1.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
2.
Scarborough, Toronto
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Scarborough is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Situated atop the Scarborough Bluffs, it occupies the part of the city. Scarborough is contained within the borders of Victoria Park Avenue on the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, Rouge River and the city of Pickering to the east and it was named after the English town of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. First settled by Europeans in the 1790s, Scarborough has grown from a collection of rural villages. Incorporated in 1850 as a township, Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953 and was reconstituted as a borough in 1967, Scarborough rapidly developed as a suburb of Old Toronto over the next decade and became a city in 1983. In 1998, Scarborough and the rest of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into the present city of Toronto, Scarborough is an administrative district in Toronto and has its own community council. The Scarborough Civic Centre, the city hall, is still used by the municipal government of Toronto. Scarborough is a destination for new immigrants in Canada to reside. As a result, it is one of the most diverse and multicultural areas in the Greater Toronto Area, being home to religious groups. It includes some of Torontos popular natural landmarks, such as Rouge Park, Scarborough has been declared to be greener than any other part of Toronto. The area was named after Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England by Elizabeth Simcoe, the wife of John Graves Simcoe, the bluffs along Scarboroughs Lake Ontario shores reminded her of the limestone cliffs in Scarborough, England. On August 4,1793, she wrote in her diary, The shore is extremely bold, and has the appearance of chalk cliffs and they appeared so well that we talked of building a summer residence there and calling it Scarborough. Before that, the area was named Glasgow, after the Scottish city, the most popular is Scarberia, a portmanteau of Scarborough and Siberia, a reference to its seemingly distant eastern location from downtown Toronto. The word originated sometime in the 1960s and has remained a source of contention ever since. In May 1988, Joyce Trimmer, who was campaigning to be mayor of the city of Scarborough, said, Scarborough has also acquired nicknames related to its diversity. Such nicknames typically use the prefix Scar and a derived from the name of a region, nation, or ethnicity, for instance, Scompton or Scarlem, alluding to Compton. The first known evidence of people in Scarborough comes from a site in Fenwood Heights. The site contains the remains of a camp of nomadic hunters and foragers, after the land was surveyed in 1793, it was opened to settlement by British subjects with the first issue of land patents in 1796, although squatters had already been present for a few years
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
5.
BDSM
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BDSM is a variety of often erotic practices or roleplaying involving bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadomasochism, and other related interpersonal dynamics. The term BDSM is first recorded in a Usenet posting from 1991, and is interpreted as a combination of the abbreviations B/D, D/s, BDSM is now used as a catch-all phrase covering a wide range of activities, forms of interpersonal relationships, and distinct subcultures. The terms submissive and dominant are often used to distinguish these roles, the terms top and bottom are also used, the top is the instigator of an action while the bottom is the receiver of the action. The abbreviations sub and dom are frequently used instead of submissive, sometimes the female-specific term domme is used to describe a dominant woman, instead of the gender-neutral term dom, both terms are pronounced the same. Individuals who can change between top/dominant and bottom/submissive roles—whether from relationship to relationship or within a given relationship—are known as switches, the precise definition of roles and self-identification is a common subject of debate within the community. BDSM is a term for certain kinds of erotic behavior between consenting adults. There are distinct subcultures under this umbrella term, terminology for roles varies widely among the subcultures. Top and dominant are widely used for partner in the relationship or activity who are, respectively. Bottom and submissive are widely used for partner in the relationship or activity who are, respectively. BDSM actions can take place during a specific period of time agreed to by both parties, referred to as play, a scene, or a session. Participants usually derive pleasure from this, even many of the practices—such as inflicting pain or humiliation or being restrained—would be unpleasant under other circumstances. Explicit sexual activity, such as penetration, may occur within a session. Such explicit sexual interaction is, for reasons, seen only rarely in public play spaces. Whether it is a public playspace—ranging from a party at an established community dungeon to a play zone at a nightclub or social event—the parameters of allowance can vary. Some have a policy of panties/nipple tape for women and some allow full nudity with explicit sexual interaction allowed, the fundamental principles for the exercise of BDSM require that it should be performed with the informed consent of all involved parties. It is mutual consent that makes a legal and ethical distinction between BDSM and such crimes as sexual assault or domestic violence. Advocates of RACK argue that SSC can hamper discussion of risk because no activity is truly safe, RACK may be seen as focusing primarily upon awareness and informed consent, rather than accepted safe practices. Consent is the most important criterion here, the consent and compliance for a sadomasochistic situation can be granted only by people who can judge the potential results
6.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
7.
Cedarbrae Collegiate Institute
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The schools motto is Hic Patet Ingeniis Campus which means Here is a place where you can develop your talents. Drawn by the architects Hugh L. Allward and G, the school adopted its present name Cedarbrae Collegiate Institute later on. Cedarbrae C. I. celebrated its 50th Anniversary on May 27,2011 The school was featured in the 1999 film Detroit Rock City, Cedarbrae also has a unique layout to which the Technology Department is separated form the rest of the school. Lockers are usually painted green, silver, yellow. The school has 14 fire exits, Cedarbrae requires students enrolled in such programs to exhibit good attendance and a good academic performance or will risk being dismissed from the program. Immersion students require 11 French credits in order to receive their Honours Certificate of Bilingual Studies in French Immersion, Extended French students require 8 French credits to receive their Honours Certificate of Bilingual Studies in Extended French. French credits can be obtained by taking courses in French such as, French, Geography, Gym, Art, History, Math. Starting in grade 9, students study in depth how the elements. At approximately 10,30 pm June 23,2010, emergency crews responded to a fire in the area of the school. A young man was charged, with reports that he was a former student, the fire resulted in the postponement of final exams scheduled for June 24. Michael Wincott - Television and movie actor Natalie Spooner - Canadian Womens Ice Hockey Gold Medalist George Halkidas List of high schools in Ontario Cedarbrae Collegiate Institute TDSB Profile
8.
Yorkville, Toronto
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Yorkville is an affluent neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established as a village in 1830, it was annexed into Toronto in 1883. Yorkville is diverse, comprising residential areas, office space, within the Yorkville district is one of Canadas most exclusive shopping districts, anchored by the Mink Mile along Bloor Street. In 2006, Mink Mile was the 22nd most expensive street in the world, Yorkville had rents of $300 per square foot in 2008, making it the third most expensive retail space in North America. In 2008, the Mink Mile was named the seventh most expensive shopping street in the world by Fortune Magazine, along Bloor Street is located the Mink Mile shopping district. The street is lined on both sides of the street with buildings with retail stores in the bottom one or two floors. The main streets of Avenue Road and Bay Street north of Bloor are similarly developed, North of Bloor, on Yorkville and Cumberland streets, between the main arteries, the character changes to smaller buildings containing art galleries, first-floor retail and restaurants. Further north still are single-family detached and semi-detached homes dating to the 19th century, Yorkville has upscale shopping, restaurants, and the first five star hotel in Canada. Upscale boutiques include Burberry, Prada, Gucci, MAC Cosmetics, Hugo Boss, Chanel, Hermès, Louis Vuitton, Holt Renfrew, the Holt Renfrew store on Bloor is the luxury retailers flagship and largest store with four floors and boutiques. There are many offices and professional services, MTV Canada headquarters are located in Yorkville as well. Thomas, Windsor Arms Hotel, The Hazelton Hotel & Residences, Yorkville has its own local public library on Yorkville Avenue. Based on data collected from both the census in 2006 and 2011, it is apparent that Yorkville is mostly populated with people earning $60,000 and above. With the make of this neighbourhood being targeted towards middle-class to upper-class residents and being more upscale, it is comprehensible for the inhabitants to be earning $60,000 and above. Founded in 1830 by entrepreneur Joseph Bloore and William Botsford Jarvis of Rosedale, Toronto, Bloore operated a brewery north-east of todays Bloor and Church Street intersection. Jarvis was Sheriff of the Home District, the two purchased land in the Yorkville district, subdividing it into smaller lots on new side streets to those interested in living in the cleaner air outside of York. The political centre of Yorkville was the Red Lion Hotel, an inn that was used as the polling place for elections. It is here that William Lyon Mackenzie was voted back into the Legislature for 1832, the village grew enough to be connected by an omnibus service in 1849 to Toronto. By 1853, the population of the village had reached 1,000, the figure needed to incorporate as a village, by the 1880s, the cost of delivering services to the large population of Yorkville was beyond the Villages ability
9.
Fetish fashion
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Fetish fashion is any style or appearance in the form of a type of clothing or accessory, created to be extreme or provocative. These styles are not usually worn by the majority of people on any regular basis and they are usually made of materials such as leather, latex or synthetic rubber or plastic, nylon, PVC, spandex, fishnet, and stainless steel. However, sometimes the two areas do overlap, for example, in Japan, many themed restaurants have waitresses who wear costumes such as a suit made of latex or a stylized French maid outfit. The two photographs to the right are from the 2012 Los Angeles Fetish Film Festival, some type of garments that women wear to routinely improve their appearance are thought of as erotic and qualify as fetish wear, corsets and high heels. Most fetish wear is not practical enough for daily wear. A very common fetish costume for women is the dominatrix costume, usually it consists of mostly dark or even black clothing. The woman usually wears a corset or bustier and stockings with high heeled footwear, high boots are quite common as they enhance the womans domination. Most women in dominatrix costumes carry an accessory such as a whip or a riding crop and these items were specifically appreciated for themselves. However, others argue that what is termed as fetish fashions started with the culture of the homosexual London. During this period, the men who began to use the rarely used leather clothing items were doing so publicly. Perhaps more importantly, the clothing items were being appreciated for themselves. However, others argue that this identification is too restrictive, many fashion designers incorporate elements of the fetish subculture into their creations or directly create products based on elements that are not accepted by the mainstream. Fetish fashions became popularized in the United States during the 1950s through books and magazines such as Bizarre, skin Two is a contemporary fetish magazine covering many aspects of the worldwide fetish subculture. The name is a reference to clothing as a second skin. Clothing fetish PVC clothing BDSM Latex and PVC fetishism Edible underwear Gothic fashion Industrial fashion Leather fetishism Punk fashion Spandex fetishism Clubbing Uniform fetishism
10.
Jack Richardson (record producer)
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Jack Arnold Richardson CM was a Juno Award-nominated Canadian record producer and Order of Canada recipient. He is perhaps best known for producing the biggest hit records from The Guess Who from 1969 to 1975, the Juno Award for Producer of the Year has been named in Richardsons honour since 2002. Richardson was born in Toronto, Ontario, and had musical training playing in various school bands. By 1949 he was playing professionally in The Westernaires who had a radio program. Initially, audio recording was one aspect of Nimbus 9. Within a brief period of time, however, audio recording became the focus of operations. In 1968, Richardson approached the Canadian branch of the Coca-Cola company with an idea to produce, on one side of the release were The Guess Who, and on the flip-side, a group from Ottawa, Ontario called The Staccatos. The split album the two recorded, A Wild Pair, could only be obtained by sending ten Coca-Cola bottle cap liners. After the success of A Wild Pair, Richardson mortgaged his own home to obtain funds to produce a record with The Guess Who. He took the group to Phil Ramones A&R Recording studio in New York City, and produced the classic 1968 Wheatfield Soul album, which spawned a massive international hit These Eyes. Richardson and The Guess Who had many hits in the next few years. This was in addition to the hits he was producing for The Guess Who, from 1984 to 86, Richardson was the music producer for the television show, Party With The Rovers for Global TV in association with Ulster TV in Ireland. Later, Richardson decided on another change and became a Professor in the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario. In 1998, Richardson was awarded the Special Achievement Award at the SOCAN Awards in Toronto, the non-profit Jack Richardson Music Awards, started in 2005, are named in his honour and given to up-and-coming musical acts and artists from London in a variety of categories
11.
Murray McLauchlan
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Murray Edward McLauchlan, CM is a Canadian singer, songwriter, guitarist, pianist, and harmonica player. He is best known for his Canadian hits Farmers Song and Down by the Henry Moore, McLaughlin was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, he immigrated to Canada with his family when he was five years old. He grew up in suburban Toronto, at 17, he began playing at coffeehouses in Torontos Yorkville area and later attended Central Tech as an art student before deciding to become a full-time musician. In the 1960s McLaughlin moved to New York City, but had success in promoting his musical career there. In 1970, McLaughlin returned to Toronto and signed with True North Records, he released an album, in 1974 McLaughlin embarked on a long tour in the United States. He released later released Do You Dream of Being Somebody, in 1980, McLaughlin released the album Into a Mystery, with backing vocals by Carol Pope. In 1987, McLauchlan appeared on the television show, Sharon. He appeared in Season 4 of The Elephant Show on the Urban Cowboy episode, McLauchlan hosted the highly rated CBC Radio program Swinging On a Star from 1989 to 1994. McLauchlan has held a pilot license with Instrument flight rating and endorsements for multi-engine aircraft. During a performance in the 1980s, McLauchlan commented to audiences, half-jokingly, of giving this music thing a little time before giving it up. In the late 1990s, McLauchlan was flying commercial airplanes as a pilot in Northern Canada. In 1986 he starred in a special called Floating over Canada. This special was broadcast on U. S. public television on PBS, in 1998, Penguin released his autobiography The Ballad of Murray McLauchlan, Getting Out of Here Alive. In 2004 McLauchlan helped form a group known as Lunch At Allens featuring McLauchlan, Marc Jordan, Cindy Church, formed as a result of meeting in Toronto for lunch at Allens restaurant after McLauchlans heart bypass surgery. Three CDs have been released as a result of collaboration, Lunch at Allens, Catch the Moon. During the summer of 2016, he was performing with singers Marc Jordan, Cindy Church and Ian Thomas in the group Lunch At Allens, in a number of towns and small cities in Ontario, Canada. McLauchlan has won 10 Juno Awards throughout the 1970s and 1980s, in 1993, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 2001, McLauchlan was the recipient of the National Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards held in Toronto, McLauchlan chosen to be inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in September 2016
12.
Juno Award
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The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. New members of the Canadian Music Hall of Fame are also inducted as part of the awards ceremonies, winners are chosen by either members of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences or a panel of experts depending on the award. 9 out of 42 categories are based solely on sales figures, nominees are determined by CARAS members for Single of the Year, Artist and Group of the Year. Nominees are determined by a vote for the remaining categories who are experts in the relevant genre. The judges are experts in each genre of music. The names of the judges remains confidential and these judges represent all facets of the Canadian music industry, are spread across the country, and a mixture of males and females in both official languages. No person can judge the same two years in a row. Prior to the development of the formal Juno award ceremonies, RPM began polling its readers in 1964 to determine which artists, the results of these polls were announced through RPM each December. Record label owner Stan Klees met with RPM founder Walt Grealis to plan a formal ceremony for the music industry. Instead of merely publishing the results in RPM, presentations would be made at a physical venue. The first such ceremony was the Gold Leaf Awards which took place 23 February 1970 in Toronto, RPM invited its readers later that year to suggest a new name for these awards. The name Juneau was submitted, which represented Pierre Juneau, the first head of the Canadian Radio-Television Commission, Juneau was instrumental in establishing Canadian content regulations for broadcasters, to promote Canadian artists. That name became shortened to Juno and by 1971, the ceremonies would be referred to as the Juno Awards. From 1970 to 1973, winners were announced in RPM prior to the awards night, from 1974, the award winners were not made public until the Juno ceremonies. Music industry representatives formed a committee for the Junos in 1974 which became the Canadian Music Awards Association the following year. This organisation assumed full management and operation of the Juno Awards from 1977 and became the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts, the Junos were first televised throughout Canada in 1975 on CBC Television. Initially, the awards were conducted during the part of each year. In 1984, organisers postponed that years awards until December, a late-year scheduling was maintained until January 1988 when CARAS noted the declining viewership on the Juno broadcasts and reverted to an early-year awards schedule
13.
Nona Hendryx
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Nona Hendryx, is an American vocalist, record producer, songwriter, musician, author, and actress. Hendryx is known for her work as a solo artist as well as for being one-third of the trio Labelle and her music has ranged from soul, funk, and R&B to hard rock, new wave, and new-age. Her familys last name was spelled with an i, she is a cousin of American musician Jimi Hendrix. Hendryx was born in Trenton, New Jersey in 1944 where she met fellow New Jersey native Sarah Dash, after a short-lived tenure as a member of the Del-Capris, Hendryx and Dash formed a singing group with Holte. In 1961, Cindy Birdsong, from Camden, New Jersey, became the member of the group. After the release of their hit, 1962s I Sold My Heart to the Junkman, their name altered again to Patti LaBelle. Hendryxs husky alto differed from Dashs sharp soprano, LaBelles mezzo-soprano, during this tenure, the group became known for their emotional live performances and their renditions of classic standards such as Youll Never Walk Alone, Over The Rainbowand Danny Boy. The group often found themselves competing against girl groups such as The Chantels, Shirelles, in 1967, Hendryx, LaBelle and Dash were shocked to discover that Birdsong had secretly joined the Supremes after Florence Ballard was ousted from the group by Motown. Different members of the group were in touch with Birdsong over the years, Birdsongs relationships with the Bluebelles healed and they came together again for the ceremony when the group won an R&B Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999. For the next three years, the group struggled to compete against the musical landscape for which their girl group sound had fallen out of favor with popular audiences. In 1971, they moved to England, where they had a fan base. Releasing transitional albums including 1971s Labelle and 1972s Moon Shadow, the recorded material that included sexual and political subject matter – unheard of for an all-female black group. The transition was hard for lead singer LaBelle, who was a fan of the groups early-era ballads, member Dash remained neutral throughout the tenure of the group. Shortly after releasing Labelle, the became the opening act for The Who. They also opened for Laura Nyro during that time and sang backup on her album. After the release of Moon Shadow, Hendryx became the chief songwriter for most of the groups records while LaBelle and Dash occasionally wrote their own material. After successfully opening for The Rolling Stones during the groups American tour in 1973, the group released Pressure Cookin, as a songwriter Hendryx subsequently wrote powerful ballads, and a wealth of more uptempo numbers. Her themes were unconventional, diverse, and often experimental and her composition A Man In A Trenchcoat from Chameleon also marked Hendryxs first time singing lead vocal on an album
14.
Genie Awards
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Genie Awards were given out to recognize the best of Canadian cinema by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television. From 1949–1979, the awards were named the Canadian Film Awards, in 1980 they were renamed The Genie Awards. Peer-group juries, assembled from members of the Academy, meet to screen the submissions. Academy members then vote on these nominations, the Genie Awards were originally aired by CBC from 1979 to 2003, before moving to CHUM Limiteds networks. After CTVglobemedia purchased CHUM Limited, the Genie Awards moved to Canwest Globals E, the last two Genie Awards were broadcast by the CBC. The following is a listing of all Genie Awards ceremonies, the Special Achievement Genie is an award given irregularly to an individual or individuals in recognition of lifetime achievement or an important career milestone. Prix Jutra - Canadian French-language counterpart Canadian Screen Awards Official website Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
15.
Pippi Longstocking (1997 film)
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The film features the voices of Melissa Altro, Catherine OHara, Gordon Pinsent, Dave Thomas, Wayne Robson, and Carole Pope. The film, an international co-production between companies from Sweden, Germany, and Canada, was distributed theatrically by Legacy Releasing, and on VHS and DVD by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment, and was served as a pilot of a television series on HBO in addition to another animated film. Pippi Longstocking is Nelvanas first feature film since Babar, The Movie, the film begins with Pippi sailing around the world with her father, Captain Efraim Longstocking, her pet horse, Horse, her pet monkey, Mr. Nilsson, and various members of the ships crew. One night during a hurricane, the captain is washed over board into the sea, as he drifts off, he calls to Pippi that he will meet her in Villa Villekulla. To that effect, Pippi and her pet animals make their way home, Villa Villekulla, not long after arriving, she makes friends with the two children across the street — Tommy and Annika, who are captivated by her free spirit and fun-loving attitude. They soon convince her to go to school where she gets into trouble, Pippi also soon attracts the attention of a local social worker, Mrs. Prysselius, who conspires to put her into foster care. The thieves, Bloom and Thunder-Karlsson, decide to rob Pippi themselves once they break out of jail, Pippi and her friends take part in many adventures and close-calls, winning over almost everyone, with the exception of Miss Prysselius and Tommy and Annikas parents. Just when Miss Prysselius has had enough and is about to drag Pippi straight to the home herself. However, Pippi decides that she cant leave her new friends, Melissa Altro as Pippilotta Delicatessa Windowshade Mackrelmint Efraims Daughter Pippi Longstocking Catherine OHara as Mrs. Kling Phillip Williams as Const. In its opening weekend, the film earned $62,196, the film closed on 30 October 1997, having grossed $505,335. The film received mixed reviews from critics, Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 43% rating based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 4. 4/10. Pippi Longstocking at the Internet Movie Database Pippi Longstocking at The Big Cartoon DataBase Pippi Longstocking at Box Office Mojo Pippi Longstocking at Rotten Tomatoes Review at bfi. org. uk
16.
Dusty Springfield
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Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette OBrien, OBE, better known as Dusty Springfield, was an English pop singer and record producer whose career extended from the late 1950s to the 1990s. She is a member of the US Rock and Roll and UK Music Halls of Fame, international polls have named Springfield among the best female rock artists of all time. Her image, supported by a peroxide blonde bouffant hairstyle, evening gowns, born in West Hampstead to a family that enjoyed music, Springfield learned to sing at home. In 1958 she joined her first professional group, The Lana Sisters and her solo career began in 1963 with the upbeat pop hit, I Only Want to Be with You. Among the hits that followed were Wishin and Hopin , I Just Dont Know What to Do with Myself, You Dont Have to Say You Love Me, and Son of a Preacher Man. Although she was never considered a Northern Soul artist in her own right and she was the first UK singer to top the New Musical Express readers poll for Female Singer. To boost her credibility as a soul artist, Springfield went to Memphis, Tennessee, to record Dusty in Memphis, an album of pop and soul music with the Atlantic Records main production team. Released in 1969, it has ranked among the greatest albums of all time by the US magazine Rolling Stone and in polls by VH1 artists, New Musical Express readers. The album was awarded a spot in the Grammy Hall of Fame. Despite its current recognition, the album did not sell well and after its release, however, in collaboration with Pet Shop Boys, she returned to the Top 10 of the UK and US charts in 1987 with What Have I Done to Deserve This. Two years later, she had two other UK hits on her own with Nothing Has Been Proved and In Private, subsequently, in the mid-1990s, owing to the inclusion of Son of a Preacher Man on the Pulp Fiction soundtrack, interest in her early output was revived. Springfield was born Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette OBrien on 16 April 1939 in West Hampstead and her older brother, Dionysius P. A. OBrien, was later known as Tom Springfield. Springfields father, who had raised in British India, worked as a tax accountant and consultant. Her mother came from an Irish family, originally from Tralee, County Kerry, Springfield was brought up in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire until the early 1950s, and later lived in Ealing. She attended St Annes Convent School, Northfields, a traditional all-girl school, Springfield and her brother were both prone to food-throwing as adults. She was given the nickname Dusty for playing football with boys in the street, Springfield was raised in a music-loving family. Her father would tap out rhythms on the back of her hand and she listened to a wide range of music, including George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hart, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Cole Porter, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller. A fan of American jazz and the vocalists Peggy Lee and Jo Stafford, at the age of twelve, she made a recording of herself performing the Irving Berlin song When the Midnight Choo Choo Leaves for Alabam at a local record shop in Ealing
17.
Andrea Martin
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Andrea Louise Martin is an American actress, singer, author and comedian, best known for her work in the television series SCTV. Martin has been prolific in the world of theater, winning Tony Awards for both My Favorite Year and the 2013 revival of Pippin. Martin also appeared on Broadway in Candide, Oklahoma, fiddler on the Roof, Young Frankenstein, Exit the King and Act One. She has received five nominations for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical and she received her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 2016 revival of Noises Off. She currently stars as Marilyn Kessler on the Hulu original series Difficult People, Martin was born in 1947 in Portland, Maine, the eldest of three children of Sybil A. and John Papazian Martin. Her paternal grandparents were Armenian immigrants who moved to the U. S. from Turkey to escape the Armenian Genocide and her maternal grandparents were Armenians from Yerevan and Istanbul. Her father owned Martins Foods, a store chain. Soon after graduating from Emerson College, she won a role in a company of Youre A Good Man. After frequent visits to Toronto, she relocated from New York City to Toronto in 1970 and immediately found work in television, film. Toklas, Patti Smith, Brenda Vaccaro and Indira Gandhi, in 1981, Martin was Emmy-nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Variety Show for her work in SCTV. Her 1970s stage work included the Toronto branch of the improvisational comedy troupe The Second City. In 1992, she made her Broadway debut in the musical My Favorite Year, for which she won the Tony Award, Theatre World Award, additional Broadway credits include Candide and Oklahoma. And the Broadway premiere of Young Frankenstein, all of which brought her Tony Award nominations for Best Featured Actress in a Musical, Martin starred alongside Geoffrey Rush and Susan Sarandon in the Broadway revival of Exit the King. For her performance as Juliette, she was nominated for a Drama Desk and she wrote and performed in the critically acclaimed one-woman show Nude, Nude, Totally Nude in Los Angeles and New York City, receiving a 1996 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One Person Show. Other theater credits include the leads in The Rose Tattoo and Bettys Summer Vacation, for which she won the Elliot Norton Award for Best Actress, both produced at The Huntington Theatre in Boston. During the winter of 2012–2013, she played Berthe, Pippins grandmother, in the American Repertory Theater production of Pippin in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the show transferred to Broadway at the Music Box Theatre and opened in April 2013. Martins last performance as Berthe in the Broadway production of Pippin was on September 22,2013 and she appeared on Broadway in the new play written and directed by James Lapine, Act One, for which she received the Outer Critics Circle Award. Martin has played Wanda the Word Fairy in numerous segments on Sesame Street
18.
Rufus Wainwright
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Rufus McGarrigle Wainwright is an American-Canadian singer, songwriter and composer. He has recorded seven albums of music and numerous tracks on compilations. He has also written an opera and set Shakespeare sonnets to music for a theater piece by Robert Wilson. Wainwright was born in Rhinebeck, New York, to folk singers Kate McGarrigle and his parents divorced when he was three, and he lived with his mother in Montreal for most of his youth. His father is a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, the 17th century Dutch governor of New Netherland, Wainwright has dual US and Canadian citizenship. He attended high school at the Millbrook School in New York and he began playing the piano at age six, and started touring at age 13 with The McGarrigle Sisters and Family, a folk group featuring Rufus, his sister Martha, his mother Kate, and aunt Anna. His song Im a-Runnin, which he performed in the film Tommy Tricker and he was nominated for a 1990 Juno Award for Most Promising Male Vocalist of the Year. Wainwright identified as gay while a teenager, in 1999, he told Rolling Stone that his father recognized his homosexuality early on. Wed drive around in the car, hed play Heart of Glass and Id sort of mouth the words, just a sign of many other things to come as well. Wainwright later said in interview that his mother and father could not even handle me being gay. We never talked about it really, Wainwright became interested in opera during his adolescent years, and the genre strongly influences his music. During this time, he interested in Édith Piaf, Al Jolson. At age 14, Wainwright was sexually assaulted in Londons Hyde Park after picking up a man at a bar, in an interview years later, he described the event, I said I wanted to go to the park and see where this big concert was going on. I thought it was going to be a walk in the park. Wainwright states that he survived only by pretending to be an epileptic and he has been reported to have stated that he remained celibate for five or seven years after the incident, and eventually became promiscuous. In 2009 the unofficial biography There Will Be Rainbows, A Biography of Rufus Wainwright, through weekly shows at Cafe Sarajevo, Wainwright was on the Montreal club circuit and eventually cut a series of demo tapes produced by Pierre Marchand, who later produced Wainwrights album Poses. The resulting tapes impressed his father Loudon, who passed them on to his friend Van Dyke Parks, Parks sent the recordings to Lenny Waronker, the DreamWorks executive who eventually signed Wainwright to his label. Then I put it on and I said, Oh, my God, the singer moved to New York City in 1996, performing regularly at Club Fez
19.
Harvey Milk High School
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It is named after San Francisco, California supervisor Harvey Milk, the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in the United States. The school was run by the Hetrick-Martin Institute, an organization that provides social support to at-risk youth. After becoming an accredited public school in 2002, the high school is now administered by the New York City Department of Education. The school and the non-profit still share space in the building, with Hetrick-Martin providing a majority of the schools arts. The school was founded in 1985 as a small, two-room program with just over a dozen students by HMI in collaboration with the New York City Department of Educations Career Education Center, the Department of Education administers the school and is responsible for admissions. Harvey Milk was created as an education program for youth who find it difficult or impossible to attend their home schools due to threats, violence. HMHS came to attention in 2002, when the Board of Education authorized a $3.2 million capital expansion of the school as one of its last acts prior to becoming a mayoral agency. The capital provided by the Board of Education allowed for the renovation of the school building, enrollment jumped from 50 to 100 students. In 2003 William Salzman, the principal of the school, said it would be academically challenging, Michael Long, chairman of the Conservative Party of New York State, was critical, and asked, Is there a different way to teach homosexuals. There’s no reason these children should be treated separately, supporters contend that this school is a pragmatic solution, providing an alternative path to a diploma for students who are unable to succeed in a mainstream high school due to intolerance. Not all arguments against the school are divided along partisan lines, independent mayor Michael Bloomberg supported the renovation of the school while Democratic N. Y. State Senator Rubén Díaz opposed it, in 2004, the HMHS underwent a 17,000 square foot expansion and an increase to eight classrooms and 110 students
20.
EOne Entertainment
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Entertainment One is a Canadian multinational media distribution company. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the company is involved in the acquisition, distribution, and production of entertainment content, including films, television series. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index, eOne began operations in 1973 in Ontario, Canada, as Records on Wheels Limited, founded and operated by Vito Ierullo and Don Ierullo, focusing on retail sales of recorded music. In the late 1970s, ROW began to distribute recorded music for third-party retailers in Canada, from its then-parent, Standard Broadcasting Corporation. In November 2003, the company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange as ROW Entertainment Income Fund, in June 2005, ROW Entertainment Income Fund acquired the American independent music distributor and home entertainment publisher Koch Entertainment. In 2007, Entertainment One acquired Montreal-based film distributor Seville Pictures, the same year, the company secured its first film output agreement with Summit Entertainment, handling distribution in Canada and the United Kingdom. Acquisitions continued in 2008 with the purchase of the Benelux distributor RCV Entertainment, the same year, eOne acquired the television studios Blueprint and Barna-Alper, and international television distributor Oasis International. On May 28,2012, eOne placed a bid to purchase the Canadian film distributor Alliance Films from Goldman Sachs Group and Investissement Quebec. The deal was completed on January 9,2013, giving eOne Canadian distribution rights for titles from Sony Pictures Entertainment, The Weinstein Company, Lionsgate Films and Focus Features. On June 2,2014, eOne acquired Phase 4 Films, its CEO Berry Meyerowitz was named as head of eOnes U. S. film distribution business, on July 17, the company acquired Paperny Entertainment. On August 28,2014, eOne acquired Force Four Entertainment, eOne will have an option to acquire the remainder of the studio beginning in 2022. S. and targeted international releases, focusing on ancillary and digital distribution. On September 30,2015, eOne acquired a 70% stake in British animation studio Astley Baker Davies—producers of the childrens series Peppa Pig. On December 16,2015, eOne, Steven Spielberg, Reliance Entertainment, eOne serves as an investor, while the majority of its films will be distributed by Universal Pictures. On January 7,2016, eOne made an investment in Sierra Pictures and on January 20,2016. On March 24,2016, eOne acquired a 65% interest in David Garfinkle, on August 10,2016, eOne rejected an offer to be acquired by British television broadcaster ITV plc for £1 billion. EOne considered the offer to be fundamentally undervalued, on August 17,2016, eOne announced it completed its investment in digital studio Secret Location. On September 12,2016, eOne announced its acquisition of UK-based music management company Hardlivings, eOne Films acquires film content rights and distributes these across multiple territories including Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, the Benelux, Austalia, New Zealand and the United States. Distribution channels include theatrical distribution, home entertainment through DVD/Blu-ray rental and retail, television, eOne’s Global Film Group is led by President Steve Bertram, who is based in Los Angeles
21.
Peaches (musician)
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Merrill Beth Nisker, better known by her stage name Peaches, is a Canadian electronic musician and performance artist. Her songs are noted for disregarding traditional gender norms, and for their use of explicit lyrics. Born in Ontario to a Jewish family, Peaches began her career in the 1990s as part of a folk trio. In 1995, she established a band, The Shit. That year she released her first solo album, Fancypants Hoodlum. Moving to Berlin, Germany, it was here that she was signed to the Kitty-Yo label and released her second album, touring as the opening act for bands like Marilyn Manson and Queens of the Stone Age, she subsequently released her third album, Fatherfucker. Her songs have featured in movies such as Mean Girls. Jackass Number Two, My Little Eye, Drive Angry, born Merrill Beth Nisker in 1966 in Toronto, Ontario, she attended a private Jewish school where her classes were taught half in English and half in Hebrew. Nisker was a clown, who wasnt particularly smart. I was interested in creative performance stuff, but that out to be difficult for me because it was all so structured. Her family was culturally Jewish, though they were not religious and her grandparents immigrated to Canada from Poland, her paternal grandparents were from Galicia. Before becoming famous, Nisker was a music and drama teacher at Associated Hebrew Schools of Toronto, during the early 1990s, Nisker was part of folk trio Mermaid Cafe. The name was taken from the Joni Mitchell song Carey and she later released her first album, Fancypants Hoodlum, under the name Merrill Nisker in 1995, and subsequently developed the style and persona that would take her to international fame as Peaches. In 1995, she started the Shit, a noisy four-piece combo with Chilly Gonzales, bassist Sticky and their absurd, highly sexual rock music was a harbinger for what Nisker would become, as it was during this time that she adopted the Peaches name. The Peaches moniker was taken from the Nina Simone song Four Women where Simone screams at the end, alternately, the name may have come from the Joni Mitchell song, Carey. In Toronto, before rising to fame, she lived above Come As You Are with fellow recording artist Feist, Feist worked the back of the stage at Peaches shows, using a sock puppet and calling herself Bitch Lap Lap. The two also toured together in England from 2000–2001, staying with Justine Frischmann of Elastica and M. I. A. M. I. A. went on to video document Peaches 2000 US tour and made clothes for the musician, after creating a six-track EP, Lovertits, Peaches moved to Berlin, Germany
22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
23.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
24.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
25.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
26.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
