1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Bedford
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Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, England. It had a population of 166,252 in 2015 together with Kempston, Bedford was founded at a ford on the River Great Ouse, and is thought to have been the burial place of Offa of Mercia. Bedford Castle was built by Henry I, although it was destroyed in 1224, Bedford was granted borough status in 1165 and has been represented in Parliament since 1265. It is well known for its population of Italian descent. Bedford is on the Midland Main Line, with stopping services to London and Brighton operated by Thameslink, and express services to London and the East Midlands operated by East Midlands Trains. The name of the town is thought to derive from the name of a Saxon chief called Beda, and a ford crossing the River Great Ouse. Bedford was a town for the surrounding agricultural region from the early Middle Ages The Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia was buried in the town in 796. In 886 it became a boundary town separating Wessex and Danelaw and it was the seat of the Barony of Bedford. In 919 Edward the Elder built the towns first known fortress, on the side of the River Great Ouse. This fortress was destroyed by the Danes, William II gave the barony of Bedford to Paine de Beauchamp who built a new, strong castle. Bedford traces its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II and elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons and it remained a small agricultural town, with wool being an important industry in the area for much of the Middle Ages. The new Bedford Castle was razed in 1224 and today only a mound remains, in 1660 John Bunyan was imprisoned for 12 years in Bedford Gaol. It was here that he wrote The Pilgrims Progress, the River Great Ouse became navigable as far as Bedford in 1689. Wool declined in importance with brewing becoming an industry in the town. The 19th century saw Bedford transform into an important engineering hub, in 1832 gas lighting was introduced, and the railway reached Bedford in 1846. The first corn exchange was built 1849, and the first drains, Bedford is the largest settlement in Borough of Bedford. The borough council is led by an elected mayor who holds the title Mayor of Bedford. The current Mayor of Bedford is Dave Hodgson from the Liberal Democrat Party, Bedford itself is divided into 10 wards, Brickhill, Castle, Cauldwell, De Parys, Goldington, Harpur, Kingsbrook, Newnham, Putnoe and Queens Park
3.
Bedfordshire
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Bedfordshire is a county in the East of England. It is a county and a historic county, covered by three unitary authorities, Bedford, Central Bedfordshire, and Luton. Bedfordshire is bordered by Cambridgeshire to the east/northeast, Northamptonshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the east/southeast. It is the fourteenth most densely populated county of England, with half the population of the county living in the two largest built-up areas, Luton and the county town, Bedford. The highest elevation point is 243 metres on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns, the traditional nickname for people from Bedfordshire is Clangers, deriving from a local dish comprising a suet crust pastry filled with meat in one end and jam in the other. The first recorded use of the name in 1011 was Bedanfordscir, meaning the shire or county of Bedford, which itself means Bedas ford. Bedfordshire was historically divided into nine hundreds, Barford, Biggleswade, Clifton, Flitt, Manshead, Redbournestoke, Stodden, Willey, Wixamtree, along with the liberty and borough of Bedford. There have been changes to the county boundary, for example, in 1897 Kensworth. The southern end of the county is on the ridge known as the Chiltern Hills. The remainder is part of the drainage basin of the River Great Ouse. Most of Bedfordshires rocks are clays and sandstones from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, local clay has been used for brick-making of Fletton style bricks in the Marston Vale. The Greensand Ridge is an escarpment across the county from near Leighton Buzzard to near Gamlingay in Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire is relatively dry, being situated in the east of England. Average annual rainfall is 597.6 millimetres at Bedford, october is the wettest month with 62.5 millimetres, February the driest with 36.7 millimetres. While there is little difference from month to month there are more wet days in autumn and winter but often heavier individual falls in spring and summer, of note were the 1998 Easter floods. Average temperatures in Bedford range from a low of 0.8 °C overnight in February to a high of 22.1 °C during the day in July, in the last 20 years the highest temperature recorded was 35.9 °C. The lowest temperature on record in Bedfordshire is −20.6 °C at Woburn on 25 February 1947, the Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner is Kathryn Holloway who is a member of the Conservative Party. For local government purposes, Bedfordshire is divided into three authorities, the boroughs of Bedford and Luton, and the District of Central Bedfordshire. Bedfordshire County Council was abolished on 1 April 2009, although the three continue to form a county for ceremonial functions such as lieutenancy and High Sheriff
4.
Countdown (game show)
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Countdown is a British game show involving word and number puzzles. It is produced by ITV Studios and broadcast on Channel 4 and it is presented by Nick Hewer, assisted by Rachel Riley, with regular lexicographer Susie Dent. It was the first programme to be aired on Channel 4, Countdown was initially recorded at The Leeds Studios for 27 years, before moving to Granada Studios in 2009, and then over to MediaCityUK in Salford Quays in 2013. The programme was presented by Richard Whiteley for over 20 years and it was then presented by Des Lynam until the end of 2006, Des OConnor until the end of 2008, and Jeff Stelling until the end of 2011, Nick Hewer has presented the show since 2012. Carol Vorderman, the shows co-host, who had also been on the programme since it began, left the show in December 2008 and she was replaced by Rachel Riley. Cathy Hytner originally placed letters on the board for the games before this was taken over by Vorderman. A celebrity guest features in every programme, and provides an interlude midway between the two advertisement breaks. During the series heats, the winning contestant returns the next day until he/she either loses or retires with eight wins as an undefeated Octochamp, the best eight contestants are invited back for the series finals, which are decided in knockout format. Contestants of exceptional skill have received media coverage, and the programme as a whole is widely recognised and parodied within British culture. Countdown is based on the French game show Des chiffres et des lettres, the format was brought to Britain by Marcel Stellman, a Belgian record executive, who had watched the French show and believed it could be popular overseas. Yorkshire Television purchased the format and commissioned a series of eight shows under the title Calendar Countdown, as the presenter of Calendar, Richard Whiteley was the natural choice to present Calendar Countdown—his daily appearances on both shows earned him the nickname Twice Nightly. These shows were only broadcast in the Yorkshire area, an additional pilot episode was made, with a refined format, although it was never broadcast. A new British television channel, Channel 4, was due to launch in November 1982, Countdown was the first programme to be broadcast on the new channel. Channel 4 originally planned a parallel Junior Countdown in which the contestants were children, the pilot episode was filmed on 26 November 1982, less than a month after the first adult version was broadcast. The presenter was Gyles Brandreth, with Ted Moult in Dictionary Corner, the format mirrored that of the adult version. No further episodes were filmed, and the episode was never broadcast. Brandreth, speaking on Countdown in November 2012, stated that the concept had proved disastrous, Calendar Countdown was presented by Richard Whiteley, with Cathy Hytner and Denise McFarland-Cruickshanks managing the numbers and letters rounds respectively. Gradually the tasks performed by the presenters were taken over by Carol Vorderman
5.
Loose Women
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Loose Women is a British panel show that has been broadcast on ITV since 6 September 1999. The programme has been simulcast in the Republic of Ireland on UTV Ireland, now known as be3 and its 2500th episode was broadcast on 29 April 2016. On 21 February 2017 ITV announced that The London Studios where Loose Women is currently being filmed is due to be moved out of its home in Spring of 2018. The studio is due to be bigger and to be the most up to date television studio in the U. K, however this means Loose Women will be moved to a temporal studio some where in London for a number of years. The panel comprises four women from various professions in the entertainment, Adams and Nadia Sawalha were the original presenters on the show. Sawalha left in 2002, after the birth of her first child, Adams kept the role for the first ten series until the end of 2006, when she left to go on maternity leave. Adams, Sawalha, Jane Moore and Karren Brady were the panellists who appeared in the very first episode, Denise Welch, Gloria Hunniford and Linda Robson first appeared as guest panellists during the third, fourth and fifth series respectively before later becoming regular panellists. From 2007 to 2009, the job was mainly shared by McLean. Following Brambles departure in August 2009, Kate Thornton took over from her during the following month, Jane Mcdonald also took a 16-month hiatus to focus of her music, returning in 2012. On December 14, Mcdonald announced her return live on air with a phone call. Mcdonald returned on January 16,2012, Linda Robson was introduced as a regular panellist in 2013, after appearing several times previous as a guest stand in. Loose Women underwent a revamp for its eighteenth series, following the departure of McGiffin at the end of series 17. Long-running panellists Welch, McDonald and Lisa Maxwell also departed from the programme in October 2013, December 2013, many former presenters were reintroduced for the eighteenth series of the programme. Nolan, Sawalha and Moore returned as panellists during October 2013, later, Langsford rejoined the programme as a presenter in January 2014. Jamelia and Myleene Klass joined the programme as panellists in November 2013, the panel underwent a further presenter revamp for its nineteenth series following the departures of Vorderman, Sally Lindsay and Shobna Gulati. Klass and Claire Richards, who had been panellists for series 18, Gloria Hunniford, Penny Lancaster and Judy Finnigan were announced as new panellists. June Sarpong later joined the show on 23 March 2015, in this series a book club, Loose Books, was introduced, a panellist picks a book which the audience and the other panellists read. The first was chosen by Nolan called The Girl On The Train by Paula Hawkins which as a result went to number 1, having featured prominently throughout series 19, Judy Finnigan and Linda Lusardi did not return to the panel, though their departures were not officially announced
6.
Food Glorious Food (TV series)
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The competition, in which anyone of any age could enter, searched the country looking for the best home cooked dish, with the winner receiving £20,000 and their dish made and sold by Marks & Spencer. An official Food Glorious Food cookery book was published by The Octopus Publishing Group on 25 February 2013 and is available to purchase online, the book contains over 100 recipes, including all the regional heat winners and the overall series winner. The winning recipes from the heats and overall winning recipe will also be available on the ITV website after appearing on the show. The food competition searches the country looking for the best home cooked dish, hosted by Carol Vorderman, the judging panel consists of Tom Parker Bowles, Loyd Grossman, Anne Harrison and Stacie Stewart, although Andi Oliver was a guest judge for the Harrogate heats. Their dish also appeared on the shelves in Marks & Spencer stores nationwide with 40p from each dish sold going to Great Ormond Street Hospital. In the regional heats, contestants served their dish to one of the four judges, after the judges have tried every dish they must then choose their favourite out of the dishes theyve tasted. The semi-final stages were split between two shows, three contestants who made it through from the regional heats competed against each other on each of the two shows. They had to cook their dish for 150 people from the Womens Institute, only one contestant from each show went on to compete in the final. The two finalists worked with M&S to turn their recipes into a final product, with dishes ready, thousands of samples were to be distributed around the country, each potential customer that tries the dish voted on whether or not they would buy the dish. As the results from the trial runs were counted, the finalists headed back to London, surrounded by their family, rahila Hussain, a teacher from Huddersfield, was declared the winner with a chicken korma dish. The show was sponsored by Anchor Butter, produced by Arla Foods UK, the show received generally negative reviews from critics after its premiere, who described it as twee, wholesome fare styled like a summer fete another described it as a TV turkey. Many people have said that the programme should air in the daytime slot rather than the primetime, Food Glorious Food at itv. com Food Glorious Food at stv. tv Food Glorious Food at UKGameshows. com
7.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
8.
Des Lynam
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Desmond Michael Des Lynam, OBE is an Irish-born British television and radio presenter based in the UK. and Countdown. He also presented programmes on BBC Radio, desmond Michael Lynam was born in Ennis, County Clare in Ireland, and moved with his family to Brighton, England, at the age of six. He recalled having a strong Irish accent at the time, and he passed the eleven-plus in 1954, to attend Varndean Grammar School. After sitting his A-levels, he went into the insurance business, Lynam started his career in broadcasting as a freelance radio journalist, on BBC Radio Brighton. He quickly joined national BBC radio in London and went on to anchor Sport on Two, from 1974–1976 he co-presented the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 on three mornings each week. He was also the radio boxing commentator for 20 years, in 1988 and 1989, Lynam presented the BBC series Holiday. In April 1989, Lynam was present at the Hillsborough disaster whilst covering the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest for Match of the Day. Between 1988 and the end of the 1991–1992 season, the BBC had lost the rights for top flight league matches to ITV, Lynam presented Match of the Day on FA Cup weekends for four years until the end of the 1991–1992 season. In August 1992, at the start of the new formation of the Premier League, Lynam presented Match of the Day highlights of Premier League matches on the BBC until 1999. Throughout his time on the BBC, Lynam was praised for his witty and he is also remembered for narrating the famous Rudyard Kipling poem If— on the BBCs ending credits of the 1998 World Cup Final. In 1998, Lynam made a return to BBC Radio 2. During this period, Johnnie Walker presented the show from Monday to Thursday, Lynam moved from the BBC to ITV in August 1999, to present ITVs live football coverage, including coverage of the midweek UEFA Champions League. Lynam said at the time, Leaving the BBC after 30 years was not a decision to make. A month earlier Lynam had complained in an interview about BBC1s late scheduling on a Saturday evening of Match of the Day. Lynam said, The moment you put it past 10.30 I start fuming, ITV later gained a deal to air Premier League highlights. In 2001, Lynam presented The Premiership, which was first aired on ITV at 7pm on 18 August 2001, the programme ran until May 2004. Lynam continued to present football coverage for ITV until 2004 and he decided to retire from presenting live sport after the Euro 2004 football championships. Soon afterwards the BBC announced that Lynam would present a new radio programme
9.
Richard Whiteley
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John Richard Whiteley, OBE, DL was an English broadcaster, and journalist, best known for his twenty-three years as host of the game show Countdown. Countdown was the programme for Channel 4 at 4,45 pm on 2 November 1982. Despite his intelligence, Whiteley enjoyed projecting the image of an absent-minded eccentric and his trademarks were his jolly, avuncular manner, his fondness for puns, and his bold, sometimes garish wardrobe. At 13, he won a scholarship to Giggleswick School, Yorkshire and he later became a governor of the school. Leaving school with seven O-levels and three A-levels, from 1962 he read English at Christs College, Cambridge, graduating with a third class degree, Whiteley was notoriously bitten by a ferret on an edition of Calendar in 1977. The animal remained clamped to his finger for half a minute before its indifferent owner, Brian Plummer, the clip is often repeated on programmes showing television out-takes. He said, Its made a lot of people laugh and its been all over the world. Its 30-odd years since it happened and I think Ive been a great PR man for the ferret industry, ferrets have a lot to be grateful for, to me, you see theyve become acceptable because one of them bit me. In 1982, Yorkshire Television began to produce Countdown, copying a French quiz show format, Whiteley was chosen as host, and continued with the show when Sir Jeremy Isaacs brought it to Channel 4 as the first programme broadcast by the new station. After a successful first broadcast, with an audience of over 3.5 million viewers and he was nicknamed Twice Nightly Whiteley, in reference to the time when he would present the Calendar news programme and Countdown in the same evening, from 1982 to 1995. As the presenter of Countdown, Whiteley developed a reputation for wearing suits and ties. Whiteley also told many anecdotes and puns, which were met by groans from other presenters and members of the audience. He was granted the title of Mayor of Wetwang in 1998. The Mayor of Wetwang joke reached its head in 2000 when a contestant, Les Noble, was the brother-in-law of the Mayor of Sunderland, on which Whiteley commented, I know how it feels. Countdown was not intended to be a format, but it quickly became a durable programme for Channel 4. At the time of Whiteleys death, it regularly attracted over a million viewers. Whiteley had a cameo role as himself, presenting Countdown. From series 54, broadcast in 2006, the champion has received the Richard Whiteley Memorial Trophy in his honour
10.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
11.
Have I Got News for You
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Have I Got News for You is a British television panel show produced by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC. It is loosely based on the BBC Radio 4 show The News Quiz, the show has cultivated a reputation for sailing close to the wind in matters of libel and slander with its topical and satirical remit. Have I Got News for You is often cited as beginning the increasing domination of panel shows in British TV comedy, in recognition of this, the show received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2011 British Comedy Awards. It was the first time the honour had been bestowed upon a collective instead of an individual or double act, in 2016 they also received a BAFTA in the Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme category. For its first 10 years, the programme was shown on BBC Two, there have been 52 series of the programme broadcast. The UKTV channel Dave carries regular repeats of the show, the original line-up, from 1990 to 2002, was Angus Deayton as chairman, with Ian Hislop, the editor of Private Eye, and comedian Paul Merton as team captains. Each captain was accompanied by a guest, usually a politician, journalist or comedian, Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during the 11th series in 1996, making only one appearance as a guest on Hislops team. He was variously replaced as opposing team captain by Clive Anderson, Alan Davies, Merton later explained that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut. Nevertheless, he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed, in May 2002, following newspaper headlines of his sex with a prostitute and use of illegal drugs, Deayton was relentlessly ridiculed on the show by Hislop and Merton. Following a second round of revelations about his life later in the year, leading to further mockery, Deayton was fired in October. At short notice, Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure, a series of guest hosts appeared for the remainder of the series, including Anne Robinson, Boris Johnson, and Jeremy Clarkson. Despite an initial search for a permanent successor to Deayton, having a different guest host each week proved successful and it was therefore announced in June 2003 that this feature would continue permanently. Hislop is the person to have appeared in every episode — despite suffering from appendicitis during one 1994 edition. The others who have occupied all three positions are Clive Anderson and Frank Skinner, who have stood in for Merton as team captain. Anderson also filled in for Merton at the last minute for the live edition for 24 Hour Panel People for Red Nose Day 2011. The only guests to have worked on the production off camera are Kevin Day. Alexander Armstrong holds the record for both most appearances as guest presenter, as well as most guest appearances in total, having appeared 28 times in the central chair and he has never appeared in any other role. Many guests have appeared on the multiple times
12.
The Sunday Night Project
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The Sunday Night Project is a British comedy-variety show by Princess Productions that first aired on Channel 4 in February 2005 under the title The Friday Night Project. Originally broadcast on Friday nights, the moved to Sunday nights for its seventh series in 2008. Each week, the regular hosts Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr are joined by a celebrity guest host and these guests provide an opening monologue, are interviewed by Alan and Justin and take questions from the studio audience. They also take part in sketches, hidden camera stunts. When the show was called The Friday Night Project, it was not live, when the show became The Sunday Night Project, the show retained its Thursday night taping schedule. The Friday Night Project was originally presented by comics Jimmy Carr, Rob Rouse, Sharon Horgan, the first series began on 4 February 2005 and ran for 8 weeks. The episode featuring Billie Piper was awarded the 2006 Golden Rose of Montreux for best variety show. The guest hosts for the series were, The third series of the show ran from 16 June 2006 for 11 weeks, Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr returned as hosts and the format is exactly the same as the second series. Paul OGrady was due to host but had to pull out due to an attack one week before his episode was to start filming. Cilla Black was also due to host an episode, but had to pull out. The guest hosts for the series were, The fourth series of The Friday Night Project started on Channel 4 on 5 January 2007 and ran for 7 weeks, with hosts Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr returning. The format was almost identical to the series, with the exception of Celebrity Spotting with Debra Stephenson. A new feature was that the coat of cash is sometimes worn by a celebrity guest, rather than Justin, Alan, the guest hosts for the series were, The fifth series began on 1 June 2007 and ran for 14 weeks, double that of the previous series. This was because the series of The Charlotte Church Show was delayed. In Series 5, The Friday Night News was re-vamped and The Big Fun Gameshow replaced Famous Five, there were also questions on VT in the Ask Me Anything segment from celebrity friends of the Guest Host. Comedian Ronnie Corbett and Actress Daryl Hannah were slated to host an episode, the guest hosts for the series were, Series 6 of The Friday Night Project began on 21 March 2008 and ran for six weeks. The guest hosts for the series were, The show then took a 1½ month break, the show moved to Sundays and became known as The Sunday Night Project. Naomi Campbell was originally slated to host an episode this series but had to pull out, the guest hosts for the series were, Series 8 began on 14 December 2008
13.
Lorraine (TV programme)
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Lorraine is the early weekday morning, lifestyle and entertainment show for ITV, presented by Lorraine Kelly and other various presenters. ITV Breakfast produces Lorraine, which airs every weekday from 08,30 until 09,25, the programme is a continuation of Kellys previous show, GMTV with Lorraine, which started in 1993. Each day the presenter gives an introduction into whats coming up on the show, sometimes this is replaced by a showbiz update from Dan Wootton and a Los Angeles update from Ross King. The shows first guests tend to be interviewed next, the chef who is appearing that week then cooks their dish for the day. Throughout the show more guests are interviewed as well as such as Mark Heyes and Dr. Hilary Jones appear with fashion. The competition that runs on Good Morning Britain also appears throughout the show, the programme is sponsored by personal care company Dove. Previous sponsors have included Hillarys, Lea and Perrins, Weetabix, Garnier, Actimel, Spar, Wink Bingo, Plenty, the first edition of Lorraine aired on Monday 6 September 2010. A preview on Daybreak revealed the new look as spacious and coloured in a variety of pastel hues. The sofa for the presenter and guests was pink and arranged in a semicircle around a central internally lit coffee table similar to that used for Daybreak, Lorraines first guest was actress Gemma Arterton. The first programme also featured an interview with Sky News reporter Sarah Parish, on 21 February 2017 ITV announced that The London Studios where Lorraine is currently being filmed is due to be moved out of its home in Spring of 2018. The studio is due to be bigger and to be the most up to date television studio in the U. K, however this means Lorraine will be moved to a temporal studio some where in London for a number of years. On 31 August 2010, it was announced that Kelly would be contracted to present the programme from Monday to Thursday whilst a guest presenter would appear each Friday, on 30 May 2011, Los Angeles correspondent Ross King presented a pre-recorded edition of Lorraine from LA. This happened again on 7 May 2012, Kelly was unable to present the show due to a horse accident on 21 February 2012, guest presenters then presented her show instead, and after recovering she returned on 16 April 2012. Guest presenters during this time included Helen Fospero, Jackie Brambles, Nadia Sawalha, in February 2014 it was announced that Kelly would present Lorraine five days a week. Kate Garraway left Lorraine as host of Friday shows on 25 April 2014 as Kelly committed to hosting Lorraine five days-a-week and this change took place on 28 April 2014. It was then confirmed that Kelly would be moving to Lorraine full-time once Good Morning Britain had launched, in 2015, after Kate Garraway left the show as Deputy to work on Good Morning Britain. Gaby Roslin took over as Deputy Presenter of the show and Fiona Phillips also returned as a regular relief Presenter, Helen Skelton has been announced to guest host in February and Christine Lampard joined the show as a new relief Presenter. On ITVs previous breakfast show, Daybreak, there was a preview of the edition of Lorraine on each day at around 07,30 with a chat between the programmes hosts prior to a handover at 08,30
14.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
15.
Welsh people
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The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL
16.
Prestatyn
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Prestatyn /prɛˈstætɪn/ is a seaside resort, town and community in Denbighshire, Wales. Historically a part of Flintshire, it is located on the Irish Sea coast, at the 2001 Census, Prestatyn had a population of 18,496, increasing to 18,849 at the 2011 census. There is evidence that the current town location has been occupied since prehistoric times, prehistoric tools found in the caves of Graig Fawr, in the nearby village of Meliden, have revealed the existence of early human habitation in the area. The Roman bathhouse is believed to be part of a fort on the road from Chester to Caernarfon, however, much of Roman Prestatyn has been destroyed as houses have been built over unexcavated land. The name Prestatyn derives from the Old English preosta and tun, although the Domesday Book only extended to demesnes in England, Prestatyn was included since it was at that time under English control. The Banastre family then moved to Bank Hall in Lancashire, the town appears to have been primarily a fishing village for hundreds of years. The beginning and end of High Street today mark the location of two maenolau called Pendre and Penisadre, the towns population remained at less than 1,000 until the arrival of the railways and the holidaymakers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Sunny Prestatyn became famous for its beach, clean seas and promenade entertainers, during the Second World War the holiday camps were used as billets for British soldiers, many of whom were also sent to live with locals. Prestatyn was the home of the first UK Kwik Save supermarket in 1965, the Kwik Save store was renamed Somerfield following a takeover in 2007, and was finally demolished in 2008 when surrounding land was bought by Tesco. The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm was opened in 2003, situated in Liverpool Bay,5 miles off the coast of Prestatyn, it was the UKs first major offshore wind farm. It has 30 wind turbines with a maximum capacity of 60 megawatts - enough to power 40,000 homes if it was sustained. Although Prestatyn remains a tourist destination and resort town, the town is diversifying in response to the decline of the British seaside holiday, merlin Cinemas have taken over the Scala cinema, a digital cinema with films, exhibition and theatre venues. Work is under way on the revival of the Ffrith Beach Festival Gardens, after a troubled few years when the seafront site has lain deserted, attractions are planned, such as tenpin bowling, quad bikes, dance studio and yoghurt bar. The town is at the end of the Offas Dyke Path. It also marks the end of the North Wales Path, a long-distance coastal route to Bangor. Other attractions include the remains of Roman baths and the nearby Neolithic mound, Pontins Holiday Centre was the location for a 1973 film of the popular British TV series, On the Buses. The town was in the Delyn parliamentary constituency from 1983 to 1997, Prestatyn railway station is on the North Wales Coast Line which connects the town with Holyhead to the west and Chester to the east. Bus services are provided by Arriva Buses Wales, shrewsbury Town F. C. goalkeeper coach Danny Coyne was born in Prestatyn
17.
North Wales
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North Wales is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales. Retail, transport and educational infrastructure are centred on Wrexham, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno and Bangor. It is bordered to the south by the counties of Ceredigion and Powys in Mid Wales, the southern boundary is arbitrary and its definition may depend on the use being made of the term. For example, the boundary of North Wales Police differs from the boundary of the North Wales area of the Natural Resources Wales, montgomeryshire is sometimes referred to as being in north Wales. The region is steeped in history and was for almost a millennium known as the Kingdom of Gwynedd, the mountainous stronghold of Snowdonia formed the nucleus of that realm and would become the last redoubt of independent Wales — only overcome in 1283. To this day it remains a stronghold of the Welsh language, the area is home to two of the three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales. These are Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and canal and, collectively, the Edwardian castles and town walls of the region which comprise those at Caernarfon, Beaumaris, Conwy and Harlech. It also shares with Powys and Ceredigion the distinction of hosting the only UNESCO Biosphere reserve in Wales, namely, the area is mostly rural with many mountains and valleys. This, in combination with its coast, has ensured that tourism is the principal industry, farming, which was once the principal economic force in the area, is now much reduced in importance. The average income per capita of the population is the lowest in the UK. The eastern part of North Wales contains the most populous areas, with more than 300,000 people living in the areas around Wrexham, Wrexham is North Wales largest town, with a population of 63,084 in 2001. The total population of North Wales is 687,937, the majority of other settlements are along the coast, including some popular resort towns, such as Rhyl, Llandudno and Pwllheli. The A55 road links these towns to cities like Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham, the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon, is situated in north west Wales. North Wales has a diverse and complex geology with Precambrian schists along the Menai Strait. To the east, around Llangollen, to the north on Halkyn Mountain, added to all this are the complexities posed by Parys Mountain and the outcrops of unusual minerals such as Jasper and Mona Marble which make the area of special interest to geologists. North Wales has a regional identity. Colloquially, a person from North Wales is known as a North Walian, areas close to the border with Cheshire can have Scouse accents of English, and along the coast Manchester accents are common. Two daily newspapers are published in the region, a weekly Welsh-language newspaper, Y Cymro is published each week by the Cambrian News from its Porthmadog office alongside two localised Welsh titles, Y Cyfnod and Y Dydd
18.
Rhyl
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Rhyl is a seaside resort town and community in the historic county of Denbighshire. It lies on the north-east coast of Wales at the mouth of the River Clwyd, to the west is the suburb of Kinmel Bay, with the resort of Towyn beyond. Prestatyn is to the east and Rhuddlan to the south, at the 2011 Census, Rhyl had a population of 25,149. The conurbation of Abergele-Rhyl-Prestatyn has a population of over 60,000, Rhyl has long been a popular tourist destination. Once an elegant Victorian resort, there was an influx from Liverpool, the area had declined dramatically by 1990, but has since been improved by a series of regeneration projects that have brought in major investment. Several millions of European funding, secured by the Welsh Government, has spent on developing Rhyls seafront. The origin of the name Rhyl is not fully known, however, the name appears in old documents variously as Hulle, Hul, Ryhull, Hyll, Hull, yr Hyll, Rhil, Rhûl, Rhul Rhyll, and Rhyl. The name seems to be a hybrid between the English word hill and the Welsh definite article y, the exact significance of the name is unclear as there are no hills in the vicinity. It is possibly a reference to a mound or slightly raised place in a marshy region. Some documents refer to a house, Tŷn yr haul. A previous Rhyl landmark was the Pavilion Theatre, a building with five domes. Beside it stood the pier which was built in 1872 for the pleasure of the visitors who flocked to the North Wales coast. It was 2,355 ft long and once included a pier railway, the structure was damaged by ships in 1883 and again in 1891. It was also damaged in 1901 when there was a fire at the Pavilion Theatre, storms were responsible for further damage in 1909 and the pier was closed in 1913 as unsafe. It was reopened with a length in 1930 but closed again in 1966. Rhyls top attractions on the West Parade are now Rhyl Childrens Village theme park, the skytower opened in 1989 and a few years later, the Childrens Village theme park was built, but the tower closed to the public in 2010. On the East Parade is the SeaQuarium and the Rhyl Suncentre, the Suncentre was an indoor leisure centre which opened in 1980 at a cost of £4. 25m and featured a heated swimming pool and Europes first indoor surfing pool. The local council closed the centre in early 2014, the Pavilion Theatre is also on the East Parade, has over 1000 seats and is managed by Denbighshire County Council
19.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
20.
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
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Sidney Sussex College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. The college was founded in 1596 under the terms of the will of Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex and it was from its inception an avowedly Protestant foundation, some good and godlie moniment for the mainteynance of good learninge. In her will, Lady Sussex left the sum of £5,000 together with some plate to found a new college at Cambridge University to be called the Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College. Her executors Sir John Harington and Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent, supervised by Archbishop John Whitgift, as of 2014, the college had an endowment of £36. m. and total capital and reserves of £108. m. By the early 19th century, the original red brick was unfashionable. H. Lyon, and somewhat at odds with the colleges original Puritan ethos, at the beginning of the twentieth century, E. H. Griffiths wrote a ten verse song dedicated to Sidney Sussex, each verse systematically identifies, then dismisses other Cambridge colleges for their faults, before settling on Sidney as the best college of all. Sidney Sussex is recognised as one of the smaller, more classical Cambridge colleges and its current student body consists of roughly 350 undergraduate students and 190 graduates. Academically, Sidney Sussex has tended towards a position in the unofficial Tompkins Table. However, the college has traditionally excelled in subjects, notably Mathematics, History, Engineering. It is also known for the standard of pastoral support from the Tutorial team. The college ranks fourth highest amongst Cambridge colleges in Nobel Prizes won by alumni, the Choir of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge was nominated for a 2013 Gramophone Award in recognition of their disc of the music of Thomas Weelkes. The choir also tours regularly, most recently to Germany, in December 2016, in the television show University Challenge, Sidney Sussex had a winning team in both 1971 and 1978–79. The 1978 team, comprising John Gilmore, John Adams, David Lidington, the college last appeared on the television show in 2015. It is known for producing a well-regarded May Ball for a smaller college, notably, students created an artificial lake and canal in 2010, when the ball had a Venetian theme, to enable punting at the landlocked college. Recent themes have included Light, and Beyond, as with many of the smaller colleges, Sidney Sussex does not run a May Ball every year, instead running a biennial May Ball, on even numbered years. On odd numbered years, the college hosted an Arts Festival. Notable guest speakers at the Sidney Arts Festival include Stephen Fry, however, for 2017 it was decided instead to hold a June Event
21.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
22.
Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)
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Who Do You Think You Are. is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004. In each episode, a celebrity traces their family tree and it is made by the production company Wall to Wall. Twelve series have been broadcast, with the twelfth airing from August to October 2015, the show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers. More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced, Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two, and the first was the channels highest-rating programme of 2004. This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the series onwards. The current narrator is Cherie Lunghi, Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series, which was nominated for Best Factual Series or Strand in the 2005 BAFTAs. In the first series, the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles, in 2007, a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBCs Family Wanted campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born. The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer-Wade, who provided the background music for earlier episodes. The music for episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe. On 23 June 2015, the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12, on 13 July, the line-up for the 13th series was confirmed. The series started on 24 November 2016, the show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series. Series 1 –11 of Who Do You Think You Are. are available on DVD in the UK, in October 2007, BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are. Magazine, a publication that includes material from the TV series. The series 1–4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are. is available, in September 2007, a first series of Canadian version, consisting of 13 episodes, aired on CBC Television. In 2008, ARDs Das Erste aired the German version, called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie and they aired four episodes featuring Marie-Luise Marjan, Armin Rohde, Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay. Irelands national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are. in autumn 2008, the Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal OHanlon, Dana, Rosanna Davison, and Dermot Gavin. The British version of the show airs on TG4 in Ireland. Sveriges Television, the Swedish public service broadcaster, aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är. in 2009
23.
Dutch resistance
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Dutch resistance developed relatively slowly, but the event of the February strike and its cause, the random police harassment and deportation of over 400 Jews, greatly stimulated resistance. The first to organize themselves were the Dutch communists, who set up a cell-system immediately, some other very amateurish groups also emerged, notably De Geuzen, set-up by Bernardus IJzerdraat and also some military-styled groups started, such as the Order Service. Most had great trouble surviving betrayal in the first two years of the war, Dutch counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks eventually provided key support to Allied forces, beginning in 1944 and continuing until the Netherlands was fully liberated. Some 75% of the Jewish population perished in the Holocaust, most of them murdered in Nazi death camps, the Columbia Guide to the Holocaust estimates that 215–500 Dutch Romanis were killed by the Nazis, with the higher figure estimated as almost the entire pre-war population of Dutch Romanis. The Dutch themselves, especially their official war historian Dr. Loe de Jong, non-compliance with German rules, wishes or commands or German condoned Dutch rule, was also not considered resistance. Public protests of individuals, political parties, newspapers or the churches were not considered to be resistance. Only active resistance in the form of spying, sabotage or with arms was what the Dutch considered resistance, nevertheless, thousands of members of all the non-resisting categories were arrested by the Germans and often subsequently jailed for months, tortured, sent to concentration camps or killed. Up until the 21st century, the tendency existed in Dutch historical research and publications, slowly, this has started to change, also because of the emphasis the RIOD has been putting on individual heroism since 2005. The strikers, who numbered in the tens of thousands, are not considered resistance participants, the Dutch generally prefer to use the term illegaliteit for all those activities that were illegal, contrary, underground or unarmed. Prior to the German invasion, the Netherlands had adhered to a policy of strict neutrality, the country had narrow bonds with Germany, and less so with the British. The Dutch had not engaged in war with any European nation since 1830, during World War I, the Dutch were not invaded by Germany and anti-German sentiment was not as strong after that war as it was in other European countries. The German ex-Kaiser had fled to the Netherlands in 1918 and lived there in exile, the German invasion therefore came as a great shock to many Dutch people. Nevertheless, the country had ordered general mobilisation in September 1939, by November 1938, during the Kristallnacht, many Dutch people received a foretaste of things to come, German synagogues could be seen burning, even from the Netherlands. An anti-fascist movement started to gain popularity – as did the fascist movement, the sinking of the passenger liner SS Simon Bolivar in November 1939, with 84 dead, especially shocked the nation. It was not the only vessel, on 10 May 1940, German troops started their surprise attack on the Netherlands without a declaration of war. The day before, small groups of German troops wearing Dutch uniforms had entered the country, many of them wore Dutch helmets, some made of cardboard as there were not enough originals. Also the first large-scale paratroop attack in history failed, the Dutch recapturing the three German-occupied airfields near the Hague within the day, remarkable was the existence of privately owned anti-aircraft guns. The Dutch army owned only one tank, kornwerderzand, with a bunker-complex that defended the eastern end of the Afsluitdijk connecting Friesland to North Holland and was held until the capitulation
24.
Netherlands in World War II
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The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940. The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939, just as it had in World War I, on 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the family escaped and went into exile in London. Following the defeat, the Netherlands was placed under German occupation, active resistance was carried out by a small minority, which grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the majority of the countrys Jews to Nazi concentration camps, with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police, in fact, the Netherlands saw one of the highest levels of collaboration during the Holocaust of any occupied country. However, the city of Amsterdam organized the only action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas. Most of the south of the country was liberated in the half of 1944. The rest, especially the west and north of the still under occupation, suffered from a famine at the end of 1944. On 5 May 1945, the country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces. Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and center-right political parties, from 1933, the Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression, which had begun in 1929. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the gold standard, numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era, inspired by Italian Fascism or German Nazism. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands, as did its calls to violence, during World War I, the Dutch government under Pieter Cort van der Linden had managed to preserve the Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the inter-war period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its Independence Policy, the Dutch government believed it would be able to rely on its neutrality, or at least the informal support of foreign powers, to defend its interests in case of war. The government did, however, begin to work on plans for the defence of the country, in late 1939, with war already declared between the British Empire, France and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. Nevertheless, the Dutch military was mobilized from August 1939. Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands was invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium. The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium, the Luftwaffe also needed the Dutch airfields on the Dutch coast to launch air raids against the United Kingdom. The Dutch military, with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, was largely unprepared
25.
Vitamins
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A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. For example, ascorbic acid is a vitamin for humans, supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present, Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each vitamin refers to a number of compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin generic descriptor title, such as vitamin A, which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids. Vitamers by definition are convertible to the form of the vitamin in the body. Some, such as vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism, or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. The largest number of vitamins, the B complex vitamins, function as cofactors or the precursors for them. In this role, vitamins may be bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups, For example. They may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, for example, folic acid may carry methyl, formyl, and methylene groups in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins best-known function, study of structural activity, function and their role in maintaining health is called vitaminology. Each vitamin is typically used in reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions. Vitamins are essential for the growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a fetus begins to develop from the nutrients it absorbs and it requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things, skin, bone, if there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage, for the most part, vitamins are obtained with food, but a few are obtained by other means. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume, examples include vitamin A, produced from beta carotene, and niacin, from the amino acid tryptophan. In those who are healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to cancer or heart disease
26.
Dinorwig Power Station
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The Dinorwig Power Station is a 1, 728-megawatt pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme, near Dinorwig, Llanberis in Snowdonia national park in Gwynedd, north Wales. Its purpose is not to meet peak loads but as a Short Term Operating Reserve. The original purpose of the scheme was to deal with the difficulty that the National Grid would have had if the numbers of nuclear power stations then planned had been built. Nuclear power stations must be run at close to full output all of the time so storage capacity was needed for power generated at times of low demand. Electric night storage heaters and the Economy 7 tariff fulfill a similar purpose, as a result, a similar facility planned for Exmoor was never built. With the increase of such as wind and solar power. Today, Dinorwig is operated not to meet peak loads but as a STOR. In anticipation of this surge, a number of units at Dinorwig may be brought on line as the closing credits start to roll. The monitoring of popular television channels is an important factor in electricity grid control centres, the scheme was constructed in the abandoned Dinorwic slate quarry. To preserve the beauty of Snowdonia National Park, the power station itself is located deep inside the mountain Elidir Fawr, inside tunnels. The project – begun in 1974 and costing £425 million and taking ten years to complete – was the largest civil engineering contract ever awarded by the UK government at the time, the work was undertaken by an Alfred McAlpine / Brand / Zschokke consortium. This has also given rise to the alternative name of Electric Mountain. The power station comprises 16 kilometres of tunnels,1 million tons of concrete,200,000 tons of cement and 4,500 tons of steel. A 50MW pumped storage facility at nearby Glyn Rhonwy in disused slate pits was approved in 2013, with an expected cost of £120m and it is planned to hold about 500 MWh of energy, with a round-trip efficiency of 75%. The 100 MW project received approval in 2017. Water is stored at an altitude in Marchlyn Mawr reservoir and is discharged into Llyn Peris through the turbines during times of peak electricity demand. It is pumped back from Llyn Peris to Marchlyn Mawr during off-peak times, although it uses more electricity to pump the water up than it generates on the way down, pumping is generally done at periods of low demand, when the energy is cheaper to consume. The power station comprises six 300MW GEC generator/motors coupled to Francis-type reversible turbines, the generators are vertical shaft, salient pole, air cooled units each having 12 electromagnetic poles weighing 10 tonnes each, producing a terminal voltage of 18 kV, synchronous speed is 500 rpm
27.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
28.
Liz Kershaw
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Elizabeth Liz Marguerita Mary Kershaw is an English radio broadcaster. She is the third longest serving female radio DJ in the UK celebrating 25 years on national BBC radio in 2012, the sister of broadcaster Andy Kershaw, she began her media career in Leeds with a music column in the Yorkshire Post. Her first radio show was in 1981 on Radio Aire where her brother worked for a time, in 1985 she moved to BBC Radio Leeds to present a weekly rock show showcasing local bands. In 1986 her day job with British Telecom saw her move to London to set up Livewire a dial-in pop service which superseded Dial-a-Disc. In running this she produced Radio 1 DJs Mike Smith, Janice Long and Dave Pearce before devising her own show for Radio 1 in 1987, Backchat, which won several awards. This was followed by her presenting the Radio 1 Evening Show and then, with Bruno Brookes, Radio 1s Weekend Breakfast Show and she left Radio 1 in 1992 to present The Crunch the UKs first national daily phone-in on BBC Radio 5. In 1994 she was part of the team which relaunched the station as BBC Radio 5 Live, in 2000 she went back to BBC Local Radio as the first and only woman in the country to present a solo radio breakfast show. She also presented documentaries for Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3, in 1984 Kershaw formed a band called Dawn Chorus and the Blue Tits with her friend and neighbour Countdown presenter Carol Vorderman. Their recordings included a version of Teenage Kicks with the Undertones ONeil brothers, in September 2005 Kershaw became a weekday presenter on the BBCs BBC Coventry & Warwickshire radio station, where she took over the Drivetime show. She later presented the weekday Breakfast Show for the station and continued to present a show on BBC Radio 6 Music, Kershaw and Bruno Brookes re-united for a one-off special on BBC Coventry and Warwickshire on Christmas morning in 2006. On 30 July 2008, the BBC was accused by media watchdog Ofcom of misleading its audiences by faking audience interaction, Kershaw was forbidden from commenting on this by a clause in her contract which prevented her from speaking publicly about the BBC and its affairs. She can currently be heard on BBC Radio 6 Music Saturday lunchtimes 1. 00pm-3. 00pm. She left the breakfast show at BBC Coventry & Warwickshire on Friday 17 July 2009 when the management decided to change the hosts, in October 2012, Kershaw told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme that she had been routinely groped while working as Radio1 DJ in the 1980s. She said the station had a culture that was intimidating for a young woman. In November 2012 Kershaw was named in a case involving the suicide of a BBC journalist, in 2014, she released her autobiography, The Bird and the Beeb. Liz Kershaw at the Internet Movie Database Liz Kershaw at BBC Programmes
29.
The Undertones
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The Undertones are a punk rock/new wave band formed in Derry, Northern Ireland, in 1974. From 1975 to 1983, the Undertones consisted of Feargal Sharkey, John ONeill, Damian ONeill, Michael Bradley, in 1999, the Undertones reformed, replacing lead singer Feargal Sharkey with Paul McLoone. The Undertones remain the most successful band to have emerged from Derry, the Undertones formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974. The band members were five friends from Creggan and the Bogside, the band initially rehearsed cover versions at the home of the guitarists, brothers John and Vincent ONeill, and in the shed of a neighbour. At a later gig, Sharkey named the band Little Feat, later that year, drummer Billy Doherty proposed an alternate name for the group, The Undertones, which Doherty had discovered in a history book. The other members of the agreed to the proposal. With the arrival of rock in late 1976, the artistic focus of the band changed. Artists such as the Adverts, Sex Pistols, the Buzzcocks and, particularly, in addition to being a scout leader, Feargal Sharkey worked as a television repairman and delivery man. The van which Sharkey drove in this employment was used by the Undertones to transport their equipment to and this inspired the band to write and rehearse further material, as a means of remaining a popular act at this venue. By mid-year, the concerts the Undertones performed would include the song Teenage Kicks, the band had also sent a copy of their recordings to influential BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, requesting he play the songs on his radio programme. Peel replied to the band, offering to pay for a session in Belfast. On 16 June 1978, the recorded their debut four-song EP Teenage Kicks on a budget of only £200. The EP was engineered by Davy Shannon at Wizard Sound Studios, the title song became a hit with support from John Peel, who considered Teenage Kicks his all-time favourite song, an opinion he held until his death in 2004. Seymour Stein, the president of Sire Records – in London on business – heard John Peel play Teenage Kicks on BBC Radio 1, Stein sent a London-based representative named Paul McNally to Derry to discuss a record deal with the band. McNally saw the play live in what would ultimately prove to be their final performance at The Casbah on 29 September 1978. The following day, McNally convened with the Undertones to discuss a record contract, on 2 October 1978, Bradley and Sharkey agreed to an increased advance fee of £10,000 offered by Stein upon the recording contract and signed to Sire Records on a five-year contract. Sire Records subsequently obtained all rights to the material released upon the Teenage Kicks EP, on 26 October, the Undertones performed Teenage Kicks live on Top of the Pops. With help from Peel, Teenage Kicks peaked at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart the following month, in November 1978, the Undertones embarked on their first tour of the UK
30.
Teenage Kicks
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Teenage Kicks was the debut single for Northern Irish punk rock/new wave band The Undertones. Influential BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel is known to have opined Teenage Kicks to be his favourite song from 1978 until his death in 2004. The song has also ranked as the second best indie song of all time in a 2016 poll conducted by an alternative music radio station. In 2008, the served as the theme song to the ITV sitcom of the same name. On one occasion, he is known to have played the song twice in a row, with the given to his audience being. In February 2008, a headstone engraved with words was placed on his grave in the Suffolk village of Great Finborough. In 2004, a mural in tribute to Peel, featuring the line of Teenage Kicks. Teenage Kicks - The Undertones is a 2001 documentary film directed by Tom Collins, here Comes the Summer, The Undertones Story is a 2012 BBC-commissioned documentary focusing upon the Undertones. The documentary was broadcast on BBC Four in September that year and this documentary also features with interviews with current and former members of the Undertones in addition to fans, friends and additional personnel involved in the bands recordings and career. Teenage Kicks has been covered by numerous artists, bands that have performed this song include
31.
Never Mind the Buzzcocks
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Never Mind the Buzzcocks is a British comedy panel game show with a pop music theme which aired between 1996 and 2015. It first starred Phill Jupitus and Sean Hughes as team captains, with Hughes being replaced by Bill Bailey from the eleventh series, the show was produced by Talkback for the BBC, and was usually aired on BBC Two. The title plays on the names of rock band Sex Pistols Never Mind the Bollocks album. The series was first hosted by Mark Lamarr, then by Simon Amstell, the show was noted and known for its dry, sarcastic humour and scathing, provocative attacks on other people and objects. It has also had some controversial guests throughout its 18-year run, on 26 May 2015, it was announced that the BBC had decided not to re-commission the show to “create space for new entertainment formats. The show ran from 1996 until 2015, from its inception until December 2005, it was presented by Mark Lamarr. Simon Amstell started hosting in October 2006, regular team captains include Phill Jupitus, Sean Hughes, Bill Bailey, Noel Fielding, and also the guest captains. Bill Bailey had appeared as a guest in series 4 on Phill Jupituss team, at the end of 2005, it was announced that Mark Lamarr was to take a break from the show after 150 episodes, to concentrate on other projects. The series that aired in early 2006 was hosted by guest presenters, before being handed over to Simon Amstell, who had appeared twice as a panellist. The first time Amstell appeared as a panellist under Lamarrs tenure, coincidentally, following series 20, a highlights show was broadcast, presented by Alan Yentob as a parody of his own arts series Imagine. The highlights programme was sub-titled Imagine… A Mildly Amusing Panel Show, since then, every series has included a compilation highlights show, usually including some mockumentary-style behind the scenes footage. Series 20 of Never Mind the Buzzcocks concluded on 7 March 2007, Series 21 concluded on 14 February 2008. On 18 September 2008, the BBC announced that Bill Bailey would be leaving the series to concentrate on other commitments after 11 series, the new series began 1 October with Noel Fielding as a new permanent captain. On that occasion, Frankie Boyle filled in as team captain, on 16 July 2011, the first ever live Never Mind the Buzzcocks special was hosted at Latitude. It lasted roughly two hours, was hosted by David ODoherty, had the team captains Phil Jupitus and Noel Fielding, on 9 July 2014, it was confirmed that Rhod Gilbert had been named the next permanent host beginning with series 28 in autumn 2014. Between 3 June and 22 July 2013, a special 8 part retrospective programme called What a Load of Buzzcocks was aired, the show revisited key years and events through classic moments and clips from the shows 16-year history. The show usually consisted of four rounds, the first round has changed multiple times over the course of the show. In early series it was often Freeze Frame or I Fought The Law, later, it usually consisted of the teams being asked a question concerning a unique fact about a musical artist or artists, such as Why did Girls Aloud once have to cancel a show
32.
Peter Levy (presenter)
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Peter Levy is a former commercial radio and current BBC television and occasional radio presenter. Levy was born in Farnborough, Kent, England, but attended a modern school in Truro. He did not do well at school, and by his own admission passed few, if any, Levy first came to Yorkshire in his late teens. He became a presenter at Liverpools Radio City in 1979, starting on the show before progressing to the drive time slot. He moved to Leeds-based Radio Aire, and then, in January 1987, to the BBC, at this time he started as a regular stand-in presenter for the Leeds edition of Look North, always doing the breakfast bulletins. Look North was broadcast across the whole of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire region at the time Levy started to work on it and he became the regular breakfast and lunchtime presenter of the programme in the mid-1990s. When the BBC split the region two, Levy moved to present the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire edition from studios in Hull full-time from 11 November 2002. Levys on-screen rapport with weatherman Paul Hudson has made him a local figure. The duo visited shopping centres around the region and met the public as part of the 2006 Look North Sofa Tour, the pair have made public appearances as part of a campaign in the East Riding of Yorkshires libraries concerning reading among the under 11s. Levy made reference to this campaign on his show saying he could not read properly until he was ten. From 10 November 2008, he took over the Soapbox slot on BBC Radio Humberside from Blair Jacobs, at 1.55 p. m. each programme, he chatted to Paul Hudson. The programme was also broadcast on BBC Radio Lincolnshire, the programme finished in August 2014. Levy has appeared in a Last of the Summer Wine episode called The Man Who Invented Yorkshire Funny Stuff and he was also mentioned in episode 6 of series 1 of The League of Gentlemen. In 2012, Levy agreed in principle to make a appearance in the upcoming British film. He has also appeared in the comedy show Still Open All Hours, in 2012, Levy opened the Beverley Food Festival along with the Mayor of Beverley, Margaret Pinder, he is a supporter of the Driffield Show and other country events. Levy owns five cows and keeps them, for part of the year, on Beverley Westwood, Levy lives in Hull and admits Because it’s such a close community in Hull, you cant really step out without being spotted. It is a bit like being in a goldfish bowl. Im a pretty shy person when it comes down to it, so it did take some getting used to and he regularly visits Cornwall, where his mother lives- it is here where he indulges in his love of bodyboarding and suggest hes probably the oldest surfer in town
33.
Radio Aire
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Radio Aire is an Independent Local Radio station serving Leeds and West Yorkshire. It is owned & operated by Bauer Radio and forms part of Bauers City 1 network of stations, the station was launched on 1 September 1981 by presenter Graham Thornton and the first song played was Pilot of the Airwaves by Charlie Dore. Radio Aire originally broadcast on 362 metres medium wave and 94.6 VHF but was moved to 96.3 FM in 1986. Radio Aire is situated on Burley Road next to Yorkshire Televisions studios and was the first Independent Local Radio station to have studios specially built for the purpose of radio transmission. In the late 1980s, the studios were used for The James Whale Radio Show, on 17 July 1990, Radio Aire split frequencies, forming Aire FM and Magic 828. In 1992, the name was changed to Radio Aire FM, a change of format in 1996 saw another station name change to The New 96.3 Aire FM before The New was dropped in 1998. By March 2001, Radio Aire had reverted to its original name, following the acquisition of EMAP Radio, the station is now part of Bauer Radio. The stations FM transmission is radiated at the Tingley site in Morley, close to the A653, the adjacent mast, known as Morley, is former home of the stations FM transmissions. It continues to broadcast sister station Radio Aire 2 on medium wave, and the Leeds DAB multiplex, Local programming is produced and broadcast from Radio Aires Leeds studios from 6am-2pm and 3-7pm on weekdays, 2-6pm on Saturdays and 12-4pm on Sundays. Radio Aire also airs networked programming from sister station Key 103 in Manchester via the Bauer City 1 network, the Vodafone Big Top 40 is syndicated from Global Radio at its Capital studios in London for broadcast on over 130 commercial radio stations across the UK. The stations local presenters include Ant Arthur, Kelly Pegg and Michael Blades, Scott Makin, the stations network presenters include Paddy McGuinness, Darryl Morris, Marvin Humes, and Wes Butters. Radio Aire broadcasts local news bulletins hourly from 6am to 7pm on weekdays, from 7am to 1pm on Saturdays, headlines are broadcast on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime shows, alongside sport and traffic bulletins. National bulletins from Sky News Radio are carried overnight with bespoke networked bulletins on weekend afternoons usually produced in the Leeds newsroom for the rest of the group stations, official website Radio Aire Archive History of local radio in Yorkshire. Tingley transmitter information Morley transmitter information
34.
Mathematics
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Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope, Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof, when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry, rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclids Elements. Galileo Galilei said, The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth, carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences. Benjamin Peirce called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions, David Hilbert said of mathematics, We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules, rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise. Albert Einstein stated that as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics, Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns, in Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have many and diverse. Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics. Mathematics has since been extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today, the overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. The word máthēma is derived from μανθάνω, while the modern Greek equivalent is μαθαίνω, in Greece, the word for mathematics came to have the narrower and more technical meaning mathematical study even in Classical times
35.
Arithmetic
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Arithmetic is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations between them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Arithmetic is an part of number theory, and number theory is considered to be one of the top-level divisions of modern mathematics, along with algebra, geometry. The terms arithmetic and higher arithmetic were used until the beginning of the 20th century as synonyms for number theory and are still used to refer to a wider part of number theory. The earliest written records indicate the Egyptians and Babylonians used all the elementary arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC and these artifacts do not always reveal the specific process used for solving problems, but the characteristics of the particular numeral system strongly influence the complexity of the methods. The hieroglyphic system for Egyptian numerals, like the later Roman numerals, in both cases, this origin resulted in values that used a decimal base but did not include positional notation. Complex calculations with Roman numerals required the assistance of a board or the Roman abacus to obtain the results. Early number systems that included positional notation were not decimal, including the system for Babylonian numerals. Because of this concept, the ability to reuse the same digits for different values contributed to simpler. The continuous historical development of modern arithmetic starts with the Hellenistic civilization of ancient Greece, prior to the works of Euclid around 300 BC, Greek studies in mathematics overlapped with philosophical and mystical beliefs. For example, Nicomachus summarized the viewpoint of the earlier Pythagorean approach to numbers, Greek numerals were used by Archimedes, Diophantus and others in a positional notation not very different from ours. Because the ancient Greeks lacked a symbol for zero, they used three separate sets of symbols, one set for the units place, one for the tens place, and one for the hundreds. Then for the place they would reuse the symbols for the units place. Their addition algorithm was identical to ours, and their multiplication algorithm was very slightly different. Their long division algorithm was the same, and the square root algorithm that was taught in school was known to Archimedes. He preferred it to Heros method of successive approximation because, once computed, a digit doesnt change, and the square roots of perfect squares, such as 7485696, terminate immediately as 2736. For numbers with a part, such as 546.934. The ancient Chinese used a positional notation. Because they also lacked a symbol for zero, they had one set of symbols for the place
36.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
37.
Susie Dent
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Susie Dent is an English lexicographer and etymologist. She has appeared in Dictionary Corner on the Channel 4 game show Countdown every year since 1992, born in Woking, Surrey, Dent was educated at the Marist Convent in Ascot, an independent Roman Catholic day school. She went on to Somerville College, Oxford for her B. A. in modern languages, Dent is well known as the resident lexicographer and adjudicator on Channel 4s long-running game show Countdown. She is the member of the shows current on-screen team, having first appeared in 1992. While she was on maternity leave over the winter of 2007–08 and she also works on the spin-off show,8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown. Susie Dent appeared as herself in an episode of the BBC sitcom Not Going Out, Dent is married and has two children. She stated on Countdown that she follows a vegan diet, from 2003 to 2007, Dent was the author of a series of annual Language Reports for the Oxford University Press. The format of this publication was revised for 2008 as an A–Z collection of new and it was published in October 2008 as Words of the Year. In 2005 the same publisher issued Winning Ways and in 2009 What Made the Crocodile Cry.101 questions about the English language, dents book about dialects, How to Talk Like a Local, was published in March 2010. Richard Herrings Leicester Square Theatre Podcast interview, susie Dent at the Internet Movie Database
38.
Kate Thornton
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Kate Thornton is an English journalist and television presenter, best known as the first presenter of The X Factor and for presenting daytime shows including Loose Women and This Morning. In 2010, she co-presented the first series of 71 Degrees North alongside Gethin Jones, early in her career, she wrote for the Daily Mirror, and was editor of Smash Hits magazine. Thornton started her career at the Sunday Mirror in 1992 as an editorial assistant and she later became a pop-music columnist for the Daily Mirror. While in this role, Thornton was instrumental in initiating a controversy concerning the British musical group Pulp. The pre-release single had an inlay which Thornton alleged showed how to make a wrap or parcel with the intention of offering teenage fans a DIY guide on hiding illegal drugs. In an interview with music paper NME on the day, Thornton was quoted to say, We wanted to see the sleeve pulled. I think the sleeve is something that will concern our readers, the band agreed to change the artwork, while continuing to assert that Thornton had misinterpreted the meaning of both the sleeve art and the songs lyrics. Lead singer Jarvis Cocker released a statement two days later saying. Sorted is not a pro-drugs song, nowhere on the sleeve does it say you are supposed to put drugs in here but I understand the confusion. I wouldnt want anything we do to people to take drugs because they arent a solution or an answer to anything. I dont think anyone who listens to Sorted would come away thinking it had a pro drugs message, if they did I would say they had misinterpreted it. He also criticised Thorntons decision to contact the father of a victim of a death for a response. The Daily Mirror campaign continued, publishing their readers response to a poll to have the song itself banned, the single reached number two on the UK Singles Charts, and the track featured on the bands 1995 album Different Class. In 1995, she became the youngest ever editor of pop magazine Smash Hits at age 22 and she left a year later, having been unable to prevent a further slide in sales of the magazine. In 1997, she became a Features Editor at the Sunday Times, a post she held until 2001, whilst undertaking these new editorial roles, Thornton began a second career in television. In February 1997 Thornton was given her first TV presenting job and she was tasked with putting together a photo tribute with music for Princess Diana on the day of her death. Colleagues attributed the subsequent airplay and then the re-recording of the song to this event, Thornton is quoted as having been doubtful initially, but later having come to accept the possibility, I never dared to assume for one minute that I was the link. But Nick Knowles has convinced me that came as a result of it was all down to me. Thornton was the first presenter of the UK series of The X Factor and she presented three series of the show from 2004 until 2006 before being replaced by Dermot OLeary
