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Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
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Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
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Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh are four museums that are operated by the Carnegie Institute headquartered in the Carnegie Institute complex in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Carnegie Institute complex that includes the museum, recital hall. The other two museums, The Andy Warhol Museum and the Carnegie Science Center, are located in facilities on Pittsburghs North Shore. Opened on May 15,1994, the Andy Warhol Museum is the largest museum in the dedicated to one artist. While dedicated to Andy Warhol, the museum hosts many exhibits by artists who push the boundaries of art. When Andrew Carnegie envisioned a museum consisting of the Old Masters of tomorrow, the Carnegie Museum of Art became, arguably. Founded in 1895, today it continues Carnegies love of art by staging the Carnegie International every few years. The marble Hall of Sculpture replicates the interior of the Parthenon, the Hall of Architecture contains the largest collection of plaster casts of architectural masterpieces in America and one of the three largest in the world. The Heinz Architectural Center, opened as part of the museum in 1993, is dedicated to the collection, study, in 2001 the museum acquired the archive of African-American photographer Charles Teenie Harris, consisting of approximately 80,000 photographic negatives spanning from the 1930s to the 1970s. Many of these images have been catalogued and digitized and are available online via the Carnegie Museum of Art Collections Search. The museums permanent collection includes European and American decorative arts from the seventeenth century to the present, works on paper, paintings, prints, sculptures. Research teams including Carnegie scientists have made discoveries such as Puijila darwini, Castorocauda lutrasimilis. Opened in 1991, but with a history that dates to October 24,1939, among its attractions are the newly constructed Buhl Planetarium, the Rangos Omnimax Theater, SportsWorks, the Miniature Railroad & Village, the USS Requin, a World War II submarine, and Roboworld. Under the leadership of Robert Wilburn, Buhl Science Center merged with the Carnegie Institute, and a new $40 million Carnegie Science Center was constructed
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Chateau (Pittsburgh)
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Chateau is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanias north city area. It has a zip code of 15233, and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the member for District 6. It is on the banks of the Ohio River and is separated from the neighborhood of Manchester by PA Route 65, as of the 2000 U. S. Census, Chateau has a population of 39. A2006 investigation by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette found the virtually uninhabited. This may be because the neighborhood consists of warehouses and places of business along the Ohio River. In August 2009, the Rivers Casino opened along the Ohio River in the Chateau neighborhood, the Carnegie Science Center and the Manchester Craftsmens Guild are also located in Chateau. Allegheny West, Manchester, Marshall-Shadeland, North Shore, West End Valley List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods Interactive Pittsburgh Neighborhoods Map
4.
Heinz Field
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Heinz Field is a stadium located in the North Shore neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It primarily serves as the home to the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League, the stadium opened in 2001, after the controlled implosion of the teams previous stadium, Three Rivers Stadium. The stadium is named for the locally based H. J. Heinz Company and it hosted the 2011 NHL Winter Classic between the Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals on January 1,2011. On September 10,2016 it hosted the Keystone Classic, which featured a renewal of the Penn State-Pitt football rivalry, setting a new attendance record at 69,983 people. Funded in conjunction with PNC Park and the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, the stadium was designed with the city of Pittsburghs history of steel production in mind, which led to the inclusion of 12,000 tons of steel into the design. Ground for the stadium was broken in June 1999 and the first football game was hosted in September 2001, the stadiums natural grass surface has been criticized throughout its history, but Steelers ownership has kept the grass after lobbying from players and coaches. Attendance for the 68,400 seat stadium has sold out for every Steelers home game, a collection of memorabilia from the Steelers and Panthers of the past can be found in the Great Hall. The Pittsburgh Steelers and the Pittsburgh Pirates shared Three Rivers Stadium from 1970 to 2000, after discussions over the Pittsburgh Pirates building a full-time baseball park, a proposal was made to renovate Three Rivers Stadium into a full-time football facility. Though met with negative reaction from Steelers ownership, the proposal was used as a position that would be used if discussions for a new stadium failed. In June 2001, the H. J. Heinz Company purchased the rights to the stadium. As per the deal, Heinz will pay the Steelers a total of $57 million through 2021, despite Heinz later announcing its acquisition of Kraft Foods Group to form Kraft Heinz Company in 2015, the stadiums name will remain known as Heinz Field. Originally, a tax increase was proposed to fund three projects, Heinz Field, PNC Park, and an expansion of the David L. Lawrence Convention Center. After the rejection of this proposal in a referendum, the city developed Plan B, similarly controversial, the alternative proposal was labeled Scam B by opponents. The Steelers pledge toward the new stadium was criticized for being too little, other local government members criticized the $281 million of public money allocated for Plan B. One member of the Allegheny Regional Asset District board called the use of tax dollars corporate welfare, the plan, totaling $809 million, was approved by the Allegheny Regional Asset District board on July 9,1998, with $233 million allotted for Heinz Field. Shortly after Plan B was approved, the Steelers made a deal with Pittsburgh city officials to stay in the city until at least 2031, the total cost of Heinz Field was $281 million. In order to accomplish this, HOK Sport used steel structurally and externally, the stone used in Heinz Fields design is artificial, in order to decrease cost. The Steelers and Panthers have their own rooms, which differ in size based on the amount of players each team is permitted to dress for each game
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Miniature Railroad & Village
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The Miniature Railroad & Village is one of the largest and most detailed model train layouts in the United States. It depicts Western Pennsylvania from 1880 to 1930, located at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the MRRV has been a Pittsburgh tradition for over 50 years. The exhibit dates back to late in the decade of the 20th century. Charles Bowdish of Brookville, Pennsylvania, was a soldier in World War I, when doctors discovered a congenital heart problem, he was honorably discharged from service and sent home, where he began to build models of structures around Brookville, his hometown. Every Christmas, in his home on Creek Street, the buildings were assembled in a display, on Christmas Eve 1920, Charles hosted his brothers wedding and reception, and entertained the guests by running his train display. One of the guests, Alfred Truman, asked if he could bring some friends over to see it—word quickly spread, because of this, Christmas Eve 1920 is considered to be the birth date of the exhibit. Bowdish soon began setting up and exhibiting his railroad yearly at Christmas time in his house, each year there would be a different theme, such as White Christmas or Indian Summer. The railroad spanned the entire floor, and no admission fee was ever charged. Thousands of people saw it over the years, some coming from other countries, a combination of a flood nearly destroying his stored models, and his insurance company refusing to cover the crowds anymore, forced Charles to begin searching for a new home for his work. He originally offered it to Brookville, but the town declined, eventually he offered it to the Buhl Planetarium and Institute of Popular Science in Pittsburgh. The Buhl offered him space, opening there on December 1,1954, during the 31-day period, figures showed that 23,885 visitors viewed the layout. It was originally 14 X14, and was called The Great Christmastown Railroad and it was renamed The Miniature Railroad & Village in 1957. The exhibit was an instant hit, and was and still is one of the major attractions in Pittsburgh. The MRRV was in the basement, and the queue would at times extend out the front door and around the block, eventually the dates it was open would be the first weekend of November to the last weekend of February. It was then torn down and stored until next year because the space had to be used for the science fair. On January 1,1987, the Buhl officially became a part of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, the Buhl staff had been wanting to expand the science center so they could bring in large travelling exhibits, and create more of their own. Joining the Carnegie allowed them to have the resources to do it, Buhl closed on August 31,1991, and Carnegie Science Center opened on October 5,1991. A whole new building allowed the museum to dedicate a room just to the MRRV, the new and expanded Miniature Railroad & Village opened in the Fall of 1992
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Submarine
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A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability, the term most commonly refers to a large, crewed vessel. It is also used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine. The noun submarine evolved as a form of submarine boat, by naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than as ships. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, Submarines were first widely used during World War I, and now figure in many navies large and small. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection, Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology, most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the sail in American usage, a conning tower was a feature of earlier designs, a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins, smaller, deep-diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water, Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers, modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell. In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle and its unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel and it was propelled by means of oars. By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England, in 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft, a mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the Gentlemens Magazine reported that a design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680. By this point of development, further improvement in design stagnated for over a century, until new industrial technologies for propulsion. The first military submarine was the Turtle, a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person and it was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion
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