1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
2.
Dollar sign
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The dollar sign is a symbol primarily used to indicate the various units of currency around the world. The symbol can interchangeably have one or two vertical strokes, note that the two-stroked version is not the same symbol as the cifrão. In common usage, the sign appears to the left of the amount specified, the best documented explanation holds that the sign evolved out of the Spanish and Spanish American scribal abbreviation pˢ for pesos. A study of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century manuscripts shows that the s gradually came to be written over the p, a variation, though less plausible, of this hypothesis derives the sign from a combination of the Greek character psi and S. There are a number of hypotheses about the origin of the symbol, some with a measure of academic acceptance. Kingdom of Sicily Denaro minted in the Kingdom in Sicily at least by 1258–1266 had what could be construed as a dollar symbol. These coins were widely circulated due to the Crusades – and specifically the Crusade that targeted Tunis, several alternative hypotheses relate specifically to the dollar sign drawn with two vertical lines. A common hypothesis holds that the sign derives from the Spanish coat of arms, in 1492, Ferdinand II of Aragon adopted the symbol of the Pillars of Hercules and added the Latin warning Non plus ultra meaning nothing further beyond, indicating this is the end of the world. But when Christopher Columbus came to America, the legend was changed to Plus ultra, the Pillars of Hercules wrapped in a banner thus became a symbol of the New World. In this example the right-hand pillar clearly resembles the dollar sign, the symbol was adopted by Charles V and was part of his coat of arms representing Spains American possessions. The symbol was later stamped on coins minted in gold and silver, the coin, also known as Spanish dollar, was the first global currency used in the entire world since the Spanish Empire was the first global Empire. These coins, depicting the pillars over two hemispheres and a small S-shaped ribbon around each, were spread throughout America, Europe and Asia. According to this, traders wrote signs that, instead of saying Spanish dollar, had this made by hand. When the US got independence from the UK, they created the American dollar, a dollar sign with two vertical lines could have started off as a monogram of USA, used on money bags issued by the United States Mint. The letters U and S superimposed resemble the historical double-stroke dollar sign, robert Morris was such a zealous patriot – known as the Financier of the Revolution in the West – that conjecture does not overstep its bounds in purporting this hypothesis as viable. A similar idea claims that the letters U and S would stand for unit of silver, referencing pieces of eight again, another hypothesis is that it derives from the symbol used on a German Thaler. This refers to the Bible, Numbers, Chapter 21, a similar symbol, constructed by superposition of S and I or J, was used to denote German Joachimsthaler. It was known in the English-speaking world by the 17th century, robert Morris was the first to use that symbol in official documents and in official communications with Oliver Pollock
3.
Richemont
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Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is a Switzerland-based luxury goods holding company founded in 1988 by South African businessman Johann Rupert. Through its various subsidiaries, Richemont designs, manufactures, distributes and sells premium jewellery, watches, leather goods, writing instruments, firearms, clothing, Richemont is publicly traded as CFR on the SIX Swiss Exchange and the JSE Securities Exchange. The brands it owns include A, as of November 2012, Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is the sixth largest corporation by market capitalization in the Swiss Market Index. As of 2014, Richemont is the second-largest luxury goods company in the world after LVMH, the luxury goods investments of Rembrandt Group combined with Rothmans International formed the initial group of Richemont subsidiaries. The report claims Rembrandt should pay back roughly R2.2 billion for its involvement, in March 2007, Richemont and Polo Ralph Lauren Inc. announced the formation of a 50/50 joint venture, the Polo Ralph Lauren Watch and Jewelry Company SÀRL. In October 2008, the Group divested all of its interests in the tobacco industry. As of November 2012, Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is the sixth largest corporation by market capitalization in the Swiss Market Index, as of 2014, Richemont is the second-largest luxury goods company in the world after LVMH. Compagnie Financière Richemont SA organizes its business activities into three operating divisions, Jewellery Maisons, Specialist Watchmakers and Other Businesses, cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, and Giampiero Bodino constitute the Jewellery Maisons. The Other Businesses division includes Azzedine Alaïa, Chloé, Dunhill, Lancel, Montblanc, Peter Millar, Purdey, the largest significant shareholder of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is Compagnie Financière Rupert, a Swiss company that holds shares controlled and principally owned by Johann Rupert. Compagnie Financière Rupert owns 522,000,000 Class B shares of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA, representing 9. 1% of the equity and 50% of the voting rights. Johann Rupert and Compagnie Financière Rupert also hold 2,836,664 class A shares or A share equivalents as of the end of March 2016, the following companies are wholly owned subsidiaries of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA unless otherwise noted. A. — watches, jewellery, based in Geneva, Switzerland, YOOX NET-A-PORTER GROUP — ecommerce, based in Milan, Italy. In 2000, the Group sold its minority stake in Vivendi, representing its exit from all previous media interests, Richemont acquired British clothing retailer Hackett Limited in 1992. On 2 June 2005, Richemont announced its sale to Spanish investment company Torreal S. C. R, S. A. Richemont and Mimi So formed a joint venture in 2004, Richemonts first investment in an American brand. In 2007, Richemont requested to become the majority partner of the joint venture, Mimi So declined and purchased Richemonts stake in the venture. C. A. In 2015, the Net-a-Porter Group was merged with the YOOX Group in an all-share transaction, Richemont is the largest shareholder in the enlarged Group
4.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
5.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
6.
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Following his father Charles, Prince of Wales, William is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, the duchess grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied art history in Scotland at the University of St Andrews and their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010 before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. The duke and duchess have two children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, who are third and fourth in line to the British throne. Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 to an upper-middle-class family and she was christened at St Andrews Bradfield, Berkshire, on 20 June 1982. The family of her father Michael has ties to British aristocracy and her Middleton relatives were reported as having played host to British royalty as long ago as 1926. She has a sister, Philippa Pippa, and a younger brother. The family lived in Amman, Jordan, from May 1984 to September 1986, her father worked for British Airways, following her return to Berkshire in 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrews School, a private school near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrews in her later years and she then studied briefly at Downe House. In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as a buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw. She also worked until January 2011 at Party Pieces, her role within the business included catalogue design and production, marketing. In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in residence at St Salvators Hall at the University of St Andrews. The couple began dating in 2003, although their relationship remained unconfirmed, on 17 October 2005, Middleton complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity. Middleton attended Prince Williams Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006, on 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince Williams cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend. On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor, Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke. In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her over Christmas 2009 and she obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs. In April 2007, Prince William and Middleton split up, the couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt. Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources, Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart
7.
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
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Royal warrants of appointment have been issued for centuries to those who supply goods or services to a royal court or certain royal personages. The warrant enables the supplier to advertise the fact that they supply to the royal family, in the United Kingdom, grants are currently made by the three most senior members of the British Royal Family to companies or tradesmen who supply goods and services to individuals in the family. Suppliers continue to charge for their goods and services – a warrant does not imply that they provide goods, the warrant is typically advertised on company hoardings, letter-heads and products by displaying the coat of arms or the heraldic badge of the royal personage as appropriate. Underneath the coat of arms usually appear the phrase By Appointment to. Followed by the title and name of the customer. No other details of what is supplied may be given, the earliest recorded British royal charter was granted to the Weavers’ Company in 1155 by Henry II of England. Food and drinks suppliers have always been some of the most important warrant holders to the palace, one of the first monarchs to grant a warrant was King George IV, who turned Buckingham Palace into his residence. Warrants are currently granted for the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, Warrants issued by the Queen Mother automatically expired in 2007, five years after her death. Royal Warrants are only awarded to tradesmen, such as carpenters, engravers, cabinet makers, dry-cleaners, some are well-known companies, many are not. The professions, employment agencies, party planners, the media, government departments, some 850 individuals and companies, including a few non-UK companies, hold more than 1,100 warrants to the British Royal Family. The Royal Warrant signifies there is a satisfactory trade relation in place between the grantor and the company, within the company, there is a nominated person called the grantee. That person is in all respects responsible for all aspects of the Royal Warrant and it takes at least five years of supplying goods or services to the member of the Royal Family before a company is eligible to have its application considered for recommendation. That application is presented to the Royal Household and goes to the buyer who makes its recommendation for inclusion. It then goes in front of the Royal Household Warrants Committee, which is chaired by the Lord Chamberlain and it then goes to the grantor, who personally signs it. The grantor is empowered to reverse the Committees decision, and therefore the decision to accept or withhold a grant is a very personal one. Some Royal Warrants have been held for more than a hundred years, goods need not be for the use of the grantor. For example, cigarettes were only bought for the use of guests of the Royal Family, most Warrant holders are members of the Royal Warrant Holders Association, which liaises closely with the palace. Its secretary, Richard Peck, is a submarine commander
8.
Cartier (jeweler)
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Société Cartier is a French luxury goods conglomerate company. The company designs, manufactures, distributes and sells jewellery and watches, founded in Paris, France in 1847 by Louis-François Cartier, the company remained under family control until 1964. The company maintains its headquarters in Paris and is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Compagnie Financière Richemont SA. Cartier is well known for its jewellery and wrist watches, including the Bestiary, the diamond necklace created for Bhupinder Singh the Maharaja of Patiala and the Santos wristwatch of 1904. Cartier has a history of sales to royalty and celebrities. For example, Kate Middleton. King Edward VII of England referred to Cartier as the jeweller of kings, for his coronation in 1902, Edward VII ordered 27 tiaras and issued a royal warrant to Cartier in 1904. Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Monaco, Louis-François Cartier founded Cartier in Paris in 1847 when he took over the workshop of his master. In 1874, Louis-François son Alfred Cartier took over the company, but it was Alfreds sons Louis, Pierre and Jacques, in 1904, the Brazilian pioneer aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont complained to his friend Louis Cartier of the unreliability and impracticality of using pocket watches while flying. Cartier designed a flat wristwatch with a square bezel. This watch was liked by not only Santos-Dumont but also many other customers and this was Cartiers first mens wristwatch. Louis retained responsibility for the Paris branch, moving to the Rue de la Paix in 1899, in 1907, Cartier signed a contract with Edmond Jaeger, who agreed to exclusively supply the movements for Cartier watches. By this time, Cartier had branches in London, New York, the Baignoire and Tortue models were introduced in 1912, followed by the Tank model in 1917. This, designed by Louis Cartier, was inspired from the newly introduced tanks on the Western Front and this line too has survived, with over thirty varieties made since. In the early 1920s, Cartier formed a joint company with Edward Jaeger to produce movements solely for Cartier, thus was the European watch and clock company born, although Cartier continued to use movements from other makers. Cartier watches can be found with movements from Vacheron Constantin, Audemars Piguet, Movado, Pierre Cartier established the New York City branch in 1909, moving in 1917 to 653 Fifth Avenue, the Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant and designed by architect C. P. H. Cartier acquired the mansion from the Plants in exchange for $100 in cash, among the Cartier team was Charles Jacqueau, who joined Louis Cartier in 1909 for the rest of his life, and Jeanne Toussaint, who was Director of Fine Jewellery from 1933. After the death of Pierre in 1964, Jean-Jacques Cartier, Claude Cartier, in 1972, a group of investors led by Joseph Kanoui bought Cartier Paris. President Robert Hocq, who created the phrase Les Must de Cartier with Alain Dominique Perrin, General Director, in 1974 and 1976 respectively, the group repurchased Cartier London and Cartier New York
9.
Pierre C. Cartier
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Pierre Camille Cartier was a French jeweler. He was one of three sons of Alfred Cartier and the brother of Jaques Cartier and Louis Cartier, pierres grandfather, Louis-Francois Cartier had taken over the jewelry workshop of his teacher Adolphe Picard, in 1847, thereby founding the famous Cartier jewelry company. After the death of his brothers in 1942, Pierre based his shop in Paris until he retired to Geneva in 1947, Cartier became the owner of the Hope Diamond and on January 28,1911 sold it to Edward B. In a deal concluded in the offices of the McLean familys Washington Post newspaper, a clause in the sale agreement for the diamond, that was widely believed to bring death and disaster to its owner, stated that Should any fatality occur to the family of Edward B. McLean within six months, the said Hope diamond is agreed to be exchanged for jewelry of equal value, by March, the diamond had not been paid for in accordance with the terms in the sale agreement. Cartier hired a lawyer to sue McLean for payment who responded by saying it was on a loan for inspection, on February 2,1912 the New York Times reported that the Wealthy Purchasers of Famous Stone to Retain It Despite Sinister Reputation
10.
Alberto Santos-Dumont
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Alberto Santos-Dumont was a Brazilian aviation pioneer, one of the very few people to have contributed significantly to the development of both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air aircraft. The heir of a family of coffee producers, Santos-Dumont dedicated himself to aeronautical study and experimentation in Paris. His conviction that aviation would usher in an era of peace and prosperity led him to freely publish his designs. Santos-Dumont is a hero in Brazil, where it is popularly held that he preceded the Wright brothers in demonstrating a practical airplane. Countless roads, plazas, schools, monuments, and airports in Brazil are dedicated to him and he was a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1931 until his suicide in 1932. Santos-Dumont was born on 20 July 1873 in Cabangu in the Brazilian town of Palmira in the state of Minas Gerais in southeast Brazil and he was youngest of the seven children born to Henrique Dumont, an engineer of French descent, and Francisca de Paula Santos. Santos-Dumonts father managed a plantation on land owned by his wifes family. His extensive use of labor-saving inventions earned him a fortune, Santos-Dumont was fascinated by machinery, and while still a child he learned to drive the plantations steam tractors and locomotives. He also read a great deal of the works of Jules Verne and he wrote in his autobiography that the dream of flying came to him while contemplating the magnificent skies of Brazil from the plantation. In 1891 Santos-Dumonts father was paralyzed by a fall from a horse. He sold the plantation and went to Europe with his wife, in Paris, Santos-Dumont contacted a balloonist with the intention of making an ascent. The price quoted was 1,200 francs for a flight, plus payment for any damage caused. This was a sum of money, and Santos-Dumont decided not to make the flight. If it is bad the money will be lost, If it is good I shall want to repeat it and I shall not have the means. After this he bought a Peugeot automobile, which he took him when he returned to Brazil with his parents at the end of the year. In 1892 the family returned to Europe, but Henriques felt too ill to continue on to Paris from Lisbon and his fathers health deteriorated and he decided to return to Brazil, where he died on 30 August 1892. For the next four years Alberto lived in Paris, studying physics, chemistry, mechanics, and electricity with the help of a private tutor, during this period he sold his Peugeot, replacing it with a more powerful and faster De Dion motor-tricycle. In 1896 he returned to Brazil for a period, but began to miss Paris
11.
Rue de la Paix, Paris
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The rue de la Paix is a fashionable shopping street in the center of Paris. Located in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, running north from Place Vendôme and ending at the Opéra Garnier, it is best known for its jewellers, charles Frederick Worth was the first to open a couture house in the rue de la Paix. Many buildings on the street are inspired in design by the hôtels particuliers of Place Vendôme, creating the new street required the demolition of the ancient Convent of the Capucins. At first named Rue Napoléon, its name was changed in 1814, after the Bourbon Restoration, based in the center of Paris, the street can be reached by, metro, line 1 or buses,72. Louis Aucoc - The Aucoc family firm at 6 Rue de la Paix was established in 1821 Duvelleroy is a fan-maker house established at 15 Rue de la Paix in 1827 by Jean-Pierre Duvelleroy, Cartier -1898. Charles Frederick Worth was the first to open a house at 7 rue de la Paix. Due to this, the Rue de la Paix is referenced by French singer Zazie in her song of the same name, in which she compares societies based on consumerism to a game of Monopoly. Rue de la Paix is mentioned by Rhett Butler in the novel Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell as the source of the green bonnet purchased to bring Scarlett OHara out of mourning
12.
Tank
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A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, and tracks providing good battlefield maneuverability. The first tanks were designed to overcome the deadlock of trench warfare, now they are a mainstay of ground forces. Modern tanks are versatile mobile land weapon platforms, mounting a large-calibre cannon in a rotating gun turret. In both offensive and defensive roles, they are units that are capable of performing tasks which are required of armoured units on the battlefield. As a result of advances, tanks underwent tremendous shifts in capability in the years since their first appearance. Tanks in World War I were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and this was a prototype of a new design that would become the British Armys Mark I tank, the first tank used in combat in September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. The name tank was adopted by the British during the stages of their development. While the British and French built thousands of tanks in World War I, Germany was unconvinced of the tanks potential, Tanks of the interwar period evolved into the much larger and more powerful designs of World War II. Tanks in the Cold War were designed with these weapons in mind, improved engines, transmissions and suspensions allowed tanks of this period to grow larger. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design, during the Cold War, the main battle tank concept arose and became a key component of modern armies. Modern tanks seldom operate alone, as they are organized into combined arms units which involve the support of infantry and they are also usually supported by reconnaissance or ground-attack aircraft. The tank is the 20th century realization of an ancient concept, the internal combustion engine, armour plate, and continuous track were key innovations leading to the invention of the modern tank. Many sources imply that Leonardo da Vinci and H. G. Wells in some way foresaw or invented the tank, leonardos late 15th century drawings of what some describe as a tank show a man-powered, wheeled vehicle with cannons all around it. However the human crew would not have power to move it over larger distance. In the 15th century, Jan Žižka built armoured wagons containing cannons, the caterpillar track arose from attempts to improve the mobility of wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their traction. Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century and it is frequently claimed that Richard Lovell Edgeworth created a caterpillar track. It is true that in 1770 he patented a machine, that should carry and lay down its own road and his own account in his autobiography is of a horse-drawn wooden carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no similarity to a caterpillar track, armoured trains appeared in the mid-19th century, and various armoured steam and petrol-engined vehicles were also proposed
13.
Jaeger-LeCoultre
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Jaeger-LeCoultre is a Swiss luxury watch and clock manufacturer based in Le Sentier, Switzerland, that dates back to the first half of the nineteenth century, founded by Antoine LeCoultre in 1833. The company has been a fully owned subsidiary of the Swiss luxury group Richemont since 2000, in 1558, he obtained the status of “inhabitant” but left the following year to acquire a plot of land in the Vallée de Joux. Over time, a community formed and in 1612, Pierre LeCoultre’s son built a church there. In 1844, he invented the worlds most precise measuring instrument at the time, the Millionomètre, four years later, he was awarded a gold medal for his work on timepiece precision and Mechanization at the first Universal Exhibition in London. Pooling their employees’ expertise under one roof, under this set-up, they developed in 1870 the first partially mechanised production processes for complicated movements. From 1902 and for the next 30 years, LeCoultre & Cie. produced most of the movement blanks for Patek Philippe of Geneva. In 1903, Paris-based watchmaker to the French Navy, Edmond Jaeger, challenged Swiss manufacturers to develop, the movements were produced by LeCoultre. Edmond Jaeger also acquired the patent for the atmospherically driven clock Atmos from its inventor Jean-Léon Reutter and licensed it to LeCoultre from 1936 for France, the collaboration between Jaeger and LeCoultre led to the company being officially renamed Jaeger-LeCoultre in 1937. After 1985, Jaeger-LeCoultre was adopted uniformly worldwide, according to factory records, the last movement to be used in an American LeCoultre watch was shipped out of Le Sentier in 1976. Some collectors and misinformed dealers have made the claim that American LeCoultre is not associated with Jaeger-LeCoultre Switzerland. Collectors have confused this distribution channel with the manufacture of the watches, according to Jaeger-LeCoultre enthusiast Zaf Basha, the Galaxy, an upmarket mysterious dial diamond watch, is a collaboration between Vacheron & Constantin and LeCoultre for the American market. It features “LeCoultre” on the front and “Vacheron & Constantin — LeCoultre” stamped on the case, the LeCoultre trademark expired in 1985 and was replaced by the Jaeger-LeCoultre trademark. LeCoultre of Switzerland and Jaeger of France formed a company in England, Jaeger Limited, in 1921 to make instruments for prestige car manufacturers. In 1927 Jaeger LeCoultre sold 75 per cent of the company to S Smith & Sons, since Jaeger-LeCoultre’s founding, the company has produced over 1,242 different calibres, registered approximately 400 patents and created hundreds of inventions. Invented by Antoine LeCoultre in 1844, the Millionomètre was the first instrument in history capable of measuring the micron, the invention was never patented, as no such system existed in Switzerland at the time. However, its composition was kept a closely guarded secret. It was presented at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, in 1847, Antoine invented a keyless watch, the second simple and reliable winding and time-setting system to do without a key after Patek Philippes version of 1845. Instead, it relied on a small push-piece that activated a lever to change over from one function to another, again, the invention was not patented, allowing other watchmakers to quickly implement the system
14.
Vacheron Constantin
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Vacheron Constantin is a luxury Swiss manufacture of prestige watches and a brand of the Richemont group. It employs around 1,100 people worldwide, most of whom are based in the plants in Geneva. It is a member of the Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH. Past owners of Vacheron Constantin watches include Napoleon Bonaparte, Pope Pius XI, Edward VIII, the company was founded in 1755 by Jean-Marc Vacheron, an independent watchmaker in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1770, his company created the first complication, and nine years later he designed the first engine-turned dials, the son of Jean-Marc Vacheron, Abraham, took over the family business in 1785. During this period, the company was able to survive the French Revolution, later, in 1810, Jacques-Barthélemy Vacheron, the grandson of the founder, became the head of the company. He was the first to initiate the companys exports to France, later, Jacques-Barthélemy realized that he was not able to handle his business alone. In order to travel overseas and sell the products, he needed a partner. Consequently, in 1819 François Constantin became an associate of Vacheron, the company continued its activity under the name Vacheron & Constantin. François Constantin traveled around the world and marketed watches, thus he helped the company to open new markets. The main market was North America, the companys motto, Do better if possible and that is always possible, first appeared in Constantins letter to Jacques-Barthélémy. The letter was dated 5 July 1819, in 1833, Vacheron and Constantin hired Georges-Auguste Leschot. His job was to supervise the manufacturing operations, Leschot was an inventor and his creations turned out to be successful for the company. His inventions had a impact on the watchmaking industry in general. He was the first person to watch movements into Calibers. In 1844, Georges-Auguste Leschot was awarded with a gold medal, the Arts Society of Geneva highly appreciated his pantographic device, a device that was able to mechanically engrave small watch parts and dials. Later, after Constantins death in 1854, and Vacherons death in 1863, at one point, the company was headed by two women. In 1862, Vacheron Constantin became a member of the Association for Research into non-magnetic materials, in 1885, the company created the first nonmagnetic timepiece which included a complete lever assortment made of materials able to withstand magnetic fields
15.
Audemars Piguet
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Audemars Piguet is a Swiss manufacturer of complicated mechanical watches founded in 1875 by watch makers Jules-Louis Audemars and Edward-Auguste Piguet. Audemars Piguet is considered by experts and aficionados to be one of the most prestigious watch manufacturers. The Audemars Piguet watch group is composed of 1,450 employees,14 distribution subsidiaries and it comprises three production sites, Le Brassus, Le Locle and Meyrin in Switzerland. The brand is present in 88 countries, Audemars Piguet has been continuously producing watches since 1875, making it one of the worlds oldest watch manufacturers. The company is owned by its founding families. Audemars Piguet vintage watches are highly sought after by collectors and aficionados as are their contemporary watches, the Vallée de Joux, located in the Jura Mountains in the Swiss Canton of Vaud. In the 18th century farmers and villagers of the Vallée de Joux turned to watchmaking during the long winters, the geographical location of the region offers iron oxide and forests. While burning, woods enable to extract the iron and mold it, for the inhabitants watchmaking was a way to survive. Through the years, this craft became not only a family tradition, like other families, the Audemars and the Piguet crafted timepieces long before the establishment of the Audemars Piguet company. A pocket watch was created between 1740 and 1760 and signed Joseph Piguet – Le Brassus and still exists today, the roots of AP date back to 1875. Audemars Piguet was founded by Jules-Louis Audemars and Edward-Auguste Piguet in the village of Le Brassus in the Vallée de Joux, the 23-year-old Jules-Louis Audemars asked his childhood friend, Edward-Auguste Piguet, then 21, to establish and produce watch movements. The two soon had success with their customers, from the beginning, Jules-Louis and Edward-Auguste showed an interest in complex mechanisms. Thanks to their family heritage, they had developed all the skill sets necessary to create complex mechanisms. Even as a child, Jules Audemars used to control mechanisms for complicated watches. When they joined forces, they decided to manufacture complicated movements for other luxury watchmaking companies such as Gubelin and they realized they could craft and sell whole watches themselves as they had the necessary tools and expertise to start their own production. Jules-Louis Audemars and Edward-Auguste Piguet split their work, Jules-Louis produced and assembled movements while Edward-Auguste ensured the completed movements were correctly regulated. Thus Jules-Louis started producing component parts for movements and Edward-Auguste became a finisher, a finisher is a watchmaker who performs the final regulation of the timepiece and put the finishing touches to the escapements. From the beginning, Jules-Louis and Edward-Augustes watches were prized by admirers of fine mechanical timepieces for their high quality, on 17 December 1881, Jules-Louis Audemars and Edward-Auguste Piguet officially founded Audemars Piguet et Cie in Le Brassus
16.
Movado
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Movado is an American watchmaker best known for its Museum Watch. Designed in 1947 by Bauhaus-influenced artist Nathan George Horwitt, the dial has a very simple design dial defined by a solitary dot at 12. It was first made by Vacheron & Constantin-Le Coultre Watches, Inc. Horwitts dial was selected for the permanent design collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1960, the first watch dial awarded this distinction. The single dot dial now appears in many of Movados timepieces, Movado was founded as LAI Ditescheim & Freres SA in 1881 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by Léopold Achille Isidore Ditesheim. In 1983, the company was purchased by Gedalio Grinberg, a Cuban-born Jew and his son, Efraim Grinberg, is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Movado Group, Inc. The North American President of Movado is Alan Chinich, in 2006, Movado celebrated its 125th year of watchmaking. On February 23,1999, Movado Group, Inc. completed the sale of Piaget business to VLG North America, the company markets the Museum Watch, designed by the American designer Nathan George Horwitt in 1947. It was first manufactured by Vacheron & Constantin-Le Coultre Watches, Inc, Movado started producing an unauthorized version starting in 1948, copying Horwitts design. It was added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in 1960, Movado finally settled with Horwitt in 1975 with a payment of $29,000. Following Horwitts death, Movado started heavy promotion of Horwitt and the design of the Museum Watch, photographer Edward Steichen called Horwitts design the only truly original and beautiful one for such an object. Some Movado watch models have Esperanto names such as Bela, Belamodo, Fiero, Brila, Linio, the companys name means movement in that language. In November 2015, Movado announced the release of the Movado Motion collection of fine Swiss made watches, the collection includes the women’s Bellina and the men’s Museum Sport models. Movado commissioned Time Sculpture by architect Philip Johnson, the bronze sculpture with granite base, located outside Lincoln Center in New York City, was dedicated May 19,1999. Official Site G Grinbergs Obituary in the New York Times
17.
Renaissance Revival architecture
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The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe, particularly in France and Italy, has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture. The movement grew from scientific observations of nature, in human anatomy. Neo-Renaissance architecture is formed by not only the original Italian architecture, in England the Renaissance tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Longleat House. Often these buildings had symmetrical towers which hint at the evolution from medieval fortified architecture and this is particularly evident at Hatfield House built between 1607 and 1611, where medieval towers jostle with a large Italian cupola. If this were not confusing enough, the new Neo-Renaissance then frequently borrowed architectural elements from the succeeding Mannerist period, mannerism and Baroque being two very opposing styles of architecture. Mannerism was exemplified by the Palazzo del Te and Baroque by the Wurzburg Residenz, as a consequence a self-consciously Neo-Renaissance manner first began to appear circa 1840. By 1890 this movement was already in decline, the Hagues Peace Palace completed in 1913, in a heavy French Neo-Renaissance manner was one of the last notable buildings in this style. Charles Barry introduced the Neo-Renaissance to England with his design of the Travellers Club, the style is characterized by original Renaissance motifs, taken from such Quattrocento architects as Alberti. These motifs included rusticated masonry and quoins, windows framed by architraves and doors crowned by pediments, if a building were of several floors the uppermost floor usually had small square windows representing the minor mezzanine floor of the original Renaissance designs. However, the Neo-renaissance style later came to incorporate Romanesque and Baroque features not found in the original Renaissance architecture which was more severe in its design. Like all architectural styles the Neo-Renaissance did not appear overnight fully formed but evolved slowly, one of the very first signs of its emergence was the Würzburg Womens Prison, which was erected in 1809 designed by Peter Speeth. This building foreshadows similar effects in the work of the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson whose work in the Neo-Renaissance style was popular in the USA during the 1880s, richardsons style at the end or the revival era was a severe mix of both Romanesque and Renaissance features. This was exemplified by his Marshall Field Warehouse in Chicago, however, while the beginning of Neo-Renaissance period can be defined by its simplicity and severity, what came between was far more ornate in its design. This period can be defined by some of the opera houses of the Europe, such as Gottfried Sempers Burgtheater in Vienna. This ornate form of the Neo-Renaissance, originating from France, is known as the Second Empire style. By 1875 it had become the style in Europe for all public and bureaucratic buildings. In England, where Sir George Gilbert Scott designed the London Foreign Office in this style between 1860 and 1875, it also incorporated certain Palladian features. In Austria, it was pioneered by such names as Rudolf Eitelberger
18.
Henry B. Plant
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Henry Bradley Plant, was involved with many transportation projects, mostly railroads, in the U. S. state of Florida. Eventually he owned the Plant System of railroads became part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Plant City, located near Tampa, was named after him, Plant became famous as president of the Plant System of railway and steamer lines, and also the Southern and Texas Express Co. He went south in 1853 and established express lines on various southern railways, in 1879 he purchased, with others, the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad of Georgia, and later reorganized the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, of which he became president. He purchased and rebuilt, in 1880, the Savannah and Charleston Railroad, now Charleston and Savannah. Not long after this he organized the Plant Investment Co. to control these railroads and advance their interests generally, from 1853 until 1860 he was general superintendent of the southern division of the Adams Express Co. and in 1867 became president of the Texas Express Co. The Plant system of railway, steamer and steamship lines is one of the greatest business corporations of the southern states, Henry Bradley Plant was founder of the Plant System of railroads and steamboats. He attended Loudoun County High School in Leesburg, Virginia, and was a stellar student and he was born in Branford, Conn. the son of Betsey and Anderson Plant, a farmer in good circumstances. He was the descendant of John Plant who probably emigrated from England and settled at Hartford, when the boy was six, his father and younger sister died of typhus. Several years later his mother married again and took him to live first at Martinsburg, N. Y. and later at New Haven, among his various duties was the care of express parcels. This line of business, hitherto neglected, he organized effectively, Plant was transferred from steamboats to railroads. After a few years he was put in charge of the old York office of the company, in 1853 his wife, Ellen Elizabeth Plant was ordered South for her health. After a journey of eight days, the Plants arrived in Jacksonville in March and spent several months at a home near Jacksonville. Plant was impressed with the possibilities of the development of Florida. At the approach of the Civil War the directors of Adams Express, fearing the confiscation of their Southern properties, with Southern stockholders of the company he organized in 1861 the Southern Express Company, a Georgia corporation, and named himself president. In 1863, claiming a serious illness, he left his home in Augusta with a safe passage document signed by Jefferson Davis, after spending a month there, he traveled to Canada, Connecticut, and then England. When in France, he was informed that his Confederate passport was not valid, after the war, Plant returned to the South in February,1865 to reclaim his business interests, primarily the Southern Express. The railroads of the South had been ruined and many railroads went bankrupt in the depression of 1873
19.
C. P. H. Gilbert
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For the American architect with a similar name, see Cass Gilbert. Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert, most often referred to as C. P. H. Gilbert, was an American architect of the late-19th and early-20th centuries best known for designing townhouses, Gilberts family comes of English and New English ancestry. One of the members was Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to whom Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a patent for the colonization of North America, Sir Humphreys ambitious plans ended when he was lost at sea with most of his company on his return voyage from the exploration of Newfoundland. Other members of the family, however, soon planted the name in North America, loring Gilbert was a leading commission merchant who had a successful career. Etchebery, and they had one son, Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert, C. P. H. Gilbert received a careful education, studying both in America and in Europe, such as the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. After being prepared for college he took courses in civil engineering and architecture, and later studied painting, sculpture. After college, he began work as an assistant in the office of a prominent firm of architects. As a young man he designed buildings in the towns of Colorado. In 1886, at the age of twenty-five, Gilbert began practicing as an architect in New York City, one of Gilberts first projects was the design of fourteen brownstone rowhouses that now form a part of the Manhattan Avenue Historic District. Gilbert designed the block for Hoboken developer John Brown in 1886, another noteworthy building was the 1888 Richardsonian Romanesque mansion at Eighth Avenue and Carroll Street in Park Slope, Brooklyn for Thomas Adams Jr. a chewing gum magnate. From 1893 on, Gilbert had a large business, which grew steadily. In addition, he was a director or a stockholder in a number of manufacturing companies outside of New York. He saw action during the Spanish–American War of 1898, where he was a veteran, after the war he returned to New York. By 1900 Gilbert had a reputation as a specialist in designing opulent townhouses, among Gilberts Fifth Avenue palazzi is the 1905 Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant, son of railroad tycoon Henry B. Through the 1920s he designed more than 100 New York City mansions in various styles, Gilbert also designed a number of mansions and buildings on Long Island and in upstate New York in the 1920s. Gilbert retreated from life, and by the late 1920s stopped designing any new houses. He retired to Pelham Manor, New York in Westchester County and he is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. He also was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and a veteran of Squadron A, Gilbert was married to Florence Cecil Moss, daughter of Theodore Moss of New York City, and had two children, Dudley Pierrepont Gilbert and Vera Pierrepont Gilbert
20.
National Museum of Natural History
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The National Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. Opened in 1910, the museum on the National Mall was one of the first Smithsonian buildings constructed exclusively to hold the national collections and research facilities. The main building has an area of 1,500,000 square feet with 325,000 square feet of exhibition and public space. The museums collections contain over 126 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, human remains, the United States National Museum was founded in 1846 as part of the Smithsonian Institution. The museum was housed in the Smithsonian Institution Building, which is better known today as the Smithsonian Castle. A formal exhibit hall opened in 1858, the growing collection led to the construction of a new building, the National Museum Building. Covering a then-enormous 2.25 acres, it was built in just 15 months at a cost of $310,000, congress authorized construction of a new building on June 28,1902. The regents began considering sites for the new building in March, the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall was chosen to design the structure. Testing of the soil for the foundations was set for July 1903, the Natural History Building opened its doors to the public on March 17,1910, in order to provide the Smithsonian Institution with more space for collections and research. The building was not fully completed until June 1911, the structure cost $3.5 million dollars. The Neoclassical style building was the first structure constructed on the side of the National Mall as part of the 1901 McMillan Commission plan. In addition to the Smithsonians natural history collection, it housed the American history, art. Between 1981 and 2003, the National Museum of Natural History had 11 permanent, there were six directors alone between 1990 and 2002. Turnover was high as the directors were disenchanted by low levels of funding. Robert W. Fri was named the director in 1996. One of the largest donations in Smithsonian history was made during Fris tenure, kenneth E. Behring donated $20 million in 1997 to modernize the museum. Fri resigned in 2001 after disagreeing with Smithsonian leadership over the reorganization of the scientific research programs. J. Dennis OConnor, Provost of the Smithsonian Institution was named acting director of the museum on July 25,2001, eight months later, OConner resigned to become the vice president of research and dean of the graduate school at the University of Maryland
21.
Piaget SA
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The company was founded as a manufacturer of watch movements but began marketing its own line of watches in the 20th century. In 2008, The Luxury Institute jewellery brand study ranked Piaget as the 6th most prestigious jewellery brand, in 1874, Georges Edouard Piaget set up his first workshop on the family farm, situated in the small village of La Côte-aux-Fées in the Swiss Jura mountains. Situated in the Neuchâtel region, the company was dedicated to crafting pocket watches, in 1911, Timothée Piaget, the son of Georges Piaget, took over the family firm. The companys policy has been to be dedicated to the production of wrist watches ever since, under the guidance of the founder’s grandsons, Gérald and Valentin Piaget, the Piaget brand became a registered trademark in 1943. Since then, the manufacture at La Côte-aux-Fées has produced its own creations, as a result of this expansion, the family business opened a new factory in 1945, again in La Côte-aux-Fées. In 1957, the manufacture at La Côte-aux-Fées brought out the Calibre 9P, then, in 1960, the Piaget watchmakers developed the Calibre12P, the thinnest automatic movement in the world with a thickness of 2.3 mm. In addition to watches, ring watches, brooch watches and cufflink watches. In 1957, the Emperador men’s watch was launched and since its relaunch in 1999 become one of the brand’s emblematic models, the company’s expansion led to the opening of a new factory in Geneva, dedicated to jewellery and, in 1959, their first boutique. In 2014, Piaget presented the Altiplano 900P, at 3.65 millimeters it is the world’s thinnest hand-wound mechanical watch, in 1964, Piaget presented their first watches with dials worked in precious stones, lapis-lazuli, turquoise, onyx and tigers eye. Piaget then launched the cuff watch,1976 saw the launch of the Calibre 7P, a quartz movement. The Piaget Polo watch with its style, was brought out in 1979. The Dancer collection was launched in 1986, the company has been under the presidency of Yves Piaget since 1980. The luxury Vendôme group, now Richemont, purchased the Piaget manufacture in 1988, in the 1990s, several new collections were launched, Possession, Tanagra, Limelight and Miss Protocole with its interchangeable straps. Piaget brought out the Altiplano watch and in 1999 reinvented one of their classics, Watchmaking was regrouped in one collection, Black Tie. In 2001, a Piaget Haute Horlogerie manufacture was opened in Plan-les-Ouates, the movements continued to be produced at La Côte-aux-Fées, the family’s birthplace. The new building grouped together over 40 professions in the fields of watchmaking, the same year, Piaget added a youthful touch to the Polo watch from the 1970s and launched the Magic Reflections collection. The manufacture developed mechanical movements and in 2002 brought out the first Piaget Manufacture tourbillon movement, the Calibre 600P, in 2004, Piaget celebrated their 130th anniversary. The brand is one of the forerunners in the creation of movements with the manual 9P and automatic 12P movements
22.
Baume et Mercier
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Baume & Mercier is a Swiss luxury watchmaker founded in 1830. It is a subsidiary of the Swiss luxury conglomerate Richemont, Baume & Mercier was founded as Frères Baume in 1830 by brothers Louis-Victor and Célestin Baume, who opened the watch dealership in Les Bois, a village in the Swiss Jura. The Swiss watch manufacturer expanded internationally by establishing a branch in London in 1921 under the name Baume Brothers, by the late 19th century, the company had an established international reputation, and its timepieces had set accuracy records and won a number of timekeeping competitions. In 1918, company director William Baume partnered with Paul Mercier to found Baume & Mercier in Geneva, the firm became specialized in manufacturing wristwatches, particularly unconventional shaped models that did not possess the traditional round form. In 1919, Baume & Mercier was awarded the Geneva Seal, during the Roaring Twenties, the brand embraced womens emancipation. In the 1940s, Baume & Mercier launched a number of modern watch collections, early examples of this model with the double case backs are rare and highly sought after, often fetching more than double the price of a later model. In the 1970s, Baume & Mercier introduced shaped timepieces such as the Galaxie, in 1973, Baume & Mercier presented the Riviera, one of the worlds first steel sports watches. In 1988, the Swiss watchmaker joined the Richemont group, currently, the brand offers the Clifton, Classima, Hampton, and Capeland collections for men, and the Hampton and Linea collections for women. The Baume & Mercier & Me celebrity endorsement campaign has used to raise money for charity. They have also entered the Chinese market partnering with Creative Capital China, Swiss watch brands Watch manufacturing companies of Switzerland Baume & Mercier U. S. Baume & Mercier UK
23.
Hermitage Museum
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The State Hermitage Museum is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest and oldest museums in the world, it was founded in 1754 by Catherine the Great and has open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of only a small part is on permanent display. The collections occupy a complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, the museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a state property. Since July 1992, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky, of the six buildings in the main museum complex, five, namely the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage and Hermitage Theatre, are open to the public. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists more than the fee paid by citizens of Russia. However, entrance is free of charge the first Thursday of every month for all visitors, the museum is closed on Mondays. The entrance for visitors is located in the Winter Palace. A hermitage is the dwelling of a hermit or recluse, the word derives from Old French hermit, ermit hermit, recluse, from Late Latin eremita, from Greek eremites, literally people who live alone, which is in turn derived from ἐρημός, desert. Originally, the building housing the collection was the Small Hermitage. Today, the Hermitage Museum encompasses many buildings on the Palace Embankment, apart from the Small Hermitage, the museum now also includes the Old Hermitage, the New Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre, and the Winter Palace, the former main residence of the Russian tsars. In recent years, the Hermitage has expanded to the General Staff Building on the Palace Square facing the Winter Palace, the Western European Art collection includes European paintings, sculpture, and applied art from the 13th to the 20th centuries. It is displayed, in about 120 rooms, on the first, drawings and prints are displayed in temporary exhibitions. Since 1940, the Egyptian collection, dating back to 1852 and it serves as a passage to the exhibition of Classical Antiquities. A modest collection of the culture of Ancient Mesopotamia, including a number of Assyrian reliefs from Babylon, Dur-Sharrukin, the collection of Classical Antiquities occupies most of the ground floor of the Old and New Hermitage buildings. Its floor is made of a marble mosaic imitating ancient tradition, while the stucco walls
24.
Saint Petersburg
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Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
25.
Alfred Dunhill Ltd.
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Alfred Dunhill, Ltd. is a British luxury goods brand, specialising in ready-to-wear, custom and bespoke menswear, leather goods, and accessories. The company is based in London, where it also owns, the company is currently owned by Richemont and managed by CEO Andrew Maag. The business was developed by Alfred Dunhill after he inherited his fathers business on Londons Euston Road at the age of 21 in 1893. Alfred Dunhill, responding to the demand for automobiles at this time. This first collection included car horns and lamps, leather overcoats, goggles, picnic sets and timepieces, within a few years the business moved towards the luxury market with the opening of two Dunhill Motorities stores in Mayfair. By this time, Dunhills had become not only for motoring accessories. The Dunhill Motorities catalogue featured over 1,300 items, the launch of the Dunhill pipe was a logical step from Motorities, in 1904 Alfred had patented a Windshield Pipe to help a driver combat the effects of wind and weather in his open top car. Alfreds first tobacconist and pipe shop opened in 1907 on Duke Street and its proximity to the clubs of St. Jamess and Pall Mall helped to ensure instant success, with a loyal and distinguished customer base. Alfred retired from the business in the 1920s, compared with quality, price is relatively important. By the late 1970s, dunhill was offering a range of 3,500 luxury products in more than 20 stores round the world, the brand had expanded into offering a full range of men’s ready to wear clothing. In the 1990s Alfred Dunhills store on Jermyn Street was renovated to evoke the atmosphere of a club, complete with a marble-floored humidor. Alfred Dunhill have built a series of retail emporiums for men around the world and these Homes aim to represent the experience of luxury, allowing the customer to live the brand. The retail environment is distinguished by a range of services – which include a bespoke tailoring service, barber’s shop, fine wine cellars, bar or restaurant, screening room, the Homes are located in Tokyo, London, Shanghai, and Hong Kong. Alfred Dunhill sponsors golf tournaments, including the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship, Alfred Dunhill has also occasionally provided various accessories for the cinematic James Bond throughout the series. The association began in 1962 when the team requested a gunmetal cigarette lighter for Sean Connerys introduction in Dr. No. Alfred Dunhill Limited has licensed Inter Parfums, Inc. to produce, the ten-year, worldwide agreement replaces Dunhill’s contract with Procter & Gamble, which ended in April 2013. Developed in the mid-1950s, Dunhill produced one of the first butane gas lighters and this iconic design has remained relatively unchanged since and was regularly used by James Bond in both print and on the screen. 1893 – Aged 21, Alfred Dunhill takes over his father’s saddlery business and converts it into Dunhill’s Motorities, providing ‘Everything for the car,1903 – Alfred Dunhill’s first dashboard clock marks their entry into the timepiece arena
26.
Montblanc (company)
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Montblanc International GmbH is a German manufacturer of luxury writing instruments, watches, jewellery and leather goods, often identified by their White Snowflake logo. The start of the new century had a stimulating effect on inventors. Ingenuity and imagination helped the fountain pen to make its technical and commercial breakthrough as a writing instrument. It was a Hamburg banker, Alfred Nehemias, and a Berlin engineer, August Eberstein, together who recognised the signs of time and decided to produce simplicissimus pens, back in the 1906. Their first model was the Rouge et Noir in 1909 followed in 1910 by the pen that was later to give the company its new name, the Meisterstück name was used for the first time in 1924, for the top lines of fountain pens. Today, the Montblanc brand is on other goods besides pens, including watches, jewellery, fragrances, leather goods and eyewear. The company was acquired by Dunhill in 1977, following which lower price pens were dropped, today, Montblanc forms part of the Richemont group. Its sister companies include luxury brands Cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, Chloé, Montblanc is owned, through Richemont, by the South African Rupert Family. A trademark identified with Montblanc is the white stylized six-pointed star with rounded edges, representative of the Mont Blanc snowcap from above, the number 4810, the mountains height in meters, is also a commonly recurring theme. In January 2014, Hugh Jackman was announced as Montblancs Global Brand Ambassador, the Patron of the Art Series are found in editions of 888. These models are intricately adorned in diamonds, rubies, and other precious stones into precious metals typically in 18K gold, a signature mark on these include a Mother of Pearl Montblanc Star adorning the cap. Although cheaper, the Montblanc Writers Edition has been profitable and these pens are launched each year, commemorating the life and work of a particular writer, with their signature engraved into the cap of the edition. Usually, a symbol of their most distinguished work is engraved onto the nibs, of the fountain pen versions. Apart from a number the Limited Edition pieces carry a distinct number placing it within the release of the edition. In 2009 the Signature for Good limited edition was released, Montblanc donates parts of its proceeds to UNICEF. They claim to guarantee a minimum of US $1.5 million worldwide within one year, Montblanc will not sell customers or dealers replacement parts without the company performing the repair. When a pen is damaged, it is accepted at any Montblanc boutique where it will be forwarded to their service centre for evaluation, a quote for the repair will be provided to the customer if the pen is out of warranty. If the estimate is accepted, the repair is completed and Montblanc will provide a one-year repair warranty on the work that was done, the Nib Exchange service by Montblanc operates as follows
27.
Karl Lagerfeld
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Karl Otto Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer, artist, and photographer based in Paris. He is the designer and creative director of the fashion house Chanel as well as the Italian house Fendi. Over the decades, he has collaborated on a variety of fashion and he is well recognized around the world for his trademark white hair, black sunglasses, and high starched collars. Lagerfeld was born on 10 September 1933 in Hamburg, Germany and is the son of businessman Otto Lagerfeld and his father owned a company that produced and imported evaporated milk, while his grandfather Karl Bahlmann was a local politician for the Catholic Centre Party. His family belonged to the Old Catholic Church, when she met his father, Lagerfelds mother was a lingerie saleswoman from Berlin. His parents were married in 1930, Lagerfeld is known to misrepresent his birth year, claiming to be younger than his actual age, and to misrepresent his parents background. There is also no evidence that his mother Elisabeth Bahlmann, the daughter of a middle class local politician and he is known to insist that no one knows his real birth date. In an interview on French television in February 2009, Lagerfeld said that he was neither in 1933 nor 1938. In April 2013 he finally declared that he was born in 1935, bild am Sonntag published his baptismal records in 2008 and interviewed his teacher and a classmate, who both confirmed that he was born in 1933. Despite that, Karl Lagerfeld announced publicly that he was celebrating his 70th birthday on 10 September 2008 and his older sister, Martha Christiane Christel, was born in 1931. Lagerfeld has an older half-sister, Thea, from his fathers first marriage and his family name has been spelled both Lagerfeldt and Lagerfeld. Like his father, he uses the spelling Lagerfeld, considering it to more commercial. His family was mainly shielded from the deprivations of World War II due to his fathers interests in Germany through the firm Glücksklee-Milch GmbH. His father was in San Francisco during the 1906 earthquake, after attending a private school, Lagerfeld finished his secondary school at the Lycée Montaigne in Paris, where he majored in drawing and history. Karl Lagerfeld was hired as Pierre Balmains assistant after winning the category in a design competition sponsored by the International Wool Secretariat in 1955. In 1958, after three years at Balmain, he moved to Jean Patou where he designed two haute couture collections per year for five years. His first collection was shown in a presentation in July 1958. Although, in 1962, reporters began referring to him as Karl Lagerfelt or Karl Logerfeld, the first collection was poorly received
28.
Hackett London
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Hackett Limited is a multi-channel British menswear retailer, specialising in formal men’s shirts as well as other clothing. It was founded in 1979 in London by Jeremy Hackett, Hackett was founded in 1979 by Jeremy Hackett and Ashley Lloyd-Jennings from a stall on Londons Portobello Road. The first shop, on the end of Kings Road. The company gradually expanded over several years, increasing the number of branches, international expansion began with the 1989 opening of a Spanish branch in Madrid. In 1994, Hackett opened a shop at the Rive Gauche in Paris before adding children’s clothes to its collection a year later, in June 2005, Richemont sold Hackett Limited to the Spanish investment company Torreal S. C. R. S. A. Hackett appointed American creative director Michael Sondag, Hackett London is the official clothing supplier to the Williams Martini Racing team from the 2015 season onwards. In February 2015, Hackett London has been bought by Lebanese M1 Group and by LVMH subsidiary, the company were previously owned by Torreal Funds, Artá Capital, L Capital Europe and its managers
29.
Jean Nouvel
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Jean Nouvel is a French architect. Nouvel studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and was a member of Mars 1976. He has obtained a number of prestigious distinctions over the course of his career, including the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, the Wolf Prize in Arts in 2005, a number of museums and architectural centres have presented retrospectives of his work. Nouvel was born on 12 August 1945 in Fumel, France and he is the son of Renée and Roger Nouvel who were teachers. His family moved often when his father became the countys chief school superintendent and his parents encouraged Nouvel to study mathematics and language, but when he was 16 years old he was captivated by art when a teacher taught him drawing. With his second wife Catherine Richard, Nouvel has a daughter and he lives now with Mia Hägg, who is a Swedish architect working at her practice Habiter Autrement in Paris. By age 25, Nouvel completed school and entered into his own partnership with François Seigneur, Nouvel was one of the organizers of the competition for the rejuvenation of the Les Halles district and he founded the first Paris architecture biennale in 1980. In 1981, Nouvel won the competition for the Institut du Monde Arabe building in Paris, whose construction was completed in 1987. Mechanical lenses reminiscent of Arabic latticework in its south wall open and shut automatically, Nouvel had three different partners between 1972 and 1984, Gilbert Lezenes, Jean-François Guyot, and Pierre Soria. In 1985, with his junior architects Emmanuel Blamont, Jean-Marc Ibos and Mirto Vitart, then, with Emmanuel Gattani, he formed JNEC in 1988. Ateliers Jean Nouvel, his present practice, was formed in 1994 with Michel Pélissié and is one of the largest in France, ateliers Jean Nouvel site offices are Rome, Geneva, Madrid and Barcelona. They are working on 30 active projects in 13 countries, Nouvel designed a flacon for LHomme, an Yves Saint Laurent fragrance, in a limited edition launched in 2008. The jury acknowledged the persistence, imagination, exuberance, and, above all, Nouvel has designed a number of notable buildings across the world, the most significant of which are listed below. In 2001 director Beat Kuert filmed a documentary about five of Nouvels projects titled Jean Nouvel. 2010 – Serpentine Gallery temporary pavilion, London 2010 – One New Change, London 2011 – Tower 25 in Nicosia 2012 – Doha Tower skyscraper, Doha, Qatar 2012 – City Hall,2015 – Philharmonie de Paris, Paris. In March 2007, the Louvre announced it would build a Louvre branch in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, Jean Nouvel was chosen as architect. The museum was expected to be completed by 2012, though current expectations are that completion will be delayed until at least 2015. The Central Park redevelopment plan in Sydney will see 11 new buildings in partnership with such as Norman Foster to recreate an abandoned brewery occupying almost four inner-city blocks
30.
Johann Rupert
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Johann Peter Rupert is the eldest son of South African business tycoon Anton Rupert and his wife Huberte. He is the chairman of the Swiss-based luxury-goods company Richemont as well as of the South Africa-based company Remgro and it was announced on 13 November 2009 that as of 1 April 2010, he would assume the position of Chief Executive Officer of Compagnie Financiere Richemont. Together with his family he was estimated to be worth $7.7 billion as of September 2013, Rupert grew up in Stellenbosch, where he attended Paul Roos Gymnasium and the University of Stellenbosch, studying economics and company law. He dropped out of the university to pursue a career in business, however, in 2004, in 2008, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in Commerce from Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Described as reclusive by the Financial Times and Barrons, Rupert rarely gives interviews, in 2006 the same newspaper also called him Rupert the Bear for predicting a world economic crisis. As of 2013, Rupert is currently on a one-year sabbatical, Rupert served his business apprenticeship in New York City, where he worked for Chase Manhattan for two years and for Lazard Freres for three years. He then returned to South Africa in 1979 and founded Rand Merchant Bank of which he was CEO,1984, Merged RMB and Rand Consolidated Investments, and left to join his fathers company, the Rembrandt Group. 1988 Founded Compagnie Financiere Richemont in 1988 and was appointed Non-Executive Director of Rothmans International plc in 1988 and he was named Businessman of the Year by the Sunday Times in the same year. 1989, Appointed Vice Chairman of the Rembrandt Group,1990, Named business leader of the year by Die Burger newspaper and the Cape Town Chamber of Commerce. Formed the Vendôme Luxury Group SA,1991, Appointed Chairman of Rembrandt Group Limited and in 1992 he was named one of 200 Global Leaders of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland. 1996, Named Sunday Times Business Timess Businessman of the Year for second time,1997, Appointed Non-Executive Chairman of Gold Fields South Africa Ltd. 1999, Awarded the 1999 Free Market Award by The Free Market Foundation of South Africa,2000, Restructured Rembrandt Group Limited and formed Remgro Limited and VenFin Limited. Appointed Chairman and Chief Executive of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA, Voted Most influential Business Leader in South Africa by CEOs of top 100 Listed Companies 2004, Awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Economics by the University of Stellenbosch. 2008 Voted South Africas Business Leader of the Year by the CEOs of the Top 100 Companies, laureus funds 65 projects globally, with the goal of using sport to tackle social issues, having a particular emphasis on underprivileged children. He co-founded the Sports Science Institute with his friends Morne du Plessis and he has also played in the annual Gary Player Invitational golf tournament to assist fellow South African and friend Gary Player raise funds for various childrens charities. He serves as Chairman of the South African PGA Tour and Chairman of the South African Golf Development Board, in 2007 he was elected into South African Sports Hall of Fame and in 2009 was inducted into South African Golf Hall of Fame. Following his younger brother Anthonijs death in a car accident in 2001 he took over the LOrmarins wine estate, anthonij, was head of Rupert & Rothschild Vignerons. Rupert initiated a project to enhance the farm in memory of his late brother and he served on the Daimler Chrysler International Advisory Board
31.
Morton F. Plant House
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Plant House may refer to either of two mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City built for Morton F. Plant. The first, at 52nd Street, was completed in 1905 and is now known as the Cartier Building. The second, at 86th Street, was built in 1916 and is now demolished, the 52nd Street building was designated a New York City Landmark on July 14,1970. The 1905 Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant was designed by architect Robert W. Gibson, by 1916, Plant felt that the area was becoming too commercial and decided to move farther uptown. Cartier SA acquired the mansion from Plant in 1917, in exchange for $100 in cash, soon after, Kokichi Mikimotos cultured pearls came on the market, and the Cartier necklace of pearls fetched just $150,000 after Mrs. Plant died in 1956. During the renovation, the Cartier store was temporarily located General Motors Building, the second Plant mansion was designed by Guy Lowell and built in 1916 on the northeast corner of 86th Street. It was Lowells interpretation of an Italian Renaissance palazzo, Plant died of pneumonia in 1918 and his widow Mae married Col. William Hayward. She died in 1956 and the house was torn down soon after, the Midtown Book | The Cartier Building Architectural essay on the 1905 building
32.
Kuala Lumpur City Centre
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Kuala Lumpur City Centre is a multipurpose development area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The area is located around Jalan Ampang, Jalan P. Ramlee, Jalan Binjai, Jalan Kia Peng, there are a number of shopping complexes such as Suria KLCC and Avenue K. There are also hotels within walking distance such as G Tower, Mandarin Oriental, Grand Hyatt Kuala Lumpur, designed to be a city within a city, the 100-acre site hosts the tallest twin buildings in the world, shopping mall, office buildings and several hotels. A public park and a mosque is built on the area. The whole project is cooled via district cooling located on the property, the centrepiece of the area was the original site of the Selangor Turf Club, with many houses constructed around the site to capitalise on views of the racing course. In 1988, the Selangor Turf Club site and adjoining residential parcels were sold to be cleared away for the KLCC project, in the subsequent years after the relocation of the Turf Club, more surrounding residential plots were acquired for further development of the KLCC. KLCC is a 100-acre land area with mixed developments in various stages of construction, the area is divided into several plots of land, each with a specific purpose. Zoning is based on the KLCC Masterplan, offices in the KLCC area are homes to largest companies in Malaysia in which the Petronas Twin Towers is the centre piece. Built on 1 January 1992 until 31 December 1994, the Petronas Twin Towers was the tallest building in the world from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2004, currently, it still holds the record for the tallest twin buildings in the world. It is the headquarters of Petronas, a Fortune 100 state owned oil company, the towers and the mall below were designed by Argentinian born architect César Pelli. Construction started in 1991 and completed 7 years after, in midst of Asian Financial Crisis, due to the soil conditions on the tower, the buildings were built on one of the deepest foundations in the world. The Building Services Engineer was Flack + Kurtz who is part of the WSP | Parsons Brinkerhoff Company. The 88-storey towers were built using reinforced concrete, with steel-and-glass facade to resemble Islamic motifs. The cross section of the tower resembles Rub el Hizb, further solidifies the Islamic motif in the tower design. Menara Exxon Mobil was built on 1 January 1997 and it is the headquarters of the Malaysian subsidiary of Exxon Mobil, the 126 m, 30-storey tower is a rectangular shaped building, with a virtually column free interior. The tower is connected with the shopping mall Suria KL The tower is designed by César Pelli with construction started in 2006. The tower has an entrance facing Mandarin Oriental and also a tunnel link towards Lot D1. Lot D1 will be a development by the owner, KLCC Properties
33.
Avenida Presidente Masaryk
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Avenida Presidente Masaryk, a thoroughfare in the affluent Polanco neighborhood of Mexico City, is the citys most fashionable urban shopping street. It is also home of the National Conservatory of Music and it runs from Calzada General Mariano Escobedo in the east to Avenida Ferrocarril de Cuernavaca on the west. President Lázaro Cárdenas named the avenue after the first President of Czechoslovakia, in 1999 the city of Prague donated a statue of Masaryk to Mexico City, one of the two originals made when the statue for the Prague Castle was being prepared. The statue was placed in the roundabout at the intersection of Av, Presidente Masaryk and Arquímedes on 28 October 2000, on the Czechoslovak National Day. The name of the street is often misspelled e. g. Mazarik or Mazaryk, the City of Mexico decided to correct the signs under its control in 2000, but the incorrect names remained on some of the local shops. The rehabilitation, which was completed in phases, started on January 2014 and was expected to last 18 months. The avenue was officially reinaugurated on 8 and 9 August 2015 with an event that included a performance by Kalimba. It now faces competition from shopping centers such as Centro Santa Fe, Arcos Lomas. Despite this competition and an economy, Avenida Presidente Masaryk is still considered the standard for shopping in Mexico City
34.
Bond Street
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Bond Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. The southern section is Old Bond Street and the northern section New Bond Street—a distinction not generally made in everyday usage. The street was built on fields surrounding Clarendon House on Piccadilly and it was built up in the 1720s, and by the end of the 18th century was a popular place for the upper-class residents of Mayfair to socialise. It is one of the most expensive and sought after strips of real estate in Europe, Bond Street is the only street that runs between Oxford Street and Piccadilly. Old Bond Street is at the end between Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens. The northern section, New Bond Street, extends as far as Oxford Street, the entire street is around 0.5 miles long. Many of the shop frontages are less than 20 feet wide, the nearest tube stations are Green Park in Piccadilly, and Bond Street station in Oxford Street. Despite its name, Bond Street station does not directly connect to either New or Old Bond Street, No buses use the street, although the C2 service crosses New Bond Street. Part of New Bond Street is numbered B406 but the remainder, New Bond Street is pedestrianised between Grafton Street and Clifford Street to prevent through traffic and to stop the road being used as a rat run. There is evidence of Roman settlement around what is now Bond Street, in 1894, a culvert made from brick and stone was discovered in the area. At that time, the house backed onto open fields, known as Albemarle Ground, New Bond Street was laid out during a second phase of construction 14 years after Bonds syndicate began developing the area. Most of the building along the street occurred in the 1720s, john Rocques map of London, published in 1746, shows properties along the entire length of Bond Street, including the fully constructed side streets. The two parts of the street have always had separate names, and a plan by the council to merge the two into a singular Bond Street in the 1920s was rejected by locals. During the 18th century, the street began to be popular with the bourgeoisie living around Mayfair, shop owners let out their upper storeys for residential purposes, attracting lodgers such as Jonathan Swift, George Selwyn, William Pitt the Elder and Laurence Stern. In 1784, Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, an active socialite and this had caused him to lose his seat in parliament, leading to the dissolution of the Fox–North Coalition. She insisted people should look for nearer shopping streets, and encouraged people to go to Bond Street, consequently, the street became a retail area for people living in Mayfair. By the end of the century, a social group known as the Bond Street Loungers had appeared, wearing expensive wigs and parading up. Lord Nelson stayed at temporary lodgings in New Bond Street between 1797–8, and again in 1811–13, Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford lived in Bond Street and was unhappy about the presence of the Bond Street Loungers
35.
Fifth Avenue
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Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare going through the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States. It stretches from West 143rd Street in Harlem to Washington Square North at Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village and it is considered among the most expensive and best shopping streets in the world. The lower stretch of Fifth Avenue extended the stylish neighborhood of Washington Square northwards, Fifth Avenue is the central scene in Edith Whartons 1920 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Age of Innocence. The novel describes New Yorks social elite in the 1870s and provides context to Fifth Avenue. Originally a narrower thoroughfare, much of Fifth Avenue south of Central Park was widened in 1908, the midtown blocks, now famously commercial, were largely a residential district until the start of the 20th century. In 1906 his department store, B. Altman and Company, the result was the creation of a high-end shopping district that attracted fashionable women and the upscale stores that wished to serve them. Lord & Taylors flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue near the Empire State Building. In the 1920s traffic towers controlled important intersections from 14th to 59th Streets, traffic crosses the river on the Madison Avenue Bridge. Fifth Avenue serves as the line for house numbering and west-east streets in Manhattan. It separates, for example, East 59th Street from West 59th Street, the most expensive street in the world moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. For several years starting in the mid-1990s, the district between 49th and 57th Streets was ranked as having the worlds most expensive retail spaces on a cost per square foot basis. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Fifth Avenue as being the most expensive street in the world, some of the most coveted real estate on Fifth Avenue are the penthouses perched atop the buildings. The American Planning Association compiled a list of 2012 Great Places in America and this historic street has many world-renowned museums, businesses and stores, parks, luxury apartments, and historical landmarks that are reminiscent of its history and vision for the future. Below is a list of sites on Fifth Avenue with their designation dates,500 Fifth Avenue Building – December 14,2010 Aeolian Building – – December 10,2002 George W. It recognizes structures, buildings, sites, and districts associated with important events, people, Fifth Avenue from 142nd Street to 135th Street carries two-way traffic. Fifth Avenue carries one-way traffic southbound from 135th Street to Washington Square North, the changeover to one-way traffic south of 135th Street took place on January 14,1966, at which time Madison Avenue was changed to one way uptown. From 124th Street to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park, Fifth Avenue is one of the few major streets in Manhattan along which streetcars did not operate. Instead, Fifth Avenue Coach offered a more to the taste of fashionable gentlefolk
36.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
37.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
38.
Cheongdam-dong
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Cheongdam-dong is a ward of Gangnam District in Seoul, South Korea. The area epitomizes the wealthy lifestyle of Koreans, especially for professionals who have studied overseas. It is known as a shopping area, with the main shopping street dubbed Cheongdam Fashion Street. Along with Apgujeong’s Rodeo Street in Apgujeong-dong and Garosu-gil in Sinsa-dong and this area was originally named Chungsutgol which means clean water valley, for a clean pond that existed here during the Joseon Dynasty. On January 1,1963, Cheongdam-dong was incorporated into Seoul, on October 1,1973, it became one of the 26 dong of the Gangnam District or Gangnam-gu. Gangnam-gu is one of the 25 gu in Seoul, since 1988, Cheongdam-dong has been divided into two sub-regions, Cheongdam 1 dong and Cheongdam 2 dong. Cheongdam-dong was underdeveloped up till 10 years ago, during which time and it formed the existing gallery street, near the Galleria Department Store in Apgujeong-dong towards Cheongdam Park. The area is the location for the headquarters of K-pop management companies S. M, Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, Cube Entertainment, and J. Tune Entertainment. Since January 2012, the area is home to FNC Entertainment. The MCM Haus flagship store is located in the area. One half of the facade is designed by British artist Richard Woods. It also has an Italian restaurant in the basement, furnished with Woods designs, shopping and dining complex 10 Corso Como, opened in 2008, opposite the Galleria Department Store. Also in September 2008, French jeweler Cartier opened its first flagship store in South Korea, named Cartier Maison, located on Apgujeong-ro, with its facade inspired by Korean Bojagi wrapping cloth. Helmed by Managing Director Philippe Galtie, he said It is the largest in Korea, in June 2012, luxury bridal gown designer Vera Wang opened her third global and first Asian flagship store Vera Wang Bridal Korea, helmed by President Jung Mi-ri, in Cheongdam-dong. In December 2012, the area was the setting for SBS weekend drama series and it stars Moon Geun-young, Park Si-hoo, So Yi-hyun and Kim Ji-seok, and is based on the novel, Cheongdamdong Audrey. In May 2013, the 10 Corso Como store was used as a location for the music video of Psys 2013 single Gentleman. In media coverage, Cheongdam-dong is often portrayed as a luxury town, the Fasion Street area is also called new-money neighborhood, a place where the most immaculately dressed, beautiful, and yet curiously unhappy-looking women in Korean can be seen. While it is true that a part of Cheongdam-dong is full of luxury stores, K-Pop hubs, and galleries
39.
Gangnam District
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The Gangnam District is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. Gangnam literally means South of the River, as of the 2010 census, Gangnam District had a population of 527,641, making it the 4th most populated district in Seoul. Gangnam District is the third largest district in Seoul, with an area of 39.5 km2, Gangnam is one of three gu that make up the Greater Gangnam Area along with neighboring Seocho District and Songpa District. Combined, these three gu cover approximately 120 km2 of land and had a population of 1,567,881 as of 2010, making up 20% of the area, the Gangnam District office has designated two smoke-free zones within the district. The section of Gangnam Boulevard between exit No.2 of Gangnam Station of Seoul Subway Line 2 and exit No.5 of Sinnonhyeon Station of Line 9, the most significant indicator is its extremely expensive real estate.5 times the nationwide average. As for land value, the mere 40 km2 land of Gangnam district rivals with the land value of the city of Busan. Combined with the districts of Seocho and Songpa, Greater Gangnam Area accounts for almost 10% of land value of the entire country. KOSPI200 companies based in Gangnam district include KEPCO, GS Group, Hyundai Department Store Group, HITEJinro, Hansol, Hankook Tire, GLOVIS, besides, POSCO also operates POSCO Center in Teheran Valley, and KT&G operates Kosmo Tower. Many international companies also operate key offices in Gangnam, including Google, IBM, Toyota, tune Entertainment, TOP Media, Happy Face Entertainment, Dream Tea Entertainment, Polaris Entertainment, Jellyfish Entertainment, DR Music and Stardom Entertainment. In addition, the COEX Convention & Exhibition Center in Gangnam recently hosted several international conferences such as the 2010 G-20 summit and the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit. In 2008,22.7 out of 1,000 students in Gangnam district went abroad to study, both long-standing locally owned schools such as the Seoul Korean Academy, and more recent foreign-owned entities such as Lexis Korea report a significant increase in interest in the location. Several popular shopping and entertainment areas are located in Gangnam District, including Apgujeong, the COEX Mall, Gangnam District is served by Seoul Subway Line 2, Seoul Subway Line 3, Seoul Subway Line 7, Seoul Subway Line 9, Bundang Line and the Shinbundang Line. In 2009 they were awarded a prize by the US Army for promoting cultural exchanges with American troops. Several subway stations in Gangnam and nearby areas were used as filming locations for the 2012 Hollywood film The Bourne Legacy, the 2012 K-pop song Gangnam Style by South Korean entertainer Psy was inspired by, and its music video was shot in, the Gangnam District. The song and videos popularity increased international awareness of the district, in the music video, Psy can be seen dancing on top of the ASEM Tower with the Trade Tower in the background. The two buildings are part of World Trade Center Seoul, also known as COEX, in December 2012, Cheongdam-dong was the setting for SBS weekend drama series, Cheongdam-dong Alice. It stars Moon Geun-young, Park Si-hoo, So Yi-hyun and Kim Ji-seok, in May 2013, the Cheongdam-dong branch of 10 Corso Como was used as a filming location for the music video of Psys single Gentleman. com,20 September 2012 Gangnam Street Videoclip
$ 6.1 billion (2016)[1]
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