1.
Plaza de Mayo
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The Plaza de Mayo is the main square in the Monserrat barrio of central Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is flanked by Hipólito Yrigoyen, Balcarce, Rivadavia and Bolívar streets, since being the scene of the 25 May 1810 revolution that led to independence, the plaza has been a hub of political life in Argentina. The modern plaza took form in 1884 when the colonnade separating the Plaza de la Victoria and its origins, however, can be traced back to Juan de Garays foundation of Buenos Aires itself, in 1580. Newly arrived to the dusty riverbank settlement, Jesuit clergymen in 1608 secured a title to much of the 2 hectares lot, completed in 1804, the Romanesque structure became the plazas market and the lot to the west of the colonnade became the Plaza de la Victoria. That year, however, Mayor Torcuato de Alvear ordered the space modernized, resulting in the demolition of the colonnade, the Plaza de Mayo has always been the focal point of political life in Buenos Aires. Its current name commemorates the May Revolution of 1810, which started the process towards the independence from Spain in 1816. Many other presidents, both democratic and military, have also saluted people in the Plaza from the balcony of the Casa Rosada. In an attempt to overthrow President Perón, the plaza was bombed during one of the populist leaders many rallies there on 16 June 1955, killing 364. Peróns final appearance at the plaza, on 12 June, was marked by a break with the far left. People perceived to be supportive of subversive activities would be detained, subject to abuse and torture. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo took advantage of the importance of the Plaza to open the publics eyes to what the military regime was doing. Today, Plaza de Mayo continues to be an indispensable tourist attraction for those who visit Buenos Aires, the Buenos Aires financial district, affectionately known as la City also lies besides the Plaza. Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Grandmothers of the Plaza Tourism Buenos Aires Casa Rosada
2.
Italianate architecture
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The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. The style of architecture that was created, though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance, was essentially of its own time. The Italianate style was first developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash and this small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barrys Italianate style drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, the style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms, long after its decline in popularity in Britain, throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire. From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved popularity in the United States. A late intimation of Nashs development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon. Later examples of the Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian-style building often enhanced by a belvedere complete with Renaissance-type balustrading at the roof level. Sir Charles Barry, most notable for his works on the Tudor, unlike Nash he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and his most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden. Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, on occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs, and then termed chateauesque. However, after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house was Gothic, the Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot in Devon, with Isambard Brunels atmospheric railway pumping houses. An example that is not very known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christophers Anglican church in Hinchley Wood, Surrey. When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany in 1613, he entered an alliance with the Medicis, upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernising Lebanon. He developed an industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style, the influence of these buildings, such as the ones in Deir el Qamar, influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time
3.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
4.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
5.
Quinta de Olivos
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The Quinta de Olivos is an architectural landmark in the north side Buenos Aires suburb of Olivos and the official residence of the President of Argentina. It is one of the Presidents official residences, shortly after the 2nd foundation of Buenos Aires by Captain Juan de Garay in 1580, among the first 400 land lots apportioned was that of a 180-hectare parcel 20 kilometers north of the city. The land, situated on a bluff overlooking the Río de la Plata, was awarded to Rodrigo de Ibarola, a prime section of the property was purchased in 1774 by Manuel de Basavilbaso, the Postmaster General of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. His daughter, Justa Rufina, married Miguel de Azcuénaga, an officer who would later take part in the May Revolution of 1810. He also established one of the areas first apiaries on the grounds, Azcuénaga inherited the land on the death of his wife in 1829, and their son, Miguel José, in turn inherited it in 1833. He converted the property into an estate, though the rise of Buenos Aires Province Governor. Azcuénaga ultimately returned and, in 1851, commissioned a graduate of the École Polytechnique, Prilidiano Pueyrredón, Azcuénaga landscaped the sprawling property with a selection of palm trees, among them Butia, Phoenix canariensis, and Chamaerops humilis. He also had vast extensions planted with Araucaria bidwillii, cedars, cryptomerias, cypresses, tipas and pines planted, Azcuénaga, who had no legitimate offspring, bequeathed the property to his nephew, Antonio Justo Olaguer Feliú. The blind Olaguer, who had no use for the view of the waterfront, sold the easternmost portion of the land before his death in 1903 and bequeathed it to his nephew, Carlos Villate Olaguer. Villates death in 1913 made the 35-hectare property available to the government, uriburus successor, Agustín P. Justo, planned a vacation resort at the site in 1933. S. President Franklin Roosevelt, remarked during his drive at seeing the falling blooms that its raining blue, the estates use as a year-round residence triggered a lawsuit in 1940 by Villates heirs, alleging that it violated the terms of the will. The suit was struck down by the Argentine Supreme Court, however and its relatively distant location from the downtown Buenos Aires presidential offices at the Casa Rosada made it of only occasional use in subsequent years. The scandal helped precipitate Peróns overthrow in 1955, and General Pedro Aramburu became the first president to reside habitually at the Quinta de Olivos, the quinta was the site of Juan Peróns death on July 1,1974. The compounds opulence prompted a number of Argentine presidents over the years to forego residing there, notably Dr. Héctor Cámpora, General Leopoldo Galtieri, later additions include a heliport, a chapel, and a miniature golf course installed by President Carlos Menem in 1991. The residence hosted the Olivos Pact, an agreement signed on November 14,1993
6.
Greater Buenos Aires
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Greater Buenos Aires is the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos over the Province of Buenos Aires. Thus, it does not constitute an administrative unit. The conurbation spreads south, west and north of Buenos Aires city, to the east, the River Plate serves as a natural boundary. The term is related to other expressions that are not necessarily well-defined, the Buenos Aires conurbation, the Greater Buenos Aires Agglomeration. The National Institute of Statistics and Censuses has defined Greater Buenos Aires, there are three main groups within the Buenos Aires Conurbation. The first two groups comprise the traditional conurbation, or the conurbation proper, the third group of six partidos is in process of becoming fully integrated with the rest. D. and Marcos, M. The social map of Greater Buenos Aires as empirical evidence of urban models, volume 11 Number 1, pp. 67–78, DOI10. 1353/lag.2012.0012 Keeling, D. Buenos Aires, Global Dreams, Local Crisis
7.
Neoclassical architecture
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Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
8.
English Argentines
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English Argentines are citizens of Argentina, or the children of Argentine citizens brought up in Argentina, who can claim ancestry originating in England. The English settlement in Argentina, took place in the period after Argentinas independence from Spain through the 19th century, the United Kingdom had a strong economic influence in Argentina during the Victorian period. As the 19th century progressed more English families arrived, and many bought land to develop the potential of the Argentine pampas for the growing of crops. The English founded banks, developed the trade in crops and animal products. As well as those who went to Argentina as industrialists and major landowners, others went as railway engineers, civil engineers and to work in banking, others went to become whalers, missionaries and simply to seek out a future. English families sent second and younger sons, or what were described as the sheep of the family, to Argentina to make their fortunes in cattle. English settlers introduced football to Argentina, some English families owned sugar plantations. In a treaty of 1825, the United Kingdom became one of the first countries to recognise the independence of Argentina, at one point in the 19th century, ten per cent of British foreign investment was in Argentina, despite not being a colony. In 1939, 39% of investment in Argentina was British, English culture, or a version of it as perceived from outside, had a noted effect on the culture of Argentina, mainly in the middle classes. In 1888 local Anglo-Argentines established the Hurlingham Club, based on its namesake in London, the city of Hurlingham, Buenos Aires and Hurlingham Partido in Buenos Aires Province later grew up around the club and took their names from it. The Córdoba Athletic Club, one of the oldest sports clubs in Argentina, was founded in 1882 by English men that lived in Córdoba working in the railroads, in 1912 Harrods opened a department store in Buenos Aires, the only Harrods ever opened outside London. Harrods Buenos Aires became independent of Harrods in the 1940s but still traded under the Harrods name, the Richmond café on Florida Street is a notable tea venue near the Harrods department store, now turned into an exhibition hall. Belgrano R, within the Belgrano district, is another train station known for the British neighbourhood around it originated by the railway, an Anglican church from 1896 and the Buenos Aires English High School founded by Alexander Watson Hutton in 1884 are both located in this area. Also important are the railway terminals Retiro in the homonymous neighbourhood, there are numerous countryside stations in the Pampas. Around 100,000 Anglo-Argentines are the descendants of English immigrants to Argentina and they are one of the most successful immigrant groups of Argentina, gaining prominence in commerce, industry, and the professions. Many are noted by their ability to speak English in family circles with an undistinguishable English accent, an English-language newspaper, the Buenos Aires Herald, continues to be published daily in Buenos Aires. Anglo-Argentines have traditionally differed from their fellow Argentines by largely retaining strong ties with their country, including education. Many of the schools in Argentina are bilingual offering both English language and Spanish language, including Northlands School, St, marks College, Balmoral College, St. Albans College, St. Georges College, Belgrano Day School and Washington School
9.
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
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Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and the seventh President of Argentina. His writing spanned a range of genres and topics, from journalism to autobiography, to political philosophy. He was a member of a group of intellectuals, known as the Generation of 1837 and he was particularly concerned with educational issues and was also an important influence on the regions literature. Sarmiento grew up in a poor but politically active family that paved the way for much of his future accomplishments, between 1843 and 1850 he was frequently in exile, and wrote in both Chile and in Argentina. His greatest literary achievement was Facundo, a critique of Juan Manuel de Rosas, while president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, Sarmiento championed intelligent thought—including education for children and women—and democracy for Latin America. He also took advantage of the opportunity to modernize and develop systems, a postal system. He spent many years in ministerial roles on the federal and state levels where he travelled abroad, Sarmiento died in Asunción, Paraguay, at the age of 77 from a heart attack. He was buried in Buenos Aires, today, he is respected as a political innovator and writer. Sarmiento was born in Carrascal, a suburb of San Juan. His father, José Clemente Quiroga Sarmiento y Funes, had served in the military during the wars of independence, returning prisoners of war to San Juan. His mother, Doña Paula Zoila de Albarracín e Irrázabal, was a pious woman. As a result, she took to selling her weaving in order to afford to build a house of her own, on September 21,1801, José and Paula were married. They had 15 children,9 of whom died, Domingo was the son to survive to adulthood. In Sarmientos own words, I was born in a family that lived long years in mediocrity bordering on destitution, and my father is a good man whose life has nothing remarkable except having served in subordinate positions in the War of Independence. My mother is the figure of Christianity in its purest sense, with her. At the age of four, Sarmiento was taught to read by his father and his uncle, José Eufrasio Quiroga Sarmiento, who later became Bishop of Cuyo. Another uncle who influenced him in his youth was Domingo de Oro, though Sarmiento did not follow de Oros political and religious leanings, he learned the value of intellectual integrity and honesty. He developed scholarly and oratorical skills, qualities which de Oro was famous for, in 1816, at the age of five, Sarmiento began attending the primary school La Escuela de la Patria
10.
Argentina Bicentennial
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The Argentina Bicentennial was a series of ceremonies, festivals, and observances celebrated on May 25,2010 and throughout the year. Celebrations for the bicentennial started early in 2010 and continued through the year and these events were not related solely to the May Revolution, but also to many factors pertaining to the history and culture of Argentina. It started on January 20 with the Cosquín Festival, a folk music event which lasts for 12 days. The armies of Argentina and Chile recreated the crossing of the Andes, led in 1817 by José de San Martín, Bernardo OHiggins, and the Army of the Andes, on January 28. Many historical events of Argentina were performed on a stage in Mar del Plata on February 10, with more than 600 actors, at the beginning of May, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner signed a decree declaring May 24 a holiday, but only during 2010. The 9 de Julio Avenue was closed to the traffic between Corrientes and Belgrano avenues during the festivity days, and was used to host the main celebrations, celebrations started on May 21, with a concert of Argentine rock bands. Litto Nebbia acted as host, and performers included Fito Páez, a number of military parades of modern and historical regiments and units, including the Regiment of Patricians and the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers, were staged on May 22. They were followed by parades representing the provinces of Argentina and their cultures, for instance, Jujuy included llamas. The city of Córdoba prepared the Expo 200 Bicentenario fair, held at the Complejo Ferial Córdoba, it opened on May 22 and featured more than 300 stands from the productive, industrial, touristic, cultural, and technological sectors of the province. The convention included many scheduled events, seminars, parades, conferences, and musical, cultural, the city of Villa María prepared the largest dish of locro in the world, served for free to 10,000 people. The city of Rosario started the celebrations on May 22 at the National Flag Memorial and it made an opera concert under the slogan of founding the second Argentina, and the tenor Darío Volonté invited the people to sing Aurora. There were also works to restore the Libertador San Martín theater, the government of San Luis prepared a replica of the May Square, the Buenos Aires Cabildo, and the May Pyramid, in their 1810 designs. The replica would differ from the Cabildos present appearance, as development in the twentieth century led to the removal of several outside columns to make room for avenues. The project is planned for the town of La Punta, the celebrations led to a number of disputes among politicians. Macri accused Néstor Kirchner and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of being behind Oyarbides action, on May 23, Macri expressed his disgust towards the Kirchners, stating to the media that if she is coming with her husband, the consort, I will have to sit there. Two days before, Macri also referred pejoratively to the President as la señora de ahí enfrente, on May 21, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner canceled her earlier acceptance of Macris invitation to the Teatro Colóns May 24 reopening gala. Macri requested that the President reconsider her decision, though without offering apologies for his remark, ultimately. The administration scheduled an honor luncheon at the White Room of the Casa Rosada during the night of May 25 and it included nearly 200 guests, among them notable people from the Church, industry, media, culture and sports
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