based architect, together won the competition for the architectural plans for the Library of Congress. Their winning design proposal was based on notes Pelz had taken on prominent public libraries when he traveled to Europe to collect the prize in Vienna. In the ensuing years Pelz also partnered with Smithmeyer on other projects, however, the difficulties experienced on the Library of Congress project, with many delays from congressional dithering, eventually strained their collaboration. In 1888 Pelz became the architect for the Library of Congress as Smithmeyer was dismissed, Pelz in turn was dismissed in 1892. Pelzs offices were in the Corcoran Building on 15th and F Street NW and he designed churches, public buildings, private houses and commercial buildings, and also participated in key debates of the time on Washingtons urban design. In 1898, at the request of socialite Mary Foote Henderson, pelzs first wife, Louise Dorothea Kipp, died in 1894. In 1895, he remarried with Mary Eastbourne Meem, on 30 March 1918, he died in Washington, D. C. He is buried together with his wife in Oak Hill Cemetery. Like other architects of his time, Pelz mastered a range of styles and was willing to switch across them depending on program. St. Augustine Lighthouse, St. Smithmeyer, Washington D. C,1873, 1886-92 Beautification of the Wisconsin Avenue Reservoir built in 1859 by Montgomery C. Meigs, Washington D. C.1875 Healy Hall and Riggs Memorial Library, Georgetown University, with John L. Smithmeyer, elkins,1626 K Street NW, Washington D. C. 1894–96 House on 3440 34th Place, Washington D. C. with Frederick W. C.1896 Mansion for Senator Joseph B. C, 1900–01 Townhouse on 2238 Q Street NW, Washington DC,1901 Grace Reformed Church, Washington DC, with A. A. 1907-08 Grace Reformed Church Sunday School, Washington D. C, 1911-1912 Works by or about Paul J. Pelz at Internet Archive Paul J. Pelz at Find a Grave
5.
Romanesque Revival architecture
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Romanesque Revival is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, however, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches, an early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s. By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson, in the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque, of which not all are Romanesque Revival. In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl’s castle at Inverary, started in 1744, and castles by Robert Adam at Culzean, Oxenfoord, Dalquharran and it was at this point that the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817 Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation and it was now realised that ‘round-arch architecture’ was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. The start of an archaeologically correct Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of Thomas Hopper and his first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837, however, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. It was Thomas Penson, a Welsh architect, who would have been familiar with Hopper’s work at Penrhyn, Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic. At St David’s Newtown, 1843–47 and St Agatha’s Llanymynech,1845, he copies the tower of St. Salvators Cathedral, other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are Christ Church, Welshpool, 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of Terracotta to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, during the 19th century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Some of the examples of this Romanesque architecture is seen in Non-conformist or Dissenting churches. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects Drury and Mortimer, after about 1870 this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by Byzantine Revival architecture. Two of Canadas provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, University College, one of seven colleges at the University of Toronto, is a chief example of the Romanesque Revival style. The building, designed by Frederic Cumberland and William G. Storm, was intended to be Gothic in style but was rejected by the governor general. Construction of the design began on 4 October 1856. The facade of University College has thick walls, incorporating layers of both stone and brick. The building possesses a number of round arches characteristic of the Roman Revival style, the arches are configured in arcades, most notably on the south side of the building. There is a deal of ornamentation on both the interior and exterior of University College
6.
Richardsonian Romanesque
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Richardson first used elements of the style in his Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane in Buffalo, New York, designed in 1870. This very free revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish, the style includes work by the generation of architects practicing in the 1880s before the influence of the Beaux-Arts styles. It is epitomised by the American Museum of Natural Historys original 77th Street building by J. Cleaveland Cady of Cady, Berg and See in New York City. It was seen in communities in this time period such as in St. Thomas, Ontarios city hall and Menomonie. Some of the practitioners who most faithfully followed Richardsons proportion, massing and detailing had worked in his office and these include, Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow and Frank Alden, George Shepley and Charles Coolidge, Herbert Burdett. Bate designed the Grays Armory in this style in Cleveland, Ohio, the style also influenced the Chicago school of architecture and architects Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. In Finland, Eliel Saarinen was influenced by Richardson, research is underway to try to document the westward movement of the artisans and craftsmen, many of whom were immigrant Italians and Irish, who built in the Richardsonian Romanesque tradition. The style began in the East, in and around Boston, as the style was losing favor in the East, it was gaining popularity further west. Stone carvers and masons trained in the Richardsonian manner appear to have taken the style west, as an example, four small bank buildings were built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma, during 1904–1911. For pictures of H. H. Richardson’s own designs and some of the details, with the exception of the Richardson Olmsted Complex, none of the following structures were designed by Richardson. They illustrate the strength of his personality on progressive North American architecture from 1885 to 1905. They are divided into categories denoting the various different uses of the buildings, civic Buildings Educational Institutions and Libraries Service-related buildings Churches and chapels Residences Henry Hobson Richardson H
7.
Allegheny Center (Pittsburgh)
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Allegheny Center is a neighborhood on Pittsburghs North Side. Its zip code is 15212, and it has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both council members for District 6 and District 1, in 1783, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania established a 3000-acre tract of land north of where the Allegheny River merged with the Ohio River. John Redick created a town plan for Allegheny City- which featured 36 city blocks surrounded by a common grazing area - the following year. That initial 36-block area is todays Allegheny Center and it is still surrounded on three sides by the former grazing area, now a public park called Allegheny Commons. On either side of park are the neighborhoods of Allegheny West and East Allegheny. The main thoroughfare was East Ohio Street, which stretched from Allegheny West through Allegheny Center and then to Allegheny East, from the 19th century to 1907, Allegheny Center was thus the hub of downtown Allegheny City. The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh is located within it, as is the old Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny, Allegheny Center is also home to the National Aviary, situated within West Park. After 1907, this continued to be a hub for those residents of what was now Pittsburghs North Side. In the 1950s, community leaders discussed how to revitalize the historic hub of Allegheny City, designed by architects Deeter & Ritchey, it involved a $65 million project by Alcoa Properties, Inc. The public square was the object of a design competition sponsored by the Pittsburgh Urban Redevelopment Authority. The entire Allegheny Redevelopment Area encompasses approximately 79 acres on the North Side, the central portion of East Ohio Street was closed, and drivers were forced to take a new ring road around the mall and the other blocks of Redicks initial plan to proceed east or west. The mall, opened in 1965 and anchored by Sears, F. W, the malls stores began closing in the 1990s, and the mall gradually became a successful office complex. While there are businesses that serve the office workers in the former mall. A former business district along North Avenue in Central Northside, which deteriorated along with Allegheny Center, Allegheny West Central Northside East Allegheny North Shore List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods Toker, Franklin. Allegheny Center Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh history History of the Buhl Planetarium
8.
Andrew Carnegie
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He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses
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Carnegie library
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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
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The Braddock Carnegie Library in Braddock, Pennsylvania, is the first Carnegie Library in the United States. The building was dedicated by Carnegie in person at ceremonies on March 30,1889, circulation of books also began that month. An addition in more Richardson Romanesque style by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow followed in 1893, the Carnegie foundation provided a grant of $357,782 for its construction. Like some of the other early Carnegie libraries, the building housed various recreational facilities for its users, a bathhouse in the basement, originally accessed by a tunnel under the front entrance, provided Carnegies millworkers with a place to shower before using the facilities. Now re-purposed as a studio, the tiled walls and floor remain. At least in the years, the athletic/recreational facilities were available to members of the Carnegie Club who paid a modest quarterly fee. Employees of any Carnegie-owned company received a 50% discount, which in 1903 amounted to $1/quarter, three sets of decorative cast-iron panels with elements that include a shield and oak leaves are located below the first-floor bay-front windows of the Halsey Wood façade. Two specimens of Q robur now flank the entryway steps, the Library remained in continuous use from 1889 to 1974, when neglect of the structure and lack of funds for repair, particularly of the roof, forced its closure. It was slated for demolition in the late 1970s when a group of residents for whom the Library had represented a positive influence in their youth. Initially re-opening a single room as a library in 1983, with kerosene heat. Currently, library services for adults have largely moved to the first floor, in the basement space originally occupied by a bathhouse, the Bathhouse Ceramics Studio offers pottery lessons to the community. Work on the Music Hall continues, with restoration of the floor, kane Co. seats the current focus. The building has been used in several cinematic productions, the earliest known, Tony Bubas music video from ~1982 of Frenchy Burritos cover of the Robert Johnson classic, Terraplane Blues, was filmed in the gymnasium. In early Dec 2014, the Library was the location for filming sequences of Dr. Bennet Omalus office in Concussion, with Will Smith,3, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Digital Resource Library, pp. 737–740
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Braddock, Pennsylvania
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Braddock is a borough located in the eastern suburbs of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania,10 miles upstream from the mouth of the Monongahela River. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, the town is named for General Edward Braddock. This battle, now called the Battle of the Monongahela, was a key event at the beginning of the French, the area surrounding Braddocks Field was originally inhabited by the Lenape, ruled by Queen Allequippa. In 1742, John Fraser and his family established the area at the mouth of Turtle Creek as the first permanent English settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains, George Washington visited the area in 1753-1754. It was the site of Braddocks Defeat on July 9,1755, Braddocks first industrial facility, a barrel plant, opened in 1850. The borough was incorporated on June 8,1867, the towns industrial economy began in 1873, when Andrew Carnegie built the Edgar Thomson Steel Works on the historic site of Braddocks Field in what is now North Braddock, Pennsylvania. This was one of the first American steel mills which used the Bessemer process, as of 2010, it continues operation as a part of the United States Steel Corporation. This era of the history is depicted in Thomas Bells novel Out of This Furnace. Braddock is also the location of the first of Andrew Carnegies 1,679 public libraries in the US, designed by William Halsey Wood of Newark, New Jersey, and dedicated on March 30,1889. The Braddock Library included an entrance for Carnegies millworkers to enter a bathhouse in the basement to clean up before entering the facilities. An addition in 1893, by Longfellow, Alden and Harlow, added a pool, indoor basketball court. The building was rescued from demolition in 1978 by the Braddocks Field Historical Society, the bathhouse has recently been converted to a pottery studio, the music hall is currently under restoration. During the early 1900s many immigrants settled in Braddock, primarily from Croatia, Slovenia, Braddock lost its importance with the collapse of the steel industry in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. This coincided with the crack epidemic of the early 1980s. In 1988, Braddock was designated a distressed municipality. The entire water system was rebuilt in 1990-1991 at a cost of $4.7 million. From its peak in the 1920s, Braddock has since lost 90% of its population, since 2005, colorful mayor John Fetterman has launched a campaign to attract new residents to the area from the artistic and creative communities. He has also initiated various efforts, including the nonprofit organization Braddock Redux
13.
Monongahela River
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The Monongahela joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh. The Native American word Monongahela means falling banks, in reference to the instability of the rivers banks. The Lenape Language Project renders the word as Mënaonkihëla, translated where banks cave in or erode, from the verbs mënaonkihële the dirt caves off and mënaonke, it has a loose bank. Monongalia County and the town of Monongah, both in West Virginia, are named for the river, as is Monongahela in Pennsylvania, the river is navigable its entire length with a series of locks and dams that maintain a minimum depth of 9 feet to accommodate coal-laden barges. In Pennsylvania, the Monongahela is met by two tributaries, the Cheat River, which joins at Point Marion, and the Youghiogheny River. The upper drainage area of the basin is renowned for its whitewater kayaking opportunities. The land here is of a rugged plateau type which allows streams to gather sufficient water volume before they fall off the plateau. An ice dam created a vast lake—known as Lake Monongahela—stretching from its outlet at present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania for 200 miles south to at least Weston, West Virginia. It was as much as 100 miles wide at its maximum, hundreds of feet deep in places, its western and southern overflow gradually created the present-day upper Ohio River Valley. The Monongahela River valley was the site of a famous, if small, battle that was one of the first in the French and it resulted in a sharp defeat for British and Colonial forces against those of the French and their Native American allies. Originally planned to run as far south as the Cheat River, the system was extended to Fairmont, in 1897, the federal government took possession of the Monongahela Navigation through condemnation proceedings. Later, the combinations were increased in size and reduced in number. In 2006, the system, operated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, had nine dam-locks along 128.7 miles of waterway. The locks overcame a change in elevation of about 147 feet, briefly linked to the Monongahela Navigation was the Youghiogheny Navigation, a slack water system of 18.5 miles between McKeesport and West Newton. It had two dam-locks overcoming a change in elevation of about 27 feet, opening in 1850, it was destroyed by a flood in 1865. During the 19th century, the Monongahela was heavily used by industry, three ships in the United States Navy have been named Monongahela after the river. In the 1930s, severe drought caused the river to run dry, the river was the site of a famous airplane crash that has become the subject of numerous urban legends and conspiracy theories. All six crewmen survived the crash, but two later succumbed to exposure and drowned, despite the relative shallowness of the water, the aircraft was never recovered
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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History of Pittsburgh
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The history of Pittsburgh began with centuries of Native American civilization in the modern Pittsburgh region, known as Dionde, gâ in the Seneca language. Eventually French and British explorers encountered the strategic confluence where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio, the area became a battleground when France and Britain fought for control in the 1750s. When the British were victorious, the French ceded control of territories east of the Mississippi, following American independence in 1783, the village around Fort Pitt continued to grow. The region saw the short-lived Whiskey Rebellion, when farmers rebelled against federal taxes on whiskey, the War of 1812 cut off the supply of British goods, stimulating American manufacture. By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing large quantities of iron, brass, tin, by the 1840s, Pittsburgh had grown to one of the largest cities west of the Allegheny Mountains. Production of steel began in 1875, during the 1877 railway riots it was the site of the most violence and damage in any city affected by the nationwide strikes of that summer. Workers protested against cuts in wages, burning buildings at the railyards, including 100 train engines. Forty men were killed, most of them strikers, by 1911, Pittsburgh was producing half the nations steel. Pittsburgh was a Republican party stronghold until 1932, in World War II, it was the center of the Arsenal of Democracy, producing munitions for the Allied war effort as prosperity returned. Following World War II, Pittsburgh launched an air and civic revitalization project known as the Renaissance. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1960s, but after 1970 foreign competition led to the collapse of the industry, with massive layoffs. Top corporate headquarters moved out in the 1980s, in 2007 the city lost its status as a major transportation hub. The population of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area is holding steady at 2.4 million, 65% of its residents are of European descent, for thousands of years, Native Americans inhabited the region where the Allegheny and the Monongahela join to form the Ohio. Paleo-Indians conducted a hunter-gatherer lifestyle in the region perhaps as early as 19,000 years ago, meadowcroft Rockshelter, an archaeological site west of Pittsburgh, provides evidence that these first Americans lived in the region from that date. During the Adena culture that followed, Mound Builders erected a large Indian Mound at the site of McKees Rocks. The Indian Mound, a site, was augmented in later years by members of the Hopewell culture. By 1700 the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations-based south of the Great Lakes in present-day New York, held dominion over the upper Ohio valley, reserving it for hunting grounds. Other tribes included the Lenape, who had displaced from eastern Pennsylvania by European settlement, and the Shawnee
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Timeline of Pittsburgh
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. 1742 John Fraser is given what will become Braddocks Field,1754 January, Construction on Fort Prince George is started April, Fort Duquesne established by French. April 18, Fort Prince George is surrendered,1755 July 9, French and Indian forces defeat the British Army. 1758 September 14, The Battle of Fort Duquesne takes place November 25, British take Fort Duquesne,1763 June 22, Siege of Fort Pitt begins August 20, Siege of Fort Pitt ends 1764 The Fort Pitt Blockhouse is completed. Allegheny County Sheriffs Office is established September 17, Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed,1792 Fort Pitt is abandoned by the U. S. Army. 1793 September 12, The Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire is established,1794 The Pittsburgh Night Watchmen, the predecessor to the Pittsburgh Police Department is established. August 1, Rebellious militiamen and farmers march on the city during the Whiskey Rebellion 1797 August 3,1798 Gilkison Bookstore and Circulating Library in business. 1803 Fort Lafayette serves as a base for the Lewis. 1811 Pittsburgh Engine Company in business,1812 Fort Lafayette serves as a supply base for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. 1813 Pittsburgh Humane Society and Chemical and Physiological Society established,1828 City water pumping system put into effect for the Allegheny River. 1829 City wards created, East, North, South, West,1838 Pittsburg Institute of Arts and Sciences incorporated. 1840 Pittsburgh and Beaver Canal opens,1841 Courthouse built on Grant Street. State Convention of Colored Freemen held in city,1842 Sitdown strike by iron workers. 1843 Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh established, delanys The Mystery newspaper begins publication. 1846 Uptown becomes part of city,1847 Young Mens Mercantile Library & Mechanics Institute established. The Catholic Sisters of Mercy establish Mercy Hospital, the first hospital in Pittsburgh 1849 St. Mary Cemetery established, manufacture of Kiers Rock Oil begins. 1851 Duffs Mercantile College and German Library Association established,1852 Pennsylvania Central Railroad begins operating. 1856 February, An informal National Republican convention is held in the city,1857 The Pittsburgh Police Department is established
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Culture of Pittsburgh
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The Culture of Pittsburgh stems from the citys long history as a center for cultural philanthropy, as well as its rich ethnic traditions. The Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece Fallingwater is about an hours drive from Downtown Pittsburgh, the North Shore has an 1895 neogothic church, Calvary Methodist, with an interior designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. The churchs stained glass windows are some of the largest and most elaborate work Tiffany ever created, the Allegheny County Courthouse, designed by H. H. Richardson, is a unique and influential building. At 42 stories, the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning is the second tallest collegiate building in the world, the tallest skyscraper in Pittsburgh is the triangular U. S. Steel Tower. Both Heinz Field and PNC Park are designed to give fans a view of the city skyline, the region has hosted over 1,000 film and television works since the first production filmed in the city in 1898. Since 1990 the Pittsburgh Film Office has marketed the greater southwestern Pennsylvania region as a location for movie, television. The PFO has assisted more than 102 feature films and television productions to southwestern Pennsylvania to generate an impact of more than $575 million for the region. Pittsburgh Filmmakers teaches media arts and runs three arthouse movie theaters and since 1981 the Three Rivers Film Festival has brought attention to local talent. The Pittsburgh Playhouse at Point Park University has four resident theatre companies, the Pittsburgh New Works Festival utilizes local theatre companies to stage productions of original one-act plays by playwrights from all parts of the country. Similarly, Future Ten showcases new ten-minute plays, saint Vincent Summer Theatre, Off the Wall Productions, Mountain Playhouse, and Stage Right. In nearby Latrobe, Carnegie, Jennerstown, and Greensburg, respectively, employ Pittsburgh actors, August Wilson, one of the best known playwrights of his generation, was a Pittsburgh native. The majority of his plays are set in the city as well including the two that he won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for, friday Nite Improvs, an improv show at the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning, is Pittsburghs longest-running theatre show. It has produced a number of writers and actors. Since 1991 the Gene Kelly Awards have honored students in drama in the region, traditional Pittsburgh foods reflect the citys multicultural heritage, especially that of the European immigrants of the early 20th century. While these immigrant populations introduced dishes such as pierogis to the city, other Pittsburgh food specialties were developed in the city. In general, these dishes are popular because for many years, they satisfied the hearty appetite of the archetypal Pittsburgher. Essies Original Hot Dog shop - an Oakland staple since 1960, halušky – noodles with fried cabbage, or cottage cheese. Iron City Beer – native brew, with a shot of whiskey, a boilermaker, with a shot of Imperial, italian sausage – with grilled peppers and onions
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Western Pennsylvania English
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Speakers with the strongest accent of this dialect, associated with the white working class of Pittsburgh, have been historically called Yinzers. Scots-Irish, Pennsylvania German, and Slavic-speaking immigrants to the area all provided certain loanwords to the dialect, since the time of Kuraths study, one of western Pennsylvanias defining features, the cot–caught merger, has expanded into central Pennsylvania, moving eastward until being blocked at Harrisburg. Speakers of Pittsburgh English are sometimes called Yinzers, in reference to their use of the 2nd-person plural pronoun yinz, the word yinzer is sometimes heard as pejorative, indicating a lack of sophistication, although the term is now used in a variety of ways. Older men are likely to use the accent than women. possibly because of a stronger interest in displaying local identity. A defining feature of Western Pennsylvania English is the cot–caught merger, therefore, cot and caught are both pronounced, Don and dawn are both. The /oʊ/ sound as in oh begins more fronted in the mouth, similarly, /uː/ as in food and rude is fronted, and often diphthongized, as in much of the American South, Midland, and West. The diphthong /aʊ/, as in ow, is monophthongized to in environments, including before nasal consonants. This monophthongization does not occur, however, in word-final positions and this sound may be the result of contact from Slavic languages during the early twentieth century. Monopthongization also occurs for the sound /aɪ/, as in eye, before consonants, so that tile is pronounced, pile is pronounced. Due to this phenomenon, tire may merge with the sound of tar, an epenthetic /r/ sound may occur after vowels in a small number of words, such as in water pronounced like warter, and wash like warsh. A number of vowel mergers occur uniquely in Western Pennsylvania English before the consonant /l/, the pair of vowels /iː/ and /ɪ/ may each merge before the /l/ consonant, cause both steel and still to be pronounced as something like. Similarly, /u/, /oʊ/, and /ʊ/ may merge before /l/, so that pool, pull, the /iː/~/ɪ/ merger is found in western Pennsylvania, as well as parts of the southern United States, including Alabama, Texas and the west. On the other hand, the merger is consistently found only in western Pennsylvania. The /iː/~/ɪ/ merger towards may also appear before /ɡ/, the vowel /ʌ/ before /l/, may lower into the vowel of the cot–caught merger mentioned above, so that mull can sound identical to mall/maul. L-vocalization is also common in the Western Pennsylvania dialect, in which an /l/ sounds like a /w/, an example is that well is pronounced as, milk as or, role as, and cold as. This phenomenon is common in African American Vernacular English. All adj. all gone Further explanation, When referring to consumable products, for example, the phrase the butters all would be understood as the butter is all gone. Babushka n. headscarf Further explanation, In Russian, Slovak, and many other Slavic languages, in Pittsburgh English, the word also denotes a type of headscarf that might be worn by an old woman
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Media in Pittsburgh
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The Pitt News, a financially independent student-written and -managed newspaper of the University of Pittsburgh, is closing in on its 100th year of publication. The University of Pittsburgh School of Law also hosts JURIST, the worlds only university-based legal news service, Outdoor advertising in the area is handled by Lamar Outdoor, who controls a majority of large posters and billboards and bus shelters and shopping centers in the area. It has recently gained distinction as one of the most competitive, the market is served by, Pittsburgh radio has long been dominated by KDKA1020 AM. However, as of early 2006 the station is no longer No.1 in the ratings, KQV1410 AM, now an all-news outlet, was Pittsburghs dominant Top 40 station throughout the 1960s. On the FM dial, album-rock WDVE, modern rock WXDX, adult contemporary WBZZ, pop and hip-hop WKST-FM, the Radio Information Service, broadcasting on a subcarrier of WESA provides special programming for the blind and print impaired. Additionally, Pittsburgh hosts the radio stations WRCT and WPTS. In 2010, Nielsen will continue to rank Pittsburgh as the 23rd largest television Designated Market Area in the country and that is a drop from Nielsens 2009 estimate of 1,156,460. Despite the decline in households, Pittsburgh still has 22,090 more households than the next closest television DMA which is Charlotte, NC. In 2004 Pittsburgh was the 24th largest DMA in the U. S. as ranked by population, Pittsburghs DMA covers a land area of 10,083 square miles in three states. The Pittsburgh DMA includes the counties, Pennsylvania counties, West Virginia counties, Monongalia Preston Maryland counties, Garrett Pittsburgh
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Government of Pittsburgh
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The Government of Pittsburgh is composed of the Mayor, the City Council, and various boards and commissions. Most of these offices are housed within the Pittsburgh City-County Building, the Mayor of Pittsburgh is elected every 4 years. The current mayor is Bill Peduto, since the 1950s the Mayors Chief of Staff has assumed a large role in advising, long term planning and as a gatekeeper to the mayor. The Pittsburgh City Council is a city council. City council members are chosen by plurality elections in each of nine districts, the mayor appoints the position of Pittsburgh Police Chief. The city and its residents are served by the elected four-year term Allegheny County Sheriff. Pittsburgh finances are subject to the Pittsburgh Intergovernmental Cooperation Authority, the citys state-appointed financial oversight body, many governmental functions are carried out by boards, authorities and commissions
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Allegheny County Airport Authority
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Allegheny County Airport Authority is a Municipal Authority in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania that oversees and maintains the Allegheny County airport system. These include management of Pittsburgh International Airport as well as Allegheny County Airport, the Authority is also a key lobbying and public interest agency often representing the local aviation industry and related industry interests in Harrisburg and on the federal level. The authority holds over $500 million in debt from construction of the Pittsburgh International Airport, christina Cassotis January 15,2015 – present James R. Gill March 14,2014 – January 14,2015 Bradley Penrod Oct. 2007-February 5,2013 Kent George Dec.14 1998-Oct. 2007 (also served as President of American Association of Airport Executives Gary Bishop Jan,311997 Peter Florian Jan.20 1996- Herbert Higginbotham Dec.1993 - Jan.191996 Guy Tumolo June 1993-Nov
22.
David L. Lawrence Convention Center
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The David L. Lawrence Convention Center is a 1,500, 000-square-foot convention, conference and exhibition building in downtown Pittsburgh in the U. S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is served by two exits on Interstate 579 and it sits on the southern shoreline of the Allegheny River. It is the first LEED-certified convention center in North America and one of the first in the world and it is owned by the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. In the early 1970s a site on the side of Downtown Pittsburgh was considered for a modern convention center. There was a proposal in mid-1974 to locate the center at the then transitioning Penn Station, the center had its ceremonial groundbreaking on June 8,1977. On February 7,1981 the original $35 million structure opened with a ribbon cutting ceremony by Mayor Richard Caliguiri, County Commissioner Tom Foerster and Governor Dick Thornburgh. After the Commonwealth approved funding for the center on February 3,1999 Rafael Viñoly Architects. Viñoly along with Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners and Goldreich Engineering P. C, the architect, Viñoly, began the design with a goal in mind of achieving the status of a green building. The current building replaced the former center of the same name that was constructed in 1981. The old convention center was 131,000 sq ft and lacked a ballroom, all of the old building was demolished to make way for the current structure which was built on the same site. The building won the 2004 Supreme Award for structural engineering excellence from the Institution of Structural Engineers, the center—though completely a structure of 2003 construction—chose to retain the name of the earlier convention center on the site completed in 1981 in honor of David Leo Lawrence. Lawrence was an American politician who served as the Democratic Governor of Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1963 and he is to date the only mayor of Pittsburgh to be elected Governor of Pennsylvania. He was Pennsylvanias first Catholic Governor, and a force in the national Democratic Party from the 1930s to the 1960s. Historians credit him with among other behind-the-scenes labors, leading a compromise at the 1944 National Democratic Convention that eventually made Harry Truman president, the boy survived after being treated at Allegheny General Hospital for several days. On February 12,2002, less than two weeks before the opening of the new center, a 165-ton truss that was under construction collapsed, killing one. The truss was part of the phase of construction, scheduled for opening in 2003. On February 5,2007, a section of concrete floor from the second floor loading dock collapsed under the weight of a tractor-trailer, the building remained closed until investigations by the contractors were completed on March 9, the fault was repaired, and the convention center reopened. June 8,1977, Groundbreaking at 10th Street and Ft. Duquesne Way, HJ Heinz and Westinghouse bringing two interactive talking robots to their displays and US Steel and Alcoa hosting large exhibits
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