1.
Gilded Age
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The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the portion of the Victorian era in Britain. It began as the US Reconstruction Era ended in 1877, the Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. As American wages were higher than those in Europe, especially for skilled workers. The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60% between 1860 and 1890, spread across the ever-increasing labor force, the average annual wage per industrial worker rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890, a gain of 48%. Railroads were the growth industry, with the factory system, mining. Immigration from Europe and the eastern states led to the growth of the West. Labor unions became important in the rapidly growing industrial cities. Two major nationwide depressions—the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893—interrupted growth, the South after the Civil War remained economically devastated, its economy became increasingly tied to cotton and tobacco production, which suffered from low prices. With the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877, African-American people in the South were stripped of political power, the political landscape was notable in that despite some corruption, turnout was very high and national elections saw two evenly matched parties. The dominant issues were cultural, and economic, with the rapid growth of cities, political machines increasingly took control of urban politics. In business, massive, powerful and wealthy trusts formed, unions crusaded for the 8-hour working day and the abolition of child labor, middle class reformers demanded civil service reform, prohibition, and womens suffrage. Local governments across the North and West built public schools chiefly at the elementary level, the numerous religious denominations were growing in membership and wealth, the Catholics moving to the largest totals. They all expanded their missionary activity to the world arena, Catholics and Lutherans set up parochial schools and the larger denominations set up numerous colleges, hospitals and charities. Many of the problems faced by society, especially the poor, the term Gilded age was applied to the era by historians in the 1920s, who took the term from one of Mark Twains lesser known novels, The Gilded Age, A Tale of Today. The book satirized the promised golden age after the American Civil War, in the 1920s and 30s Gilded Age became a designated period in American history, with the term applied to the post Civil War period up to 1900. For them, Gilded Age was a term used to describe a time of materialistic excesses combined with extreme poverty. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the portion of the Victorian era in Britain
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Queen Anne style architecture in the United States
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In the United States, Queen Anne style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910. Queen Anne was one of a number of architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era. Within the Victorian era timeline, Queen Anne style followed the Stick style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque, the style bears almost no relationship to the English Baroque architecture produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714. It is loosely used of a range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right. Queen Anne Style buildings in America came into vogue in the 1880s, the popularity of high Queen Anne Style waned in the early 1900s, but some elements, such as the wraparound front porch, continued to be found on buildings into the 1920s. There are triple windows of Serlian motif and a two-storey oriel that projects asymmetrically, the Astral Apartments, built in Brooklyn in 1885–1886 to house dock workers, provides another similar, and larger, example of red brick and terracotta Queen Anne architecture in New York. E. Francis Baldwins stations for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, built variously of brick, the most famous American Queen Anne residence is the William Carson Mansion of Eureka, California. Newsom and Newsom, notable builder-architects of 19th Century California homes and public buildings, all styles described below as well as others are present in this example of American Queen Anne Style. Dentils, classical columns, spindle work, oriel and bay windows, horizontal bands of leaded windows, monumental chimneys, painted balustrades, front gardens often had wooden fences. Smaller and somewhat plainer houses can also be Queen Anne, the William G. Harrison House, built 1904 in rural Nashville, Georgia, is an example. The Shingle Style in America was made popular by the rise of the New England school of architecture, in the Shingle Style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the Centennial. This impression of the passage of time was enhanced by the use of shingles. Some architects, in order to attain a look on a new building, even had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried and then installed. The Shingle Style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume, however, the most famous Shingle Style house built in America was Kragsyde, the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky shore near Manchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts. Many of the concepts of the Shingle Style were adopted by Gustav Stickley, Category, Victorian architectural styles Category, Victorian architecture in the United States
4.
Eureka, California
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Eureka is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California. The city is located on U. S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay,270 miles north of San Francisco and 100 miles south of the Oregon border. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,191, Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland, and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states. It is the center for government, health care, trade. Greater Eureka, one of Californias major commercial fishing ports, is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, a stretch of about 500 miles. The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka. As entrepôt for hundreds of mills that once existed in the area. Eureka is home to Californias oldest zoo, the Sequoia Park Zoo, Eurekas Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji, now known as Eureka, for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots and their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management, an extensive collection of intricate basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka. As of 2013, Eureka High School has the largest Yurok language program in California, the timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13,1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring companies. Eureka received its name from a Greek word meaning I have found it and this exuberant statement of successful gold rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U. S. location to use the seal as the state for its seal. In the United States, Eureka, California is the largest of about a dozen towns, the first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay in 1806 reported that the violence of the indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the primary city. The 1860 Wiyot Massacre took place on Indian Island in the spring of 1860, committed by a group of locals, thought to be primarily Eureka businessmen
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
John Dolbeer
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John Dolbeer was a partner in the Dolbeer & Carson Lumber Co. one of the early major Humboldt County, California lumber operations based in Eureka. While in that business, he invented the logging engine, more known as the steam donkey or donkey engine. John Dolbeer was born in Epsom, Merrimack County, New Hampshire on March 12,1827 and he left the family farm in 1850 at the age of 23 and set out to the California Gold Rush to make his fortune. Looking for opportunity beyond the mines, Dolbeer arrived at the Humboldt Bay area where in 1853 he purchased Martin Whites Bay Mill in Eureka, finding himself in need of capital after fire destroyed his mill twice, he became partners with William Carson by the spring of 1863. The two formed what would one of the first truly huge Redwood lumber operations, the Dolbeer. The mill operated with his name on it on the Eureka waterfront until the 1970s, among his most useful and successful patent was that for the Dolbeer Logging Engine in August 1881. This machine was a steam engine mounted on a wooden skid which enabled loggers to employ cables to move giant logs across long distances or steep terrain to adjacent railways or waterways. This invention improved log retrieval in difficult terrain and revolutionized the industry and it was so cost effective and useful that the technology continued to be used well into the 20th century. Examples of working Donkey engines can still be found operating during special occasions at Fort Humboldt State Historic Park in Eureka, the patent was issued April 18,1882. Other patents include an apparatus for steaming piles and a used for measuring footage of timber cut by a sawmill. In 1872, late in life, he married Harriet Schander and he established his home on Lombard Street in San Francisco. Four years later, in 1877, the Dolbeers had their daughter, business continued to thrive, despite early lumber mill fires. It was about the time of the fire that the personal life of Jonathan Dolbeer turned tragic. In 1879, Harriet committed suicide and was called by the San Francisco Call a suffering invalid, john Dolbeer died in San Francisco from a heart ailment on August 17,1902. He was laid to rest in Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, Colma, San Mateo County, the bulk of his estate went to his lone surviving daughter Bertha, and was worth nearly one million dollars. Additional sums were given to charities, and relatives in Epsom, including his niece Ellen Dolbeer Hall and her husband. There is now a scholarship awarded at the University of California, Berkeley in his name
8.
Victorian architecture
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Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria, called the Victorian era, however, many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victorias reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east, the name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it follows Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture, during the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built. Paxton also continued to build houses as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular English Renaissance styles. In this era of prosperity new methods of construction were developed, other notable Scottish architects of this period are Archibald Simpson and Alexander Marshall Mackenzie whose stylistically varied work can be seen in the architecture of Aberdeen. Victorian architecture usually has many intricate window frames inspired by the famous architect Elliot Rae, some chose the United States, and others went to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Normally, they applied architectural styles that were fashionable when they left England, thus, the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including William Butterfield, the Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw a gold rush and population boom during the 1880s in the state of Victoria. There were fifteen styles that predominated, The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the Federation Period, during the British colonial period of British Ceylon, Sri Lanka Law College, Sri Lanka College of Technology and the Galle Face Hotel. In the United States, Victorian architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900, a list of these styles most commonly includes Second Empire, Stick-Eastlake, Folk Victorian, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Shingle. As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period, some historians classify the later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. Stick-Eastlake, a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick, on the other hand, terms such as Painted Ladies or gingerbread may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles varied between countries, many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another. San Francisco is well known for its extensive Victorian architecture, particularly in the Haight-Ashbury, Lower Haight, Alamo Square, Noe Valley, Castro, Nob Hill, the extent to which any one is the largest surviving example is debated, with numerous qualifications. The Distillery District in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America, cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex, Parkdale, and Rosedale, in the USA, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country. Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky also claims to be the nations largest Victorian neighborhood, richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan
9.
Old Town Eureka
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Old Town Eureka in Eureka, California, is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. This Historic district is a 350-acre area containing 154 buildings mostly from the Victorian era, the core of the district runs the length of First, Second, and Third Streets, between C and M Streets and includes many types of architecture from the 1850s to the present. Though not officially within the district, the Carson Mansion, the undisputed Victorian jewel of the city and region, commands the highest elevation at the eastern edge of the district. Art venues, coffee shops, bed and breakfasts and inns, antique stores and shops, restaurants, museums and galleries, and public areas are among the highlights of this gem of the West Coast. Of particular note is the authenticity of the district simply because it did not suffer the ravages of extensive fires or redevelopment like many other historic commercial centers. The city began as an 1850 settlement on the edge of Humboldt Bay where the district is today, developers and settlers planned for Eureka to aid in the provision of miners working inland to the east. By 1865 the central core of what would become Eurekas Old Town was considered a place for a small town, full of business. The roads beyond Second street were covered with stumps from the Redwood forest, Old Town is the thriving, cultural heart of Eureka, California and the region. The area is an attraction for visitors and locals alike and its placement on the California North Coast is indisputably beautiful. The area, often shrouded in fog and very definitely behind the Redwood Curtain, is different from the rest of California. The vibrant art scene that has grown up there in the decades of the 20th century led to the declaration that the city was one of the 100 best art towns in America. The Clarke Historical Museum is located at the corner of 3rd, the collection includes extensive representation of basketry of indigenous native cultures throughout the region and regional and cultural history, with focus on the Victorian era. Blues By the Bay occurs in summer on City of Eureka property below the Carson Mansion. Occurs each month in the Old Town and Downtown sections of Eureka, more than 80 local galleries and other shops display local art to the public. The open house event often features wine, non-alcoholic drinks, musicians, performers, jugglers, poets and fire dancers perform on street corners as well as in shops and galleries. The event often coincides with performances of the Eureka Symphony in the Arkley Performance Center in the refurbished Old State Theater Building, children can be safely cared for in the Discovery Museum, while parents participate in the North States largest ongoing community arts event. Old Town Eureka has a street-fair Fourth of July celebration followed by fireworks over the bay
10.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
11.
New Brunswick
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New Brunswick is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province. In the Canada 2016 Census, Statistics Canada estimated the population to have been 747,101, down very slightly from 751,171 in 2011. The majority of the population is English-speaking of Anglo and Celtic heritage and it was created as a result of the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 and was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John. The name was replaced with New Brunswick by King George II. The provincial flag features a ship superimposed on a background with a yellow lion passant guardant on red pennon above it. The province is named for the city of Braunschweig, known in English and Low German as Brunswick, located in modern-day Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The then-colony was named in 1784 to honour the reigning British monarch, George III, the original First Nations inhabitants of New Brunswick were members of three distinct tribes. The largest tribe was the Mikmaq, and they occupied the eastern and they were responsible for the Augustine Mound, a burial ground built about 800 BCE near Metepnákiaq. The western portion of the province was the home of the Wolastoqiyik people. The smaller Passamaquoddy tribe occupied lands in the southwest of the province. The next French contact was in 1604, when a party led by Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain set up camp for the winter on St. Croix Island, the colony relocated the following year across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, Nova Scotia. The whole maritime region was at that time claimed by France and was designated as the colony of Acadia, one of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 was the surrender of Acadia to Queen Anne. The bulk of the Acadian population thus found themselves residing in the new British colony of Nova Scotia, the remainder of Acadia was only lightly populated and poorly defended. The Maliseet from their headquarters at Meductic on the Saint John River, participated in guerilla raids and battles against New England during Father Rales War. About 1750, to protect his interests in New France, Louis XV caused three forts to be built along the Isthmus of Chignecto and this caused what is known to historians as Father Le Loutres War. During the French and Indian War, the British completed their displacement of the Acadians over all of present-day New Brunswick, Fort Beauséjour, Fort Menagoueche and Fort Gaspareaux were captured by a British force commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton in 1755. Inside Fort Beauséjour, the British forces found not only French regular troops, Governor Charles Lawrence of Nova Scotia used the discovery of Acadian civilians helping in the defence of the fort to order the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia. The Acadians of the recently captured Beaubassin and Petitcodiac regions were included in the expulsion order, other actions in the war included British expeditions up the Saint John River in the St. John River Campaign
12.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
13.
Eel River (California)
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The Eel River is a major river, about 196 miles long, of northwestern California in the United States. The river and its tributaries form the third largest watershed entirely in California, the river flows generally northward through the Coast Ranges west of the Sacramento Valley, emptying into the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles downstream from Fortuna and just south of Humboldt Bay. The river provides groundwater recharge, recreation, and industrial, agricultural and municipal water supply, the Eel River system is among the most dynamic in California because of the regions unstable geology and the influence of major Pacific storms. The discharge is highly variable, average flows in January and February are over 100 times greater than in August, the river also carries the highest suspended sediment load of any river of its size in the United States, in part due to the frequent landslides in the region. The river basin was populated by Native Americans before. The region remained little traveled until 1850, when Josiah Gregg, the river was named after they traded a frying pan to a group of Wiyot fishermen in exchange for a large number of Pacific lampreys, which the explorers thought were eels. Explorers reports of the fertile and heavily timbered region attracted settlers to Humboldt Bay, starting in the late 19th century the Eel River supported a large salmon canning industry which began to decline by the 1920s due to overfishing. The Eel River basin has also been a significant source of timber since the days of early settlement, the river valley was a major rail transport corridor throughout the 20th century and also forms part of the route of Redwood Highway. Since the early 20th century, the Eel River has been dammed in its headwaters to provide water, via transfer, to parts of Mendocino. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was great interest in building much larger dams in the Eel River system, the Eel was granted federal Wild and Scenic River status in 1981, formally making it off limits to new dams. Nevertheless, logging, grazing, road-building and other human activities continue to affect the watersheds ecology. The Eel River originates on the flank of 6, 740-foot Bald Mountain, in the Upper Lake Ranger District of the Mendocino National Forest in Mendocino County. The river flows south through a canyon in Lake County before entering Lake Pillsbury. Below the dam the river flows west, re-entering Mendocino County, at the small Cape Horn Dam about 15 miles east of Willits, water is diverted from the Eel River basin through a 1-mile tunnel to the Russian River, in a scheme known as the Potter Valley Project. Below the dam the river turns north, flowing through an isolated valley, receiving Outlet Creek from the west. About 20 miles downstream, the North Fork Eel River – draining one of the most rugged, between the North and Middle Forks the Round Valley Indian Reservation lies east of the Eel River. After this confluence the Eel flows briefly through southwestern Trinity County, past Island Mountain, the river cuts from southeast to northwest across Humboldt County, past a number of small mountain communities including Fort Seward. The South Fork Eel River joins from the west, near Humboldt Redwoods State Park, below the South Fork the Eel flows through a wider agricultural valley, past Scotia and Rio Dell, before receiving the Van Duzen River from the east
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Humboldt Bay
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Humboldt Bay is an American natural bay and a multi-basin, bar-built coastal lagoon located on the rugged North Coast of California, entirely within Humboldt County. The largest city adjoining the bay is Eureka, the center and county seat of Humboldt County. Commercially, this second largest estuary in California houses the largest oyster production operations on the West Coast, since the 1850s, the bay has been used extensively to export logs and forest products as part of the historic West coast lumber trade, with infrequent shipping occurring currently. This is partially because it is difficult to see from the ocean. The harbor opens to the sea through a narrow and historically treacherous passage, Humboldt Bay began to form when a river valley drowned about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago during a period of rapid sea level rise. Bay sediments also contain buried salt marsh deposits showing that areas of the bay have subsided during episodic large magnitude subduction earthquakes, three rivers, the Mad, Elk and Eel, drained into Humboldt Bay during the mid-Pleistocene. Daby, Woodley and Indian Island are in the North Bay, low tides reveal two more islands named Bird Island and Sand Island which was formed from dredge spoils left in the early 20th century. A large eelgrass bed in the South Bay which may be exposed at low tides is locally known as Clam Island, at high tide the surface area is approximately 24 square miles while only 10.8 square miles at low tide. Each tidal cycle replaces 41% of the water in Humboldt Bay although exchange in small channels, the bay is approximately 14 miles long, but can be from 0.5 miles wide at the entrance to the widest point at 4.3 miles in the North Bay. Captain Jonathan Winship is credited with the first recorded entry into Humboldt Bay by sea in June 1806 while employed by the Russian-American Company and his party, including Aleuts in baidarka to hunt sea otter, were met with hostility by the local Indians. Winships party named the bay, the Bay of Resanof, after Nikolai Rezanov, the Chamberlain of the Tsar, in 1849, an expedition of seven men led by Josiah Gregg attempted to find an overland route to the Pacific Ocean. They left from the town of Weaverville for the 150-mile trek to the sea. Because of the density of the forests and because Gregg stopped frequently to measure latitude. The party was near starvation when they emerged on the coast where they discovered what is now known as Humboldt Bay on 20 December 1849, after stocking up on food the party walked to San Francisco to report their discovery of the bay. In March 1850, two ships, the General Morgan and the Laura Virginia, were sent to the bay from San Francisco, after considerable initial difficulty due to waves breaking heavily over shifting sands of the bar crossing, the ships entered the bay in 1850. The members of the Laura Virginia company named the bay after Alexander von Humboldt, the Indian name for the bay was Qual-a-wa-loo, while the Wiyot nation called it Wike or Wiki. Humboldt Bay was charted by the United States Coast Survey in 1850, although the map was not published until 1852. After two years of settlement on Humboldt Bay in 1852, only six ships sailed from the bay to San Francisco
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Steam donkey
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Steam donkey, or donkey engine, is the common nickname for a steam-powered winch, or logging engine, widely used in past logging operations, though not limited to logging. They were also found in the mining, maritime, and nearly any other industry that needed a powered winch, a good deal of the cable-logging terminology derived from 19th-century merchant sailing, as much of the early technology originated from that industry. A logging engine comprised at least one powered winch around which was wound hemp rope or steel cable and they were usually fitted with a boiler and usually equipped with skids, or sleds made from logs, to aid them during transit from one setting to the next. The larger steam donkeys often had a house built either on the skids or as a separate structure. Usually, a tank, and sometimes a fuel oil tank, was mounted on the back of the sled. In rare cases, steam donkeys were also mounted on wheels, later steam donkeys were built with multiple horizontally mounted drums/spools, on which were wound heavy steel cable instead of the original rope. This describes the use of a donkey for logging operations. In the simplest setup, a horse would carry the cable out to a log in the woods. The cable would be attached, and, on signal, the steam donkeys operator would open the regulator, allowing the steam donkey to drag, or skid, the log towards it. The log was taken either to a mill or to a landing where the log would be transferred for onward shipment by rail, road or river. Later, a drum was added, where a smaller cable could be routed around the setting. If a donkey was to be moved, one of its cables was attached to a tree, stump or other anchor. In Canada, and in particular Ontario, the engine was often mounted on a barge that could float. Log booms would be winched across water with the engine and it would often be reconfigured with a saw to mill the timber. John Dolbeer, a partner of the Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company in Eureka, California. The patent was issued April 18,1882, on Dolbeers first model, a 150-foot, 4½ inch manila rope was wrapped several times around a gypsy head and attached at the other end to a log. The invention of the engine led to the development of the diesel-powered tractor crawler. Though some have preserved in museums, very few are in operating order
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Eel River and Eureka Railroad
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The Eel River and Eureka Railroad company was organized on November 14,1882 by a group of Eureka businessmen led by John M. Vance. One of the founders of the line was William Carson. The primary 25 miles of the Eel River and Eureka Railroad ran from the office and depot at the foot of Second Street, Eureka to Burnells station. The longest tunnel was nearly 2,000 feet through Table Bluff between the stops of Salmon Creek and Swaugers Station, by 1896, the Eel River and Eureka Railroad was running passenger trains twice a day, every day but Sunday when there were three trains. From June 1895 to June 1896, the line had 32,811 passengers who paid a total of $24,748.70 in fares. In the same period, the line earned $67,568.85 from lumber and freight, after the junction at Alton the Pacific Lumber Company Railroad extended south about 4 miles through and slightly beyond the town of Scotia. In October 1902, all the property and rights of the Eel River and Eureka Railroad were transferred to the San Francisco, the tracks became part of a continuous line from San Francisco to Trinidad in the summer of 1914. On December 28,1918, the San Francisco and Northwestern Railway transferred the assets to the Northwestern Pacific Railroad
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Pacific Lumber Company
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Begun in 1863, PALCO was carefully managed over most of the twentieth century by generations of the Simon J. Murphy, Sr. Family or managers chosen by the Murphys from 1905 through 1985, primary operations existed in massive log storage and milling operations at the historic company town of Scotia, California, located adjacent to US101 along the Eel River. Secondary mills were located in nearby Fortuna and Carlotta, PALCO had extensive timber holdings exceeding well over 200,000 acres in the Redwood and Douglas-Fir forests of Humboldt County. For generations, it was one of the largest private employers in the entire region, the company was transformed into a wholly owned subsidiary of Maxxam, Inc for its two final decades. In January 2007 the company filed for bankruptcy protection, after 145 years as PALCO, the new company is known as the Humboldt Redwood Company. Some of the parties, including Bank of New York Trust Company, filed an appeal. However, the transfer and resulting companies were little changed by the modification. The Pacific Lumber Company was started in 1863, though it employed over 350 people in its final days in 2008, there were over 1,600 employees at the turn of the millennium. The company itself was a tourist attraction that once welcomed visitors for a tour of the largest Redwood Mill ever constructed, the quaint town adjacent to the mill is still open to public visits. Pacific Lumber has been at the center of controversies since a hostile takeover by Maxxam. The company maintains that it is still a sustainable operation,1999 saw the sale of thousands of acres of land to become the Headwaters Forest Reserve. In that agreement, strict rules were put into place requiring the company to manage its holdings under more-restrictive practices and this in part led PALCO to file for bankruptcy in January 2007. By late in 2008 The Pacific Lumber Company ceased to exist. Pacific Lumber began during the heat of the US Civil War in 1863 when A. W. McPherson, over the ensuing 20 years they added more partners and began significant logging by 1882, at the present main site and town, which was originally known as Forestville. By 1888, the became the largest in Humboldt County, with 300 employees. By this time the name was changed to Scotia and it boasted a Western Union telegraph station, church, post office. In 1895, the company suffered a setback as the entire town burned. By that time, Simon J. Murphy, Sr. a Detroit business man and one of its first millionaires had consolidated his millions from Detroit and Southern California into PL
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Mansion
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A mansion is a large dwelling house. The word itself derives through Old French from the Latin word mansio dwelling, the English word manse originally defined a property large enough for the parish priest to maintain himself, but a mansion is no longer self-sustaining in this way. Manor comes from the same root—territorial holdings granted to a lord who would remain there—hence it is easy to see how the word Mansion came to have its meaning, within an ancient Roman city, patrician dwellings might be very extensive, and luxurious. Such mansions on one hill in Rome became so extensive that the term palatial was actually derived from the name Palatine hill and is the origin of palace. Following the fall of Rome the practice of building unfortified villas ceased, today, the oldest inhabited mansions around the world usually began their existence as fortified castles in the middle ages. As social conditions slowly changed and stabilised fortifications were able to be reduced and it became fashionable and possible for homes to be beautiful rather than grim and forbidding allowing for the development of the modern mansion. In British English a mansion block refers to a block of flats or apartments designed for the appearance of grandeur, in many parts of Asia, including Hong Kong and Japan, the word mansion also refers to a block of apartments. In Europe, from the 15th century onwards, a combination of politics, as a result, many were transformed into mansions without defences or demolished and rebuilt in a more modern, undefended style. Due to intermarriage and primogeniture inheritance amongst the aristocracy, it common for one noble to often own several country houses. These would be visited throughout the year as their owner pursued the social. Many owners of a house would also own a town mansion in their countrys capital city. These town mansions were referred to as houses in London, hotels in Paris and it might be noted that sometimes the house of a clergyman was called a mansion house. This was a period of social change, as the educated prided themselves on enlightenment. The uses of these edifices paralleled that of the Roman villas and it was vital for powerful people and families to keep in social contact with each other as they were the primary moulders of society. The rounds of visits and entertainments were a part of the societal process. State business was discussed and determined in informal settings. Times of revolution reversed this value, in the great houses of Italy, the number of retainers was often even greater than in England, whole families plus extended relations would often inhabit warrens of rooms in basements and attics. It is doubtful that a 19th-century Marchesa would even know the number of individuals who served her
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Eastlake Movement
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The Eastlake Movement was an American nineteenth-century architectural and household design reform movement started by architect and writer Charles Eastlake. The movement is considered part of the late Victorian period in terms of broad antique furniture designations. In architecture the Eastlake Style or Eastlake architecture is part of the Queen Anne style of Victorian architecture, manufacturers in the United States used the drawings and ideas in the book to create mass-produced Eastlake Style or Cottage furniture. The geometric ornaments, spindles, low relief carvings, and incised lines were designed to be affordable and easy to clean, nevertheless, two well-known Eastlake style houses in the Los Angeles area, in Echo Park and Angelino Heights, are both on Carroll Avenue. The first is at 1330 Carroll Avenue and it was used in Michael Jacksons Thriller music video, as well as in episodes of the television show Charmed, and was a focus set in the episode Size Matters. The second house is at 1329 Carroll Avenue, the exterior of this house has been shown, in one way or another, in all 178 episodes of Charmed, through eight seasons, from 1999–2006. In the show the house was dubbed Halliwell Manor, the house depicted in the show shares the same house number,1329, but is on the fictional Prescott Street in San Francisco. This house is depicted in the Sims video game, where it is a dollhouse. Chateau-sur-Mer, on Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island, was altered and expanded during the age to incorporate an Eastlake style billiard room. Victorian decorative arts Category, Victorian architectural styles Stick-Eastlake
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Italianate architecture
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The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. The style of architecture that was created, though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance, was essentially of its own time. The Italianate style was first developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash and this small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barrys Italianate style drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, the style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms, long after its decline in popularity in Britain, throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire. From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved popularity in the United States. A late intimation of Nashs development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon. Later examples of the Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian-style building often enhanced by a belvedere complete with Renaissance-type balustrading at the roof level. Sir Charles Barry, most notable for his works on the Tudor, unlike Nash he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and his most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden. Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, on occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs, and then termed chateauesque. However, after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house was Gothic, the Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot in Devon, with Isambard Brunels atmospheric railway pumping houses. An example that is not very known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christophers Anglican church in Hinchley Wood, Surrey. When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany in 1613, he entered an alliance with the Medicis, upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernising Lebanon. He developed an industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style, the influence of these buildings, such as the ones in Deir el Qamar, influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time
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Stick style
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It is named after its use of linear stickwork on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame. Stick-style architecture is recognizable by the relatively plain layout, often accented with trusses on the gables or decorative shingles, the stickwork decoration is not structurally significant, being just narrow planks or thin projections applied over the walls clapboards. The planks intersect mostly at right angles, and sometimes diagonally as well, the style was commonly used in houses, train stations, life-saving stations, and other buildings from the era. Highly stylized and decorative versions of the Stick style are referred to as Eastlake. Stick-Eastlake is a term that uses details from the Eastlake Movement, started by Charles Eastlake. It is sometimes referred to as Victorian Stick, a variation of Stick, stick-Eastlake enjoyed modest popularity in the late 19th century, but there are relatively few surviving examples of the style when compared to other more popular styles of Victorian architecture. Chatham Train Station in Chatham, Massachusetts Delaware and Hudson Railroad Passenger Station in Altamont, american houses, a field guide to the architecture of the home, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2004
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National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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Napa Valley Opera House
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The Napa Valley Opera House is a theatre in Napa, California, USA. It opened on February 13,1880 with a production of Gilbert, at the time, the town had a population of 5,000 people. The original owner was George Crowey and Charles Levansaler managed the facility, construction of the theater featuring a stained glass skylight, brass chandeliers and a curved staircase leading to the balcony started in 1879. The building had stores and restaurants on the first floor while the stage occupied the second, the floor of the auditorium was uniquely constructed with a flat floor in order to accommodate local dances and pageants. The theater had a curtain where local businesses were promoted. During the height of vaudeville, the theatre flourished with the presentation of music, in 1896 John L. Sullivan fought an exhibition match and John Philip Sousa brought his brass band to the venue. In 1905, following her debut in San Francisco, Luisa Tetrazzini performed on stage and in the same year, the theatre closed in 1914 due to damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the decline of vaudeville, and the advent of film. During the following seventy years, the building was used for a variety of commercial purposes, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 however it was not until 1985 that a non-profit group was set up to restore the theatre. In 1997 Robert Mondavi and his wife Margrit issued a grant of $2.2 million to spur the theatres reconstruction towards the total cost of $13.7 million for the project. The bottom floor of the building was converted to a venue with seating for 200 people. It was named the Cafe Theatre and it opened in June 2002 with a performance by jazz singer Dianne Reeves, the venue now hosts several headline entertainment acts every month including plays, musical performances and dance. In June 2011, the City Council of Napa voted to grant a $1.5 million forgivable loan to help retire the $3.4 million debt remaining on the facility, funds for the grant came from existiing redevelopment funds that had not been committed to other projects. By 2011, the facility was booking over 100 events per year with a goal of increasing this number to 200 events, in August 2011, the Board of Directors hired Peter Williams as the new Executive / Artistic Director. He came to Napa from Yoshis jazz club in Oakland where he was Artistic Director from May 1999 until July 2011, City Winery ceased operating the venue in late 2015
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San Dimas Hotel
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The San Dimas Hotel, also known as Walker House, the Carruthers Home, and the San Dimas Mansion, is a historic structure in San Dimas, California, built by the San Jose Ranch Company in 1887. Originally built as a hotel, the 15, 000-square-foot structure had 33 rooms and 14 fireplaces, the hotel was built in anticipation of a land boom that never happened, and it never had a paying guest. In 1889, the property was sold to James W. after being occupied by seven generations of Walkers, the property was turned into a restaurant in 1979. The building became vacant in 1997 and was acquired and renovated by the City of San Dimas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, the San Dimas Hotel was built as a railroad hotel on land that was part of the San Jose Rancho. In 1885, the transcontinental Santa Fe Railway completed its tracks between Los Angeles and San Bernardino, and there were expectations that a land boom would develop along the path of the railroad. In anticipation of the boom, the San Jose Ranch Co. a company operated by Moses Wicks and other investors and it was one of many hotels built in each town along the railroad between Pasadena and San Bernardino. It was only the building in San Dimas, and is reported to be the only surviving 1880s era railroad hotel in Southern California. The owners hired one of the states most prestigious architects, Joseph Cather Newsom, Newsom and his brother, Samuel, built many prestigious buildings throughout California in the late 19th Century, including the Carson Mansion in Eureka, California. The lumber used to build the hotel was floated down the coast from Oregon and Northern California on large lumber rafts, the Victorian architecture Queen Anne style structure had 15,000 square feet and was completed in 1887. It was designed with a variety of materials, including diamond patterned shingles. Ten tons of shingles were used on the gable roof, however, by the time the hotel was completed, an economic depression had hit Southern California, and the hotel never had any paying guests. Its original occupants were Moses Wicks and his partners in the San Jose Ranch Co, in April 1889, the Los Angeles Times described the hotel as one of the boom enterprises that never paid as an investment, because there was no need of a hotel there. At that time, the owner, Mr. Wicks, was in negotiations to sell the property to the Odd Fellows for use as an eleemosynary institution. James W. Walker, a merchant from Kentucky, purchased the hotel and 40 acres surrounding for use as his family home in 1889. Walker became a citrus grower, and the house became a center of community life in San Dimas. Many of the clubs and social groups met at the home, and it was also the site of the first school. For 90 years from 1889 to 1978, six generations of the Walker family lived at the converted hotel, from the 1910s through the 1960s, the home was occupied by Mrs. Raymond I
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Carter House Inn
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The Carter House Inn is a hotel in Old Town Eureka, California. It is known both for housing Restaurant 301 and for being a replica of a Queen Anne style building by Newsom & Newsom, the Inns restaurant, Restaurant 301, has a 3800 bottle collection of wine and has been Grand Award from Wine Spectator magazine since 1998. It is one of only 20 other restaurants in the world to have maintained the award for such a length of time, reality show star Curtis Stone once served as the head chef. The building is a replica of a structure originally located in San Francisco. Murphy House was constructed as a home in 1884 by the builder architects Samuel. These 19th-century Victorian architects also built the Carson Mansion at virtually the same time in Eureka, however, the Murphy home was completely destroyed by the fire resulting from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Mark Carter found the blueprints for the home in a store and rebuilt the structure. The building was intended to be a private residence but, due to construction cost overruns, it was opened as a bed. Napa Valley Opera House, Another remaining example of Newsom and Newsom construction in California, San Dimas Hotel, A hotel designed by Newsom & Newsom in Southern California
26.
1906 San Francisco earthquake
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The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5,12 a. m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, about 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed, the events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a disaster in Californias history. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, the 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, the maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet, geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet. The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the moment magnitude scale is 7.8. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earths crust took place both before and after the earthquakes impact. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, the main shock epicenter occurred offshore about 2 miles from the city, near Mussel Rock. Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada, a strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds, there were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, at the time,375 deaths were reported, partly because hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is uncertain today, and is estimated to be roughly 3,000 at minimum. Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area, nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, in Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina
27.
Bradbury Building
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The Bradbury Building is an architectural landmark located at 304 South Broadway at West 3rd Street in downtown Los Angeles, California. Built in 1893, the office building is best known for its extraordinary skylit atrium of access walkways, stairs and elevators. The building was commissioned by Los Angeles gold-mining millionaire Lewis L. Bradbury and it appears in many works of fiction and has been the site of many movie and television shoots and music videos. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and it was also designated a landmark by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission and is the citys oldest landmarked building. Lewis L. Bradbury was a gold-mining millionaire – he owned the Tajo mine in Sinaloa, in 1892 he began planning to construct a five-story building at Broadway and Third Street in Los Angeles, close to the Bunker Hill neighborhood. A local architect, Sumner Hunt, was hired to design the building, and turned in a completed design and he then hired George Wyman, one of Hunts draftsmen, to do the design. Wyman had no education as an architect, and was working for Hunt for $5 a week at the time. The building opened in 1893, some months after Bradburys death in 1892, in 1991, a $7 million restoration and seismic retrofitting was undertaken by developer Ira Yellin and project architect Brenda Levin Associates. The buildings lighting system was redesigned, bringing in alabaster wall sconces from Spain. The buildings undistinguished exterior facade of brick, sandstone and terra cotta detailing was designed in the commercial vernacular Italian Renaissance Revival style current at the time. It is the interior that is the most notable part of the building, robert Forster, star of the TV series Banyon that used the building for his office, described it as one of the great interiors of L. A. Outside it doesnt look like much, but when you walk inside, suddenly youre back a hundred, at the time the building was completed, it featured the largest plate-glass windows in Los Angeles. Bird-cage elevators surrounded by wrought-iron grillwork go up to the fifth floor, geometric patterned staircases and wrought-iron and polished oak railings are used abundantly throughout. The wrought-iron was created in France and displayed at the Chicago Worlds Fair before being installed in the building, the overall effect is a mesmerizing degree of symmetry and visual complexity. During construction an active spring was found beneath the work-site, posing a threat to ongoing work on the building by weakening the foundation, however, Mr. Bradbury was very committed to the project, which he believed to be the greatest monument possible to his memory. Consequently, he imported massive steel rails from Europe to bolster the building, the initial estimate for the construction of the building was $175,000, but the final costs at completion was over $500, 000—an extremely large amount for those times. Using the GDP deflator method, this amount translates to more than $11 million in 2008 dollars, Lewis Bradbury died months before the building opened. The building has operated as a building for most of its history
28.
Bunker Hill, Los Angeles
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Bunker Hill is a historic prominence that traditionally separated Downtown Los Angeles from the rest of the city to the west before the hill was tunneled through at Second Street in 1924. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels is also on Bunker Hill, in 1867, a wealthy developer, Prudent Beaudry, purchased a majority of the hills land. Because of the excellent views of the Los Angeles Basin. He developed the peak of Bunker Hill with lavish two-story Victorian houses that became famous as homes for the residents of Los Angeles. Angels Flight, now dubbed The Worlds Shortest Railway, took residents homeward from the bottom of the 33% grade, Bunker Hills houses were increasingly sub-divided to accommodate renters. Still, Bunker Hill was at this time Los Angeless most crowded, by World War II the Pasadena Freeway, built to bring shoppers downtown, was taking more residents out. Additional post-war freeway construction left downtown comparatively empty of people and services. The once-grand Victorian mansions of Bunker Hill became the home of impoverished pensioners, in 1955, Los Angeles city planners decided that Bunker Hill required a massive slum clearance project. The top of Bunker Hill was cleared of its houses and then flattened as the first stage of the Bunker Hill Redevelopment Project to populate Bunker Hill with modern plazas and buildings. When the height limit of buildings for Los Angeles was finally raised, in approving such projects, the city sought to project a modern, sophisticated image. The project is the longest redevelopment project in Los Angeles history, the majority of the skyscrapers on Bunker Hill were built in the 1980s, with a new skyscraper or two being finished nearly every year. However, the momentum died down in the 1990s, shortly after the fifty-two story Two California Plaza was finished, in 1999, the vacancy rate for downtown commercial skyscrapers was 26%, one of the highest in the nation for that time. Planned office towers were canceled, including California Plaza Three, many of the older buildings and the early high-rises surrounding Bunker Hill are undergoing adaptive reuse from commercial to residential. This trend began in 2000, when the Los Angeles City Council passed an Adaptive Re-Use Ordinance, because of the popularity of the New Urbanism in California, the city has required developers to build mixed-use residential buildings as much as possible. Office space and residential units will be in several skyscrapers ranging between 35-55 stories each, live on Figueroa Street and Olympic Boulevard in South Park. A new major art museum, The Broad, opened on September 20,2015. One sign of the success of the renaissance is that the office vacancy rate for the fourth quarter of 2004 was 16%, compared to 19% for 2003. Some examples include incentives for the creation of housing, the preservation of existing affordable housing, the development of affordable housing by the city itself
29.
Hong Kong Disneyland
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Hong Kong Disneyland is a theme park located on reclaimed land in Pennys Bay, Lantau Island. It is the first theme park located inside the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and it is, together with Ocean Park Hong Kong, one of the two large theme parks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Disneyland opened to visitors on Monday,12 September 2005 at 13,00 HKT, for instance, a bend was put in a walkway near the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort entrance so good qi energy wouldnt flow into the South China Sea. The park consists of seven themed areas, Main Street, U. S. A, Fantasyland, Adventureland, Tomorrowland, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point, and Toy Story Land. The theme parks cast members speak Cantonese, English, and Mandarin, guide maps are printed in traditional and simplified Chinese as well as English, Japanese, Thai, Malay and Indonesian. The park has a capacity of 34,000 visitors — the fewest of all Disneyland parks. The park attracted 5.2 million visitors in its first year, visitor numbers fell 20% in the second year to 4 million, inciting criticisms from local legislators. However, the park attendance jumped by 8% in the third year, in 2009, the park attendance again increased by 2% to 4.8 million visitors. The attendance continued to surge and received 5.23 million guests in the 2009/2010 fiscal year, since the opening of Hong Kong Disneyland, the theme park has hosted over 25 million guests. According to AECOM and TEA, Hong Kong Disneyland is the 13th most visited park in the world in 2013. The park also turned a net profit of HK$109 million for the year ended 29 September 2012, Hong Kong Disneyland currently occupies 27.5186 hectares and hosts 7.92 million to 8.92 million visitors annually. The park capacity will increase to handle up to 10 million visitors annually over a 15-year expansion period, to all who come to this happy place, welcome. Many years ago, Walt Disney introduced the world to enchanted realms of fantasy and adventure, yesterday and tomorrow, today that spirit of imagination and discovery comes to life in Hong Kong. Pennys Bay was filled in to land for the construction of Hong Kong Disneyland. The bay was previously undeveloped except for the Cheoy Lee Shipyard, Chief Executive of Hong Kong Tung Chee Hwa was instrumental in introducing the Disneyland project to Hong Kong. When the SARS epidemic devastated the economy in 2003, it was hoped that the new Disneyland would help boost confidence in Hong Kongs tourism industry. Hong Kong Disneyland had one of the shortest construction periods of any Disneyland-style theme park, on 12 January 2003, more than 400 guests celebrated the groundbreaking of Hong Kong Disneyland after the finishing of land reclamation in Pennys Bay. On 23 September 2004, a special castle topping ceremony was held in the park to commemorate the placing of the tallest turret on Sleeping Beauty Castle, Beijing declared its significant support by sending Zeng Qinghong as Vice President of the Peoples Republic of China
30.
Mystic Manor
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Mystic Manor is a dark ride attraction in the Mystic Point area of Hong Kong Disneyland. The attraction does feature several references to the Haunted Mansion, such as a Medusa changing portrait, a conservatory, references to other Disney attractions include several figures similar to those from The Enchanted Tiki Room in the Tribal Arts room. The attraction utilises a trackless ride system similar to that used in Poohs Hunny Hunt and it features a musical score by Danny Elfman. Continuing the Society of Explorers and Adventurers theme of Tokyo DisneySea, Mystic Manor tells the story of Lord Henry Mystic, having recently acquired an enchanted music box, Albert opens the box and brings everything inside the house to life. Mystic Manor began previews in April 2013, and was opened to the public on May 17,2013. The queue starts at the gate of the manor—a large Victorian mansion in an elaborate Queen Anne architectural style, guests enter from the side of private residence and continue into the building. Inside, guests see a portrait of Lord Henry Mystic and Albert, guests enter a pre-show area where they watch a slide show narrated by Henry Mystic. He gives a speech about the exhibition rooms and his latest collections. When Henry Mystic mentions the box, Albert appears and expresses interest in it. After the presentation, guests enter the area and board the Mystic Magneto—an electric carriage Henry Mystic invented to take guests on a tour of the museum. The first room, the Acquisitions and Cataloguing Room, is where Lord Mystics collections are temporarily stored, the music box Lord Mystic mentioned is now in front of guests. Lord Mystic appears from a door in the middle of the room and he greets the guests and acknowledges the music box before leaving to continue his search. Albert suddenly pops out and unlocks the box, the escaping magic dust floats in the air and brings life to all the artifacts. In the Music Room, many musical instruments are displayed. A harpsichord is placed in the center of the room, the magic dust gives life to instruments and music begins to play. The music follows the carriage and plays in the background for the remainder of the journey, Albert watches in fascination from atop a large pipe organ, curious to visit the rest of the manor. In the room for Mediterranean Antiquities, paintings, ceramics, the carriages first pass a painting portraying four people outside with a volcano visible in the background. As the magic affects the painting, the volcano erupts, submerging the people in lava, the lava falls off of the scene to restart the animation for the next viewer
31.
Disneyland
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
32.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
33.
Eureka Inn
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The Eureka Inn in Eureka, California, is a four-story, 104-room Elizabethan Tudor Revival architectural style hotel, which opened in 1922. In 1982 the structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in February 1982, for both architectural and cultural reasons, the hotel is one of the most important buildings on the North Coast of California. In late September 2008, the Eureka Times-Standard reported that Libo Zhu purchased the Inn for $2.75 million and his business plan, reviewed by the Greater Eureka Chamber of Commerce, suggested that he has ambitious plans to honor the inns integrity as a historic hotel. After being shuttered for nearly six years, the Inn reopened in May 2010, architectural details include the use of differing roof forms and visually stunning textured elevations, which are highlighted by stucco and half-timbering. The 93, 000-square-foot hotel, which occupies a city block, has had up to 104 guest rooms, including 99 rooms. The hotel has historically contained up to three restaurants, two bars, two saunas, a spa, and nine meeting venues, all of which has been supported by up to 140 employees. Resplendent with its courtyard, grand entry, great lounge and giant fireplace, the hotel opening and dedication in 1922 coincided with the opening of the Redwood Highway between Eureka and San Francisco. A large property for those times, the Eureka Inn was the full service lodging between San Francisco and Portland, Oregon. Though it housed thousands of visitors from all over the world during its first several decades. In 1960 Helen Barnum, the matriarch of a successful family in the county, purchased controlling interest in the hotel. After a significant management change in 1976 under the direction of Mrs. Barnums manager, John Porter, perhaps the best known change was that the hotel became known for daily cultural offerings against the backdrop of extensive decorations representing each years carefully chosen Holiday theme. Related events were centered on a large, extravagantly decorated Christmas tree in the old world style great lounge. The front entry portico situated on elevated landscaping made this hotel the chosen spot for parade watchers, the 2004 foreclosure, closure, and subsequent auction led to a palpable void in the community, which easily recalled the Inn as the place to be in Eureka and Humboldt County. In 1922 local businesses realized a major goal as they opened an Inn to provide a level of hospitality and service for visitors. Now this center piece of the community is again performing its role as the gathering place. Hotel Arcata, Another nearby historic hotel National Register of Historic Places listings in Humboldt County, California Eureka Inn Official Website
34.
Humboldt Bay Life-Saving Station
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Rebuilt in 1936 with marine railways to launch rescue surfboats, the historic facility was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 30,1979. The station continues to function as an important asset of the United States Coast Guard in the Coast Guard Group/Air Station Humboldt Bay, in 1851, the United States Congress appropriated $15,000 for the Humboldt Harbor Light which entered service in 1856. The vegetable oil burning light shone from a 53 feet tall tower whose keeper lived in a Cape Cod style house at the base, the first keeper in 1856 was J. Johnson whose wife, Sara, operated the light after his death in 1859 until 1863. Fog, however, kept the light from being seen well, years later, the top of the tower was found in the sand and relocated to the Humboldt Bay Maritime Museum. Other aids to navigation including bells on boats and fog whistles, the fog keeper and assistant keeper lived at the actual station. There was nearby housing for their families although none of the buildings remains, Humboldt and six other Life Saving Stations were built in California. The others were Arena Cove, Fort Point, Golden Gate Park, Point Reyes, Point Bonita, the entire Pacific coast had 20 Life Saving Service stations.5 ton granite boulders transported from the Mad River Quarry on railroad flatbed cars transported on barges across the bay. George Reef Light, on the site of the fatal Brother Jonathan wreck offshore Crescent City and it cost $117,000 to quarry and ship, operate the facility and pay the help in 1884, a figure which was higher than expected due to the non-stop rain. The quarry operated from 1884 to 1891, commanded by Chief Payson from 1887 after whom the settlement was named, Paysonville remained idle from 1891 until World War II when it was turned into a Navy seaplane base and is now the Samoa Boat Basin. In 1878, Congress authorized the United States Life-Saving Service although stations were to be built only where navigation conditions were extremely hazardous, the Humboldt Bay station was the second to be built in California after that in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. It began operating in November 1878 just to the south of Paysonville, the original station was to the north side of the present building and tasked to rescue wrecked and stranded ships and patrol the beaches. The station was manned by a keeper and six volunteers, later surfmen would be hired, living at the station which could also house rescue victims. After the 1892 closure of the Humboldt Harbor Light, surfmen used the tower of the old lighthouse as a lookout until the tower collapsed in 1933. By 1896 there were eight surfman each working a six-day week, in 1910, the first power-driven boat was used for rescue on Humboldt Bay although hand-rowed boats were still used. In 1936, as part of the national New Deal upgrade of Coast Guard facilities, a new Humboldt Bay Station was built to replace the original. The U. S. Coast Guard, Civil Engineers Office, Washington, D. C. drew up the plans of the building dated February 1936, less than a year and $78,000 later, the building was occupied in January 1937. Chief Garner Churchill commanded the station from 1937 until he retired in 1966, during his tenure, more than 300 people were saved by the station. The new station housed and fed a 25 man crew and had living quarters for the Chief, two marine railways were built, originally without handrails, from the bay side boat room to seven feet below mean low tide line
35.
Humboldt Harbor Light
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The Humboldt Harbor Light was an early lighthouse marking the entrance to Humboldt Bay. Plagued by fog, earthquakes, and flooding, it was eventually abandoned, the design was essentially that of the original Point Loma Light, a central tower with a 1½ story house erected around it. A fourth order Fresnel lens was provided and the light was first exhibited in December 1856, the protracted construction made this the last of the original eight lights to be completed, and in fact some lights in the next set were lit first. The light was situated in an area towards the tip of the northern spit. In the meantime a log breakwater was placed around the light, fog was a major problem, and a steam fog whistle was installed in 1874. The move was delayed for decades, and in interim the light experienced numerous injuries from the elements. It was damaged by earthquakes in 1877 and 1882, subsequently leading to substantial bracing, high water in 1885 caused such severe damage that the house was deemed unfit for occupancy, and a temporary shelter was built to house the keeper until a replacement light could be built. The appropriation for the Table Bluff Light finally came through in 1891, all that is left at the site today are foundation walls, though the cupola of the lantern was eventually recovered from the sand and is displayed at the Humboldt Bay Maritime Museum. List of lighthouses in the United States Foster, Robert, the Fyddeye Guide to Americas Maritime History. United States Coast Guard Humboldt Harbor Lighthouse, archived from the original on 2012-01-25
36.
Indian Island (Humboldt Bay)
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Indian Island or Duluwat Island is located on Humboldt Bay within the city of Eureka, California. It has also been called Gunther Island, and is the site of a National Historic Landmark which encompasses the midden at Gunther Island Site 67, the island is the largest of three islands located between the Samoa and Eureka Channels within Humboldt Bay and primarily consists of tidal marsh. The first major evidence of this came from Gunther Island Site 67 on Indian Island, on February 26,1860, about one hundred Wiyot men, women and children were massacred during a World Renewal Ceremony. The massacre was carried out by European immigrants who had settled in the area since 1850 as part of the California Gold Rush, robert Gunther acquired the island in 1860, three days before the massacre, giving it the name it had for much of recent history. Gunther diked the island and ran cattle there for nearly 40 years. In the 1870s a shipyard repair facility was constructed, the shipyard operated until the 1980s. In 1971 Caltrans built a series of bridges, which cross Humboldt Bay, two of these bridges have footings on Indian Island. Every year since 1992, the Wiyot people and supporters come to the island on the last Saturday in February to heal the community, every year participation has increased at the vigil on a nearby island. In June 2004,67 acres of land was repatriated back into Wiyot hands, the city of Eureka, California, transferred the area towards the Wiyots goal to see the Wiyot dance the World Renewal ceremony again on the island. The city of Eureka and the Wiyot Tribe have installed temporary erosion control system to mitigate erosion on the site, contamination from the shipyard activities will need to be cleaned up prior to the development of a new Wiyot dance facility. The Indian Island Cultural and Environmental Restoration Project Map of Island Heizer, the Archaeology of Hum-67, The Gunther Island Site in Humboldt Bay, California. Berkeley, CA, Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey, 5–122
37.
Table Bluff Light
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Table Bluff Lighthouse is a lighthouse in California, United States, which was located on Table Bluff just south of Humboldt Bay. Built to guide vessels away from the dangerous and rough coastline and to let them know proximity of the nearby bay and entrance. The lighthouse tower portion is now located at the Woodley Island Marina within the City of Eureka, Table Bluff Lighthouse was built in 1892. A fixed, fourth-order Fresnel lens was removed from the Humboldt Harbor Light, in 1911, the fixed Fresnel lens was replaced with a revolving one. A modern optic was installed in the tower, and the Fresnel lens was shipped to San Diego to be displayed in the Old Point Loma Light, the lighthouse was deactivated in 1975. The Humboldt Harbor Light located on the spit of the Humboldt Bay Bar entrance had for many years been criticized as being too low. In 1892 the Lighthouse Service constructed a station on Table Bluff, a promontory south of Humboldt Bay. The original station consisted of a duplex Victorian quarters, fog-signal building, the quarters were redwood Italianette-stick Victorian, and the keepers quarters/ light tower were almost exactly the same as San Luis Obispo Light. There were also two houses, an oil house and a carpenter shop. During the war and immediately afterwards most of the buildings were razed along with some of the newer structures. The quarters portion of the lighthouse was razed leaving only the tower and this and the fog signal building were all that remained of the original buildings. In 1953 the rotating 4th order lens was removed and a fixed 3½ order lens installed, the 4th order optic was shipped to the Point Loma Light in San Diego which is operated as a museum by the National Park Service. The fog signal was discontinued the year and the station automated. In 1975 the light was discontinued and the property transferred to GSA, the 2½ order lens was shipped to the Smithsonian. The lighthouse tower was cut in two and moved to Woodley Island Marina in Eureka in 1987, the lens in it now is not the original. List of lighthouses in the United States Historic Light Station Information and Photography, United States Coast Guard Historians Office
38.
Fort Humboldt State Historic Park
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Fort Humboldt State Historic Park is a California state park, located in Eureka, California, United States. Within the collection, there are trains, logging equipment, including a fully functional Steam Donkey engine, the Fort overlooks Humboldt Bay from a commanding position atop a bluff. The North Coast regional headquarters of the California State Parks system is located onsite, after repeated depredations by white settlers, Northern California tribes such as the Yurok, Karuk, Wiyot, and Hupa retaliated and the Army was sent to attempt to restore order. Like Buchanan, many of the soldiers of this unit were veterans of the Mexican–American War, starting about 1853, Seth Kinman was hired as a market hunter to supply elk meat to the fort. Fort Humboldt was sited on a location on the bluff overlooking Humboldt Bay and Bucksport, a town named after David Buck. At its peak, the fort had 14 buildings all of crude plank construction, the fort was laid out in a typical military design with a quad at the center of the post which served as its parade grounds. The period between the establishment and the beginning of the Civil War was marked by many skirmishes between the settlers and the local tribes. One of the first major conflicts was the so-called Red Cap War, fought in the area around present-day Weitchpec, soldiers from Fort Humboldt were called into action to bring calm back to the area during this conflict. The leaders and soldiers of the fort were often criticized by settlers who sought a violent response to Indian attacks. The infamous Indian Island Massacre of the Wiyot people occurred at the end of this period on 25 February 1860. The vigilantes were also known as the Humboldt Volunteers, Second Brigade, reported to have organized at Hydesville, the 1860 U. S. census provides a snapshot of life on the fort. Among its residents that year were Major Rains, his wife Mary, the forts physician Lafayette Guild and his wife Martha occupied the Surgeons Quarters. In the barracks were 47 soldiers, all apparently living without their spouses, among the many well-known soldiers who served at the fort was a young captain, Ulysses S. Grant, who was there for five months in 1854. Charles S. Lovell was promoted to major and commanded a brigade during the Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Robert C. Buchanan became a general during the Civil War. Other famous Civil War generals, George Crook and Lewis C, hunt, served here during this period. Gabriel J. Rains would become a general in the Confederate Army. Dr. Lafayette Guild would go on to directly under General Robert E. Lee as the Medical Director for the Army of Northern Virginia for all its major campaigns. By the summer of 1861 the American Civil War was well underway, federal soldiers were recalled to eastern battlefields and were replaced by units of the California Volunteers
39.
Humboldt Arts Council
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The Humboldt Arts Council is the official Humboldt County, California, USA arts council, and is located in the Morris Graves Museum of Art. The Council envisions that the importance of art will be evident in all aspects of life in Humboldt County, including homes, schools, businesses, and government. The Council is dedicated to providing leadership in support of the heritage of the arts on California’s North Coast. In 1987, HAC became the State Local Partner for the California Arts Council, in 1996 the Humboldt Arts Council accepted an offer from the City of Eureka to undertake the effort to save the historic 1904 Carnegie Library building, which was destined for demolition. The former Carnegie Library had been a symbol of community pride, on January 1,2000 the Humboldt Arts Council and the community celebrated with a ribbon cutting ceremony to dedicate the Morris Graves Museum of Art for its new “Century of Service” to the community. The Morris Graves Museum of Art is located in Eureka, California and it was named after Morris Graves, a painter and founder of the Northwest School of Art in the Pacific Northwest. Prior to his death in 2001, he donated a portion of his personal art collection, including some of his own works. It is located in the refurbished Eureka Carnegie Library building, which was the first Carnegie Library completed in California in 1904, the museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program. Clarke Historical Museum Humboldt Bay Maritime Museum Humboldt County Historical Society Morris Graves Museum of Art and the Humboldt Arts Council
40.
Headwaters Forest Reserve
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The climate is characterized by maritime conditions of cool, wet and foggy winters and cool to warm cloudy summers. Elevations range from 100 feet to over 2,000 feet, the reserve was established in 1999 The reserve was created after a 15-year effort to save the ancient ecosystem, from being clearcut. The untouched portion, however, is dense, old-growth forest with pristine watershed conditions and this reserve of 7,472 acres is public land and is under the stewardship of the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. The reserve is located about 6 miles southeast of Eureka, CA, as well as the stream systems that provide habitat for the threatened coho salmon. Other forest trees in the reserve include Douglas-fir, tanoak, Sitka spruce, western red ceder, western hemlock, there are limited distribution plants in the reserve including the heart-shaped twayblade and Kelloggs lily. The Headwaters Forest Reserve is one of the few remaining refuges for the endangered seabird the marbled murrelet, marbled murrelets make their nests on large redwood tree branches between March 25 and September 15. The seabird nesting can be disrupted by human activity. Visitors are restricted from entering the forest during breeding season, approximately June 25 to August 1 and it is the only forest reserve in the United States and is managed as a nature reserve of the BLMs National Landscape Conservation System. The federal legislation authorizing the acquisition of the property resulted from an agreement between Department of the Interior and Pacific Lumber Company in September,1996. The California state easement gives the state responsibility to ensure all human activities with the Headwaters Forest shall be consistent with the stated goals. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife represent the states interest, the agreement had two main parts, first, it provided $380 million of public funds for the purchase of the reserve. Second, it required a Habitat Conservation Plan be developed and approved to allow limited logging on the remaining 211,000 acres of Pacific Lumber Company timberland, Headwaters Forest Reserve is the largest area of old-growth redwoods protected as a result of the Redwood Summer protests. H. R.2107 was passed by the US Congress on October 1997 which committed the governments share of $250 million of the purchase price. California provided its share of $130 million in Chapter 615, Statutes of 1998 with a requirement of stricter conditions regarding the Habitat Conservation Plan, specifically, wider no-cut buffer zones, prohibitions on logging in certain areas, and a requirement for watershed analysis. Also, Chapter 615 authorized purchase of two portions, the Owl Creek, and the Grizzly Creek properties. Lastly, it provided Humboldt County with $12 million as economic assistance, david Chain Judi Bari Area map, from California Dept. of Fish and Game Headwaters Forest Reserve Headwaters Forest Reserve National Conservation Area Bay Area Coalition for Headwaters
41.
Humboldt Botanical Gardens
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The Humboldt Botanical Gardens are located at the southern edge of Eureka, California, United States. The Gardens are placed near the South Bay portion of Humboldt Bay directly across Tompkins Hill Road from College of the Redwoods, grading and site preparation for the Gardens began in August 2003. The garden opened in 2006, with more development completed by 2008, the Humboldt Botanical Gardens offices are located in Downtown Eureka. The Gardens were first organized in 1991, the Gardens are particularly interested in maintaining complete native conifer, Iris and Lilium occidentale collections. List of botanical gardens in California Official website 40°41′49. 11″N 124°12′0. 81″W
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Lanphere Dunes
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The Lanphere Dunes, a unit of the Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex, is located in Humboldt County, California. The site exemplifies dunes succession and as an ecosystem, access is restricted and guided tours are available. It has been said that because of the very little human contact that is received near and on the Lanphere dunes themselves, the area was historically occupied by Wiyot prior to European settlement when, in the 1930s, William and Hortense Lanphere made it their home. For the next 40 years they maintained the dunes in a pristine state. In 1975 a movement for permanent protection was made by the Lanpheres, working with The Nature Conservancy the area was protected and turned over to the National Wildlife Refuge System for management. Site management focuses on the prevention and eradication of invasive plants, the Fish and Wildlife agency that works here maintains the Lanphere dunes in a very minimalist way, only removing any invasive species that encroach upon the dunes. Due to its isolation, Lanphere Dunes is home to many uncommon, other rare and endangered plants include Pink sand-verbena, Humboldt Bay owls clover, Point Reyes bird’s-beak, dark-eyed gilia, American glehnia, western sand spurrey and the sea-watch. Other species of plants include Kinnikinnick and reindeer lichen, many of the lichens and flora that still thrive in the Lanphere Dunes are from an epoch that passed long ago, with reindeer lichens thriving well after the Ice Age. Varieties of flora found in Lanphere Dunes that are typically common are often far away from their natural ranges. European Beachgrass is a species that was found to be omnipresent in the Lanphere Dunes. Between 1992 and 1997, European Beachgrass from the zone was manually removed by laborers from the California Conservation Corps funded by the Nature Conservancy. After starting the project in 1992, native plant cover in Lanphere Dunes increased by 47% by the year 1997 without the assistance of active re-planting. Native species of grass that have experienced a comeback in population count are American dunegrass, silver bursage, beach morning glory. Together, all these dune grasses form the fore dunes ecosystem that used to be extensive along the coast before the spread of invasive species, the fauna in Lanphere Dunes occupy the many ecological niches that Lanphere Dunes provides. Lanphere Dunes provides shelter and forage for animals including black-tailed deer, bobcat, mountain lion, grey fox. Botta’s pocket gopher is very prominent on the surfaces of the dunes, due to their adaptability, coyote, gray fox, Virginia opossum and raccoon can be found in a wide variety of the refuge habitats. Ma-lel Dunes Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge Friends of the Dunes North Coast Journal article July 1995 Online Plant Guide by Leppig and Pickart Field Notes From Lanphere Dunes
