Carrera Panamericana

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The Carrera Panamericana was a border-to-border sedan and sports car racing event on open roads in Mexico similar to the Mille Miglia and Targa Florio in Italy. Running for five consecutive years from 1950 to 1954, it was widely held by contemporaries to be the most dangerous race of any type in the world.[1] It has since been resurrected along some of the original course as a classic speed rally.

1950[edit]

After the 2,178 mile (3,507 kilometer) north-south Mexican section of the Pan-American Highway was completed in 1950 a nine-stage, five-day race across the country was organized by the national government to celebrate its achievement and attract international business. The 1950 race ran almost entirely along the new roadway.

The first of five annual races began on May 5, 1950 and was entered by racers from all over the world representing virtually every motor sport: Formula One, sports cars, rallying, stock cars, endurance racing, hill climbing, and drag racing. Because it started at the border with Texas, it was especially attractive to all types of American race drivers from Indy cars to NASCAR. Bill France, the founder of NASCAR, was there for the first race as well as later races. The Mexican government's representatives worked closely with the American Automobile Association and other motor sports groups in the United States to organize and promote the event which was limited to stock sedans with five seats. Piero Taruffi and Felice Bonetto, both Italian F1 drivers, entered a pair of Alfa Romeo coupes specially constructed for the event. However, many of the 132 competitors were ordinary unsponsored citizens from the United States, Mexico, and elsewhere. The entrants included nine women drivers.

The first race ran from north to south beginning in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, across the international border from El Paso, Texas, and finishing in Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chiapas (formerly known as El Ocotal) on the Guatemala-Mexico border opposite from La Mesilla, Guatemala. The event comprised nine "legs" or stage. At least one leg was run each day for five consecutive days. The elevation changes were significant: from 328 feet (100 m) to 10,482 feet (3,195 m) above sea level, requiring among other modifications the rejetting of carburetors to cope with thinner air. Most of the race was run between 5,000 feet (1,500 m) and 8,000 feet (2,400 m).

The first four places were won by American cars and American drivers. The winner, Hershel McGriff, drove an Oldsmobile 88 at an average speed of 142 km/h (88 mph). Though less powerful, the car was substantially lighter than its big Lincoln and Cadillac competitors, meaning that it would eventually pull away from them on the steep, winding course. The car (which had cost McGriff and his partners only $1,900, when the winner's purse was 150,000 pesos (around $17,200 U.S. dollars) [2]), had another advantage in its weight - it was much easier to stop, meaning that McGriff finished the race on his original brake shoes when the big cars were re-shoeing every night. The reason that this was so important was that neither McGriff nor his co-driver were capable of even the most basic maintenance to the car.[2] McGriff also noted that the control afforded by his manual gearbox gave him a significant advantage the last day on the gravel roads in Chiapas, when he finally passed the Cadillac leading the race. The final miles to the finish were run without oil due to bottoming out the oil pans leaving the engine smoking and rattling to the checkered flag. The best placed European car was an Alfa Romeo sedan driven by Italian driver, Felice Bonetto. The race, however, set its bloody and dangerous reputation right from the start: 4 people (3 competitors, 1 spectator) were killed during this event.

1951[edit]

The following year, the race was run from south to north, starting in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas on the Mexican/Guatemalan border and finishing in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua on the Mexican/U.S. Texas border near El Paso, because of the lack of accommodation available for race officials, drivers, crews and press in El Ocotal and the jungle. This northerly direction also allowed the U.S. drivers to finish at their border. The race was run in late November as opposed to early May. For the first time, a European manufacturer entered a 'factory' team, Ferrari entering several cars including a 212 Export LWB Vignale, and although these did not technically satisfy the requirements of the touring car category, the Italians were permitted to compete anyway.

The race would prove to exact a heavy toll upon drivers. At the start of the race, José Estrada, a prosperous Mexico City car dealer and a veteran racer, announced: "I will win, or die trying." On the first stage, his 1951 Packard skidded off the road and tumbled 630 feet (190 m) down into a ravine. Both Estrada and co-driver Miguel González died in a Oaxaca hospital later that afternoon.[3] The next day claimed Carlos Panini, Italian in origin, and a pioneer of Mexican aviation - in 1927 he had established Mexico's first scheduled airline, which he sold that year with plans for his retirement. He is credited with being the first pilot to fly a light plane around the world. The fatal accident occurred on the second day, during the second stage from Oaxaca to Puebla. Although the registered driver for the race was Carlos' daughter Teresa, he was at the wheel of a 1949 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS despite poor health and not having a valid license. The accident happened while a young Bobby Unser was trying to overtake Panini in a Jaguar, as Unser related in his book "Winners Are Driven: A Champion's Guide to Success in Business & Life":

Ricardo Ramírez of Mexico City abandoned the race to rush the Paninis to a hospital in Puebla, but Señor Panini was announced dead on arrival. His daughter survived with minor injuries. The deaths of a pair of well-known Mexican sportsmen in the first two days of the race brought forth reactions of horror and indignation. A government official publicly branded the race "an imitation of North American customs not suited to Mexican characteristics." The press went off on a crusade; Mexico City's El Universal declared that permitting such dangerous shenanigans was a "crime."[3] In addition to Panini, Estrada and González's deaths, the mayor of Oaxaca, Lorenzo Mayoral Lemus, lost his life during a run of the first stage between the cities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Oaxaca. His car went off a mountain road and he died in a hospital in Oaxaca.[5]

First and second places were won by the works Ferraris driven by Piero Taruffi and Alberto Ascari, third and fourth by ordinary American cars. Bill Sterling, a salesman from El Paso, Texas, placed third in a Chrysler Saratoga and well-known race car driver Troy Ruttman followed him in a flat-head Mercury he reportedly had bought for $1,000 in a used car lot in El Monte, California yet bested several factory Lancias and Ferraris.

1952[edit]

In 1952 the organizers of Carrera Panamericana divided what had been a single class into Sports Car and Stock Car entries so heavy American sedans did not have to compete directly with nimble European sports cars. The major automobile manufacturers had taken notice of the race and Mercedes-Benz sent a highly organized team of drivers, mechanics, and 300 SLs. Karl Kling and Herman Lang finished first and second, and a 1-2-3 finish may have been the final result had American John Fitch not been disqualified for permitting a mechanic to touch his car on the second to last day. American Chuck Stevenson won the touring car class in a Lincoln Capri, his first of two consecutive victories in the event.

The Mercedes 300 SL of K. Kling & H. Klenk following the impact of a vulture to the windscreen

Famously, the victory of the Mercedes-Benz W194 of Kling and Hans Klenk came despite the car being hit by a vulture in the windscreen. During a long right-hand bend in the opening stage taken at almost 200 km/h (120 mph), Kling failed to spot vultures sitting by the side of the road. As the birds scattered at the roar of the virtually unsilenced 300 SL, one impacted through the windscreen on the passenger side, briefly knocking co-driver and navigator Klenk unconscious. Despite bleeding badly from facial injuries caused by the shattered windscreen, Klenk ordered Kling to maintain speed, and held on until a tire change almost 70 km (43 mi) later to clean himself and the car up. For extra protection, eight vertical steel bars were bolted over the new windscreen. [6] Kling and Klenk also discussed the species and size of the dead bird, agreeing that had had a minimum 115-centimetre (45 in) wingspan and weighed as much as five fattened geese.[7]

Less famously, but with far greater implications, was the innovative use of pre-prepared 'pace-notes' which allowed Klenk to identify and communicate upcoming road bends in rapid shorthand to Kling.[7] This system proved so effective that it is used in all motor sports involving a navigator today, such as stage rallying. The highly organized Lincoln teams also used a similar system. Only one person was killed in this event, Santos Letona of Puebla, Mexico, who died in a crash near the town of Texmelucan on the third stage between there and Mexico City.

1953[edit]

In 1953 the Sports and Stock classes were both subdivided into Large and Small groups, giving four categories in which to compete. These were split by engine cubic capacity; sports cars under and over 1600 cc were Small and Large respectively, and stocks cars under and over 3500 cc likewise. This was to accommodate the huge number of participants and the diverse breeds of cars within the race. This race, like the subsequent running of the Carrera Panamericana was to be the last round of the 1953 World Sportscar Championship season. [1]

Both Lincoln and Lancia came to the race highly organized and both factories swept 1-2-3 finishes in their respective categories. The Mercedes team did not return because of its focus on Formula One. The Europeans dominated the sports categories, and the Americans the stock. Large Sports Cars was won by Juan Manuel Fangio of Argentina in a Lancia, Small Sports Cars by José Herrarte from Guatemala in a Porsche. Large Stock Cars was won by Chuck Stevenson of the United States in a Lincoln and Small Stock Cars by C.D. Evans (again of the U.S.) in an ordinary six cylinder Chevrolet. Stevenson has the distinction of being the only person to ever win twice in the same category in the original race.

However, the race was marred by the death of a number of competitors. The co-driver and pacenote systems championed by the Mercedes teams of the previous year were vindicated by the failure of an alternative contemporary system used by some other works drivers, notably those of Lancia who in 1953 year had entered five cars; three 3.3-litre D24s[8] for Felice Bonetto, Juan Manuel Fangio and Piero Taruffi, winner of the 1951 edition of the race, and two 3-litre versions for Giovanni Bracco and Eugenio Castellotti. During pre-race runs of the route at much safer speeds, Bonetto and Taruffi painted warning signals on the road to remind themselves of particular hazards. As the D24 was both open and single-seat, there was no co-driver. This resulted in the death of Bonetto who, leading the race under pressure from Taruffi, missed his own warning signs. Entering the village of Silao, he encountered a dip in the pavement at excessive speed and impacted a building, killing him instantly.[8]

The 1953 running was the bloodiest year of the Carrera Panamericana. In addition to Bonetto's death- 8 other people were killed in unrelated accidents, including an incident where 6 spectators were mowed down by a flipping car. On the first stage between the cities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Oaxaca, American Bob Christie, with his mechanic Kenneth Wood, failed to make a left turn, and his Ford went off the road backwards, plunged over the embankment on the side and came to a cushioned but smashing stop upside down in the mud of the river bank, below the level of the highway. Christie unfastned his belts and helped "K" to reach the bank. A fairly large crowd of spectators who watched the race at this point, had hastily assembled on a ledge below the road to find a better view of the accident; many people swarmed to Christie’s and Wood’s aid immediately, and were relieved to find out that both were uninjured. But then, Mickey Thompson, a Bonneville Salt Flats record holder, crashed at the same place, and 6 people who were standing at a place to get a better view of Christie's accident were killed by Thompson's Ford, whose brakes had jammed, sending him straight into the embankment where the people were standing. In addition to this horrific tragedy, Italians Antonio Stagnoli and his co-driver Giuseppe Scotuzzi in Ferrari 375 MM lost their lives, when a blown tyre caused them crashing in the small town of Juchitán de Zaragoza on that same first stage between Tuxtla Guitierrez and Oaxaca. Of the 9 fatalities in this running of this most famous Mexican road races, 8 of them were on the same stage on the same day, with the exception of Bonetto's accident, which happened on the fourth stage.[9]

1954[edit]

By 1954 the race had shifted from a largely amateurish basis to become a highly professional endeavor. This is reflected by the winning of the final stage by eventual race winner Italian Umberto Maglioli, in a Ferrari at an average speed of 222 kilometres per hour (138 mph) over the 365 kilometres (227 mi) stage. To put this into context, McGriff had won the 1950 race with a combined time over 27 hours - eight hours longer than even Kling and Klenk would take just two years later in their 300 SL.[10] Phil Hill won second place in another Ferrari with Ray Crawford winning the stock car class in a Lincoln. Two new classes were in effect in 1954; the European stock car class was won by Sanesi, of Italy, in an Alfa Romeo and the small U.S. stock car class was won by Tommy Drisdale in a Dodge. Californian hot rodder A.K.Miller became famous by winning fifth place in his Oldsmobile powered 1927 Ford body on a 1950 Ford frame, known by Mexicans as "El Ensalada" (the salad). Miller was their hero.

The race, however, lived up to its bloody reputation – seven people were killed during this event: four competitors, two spectators, and one team crew member.[11]

Cancellation[edit]

Due to safety concerns and the expense to the government, the race was cancelled after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, although the President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines announced only that the race's original task of publicizing the highway was 'complete'. The cancellation was unavoidable given that cars of the period were of a high-speed, low-safety design, and drivers of a win-at-all-costs mentality. Only a third of entrants typically finished the race, and unlike more compact circuits, the long stage sections were impossible to secure entirely, making it possible for crashes to linger for several hours before being noticed. 27 people had died during the five years of the Panamericana, giving it one of the highest mortality rates per race in the history of motor sports, primarily because during the years the race was held, automobile racing had undergone an amazing technical transformation to emerge as an advanced science, and a number of exotic and fast European entries were often seen participating. The speeds had almost doubled as a result, but safety controls remained static and competitors, spectators and safety control personnel alike became casualties.

Legacy[edit]

Despite being abandoned, the race would not be immediately forgotten. Despite their models being small and often quite underpowered (especially with regard to American and other German opponents) Porsche enjoyed some success in the race, mainly class wins, which was a testament to the reliability engendered by the Volkswagen Beetle ancestry of their cars. Famously, a 550 Spyder won the Small Sports Car category in 1953.[1]

Later, some Porsche road cars were named Carrera after this race (in the same theme as the Targas named after the Targa Florio), and in 2009 the company shipped the Panamera, a 4-door touring car with a name inspired by Panamericana. Similarly, the watchmaker Heuer, then known for its motorsport stopwatches, introduced a chronograph called the "Carrera Panamerica" after the 1953 race, which developed into its long-running 'Carrera' range.[12]

Also, the race saw famous people from different forms of auto racing converge in one event, making for an interesting mix of competitors. A few of the famous names involved in the race were:

These were the best in the world at that time and even fifty years later it is acknowledged that these are key people in the formation of modern motor racing.

Revival[edit]

The race was resurrected in 1988 by Pedro Dávila, Loyal Truesdale, and Eduardo de León Camargo, and runs a 7-day, 2,000-mile (3,200 km) route aping some of the original course. It is run, unusually, with official backing on special closed stages of the public road network and fast transit sections through central Mexico until recently at unlimited speeds approaching 180 mph (290 km/h). The race is competed by 80 to 100 cars organised into 10 classes, which are differentiated by car age and authenticity; virtually any car with a classic bodyshell is eligible. The bulk of entries are provided by 1950s and '60s American stock cars; the most popular shapes are the 1953/54 Studebaker Starliner hardtops and Starlight pillared coupes, originally designed by a team led by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy, because of their exceptional aerodynamics. This is best proven by the fact that as of 2016, out of 29 modern-era races, 22 have been won by Studebakers. Other common European entries include Alfa Romeo Giuliettas, Jaguar E-types, Porsche 356s & 911s. Rarer cars included Saab 96s, Volvo PV544s, and Jaguar MkII saloons. Porsche 911 and classic Ford Mustangs are extremely popular cars.

However, despite the vintage appearance of the cars, often they conceal underpinnings more closely related to modern NASCAR entries. Tuned V8 engines of more than 500 PS (370 kW; 490 hp) are common, especially in the American cars, and the cars are often created especially for this race and usually ineligible for true vintage events elsewhere. Even less modified cars often have modern disc brakes at all four corners and coolant upgrades to help them survive the punishing course. Six-point roll cages, racing seats, fire-suppression systems, and fuel cells are required in most classes. Drivers and navigators are required to wear two- or three-layer fire-resistant suits, HANS devices, and label their helmets, uniforms, and respective sides of the car with their blood types and allergies.[14]

The above is a clue as to what separates the Panamericana from other modern, re-creations of road races. It remains a true, high-speed race (stage rally) mainly through the mountains, and as such, is extremely dangerous. Mechanical attrition for the more classic cars often leads to burst brake lines and overheated engines, but crashes are also common on the winding roads. In 1999, Bernardo Obregón and his co-driver Alda Arnauda were killed after their Volvo PV544 left the road during the Mil Cumbres mountain stage. In 2006, a 19-year-old co-driver survived a serious head injury that left him in a coma after his Jaguar E-Type Roadster crashed into a pine forest; Rusty Ward, another competitor, rolled a Studebaker from a bridge into a river, having finished the event in a similar fashion the previous year. In 2012 there were two more fatalities, but one was from a heart attack. It is obvious, therefore, that the race should not be classed with road-rallies in the style of the recreated Mille Miglia. However, since 2012 the race cars' top speed is limited to 144 mph on the closed-road sections, by restricting the engine's RPM (engine revolutions per minutes) by a chip in the electric ignition, and additional safety measures have been required.

2006[edit]

The 2006 event started in Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico coast, pulling in at Mexico City's CP circuit as a curtain raiser for the Champ Car race, and stayed nights at the old colonial cities of Puebla, Querétaro, Morelia, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas, with the finish at Monterrey. It was won by Gabriel Perez and Angelica Fuentes in a yellow 1959 Ford Coupe, the first win for a woman and a first for the 'Turismo Production' class. Though competed mostly by amateurs, Jo Ramírez of the McLaren F1 team competed a Volvo P1800 amongst other star drivers.

In a retro step, Cadillac entered a replica of the 1954 Series 62 coupe that a Colorado Springs dealer loaned to "five ordinary guys from Chicago", in order to revive a half-century old duel with Lincoln.[15] The original rag-tag team won the last two stages, and finished third in class (a Lincoln Capri won the Large Stock Class). The newer car, built in-house by GM's Performance Division Garage, preproduction trim shop and show-car paint department, was built from an identical coupe hauled from somewhere within Cadillac's own inventory. The 331-cubic-inch 270 hp (200 kW) V8 was enlarged to 398-cubic-inches, with higher 10.5:1 compression bringing output to 375 hp (280 kW) and 400 lb⋅ft (540 N⋅m) of torque, and certain safety improvements included. The car was reunited with Blu Plemons, the co-driver of the original (the driver, Keith Anderson, was killed in practice for the 1957 Indy 500) at the starting line. Among the nine other entries in the "Original Pan-Am" class were four Lincolns, including a 1949 model that contested the original Pan-Am.

Also importantly, 2006 saw the debut of a 'modern' category, with the sole entry of a Lotus Elise ('Chica Loca') run by Rachel Larratt. This class, called Unlimited, allows machines manufactured after 1990 to compete in the race.[16] Controversially, in recognition of the high value of some of the supercars thus allowed to run, organisers of the race foresee the need to allow case-by-case exceptions from the race's normal safety equipment rules. The class is intended to raise the race's profile beyond a market elderly enough to recall the original four races, to ensure the survival of the event. Also, it is a reflection of the increasing scarcity of eligible vehicles, and of the effect of modern rallies like the Gumball 3000.

2007[edit]

The 2007 event, according to Eduardo de León Camargo (President emeritus of La Carrera Panamericana), was the largest recreation to date. More than 100 teams participated in seven days of racing from October 26 to November 1 inclusive, with an additional pre-qualifying stage held outside Oaxaca on Thursday October 25.[17] Cars competed in the usual ten classes along a 3,100-kilometre (1,900 mi) course starting in Oaxaca. From there, the route led the convoy in day-long sections consecutively between Tehuacán, Puebla, Querétaro, Morelia, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas and Nuevo Laredo.

As the 20th anniversary of the race's recreation, 2007 saw Mr. de León gave thanks to the committee which has for 19 years organised the race, and the presence of President of the Mexican Motorsports Federation, José Sánchez Jassen, and President of the Mexican Rally Commission, Rafael Machado.[17] During the conference announcing the route, special mention was reserved for the efforts of Mexican law enforcement in general and of the Highway Patrol in particular, under the command of Comandante Julio Cesar Tovar, and to thank Mexican Federal, State and Municipal authorities for collaborating to ensure smooth running of a challenging project.

Winners[edit]

Original Carrera Panamericana[edit]

Year Winning Driver(s) Entrant Car Time Route Report
1950 United States Hershel McGriff
United States Ray Elliott 		United States McGriff Racing Oldsmobile 88 27:34:25 Ciudad Juárez-El Ocotal report
1951 Italy Piero Taruffi
United States Luigi Chinetti 		Italy Centro Deportivo Italiano Ferrari 212 Inter Vignale 21:57:52 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Ciudad Juárez report
1952 Germany Karl Kling
Germany Hans Klenk 		Germany Daimler-Benz AG Mercedes-Benz W194 18:51:19 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Ciudad Juárez report
1953 Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio
Italy Gino Bronzoni 		Italy Scuderia Lancia Lancia D24 Pinin Farina 18:11:00 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Ciudad Juárez report
1954 Italy Umberto Maglioli United States Erwin Goldschmidt Ferrari 375 Plus Pinin Farina 17:40:26 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Ciudad Juárez report

Revival[edit]

Year Route Driver Co-driver Car
1988 Mexico Eduardo Morales Mexico Gael Rodriguez Ford
1989 Mexico Guillermo Rojas Mexico Alberto Rojas Jr. Mercury
1990 United Kingdom Alain de Cadenet United Kingdom Gordon Currie Jaguar
1991 United States Jon Ward United States Shirley Ward Kurtis
1992 United States Peter Frank United States Mark Williams Mercury
1993 Mexico Carlos Anaya Mexico Eduardo Rodriguez Studebaker
1994 Mexico Carlos Anaya (2) Mexico Eduardo Rodriguez Studebaker
1995 United States Kevin Ward United States Kimberlee Augustine Studebaker
1996 Mexico Carlos Anaya (3) Mexico Eduardo Rodriguez Studebaker
1997 France Pierre de Thoisy France Philippe Lemoine Studebaker
1998 France Pierre de Thoisy (2) France Philippe Lemoine Studebaker
1999 France Pierre de Thoisy (3) France Jean-Pierre Gontier Studebaker
2000 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo France Pierre de Thoisy (4) France Jacques Tropenat Studebaker
2001 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo France Pierre de Thoisy (5) Costa Rica Carlos Macaya Studebaker
2002 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo United States Doug Mockett United Kingdom Alan Baillie Oldsmobile
2003 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo France Pierre de Thoisy (6) Belgium Pierre Schockaert Studebaker
2004 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo Mexico Juan Carlos Sarmiento Mexico Raúl Villareal Studebaker
2005 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo Mexico Juan Carlos Sarmiento (2) Mexico Raúl Villareal Studebaker
2006 Veracruz-Monterrey Mexico Gabriel Pérez Mexico Angelica Fuentes Ford
2007 Oaxaca-Nuevo Laredo France Pierre de Thoisy (7) France Frédéric Stoesser Studebaker
2008 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Nuevo Laredo United States Bill Beilharz Mexico Jorge Ceballos Studebaker
2009 Huatulco-Nuevo Laredo Sweden Stig Blomqvist Venezuela Ana Goñi Boracco Studebaker
2010 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Zacatecas Finland Harri Rovanperä Finland Jouni Närhi Studebaker
2011 Huatulco-Zacatecas Mexico Ricardo Triviño Mexico Marco Hernández Studebaker
2012 Veracruz-Zacatecas Mexico Gabriel Pérez (2) Mexico Ignacio Rodríguez Studebaker
2013 Veracruz-Zacatecas Mexico Gabriel Pérez (3) Mexico Ignacio Rodríguez Studebaker
2014 Veracruz-Durango France Érik Comas Switzerland Isabelle de Sadeleer Studebaker
2015 Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Durango Mexico Emilio Vázquez Mexico Javier Marín Studebaker
2016 Santiago de Querétaro-Durango France Hilaire Damiron Brazil Laura Damiron Studebaker

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "50th Anniversary of the Carrera Panamericana". Classics.com. 2000-05-06. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  2. ^ a b "The Legends of the Great Road Races Seminar | Car News Blog at Motor Trend". Blogs.motortrend.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  3. ^ a b Faules, Gary (2008-03-26). "The La Carrera Panamericana...: La Carrera Panamericana News from 1951". Lacarrera2007.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  4. ^ Faules, Gary (2008-04-11). "The La Carrera Panamericana...: Bobby Unser speaks about death, success and La Carrera Panamericana". Lacarrera2007.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  5. ^ http://motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=9944
  6. ^ "The 'Buzzard Bar' Mercecdes" (PDF). Autoweek. 1987-08-31.
  7. ^ a b "MB Revisits Carrera Panamericana Rally 50 Years Ago: Page 2". Worldcarfans. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  8. ^ a b "Felice Bonetto". Motorsport Memorial. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  9. ^ http://motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=971
  10. ^ "MB Revisits Carrera Panamericana Rally 50 Years Ago". Worldcarfans. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  11. ^ http://motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=970
  12. ^ http://carrera.calibre11.com/
  13. ^ "Ak Miller". Oilstick.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  14. ^ "La Carrera Panamericana 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  15. ^ "1954 Cadillac La Carrera Panamericana Race Car Rides Again". Duemotori.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  16. ^ "About the Unlimited Class". Unlimited Class. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  17. ^ a b Faules, Gary (2007-10-02). "The La Carrera Panamericana...: Official anouncment Eduardo Leon Camargo". Lacarrera2007.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  • Most information has been obtained by personal interviews
  • Clark, R.M.; The Carrera Panamericana Mexico, Brooklands Books, Ltd. (no publishing date) ISBN 1-85520-412-6

External links[edit]

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