1.
Stately home
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An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses. With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff, country houses were important as places of employment for rural communities. In turn, until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s, the estates, of country houses were the hub. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle, increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses, those that remained had to adapt to survive. While a château or a schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building, if fortified, it is called a castle, but not all buildings with the name castle are fortified. The term stately home is subject to debate, and avoided by historians, as a description of a country house, the term was first used in a poem by Felicia Hemans, The Homes of England, originally published in Blackwoods Magazine in 1827. In the 20th century, the term was popularised in a song by Noël Coward. The books collection of homes also includes George IVs Brighton town palace. The country houses of England have evolved over the last five hundred years, before this time, larger houses were usually fortified, reflecting the position of their owners as feudal lords, de facto overlords of their manors. The Tudor period of stability in the saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses. Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries saw many former ecclesiastical properties granted to the Kings favourites, woburn Abbey, Forde Abbey and many other mansions with abbey or priory in their name became private houses during this period. Other terms used in the names of houses to describe their origin or importance include palace, castle, court, hall, mansion, park, house, manor, and place. Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known examples of the prodigy house. Some of the best known of Englands country houses were built by one architect at one time, Montacute House, Chatsworth House. They finally ran out of funds in the early 20th century, an example of this is Brympton dEvercy in Somerset, a house of many periods that is unified architecturally by the continuing use of the same mellow, local Ham Hill stone
2.
York
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York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The municipality is the county town of Yorkshire to which it gives its name. The city has a heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events in England throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent. The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD and it became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England. In the 19th century, York became a hub of the railway network, in recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, from 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2011 the urban area had a population of 153,717, the word York derives from the Latinised name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to circa 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland, the toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population was never recorded. They are thought to have spoken a Celtic language related to modern Welsh, in his Historia Regum Britanniae the 12th century chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus. Alternatively, the word already existed as an Old English word for wild swine. The Anglo-Saxon newcomers probably interpreted the part as eofor, and -rac as ric, while -um was a common abbreviation of the Saxon -heem. To them, it sounded as a home rich in boar, as is common in Saxon place names, the -um part gradually faded, eoforic. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík, the Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic in works such as Waces Roman de Rou. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century, many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name. The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature, archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a known to the Romans as the Brigantes
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
6.
Howard family
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The Howard family is an English aristocratic family founded by John Howard who was created Duke of Norfolk by Plantagenet monarch Richard III of England in 1483. However, John was also the eldest grandson of the 1st Duke of 1st creation, the Howards have been part of the peerage since the 15th century and remain the Premier Dukes of the Realm in the Peerage of England, acting as Earl Marshal of England. The senior line of the house, as well as holding the Dukedom of Norfolk, are also Earl of Arundel, Earl of Surrey and Earl of Norfolk and her son was the above-mentioned Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel. It is from this marriage that the present Duke of Norfolk takes his name of FitzAlan-Howard, there have also been several notable cadet branches, those existing to this day include the Howards of Effingham, Howards of Carlisle, Howards of Suffolk and Howards of Penrith. The former three are earldoms and the latter a barony, throughout much of English and later British history, the Howards have played an important role. Claiming descent from folklore figure Hereward the Wake who resisted the Norman conquest and her uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, played a significant role in Henrician politics. Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, served as Lord Admiral of the English fleet which defeated the invading Spanish Armada, Arundel Castle has been in the family of the Duke of Norfolk for over 400 years. It is still the seat of the Norfolk family. It is a Grade I listed building and it is claimed that he was the son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia and Lady Godiva. Ultimately this ancestry traces back to a point of origin in Leicester, dugdales account however has been disputed. Indisputable descent begins with Sir William Howard, a judge who was in the House of Commons in the Model Parliament of 1295, Sir Williams son, Sir John Howard, became Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk. Sir John was married to Joan de Cornwall, granddaughter of Richard of England, 1st Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans by his illegitimate child, Sir Richard de Cornwall. Sir Williams great-great-great-grandson, Sir Robert Howard, married Lady Margaret Mowbray, elder daughter of Thomas Mowbray, John had previously been summoned to Parliament as Lord Howard by Edward IV. He was also created hereditary Earl Marshal, johns son and heir, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, was the grandfather of two English queens, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, both wives of Henry VIII. The Howard family became one of the foremost recusant families due to their adherence to Roman Catholicism throughout the English Reformation. This meant that they often could not take their seats in the House of Lords and they are still known as the most prominent English Catholic family. Both the Dukedom and Earl Marshalship have been the subject of repeated attainders, before Charles II restored the titles for good, the Howards had inherited the ancient title of Earl of Arundel through an heiress, and formed additional branches that have continued to this day. A branch of the Howard family has been seated at Castle Howard, one of Englands most magnificent country homes, queen Elizabeth I was the first English monarch to descend from John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk who was her great-great grandfather
7.
Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle
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Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, PC was a British nobleman, peer, and statesman. Charles Howard was the eldest son of Edward Howard, 2nd Earl of Carlisle and he married in 1683 Lady Anne de Vere Capell, daughter of Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex. He was elected as MP for Morpeth in 1689 and he was appointed Governor of Carlisle from 1693 to 1728 and Lord-Lieutenant of Cumberland and of Westmorland from 1694-1714. William III made him a Gentleman of the Bedchamber between 1700 and 1702, First Lord of the Treasury from 1701 to 1702 and Privy Counsellor in 1701 and he acted as Earl Marshal between 1701 and 1706 because his cousin, the Duke of Norfolk, was a minor. On Queen Annes death on 1 August 1714 he was appointed Lord Justice of the Realm until the arrival of King George I on 18 September 1714. The new king reappointed him as First Lord of the Treasury from 23 May 1715 to 10 October 1715, in 1699 he commissioned a new Baroque mansion, Castle Howard, in Yorkshire, England to the design of Sir John Vanbrugh which is still occupied by his descendants. He died in Bath in 1738 and is buried in the mausoleum at Castle Howard
8.
John Vanbrugh
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Sir John Vanbrugh was an English architect and dramatist, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restoration comedies, The Relapse and The Provoked Wife, which have become enduring stage favourites, Vanbrugh was in many senses a radical throughout his life. He was attacked on both counts, and was one of the targets of Jeremy Colliers Short View of the Immorality. In his architectural career, he created what came to be known as English Baroque and his architectural work was as bold and daring as his early political activism and marriage-themed plays, and jarred conservative opinions on the subject. He grew up in Chester, where his family had driven by either the major outbreak of the plague in London in 1665. It is possible that he attended The Kings School in Chester, another candidate would have been the school at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, founded by Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. It was also not uncommon for boys to be sent to study at school away from home, sugar-baker implies wealth, as the term refers not to a maker of sweets but to the owner of a sugar house, a factory for the refining of raw sugar from Barbados. Sugar refining would normally have been combined with sugar trading, which was a lucrative business, the complex web of kinship Downes research shows that Vanbrugh had ties to many of Englands leading mercantile, gentry, and noble families. These ties reveal the decidedly Protestant and sometimes radical milieu out of which Vanbrughs own political opinions came. They also gave him a wide social network that would play a role in all sections of his career, architectural, ceremonial, dramatic, military, political. In 1681 records name a John Vanbrugg working for William Matthews and it was not unusual for a merchants son to follow in his fathers trade and seek similar work in business, making use of family ties and connections. However, Vanbrugh never mentioned this experience in writing, scholars debate whether evidence of his exposure to Indian architecture can be detected in any of his architectural designs. The picture of a youth is reinforced by the fact that Vanbrugh in January 1686 took up an officers commission in his distant relative the Earl of Huntingdons foot regiment. Even so in August 1686 he left this position when the regiment was ordered to help garrison Guernsey. In spite of the distant noble relatives and the sugar trade, Vanbrugh never seemed to possess any capital for business ventures. The fact that Giles Vanbrugh had twelve children to support and set up in life may go some way towards explaining the debts that were to plague John all his life, some of Vanbrughs kinsmen – as he addressed them in his letters, The Earl of Arran. His wife was Vanbrughs first-cousin, Dorothy née Ferrers The 3rd Earl of Berkshire, frances née Harrison, Countess of Berkshire. Frances was second cousin to Vanbrughs mother, the 3rd Earl of Carlisle of Castle Howard
9.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
10.
North Yorkshire
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North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county and larger ceremonial county in England. It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, created by the Local Government Act 1972, it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres, making it the largest county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshires boundaries, the largest settlements are York, Middlesbrough, Harrogate and Scarborough, the county town, Northallerton, has a population of 16,832. The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts, Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, the changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council, the largest settlement in the administrative county is Harrogate, the second largest is Scarborough, while in the ceremonial county, the largest is York. The largest urban area within the county is the Middlesbrough built-up area sub-division of Teesside. Uniquely for a district in England, Stockton-on-Tees is split between North Yorkshire and County Durham for this purpose, Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Redcar and Cleveland boroughs form part of the North East England region. The ceremonial county area, including the authorities, borders East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumbria. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape, within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas of countryside within England and Wales to be officially designated as national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills in the west lie the Vales of Mowbray, the Tees Lowlands lie to the north of the North York Moors and the Vale of Pickering lies to the south. Its eastern border is the North sea coast, the highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 736 metres. The two major rivers in the county are the River Swale and the River Ure, the Swale and the Ure form the River Ouse which flows through York and into the Humber estuary. The River Tees forms part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and flows from upper Teesdale to Middlesbrough and Stockton and to the coast, North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county that operates a cabinet-style council, North Yorkshire County Council. The full council of 72 elects a council leader, who in turn appoints up to 9 more councillors to form the executive cabinet, the cabinet is responsible for making decisions in the County. The county council have their offices in the County Hall in Northallerton, the county is affluent and has above average house prices. Unemployment is below average for the UK and claimants of Job Seekers Allowance is also very low compared to the rest of the UK at 2. 7%, agriculture is an important industry, as are mineral extraction and power generation. The county also has high technology, service and tourism sectors. This is a chart of trend of gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling
11.
Earl of Carlisle
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Earl of Carlisle is a title that has been created three times in the Peerage of England. The first creation came in 1322 when the soldier Andrew Harclay and he had already been summoned to Parliament as Lord Harclay in 1321. However, in 1322 Lord Carlisle was executed for treason with his titles forfeited, the second creation came in 1622 when James Hay, 1st Viscount Doncaster, was made Earl of Carlisle. He was a favourite of James I and had already been created Lord Hay in the Peerage of Scotland in 1606 and Baron Hay, of Sawley in the County of York. The latter titles were in the Peerage of England, Lord Carlisle was the member of a junior branch of the Hay family headed by the Earl of Erroll. He was succeeded by his second but only surviving son, the second Earl, in 1637 he also succeeded his maternal grandfather Charles Goring, 2nd Earl of Norwich, as second Baron Denny. However, Carlisle was childless and on his death in 1660 all the titles became extinct. The third creation came in 1660 when Sir Charles Howard was made Baron Dacre of Gillesland, in the County of Cumberland, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, in the County of Cumberland, and Earl of Carlisle. A member of the famous Howard family, he was the great-grandson of Lord William Howard, third son of Thomas Howard, Lord William Howards wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre. Through this marriage Naworth Castle and Henderskelfe came into the Howard family, Lord Carlisle had earlier supported the Parliamentarian cause in the Civil War, and is supposed to have been created Baron Gilsland and Viscount Howard of Morpeth by Oliver Cromwell in 1657. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl and he represented Morpeth, Cumberland and Carlisle in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland. On his death the titles passed to his son, the third Earl and he was a prominent statesman and served as First Lord of the Treasury from 1701 to 1702 and in 1715. His third but eldest surviving son, the fourth Earl, sat as Member of Parliament for Morpeth and he was succeeded by his eldest son from his second marriage, the fifth Earl. He was also a politician and held office as First Lord of Trade, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, as Lord Steward of the Household. His eldest son, the sixth Earl, also gained political prominence and he served as First Commissioner of Woods and Forests and as Lord Privy Seal and was Minister without Portfolio between 1830 and 1834 in the famous Whig government of Lord Grey. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the seventh Earl and he was also a noted politician and served as Chief Secretary for Ireland, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He never married and was succeeded by his brother, the eighth Earl. He was a clergyman and served as Rector of Londesborough in Yorkshire and he also died unmarried and was succeeded by his nephew, the ninth Earl
12.
Castle
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A castle is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars debate the scope of the castle, but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. Usage of the term has varied over time and has applied to structures as diverse as hill forts. Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built, they took on a great many forms with different features, although some, such as curtain walls. A European innovation, castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures served as centres of administration. Many castles were built from earth and timber, but had their defences replaced later by stone. Early castles often exploited natural defences, lacking features such as towers and arrowslits, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. This led to the proliferation of towers, with an emphasis on flanking fire, many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence – several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castles firepower. These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades, such as concentric fortification, not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature, so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power. Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape, while castles continued to be built well into the 16th century, new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live. As a result, true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery forts with no role in civil administration, and country houses that were indefensible. From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of castles, part of a romantic revival of Gothic architecture. The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum, which is a diminutive of the word castrum, meaning fortified place. The Old English castel, Old French castel or chastel, French château, Spanish castillo, Italian castello, the word castle was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest to denote this type of building, which was then new to England. In its simplest terms, the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is a fortified residence. Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where, in return for service and the expectation of loyalty. Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, as well as defensive structures, castles were also offensive tools which could be used as a base of operations in enemy territory
13.
English country house
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An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses. With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff, country houses were important as places of employment for rural communities. In turn, until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s, the estates, of country houses were the hub. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle, increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses, those that remained had to adapt to survive. While a château or a schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building, if fortified, it is called a castle, but not all buildings with the name castle are fortified. The term stately home is subject to debate, and avoided by historians, as a description of a country house, the term was first used in a poem by Felicia Hemans, The Homes of England, originally published in Blackwoods Magazine in 1827. In the 20th century, the term was popularised in a song by Noël Coward. The books collection of homes also includes George IVs Brighton town palace. The country houses of England have evolved over the last five hundred years, before this time, larger houses were usually fortified, reflecting the position of their owners as feudal lords, de facto overlords of their manors. The Tudor period of stability in the saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses. Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries saw many former ecclesiastical properties granted to the Kings favourites, woburn Abbey, Forde Abbey and many other mansions with abbey or priory in their name became private houses during this period. Other terms used in the names of houses to describe their origin or importance include palace, castle, court, hall, mansion, park, house, manor, and place. Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known examples of the prodigy house. Some of the best known of Englands country houses were built by one architect at one time, Montacute House, Chatsworth House. They finally ran out of funds in the early 20th century, an example of this is Brympton dEvercy in Somerset, a house of many periods that is unified architecturally by the continuing use of the same mellow, local Ham Hill stone
14.
ITV Granada
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ITV Granada is the Channel 3 regional service for North West England. The licence for the region has been held by ITV Broadcasting Limited since November 2008 and it is the largest independent television-franchise producing company in the UK, accounting for 25% of the total broadcasting output of the ITV network. It had been held by Granada Television, which was founded by Sidney Bernstein and this was the only surviving company of the original four Independent Television Authority franchisees from 1954, Granada Media Group merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004. It covers Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, northwestern Derbyshire, part of Cumbria, on 15 July 2009, the Isle of Man was transferred to ITV Granada from ITV Border. Broadcasting by Granada Television began on 3 May 1956 under the North of England weekday franchise and it was marked by a distinctive northern identity, and used stylised letter G logo forming an arrow pointing north, often with the tagline Granada, from the north. Granada plc merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004 after a duopoly had developed over the previous decade, Granada Television Ltd still legally exists. Along with most other companies owned by ITV plc, it is listed on www. companieshouse. gov. uk as a Dormant company. Other companies listed are Granada Television International and Granada Television Overseas Ltd, the North West region is regarded as ITVs most successful franchise. The Financial Times and The Independent once described Granada Television, the franchise holder. Nine Granada programmes were listed in the BFI TV100 in 2000, some of its most notable programmes include Coronation Street, Seven Up. The Royle Family, The Jewel in the Crown, Brideshead Revisited, World in Action, University Challenge, notable employees have included Paul Greengrass, Michael Apted, Mike Newell, Jeremy Isaacs, Andy Harries, Russell T Davies and Leslie Woodhead. Granada Television, a subsidiary of Granada Ltd, originated in Granada Theatres Ltd and it was founded in Dover in 1930 by Sidney Bernstein and his brother Cecil. The company was incorporated as Granada Ltd in 1934 and listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1935 and it is named after the Spanish city of Granada. Channel 59 from Winter Hill and started broadcasting in colour in the Autumn of 1969, the Bernsteins became involved in commercial television, a competitor to the cinema chains. Bernstein bid for the North of England franchise, which he believed would not affect the companys largely southern-based cinema chain, in 1954, the Independent Television Authority awarded Granada the North of England contract for Monday to Friday, with ABC serving the same area on weekends. The North and London were the two biggest regions, Granada preferred the North because of its tradition of home-grown culture, and because it offered a chance to start a new creative industry away from the metropolitan atmosphere of London. Compare this with London and its suburbs—full of displaced persons, and, of course, if you look at a map of the concentration of population in the North and a rainfall map, you will see that the North is an ideal place for television. Bernstein selected a base from Leeds and Manchester, Granada executive Victor Peers believed Manchester was the preferred choice even before executives toured the region to find a suitable site
15.
Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)
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Brideshead Revisited is a 1981 British television serial starring Jeremy Irons and Anthony Andrews, and produced by Granada Television for broadcast by the ITV network. The serial is an adaptation of Evelyn Waughs novel Brideshead Revisited, the bulk of the serial was directed by Charles Sturridge, with a few sequences filmed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg. In 2000, the serial was 10th on a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute, in 2007, the serial was listed as one of TIME magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-Time. In 2010, it was second in The Guardian newspapers list of the top 50 TV dramas of all time, in 2015, The Telegraph listed it as #1 in the greatest television adaptations, stating that Brideshead Revisited is television’s greatest literary adaptation, bar none. Its utterly faithful to Evelyn Waughs novel yet its somehow more than that, Episode 2, Home and Abroad At Brideshead, Charles is introduced to Sebastians younger sisters Julia and Cordelia and his older brother Brideshead. The two young men decide to accept an invitation to Venice extended by Sebastians father, Lord Marchmain, Episode 3, The Bleak Light of Day Back at Oxford, Sebastian learns his mother has arranged for him to be tutored - and carefully supervised - by Mr. Samgrass. Lady Marchmain visits the university and implores Charles to be an influence on her rowdy son. Invited to a charity ball in London by Julia, Charles, after a drunken Sebastian crashes their car, the political and social power of ambitious MP Rex Mottram and Mr. Samgrass result in Sebastian being let off with only a fine. Episode 4, Sebastian Against the World Sebastians rapid descent into alcoholism leads him into constant trouble, during Easter holiday at Brideshead, Charles tries to reason with a constantly inebriated Sebastian, who accuses him of being a spy for Lady Marchmain. Sebastians failure to reform leads to his dismissal from Oxford, Episode 5, A Blow Upon a Bruise Charles returns from his art studies in Paris and journeys to Brideshead for the 1925 New Years celebration. Sebastian agrees to participate in a fox hunt although he plans to make an escape to a pub, so he asks Charles for money. When Sebastian returns home heavily inebriated at the end of the day, learning he financed Sebastians drinking binge, she rebukes him for enabling him, and Charles leaves Brideshead, fully expecting never to return. Episode 6, Julia Charles returns to Paris, where he is visited by Rex Mottram, who is searching for Sebastian, Rex discusses the financial woes of the Marchmain family and announces he intends to marry Julia nonetheless. Lady Marchmain reluctantly consents to the marriage as long as Rex converts to Catholicism, Episode 7, The Unseen Hook In May 1926, Charles returns to England to volunteer his services during the General Strike. While delivering milk in the East End, he encounters Boy Mulcaster, at a party they encounter Anthony Blanche who tells how Sebastian is living in Fez. Julia tells Charles her dying mother is anxious to make amends with her prodigal son and he discovers Sebastian has been living with Kurt, a German ex-soldier discharged from the French Foreign Legion after deliberately shooting himself in the foot. Sebastian is an alcoholic and has been hospitalized with pneumonia. Charles finds his friend emaciated and dissipated, unwilling to follow doctors orders, before Charles departs Morocco, he learns Lady Marchmain has died
16.
Brideshead Revisited
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Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by English writer Evelyn Waugh, first published in 1945. Ryder has relationships with two of the Flytes, Sebastian and Julia, the novel explores themes including nostalgia for the age of English aristocracy, Catholicism, and the nearly overt homosexuality of Sebastian Flytes coterie at Oxford University. A faithful and well-received television adaptation of the novel was produced in an 11-part miniseries by Granada Television in 1981, Sebastian introduces Charles to his eccentric and aesthetic friends, including the haughty and homosexual Anthony Blanche. Sebastian also takes Charles to his familys mansion, Brideshead Castle, in Wiltshire where Charles later meets the rest of Sebastians family. During the long summer holiday Charles returns home to London, where he lives with his widowed father, the conversations there between Charles and Edward provide some of the best-known comic scenes in the novel. Charles is called back to Brideshead after Sebastian incurs a minor injury, Lord Marchmain had converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism to marry his wife, but he later abandoned both his marriage and his new religion, and moved to Venice, Italy. Left alone, Lady Marchmain focuses even more on her faith, which is also espoused by her eldest son, Lord Brideshead. Sebastian, a young man, descends into alcoholism, drifting away from the family over a two-year period. He flees to Morocco, where his drinking ruins his health and he eventually finds some solace as an under-porter and object of charity at a Catholic monastery in Tunisia. Sebastians drifting leads to Charless own estrangement from the Flytes, Charles marries and fathers two children, but he becomes cold towards his wife, and she is unfaithful to him. He eventually forms a relationship with Sebastians younger sister Julia, Julia has married but separated from the rich but unsophisticated Canadian businessman Rex Mottram. Charles and Julia plan to divorce their spouses so that they can marry each other. On the eve of the Second World War, the ageing Lord Marchmain, terminally ill, the plot concludes in the early spring of 1943. Charles is homeless, childless, middle-aged and loveless and he has become an army officer, after establishing a career as an architectural artist, and finds himself unexpectedly billeted at Brideshead, which has been taken into military use. He finds the house damaged by the army, but the private chapel, closed after Lady Marchmains death in 1926, has been reopened for the soldiers worship. It occurs to him that the efforts of the builders – and, by extension, Gods efforts – were not in vain, although their purposes may have appeared, for a time, Catholicism is a significant theme of the book. Evelyn Waugh was a convert to Catholicism and Brideshead depicts the Roman Catholic faith in a literary form. Waugh wrote to his literary agent A. D. Peters, the whole thing is steeped in theology, but I begin to agree that the theologians wont recognise it
17.
Brideshead Revisited (film)
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Brideshead Revisited is a 2008 British drama film directed by Julian Jarrold. The screenplay by Jeremy Brock and Andrew Davies is based on the 1945 novel of the name by Evelyn Waugh. Although he aspires to become an artist, middle-class Charles Ryder reads history at the University of Oxford, sebastians mother, Lady Marchmain, strongly disapproves of his life-style, especially his heavy drinking. Increasingly interested in Julia, Charles surreptitiously kisses her in a dark alley, sebastians mother, concerned about his increasing alcoholism, cancels his allowance. During a visit to Brideshead, Ryder gives Sebastian money, which he uses to buy alcohol, some time later, at the request of the now terminally-ill Lady Marchmain, Charles goes there and finds Sebastian in hospital. His plan to bring Sebastian home is disrupted when the doctor warns him Sebastian is too ill to travel, years later, Charles – now married and a successful painter – is reunited with Julia on an ocean liner travelling to England from New York. They realise they are still in love and decide to leave their respective spouses, Charles returns to Brideshead, where he persuades Rex to step aside so he and Julia can be together. Rex agrees to the proposal in exchange for two of Charless paintings, an arrangement that shocks and angers Julia, who feels like bartered goods, without warning, a dying Lord Marchmain and Cara arrive at Brideshead so he can spend his final days in his former home. On his deathbed Lord Marchmain, hitherto an atheist, regains his faith, deeply affected by her fathers transformation, Julia decides she cannot relinquish her own faith to marry Charles, and the two part. Several years later, during the Second World War, Charles – now an army captain – finds himself once again at Brideshead. A corporal tells him Julia is serving in the reserves and that her brother died during the Blitz. In the movies final scene, Charles visits the family chapel and he dips his hand into holy water and moves to snuff out the candle between his fingers, but leaves the flame still burning. However, constant budget issues stalled the production and Yates left the project to direct the fifth film in the Harry Potter series. This led to the roles being recast by directorial replacement Julian Jarrold, just as it did for the earlier television adaptation of Waughs novel, Castle Howard in North Yorkshire serves as the setting for Brideshead. In The World of Brideshead, a feature on the DVD release of the film. It had become a major tourist attraction after the television serial aired, principal photography took place at Castle Howard during the summer of 2007, and many extras were employed from the local population in and around York. The ending of the film was altered from that of the novel. In the film, Charles leaves the chapel at Brideshead seemingly unchanged in his atheist/agnostic leanings
18.
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG was an English nobleman and politician. Norfolk was the son of the poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and he was taught as a child by John Foxe, the Protestant martyrologist, who remained a lifelong recipient of Norfolks patronage. His father predeceased his grandfather, so Norfolk inherited the Dukedom of Norfolk upon the death of his grandfather and it was the 4th Duke of Norfolk who commissioned Thomas Tallis, probably in 1567, to compose his renowned motet in forty voice-parts, Spem in alium. Thomas Howards first wife was Mary FitzAlan, who after the death of her brother Henry in 1556 became heiress to the Arundel estates of her father Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel. She died after a year of marriage, having given birth to a son, Philip Howard and it is from this marriage that modern Dukes of Norfolk derive their surname of FitzAlan-Howard and their seat in Arundel. Though her funeral effigy is there, Mary FitzAlan was never buried at Framlingham, Norfolk next married another heiress, Margaret Audley, widow of Sir Henry Dudley and daughter of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden. After Margarets death in 1563, Norfolk married Elizabeth Leyburne, widow of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gillesland, Norfolks three sons by his first two wives, Philip, Thomas, and William, married, respectively, Anne, Margaret, and Elizabeth Dacre. The Dacre sisters were the daughters of Elizabeth Leyburne by her marriage to Thomas Dacre and were, thereby, Norfolk was Earl Marshal of England and Queens Lieutenant in the North. From February to July 1560, Norfolk was commander of the English army in Scotland in support of the Lords of the Congregation opposing Mary of Guise and he negotiated the Treaty of Berwick by which the Congregation invited English assistance. Norfolk was the Principal of the commission at York in 1568 to hear evidence against Mary, Queen of Scots presented by Regent Moray, Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Norfolk in 1569 for scheming to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. Following his release, he participated in the Ridolfi plot with King Philip II of Spain to put Mary on the English throne and he was executed for treason in 1572. He is buried at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula within the walls of the Tower of London, Norfolks lands and titles were forfeit, although much of the estate was later restored to his sons. The title of Duke of Norfolk was restored, four generations later, Thomas Howard appears as a character in the Philippa Gregory novels The Virgins Lover and The Other Queen, and in the novel I, Elizabeth by Rosalind Miles. A highly fictionalized version of the 4th Duke of Norfolk appears as a villain, played by Christopher Eccleston, another version of the Duke is in the BBC mini-series The Virgin Queen, played by Kevin McKidd. In the Channel 4 documentary Elizabeth presented by David Starkey, the Duke is portrayed by actor John Gully, Dukes of Norfolk family tree John George Howard, a Toronto architect who claims to be related to the Duke. The marvellous chance, Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, murdin, William, Collection of State Papers, 1571-1596. Papers from Norfolks treason trial 1568-1572, Thomas Howard, Fourth duke of Norfolk. William Cooke Taylor, ed. Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
19.
Elizabeth Leyburne
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Elizabeth Leyburne, Duchess of Norfolk, was a member of the English nobility. She first married Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre, following his death in 1566, she secretly married Thomas Howard, Elizabeth was born in 1536, the daughter of Sir James Leyburn of Cunswick, Westmorland and Helen Preston. The latter was the child of Thomas Preston and Anne Thornburgh and she had one sister, Anne, who married William Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle, by whom she had a daughter, Elizabeth. Several members of the Leyburne family were recusants, and James Leyburn and she married her first husband, Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gilsland in 1555. The marriage produced five children, Francis Dacre Anne Dacre, married Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel, George Dacre, 5th Baron Dacre Margaret Dacre married Thomas Howard, later 1st Earl of Suffolk Elizabeth Dacre, married Lord William Howard, by whom she had issue. The marriage ceremony was conducted in secrecy in the London home of her mother, on 4 September 1567, just over seven months after her marriage, Elizabeth died in childbirth at Kenninghall, Norfolk, the baby, whose sex is not known, died as well. It seems that, although Elizabeth was devoutly Catholic, her Protestant husband would not allow her access to a Catholic priest as she laying dying in labour, the Duchesse. The Duke was granted wardship of her two months after her death Elizabeths son, George, who had succeeded his father as 5th Baron Dacre. Norfolk later arranged the marriages of her three daughters to his own sons by his former wives, Elizabeths daughter Mary Howard died on 7 April 1578 at the age of fourteen, but her eldest child, Anne Howard, survived until 1630. The third daughter Elizabeth, gained the nickname Bess of the Broad Apron, Elizabeth Leyburne was, according to her daughter Annes biographer, ‘Daughter of Sir James Labourn a Knight much esteemd and honourd in Lancashire. For her Beauty, Person, Wit, and Discretion, she was qualifyd to wear a Crown
20.
Naworth Castle
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Naworth Castle, also known as, or recorded in historical documents as Naward, is a castle in Cumbria, England, near the town of Brampton. It is adjacent to the A69 about 2 miles east of Brampton and it is on the opposite side of the River Irthing to, and just within sight of, Lanercost Priory. It was the seat of the Barons Dacre and is now that of their cognatic descendants and it is a grade I listed building. The castle is thought to have late 13th-century origins, in the form of a square keep and it was first mentioned in 1323, and in 1335 a licence to crenellate was granted to Ralph Dacre. There were further additions in 1602, for his successor Lord William Howard and it is likely that the 18th-century walled garden lies within the boundaries of the original moat. Howard purchased back the Dacre family estate from King James and took up residence with his children and grandchildren at Naworth Castle and he restored the castle, improved the estate and established order in that part of the country. He had a family of children, of whom Philip, his heir, was the grandfather of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle. William Morris, the artist and socialist, stayed at the castle in August 1874, in a letter to Aglaia Coronio he writes. all is very pleasant. From 1939 to 1940 Naworth was occupied by Rossall School from Fleetwood in Lancashire and it is currently occupied by Philip Howard, brother and heir presumptive of the 13th Earl of Carlisle. On Saturday,18 May 1844 the castle caught fire, possibly as a result of the ignition of soot in the flue of the Porters Lodge. The structures lack of walls allowed the fire to spread rapidly. Water had to be passed in buckets from a rivulet at the foot of a hill on the north side of the castle. Belted Will’s Tower was saved while the fire continued until around one o’clock on Sunday morning when it was brought under control, subsequent restoration was undetaken by the architect Anthony Salvin. The Castle has a well-preserved priest hole, Francis Galton is said to have invented the concept of correlation at Naworth Castle
21.
George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle
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George William Frederick Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle KG PC, styled Viscount Morpeth from 1825 to 1848, was a British statesman, orator, and writer. Carlisle was born in Westminster, London, the eldest son of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle by his wife Lady Georgiana Cavendish, eldest daughter of William Cavendish, lord Lanerton and Charles Howard were his younger brothers. He maintained his interest in throughout his life, exchanging sonnets with William Wordsworth. In 1826 he accompanied his grandfather, the Duke of Devonshire, to the Russian Empire, to attend the coronation of Tsar Nicholas I. The latter year he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords, in 1835 he was appointed to the Privy Councils of the United Kingdom and Ireland. On 2 April 1853, he was given the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh, lord Carlisle died unmarried at Castle Howard in December 1864, aged 62, and was buried in the family mausoleum. He was succeeded in the earldom by his brother, Reverend William George Howard. On Bulmer Hill, about a mile from Bulmer village, is the Carlisle Memorial Column and it is inscribed, A statue of him was also erected in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, in 1870. It stood until 1958, when it was blown off its plinth in an explosion, the plinth it once stood on remains in place. George William Frederick Howard, Seventh Earl of Carlisle, Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed. Vol. V, New York, Charles Scribners Sons,1878, p.110. Earls of Carlisle § George William Frederick Howard, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. Vol. V, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1911, pp. 339–41
22.
Welburn, Derwent
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Welburn is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England, on the north bank of the River Derwent. It lies on the edge of the Howardian Hills, near to the stately home Castle Howard and it is about 14 miles from York and 5 miles south-west of Malton/Norton. It is an area for walkers and bird-watchers. The parishs population was estimated at 523 people in 2013 and this figure includes the developments at Crambeck, Holmes Crescent and Chestnut Avenue that are some distance outside the heart of the village. It is a village in regards to its linear structure. The lane leading northwards is called Water Lane, a section of road serving two properties and over a small stream to farmland. Main Street continues south-eastwards of the centre as Chestnut Avenue to join the main A64 road to Malton. It has one school, Welburn Community School, in the centre of the village and it also has a pub, the Crown and Cushion, which provides a centre for the village and Leaf and Loaf, village bakery and café. Welburn is one of the few villages in the area still has a red telephone box. The parish council of the area is based at Welburn Village Hall and it has elected members from Welburn and Crambeck, an adjoining settlement. Crambeck, formerly a school, was used in the Roman period times as the site of a pottery. The Roman ceramic produced here is known as Crambeck Ware, the recently redeveloped Village Hall, operational since May 2007, is used for a range of activities and groups in the village and the surrounding area. These groups include the Womens Institute, horticultural society, indoor bowling club, country dancing, Local History Group, Wine Club, the eco-friendly Village Hall is a gathering place for villagers and local walkers. Near Crambeck there is a railway station called Castle Howard railway station. It is on the York to Scarborough Line it was opened 1845, a road was built from the station to the stately home. It was decommissioned and became a road in the early 1900s. Visitors arriving by road approached from a different direction along a road that offered a view over to the great house. The view was framed by the Exclamation Gates, so called due to the responses that they would elicit from astonished visitors, the columns can still be seen to the west of the village, heading towards Whitwell-on-the-Hill
23.
Bulmer, North Yorkshire
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Bulmer is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 174, the village is about seven miles south-west of Malton. Bulmer was the seat of the ancient wapentake of the same name, the name Bulmer comes from bull mere, a lake frequented by a bull. The Bulmer family take their name from Bulmer, ansketil de Bulmer is the first recorded member of the Bulmer family, who lived in the area in the twelfth century. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book and it is recorded in 1066 as belonging to a Northmann and Ligulf. Tenancy was awarded by the King to Count Robert de Mortain, by the nineteenth century the lordship of the manor had passed to the Earls of Carlisle, whose residence was at nearby Castle Howard. A monument to George William Frederick Howard can be found on top of Bulmer Hill just outside the village, the village lies within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency. It is also within the Hovingham and Sheriff Hutton electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and it is part of the Derwent ward of Ryedale District Council. The village is situated two miles west of the A64 and 6.13 miles south-west of Malton at an elevation of around 263 feet above sea level. The nearest settlements are Welburn 1.5 miles to the west, Sheriff Hutton 3.09 miles to the east, Terrington 2.88 miles to the north-east, to the west of the village is Bulmer Beck that runs southwards to eventually join the River Derwent. In the late nineteenth century the population was recorded as 231, of the total population,143 were over the age of sixteen, with 77 in full-time employment. The 2001 UK Census showed that there were 78 dwellings in the village, visually, the village has changed little during history, however the small village school at the bottom of School Lane is now the village hall. The village also used to be home to a pub, blacksmith, shop and agricultural engineering workshop, primary education can be found in the nearby villages of Sheriff Hutton, Welburn, Terrington and Thornton-le-Clay. Secondary Education can be found at Malton School or Norton College, there is a church in the village, dedicated to St Martin, a soldier saint and Bishop of Tours. There used to be a Methodist Chapel in the village built around 1842. Media related to Bulmer, North Yorkshire at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Slingsby, North Yorkshire
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Slingsby is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. It is about 6 miles west of Malton on the B1257 road, according to the 2001 Census had a population of 634, increasing to 665 at the 2011 Census. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Selungesbi in the Maneshou hundred and it was part of the Hovingham manor, but some land was owned by Orm, son of Gamul at the time of the Norman invasion. Afterwards land around the manor were split between Hugh, son of Baldric and Count Robert of Mortain, the manor passed to the Mowbray family until 1322, when John de Mowbray was beheaded for rising against the Crown. The Wyville family held land under the Mowbrays, the Hastings family held the manor until 1600 when it was purchased by Sir Charles Cavendish whose family held it for the next hundred years until they sold to the Duke of Buckingham. In 1751 the manor was sold to the fourth Earl of Carlisle, the Mowbrays built a castle in the village, but this had fallen into disrepair by the time the Hastings built another in 1345. This was removed by the Cavendishs and rebuilt where the remains can still be seen today just off the High Street and they are a Grade II LIsted Building. The village used to have a station on the Thirsk & Malton Line. The station opened in June 1853 and closed to passengers in 1931, the village lies within the Thirsk and Malton parliamentary constituency. It is also in the Hovingham ward of Ryedale District Council and it is within the Hovingham and Sheriff Hutton electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council. Slingsby Parish covers the hamlets of Fryton and South Holme, the Parish Council reflects this in its membership with five councillors representing Slingsby and one each representing the other two hamlets. The village lies west of Malton on the B1257 road to Hovingham, Helmsley, the nearest settlements are the hamlets of Fryton 0.7 miles to the west and South Holme 1.5 miles to the north. The street village of Barton-le-Street is 1.5 miles to the east, wath Beck runs north east around the edge of the village on its way to join the nearby River Rye. Slingsby lies at the foot of the sloping land which forms the northern edge of the Howardian Hills, with the Vale of Pickering spreading out to its north. In 1881 the UK Census recorded the population of 596, in the 2001 UK Census, the population was recorded as 634 across 283 households. Of that population,48. 7% were male and 51. 3% were female with 532 being over the age of sixteen years, there were 291 dwellings, of which 104 were detached properties. A school was built on The Green in 1860 and is still in use and it is a Grade II listed building. In front of the building is a traditional Maypole, the primary school is within the catchment area for Malton School for secondary education
25.
Terrington
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Terrington is a large village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the Howardian Hills,4 miles west of Malton, the village is mentioned four times in the Domesday Book as Teurintone. The lands were divided between the manors of Bulmer and Foston, at the time of the time of Norman conquest, lands in the manor were held by Ligulf, Northmann, Earl Morcar, Earl Waltheof and Gamal, son of Karli. Afterwards the lands were granted to Robert, Count of Mortain, Count Alan of Brittany, the manor was held soon after by Niel Fossard and then followed the descent of the manor of nearby Sheriff Hutton. Other lands were tenanted in the 13th century by the Latimer family, the manor was not held in demesne like other manors. In 1427 the manor was held by the lord of Sessay manor, Edmund Darell, at that time it was sold to Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle. Those lands that were part of Foston manor became the property of the Lutrell family of Appleton-le-Street, the village name is Old English, but of uncertain meaning. One suggestion is that it is from Tiefrung, a picture, linked to a history of a Roman villa. Another is the Anglo-Saxon name for witchcraft, lastly, it could be the combination of the Saxon personal name, Teofer, and tun, meaning Teofers farm. The village is within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency and it is also within the Hovingham and Sheriff Hutton electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Hovingham ward of Rydale District Council. The parish includes the hamlets of Wiganthorpe, Mowthorpe and Ganthorpe, the village lies less than 1.5 miles from the nearest settlements of Wiganthorpe, Dalby and Ganthorpe. In 1881, the population of the parish was recorded as 685, at the 2001 census it had a population of 520 of which 51. 3% were male and 48. 7% female. There were 245 dwellings of which 132 were detached, by the time of the 2011 Census the population had reduced to 459. The village has small businesses, a shop and cafe, a mobile post office. The village is served by the Malton to Scackleton bus service, Primary education is provided at Terrington CE Primary School. The school is within the cathment area of Malton School for secondary education, Terrington Pre-School Playgroup also provides pre-school education from 2 years to school age serving Terrington but also the surrounding villages, of Hovingham, Welburn, Slingsby and further afield. It is based at Terrington Village Hall, the village is also home to Terrington Hall Preparatory School, a medium-sized Christian school for boys and girls aged 3 to 13, with a mixture of boarders and day pupils. The village has a club, bowls club and football club
26.
Castle Howard railway station
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Castle Howard railway station was a minor railway station serving the village of Welburn and the stately home at Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, England. On the York to Scarborough Line it was opened on 5 July 1845 by the York, the architect was George Townsend Andrews. It closed to traffic on 22 September 1930 but continued to be staffed until the 1950s for small volumes of freight. The station was used by the aristocracy, notably Queen Victoria when she visited Castle Howard with Prince Albert as a guest of Earl of Carlisle in August 1850. A road was built from the station to the stately home, parts of this road can still be seen to the north side of Whitwell-on-the-Hill. The station is now a private residence, Castle Howard Station Website – An historic record featuring a timeline, image bank and personal memories relating to the station Castle Howard station on navigable 1947 O. S. map
27.
George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle
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George James Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle, known as George Howard until 1889, was an English aristocrat, peer, politician, and painter. He was the last Earl of Carlisle to own Castle Howard, Howard was born in London, England, the son of Charles Howard, fifth son of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle. His mother was the Honourable Mary Parke, daughter of James Parke and he was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the Cambridge Apostles in 1864. After graduating from Cambridge he studied at Heatherley School of Fine Art in London, Howards art teachers were Alphonse Legros and Giovanni Costa, and he belonged to the Etruscan School of painters. He married Rosalind Frances Stanley in 1864, but did not share her campaigning interests and he was a friend of, and a patron to, a number of the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, being particularly close to Edward Burne-Jones. The Howards lived in London in Kensington, in a house at 1 Palace Green, built for them by Arts and Crafts architect Philip Webb in 1870, and at Naworth Castle. Among their visitors at Naworth were Robert Browning, William Ewart Gladstone, Lewis Carroll, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, William Morris was an intimate friend, and his wallpapers were used in Kensington, at Naworth Castle and at Castle Howard when George inherited it. With Morris and Webb he was one of the members of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Howard was Liberal Party Member of Parliament for East Cumberland between 1879 and 1880 and again between 1881 and 1885 and he succeeded in the earldom in 1889 on the death of his uncle The 8th Earl of Carlisle. He was a trustee of the National Gallery, Lord Carlisle married the Honourable Rosalind Frances Stanley, daughter of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, in 1864. They had eleven children, Lady Mary Henrietta Howard married George Gilbert Aimé Murray on 30 November 1889, Charles James Stanley Howard, 10th Earl of Carlisle. Lady Cecilia Howard married Charles Henry Roberts on 7 April 1891, hon. Hubert George Lyulph Howard, killed at the Battle of Omdurman. Hon. Oliver Howard married Muriel Stephenson on 17 March 1900, had issue, Hubert Arthur George Howard, hon. Michael Francis Stafford Howard married Nora Hensman on 30 November 1911, had issue, Eric Bertram Howard and Geraldine Mary Howard. Lady Dorothy Howard married Francis Robert Eden on 14 October 1913, had issue, Michael Francis Eden, Barbara Dorothy Eden, Griselda Rosalind Eden, Nancy Clare Eden, Lady Aurea Howard married Denyss Chamberlaine Wace in 1923, Major Thomas MacLeod OBE in 1928. Lord Carlisle died at Hindhead, Brackland, Surrey, in April 1911 and his eldest son Charles succeeded in the earldom. The Countess of Carlisle died in August 1921, aged 76, virginia Surtees The Artist and the Autocrat. George and Rosalind Howard, Earl and Countess of Carlisle Robin Gibson, George Howard and His Circle at Carlisle, The Burlington Magazine, Vol.110, No
28.
Geoffrey Howard (Liberal politician)
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The Honourable Geoffrey William Algernon Howard JP was a British Liberal politician. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household under H. H. Asquith between 1911 and 1915, Howard was the fifth son of The 9th Earl of Carlisle and The Honourable Rosalind Frances Stanley, daughter of The 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts and he was also joint Secretary of Cambridge University Liberal Club from 1897 to 1899. On the break-up of his fathers estates, he was allocated Castle Howard, Howard was selected as Liberal candidate for the Eskdale division of Cumberland at the 1906 General Election. As part of the Liberal landslide victory he gained the seat for the party, in 1909 he was appointed private secretary to the Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, Harold Tennant. The Liberal Party lost ground at the January 1910 general election, but Howard held his seat, another General Election followed 11 months later but this time Howard lost his Eskdale seat to Claude Lowther. Out of Parliament, he was keen to make a return as soon as possible, in 1911 a vacancy occurred in the Westbury division of Wiltshire when the sitting Liberal MP resigned to take up a diplomatic appointment. Howard was chosen as the Liberal candidate for the resulting by-election, in 1911 Asquith appointed him Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, a post he held until 1915. He then served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1915 to 1916, in 1917 Asquith was replaced as Prime Minister by Lloyd George and went into opposition to the Coalition Government. At the 1922 general election, he sought a return to Parliament in his old stomping ground of Cumberland when he contested the unionist-held North Cumberland, however, he was lost narrowly, by a margin of 1. 6%. The next year, at the 1923 general election, Howard fought the Luton division of Bedfordshire, the Liberals were experiencing something of a revival nationally, which helped him win the seat from the sitting Unionist Sir John Prescott Hewett. Another general election followed a year later in 1924, and with the Unionists in the ascendency and this effectively ended Howards parliamentary career as he did not contest another parliamentary seat. Apart from his political career Howard was also a Justice of Peace, in 1931 he became Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire, which he remained until his death four years later. Howard married the Honourable Ethel Christian Methuen, daughter of the Field Marshal Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen and they had five children, two daughters and three sons, including Dame Christian Howard and the life peer George Howard, Baron Howard of Henderskelfe. His other two sons, Mark and Christopher, were killed in action in 1944. Ethel Howard died in April 1932, aged 43, Howard died in June 1935, aged 58. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Geoffrey Howard
29.
Time Team
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Time Team is a British television series that originally aired on Channel 4 from 16 January 1994 to 7 September 2014. The specialists changed throughout the series, although it consistently included professional archaeologists such as Mick Aston, Carenza Lewis, Francis Pryor, the sites excavated ranged in date from the Palaeolithic to the Second World War. In October 2012, Channel 4 announced that the series would be broadcast in 2013. Series 20 was screened from January–March 2013 and nine specials were screened between May 2013 and September 2014, a team of archaeologists, usually led by Mick Aston or Francis Pryor, including field archaeologist Phil Harding, congregate at a site, usually in Britain. Time Team uncover as much as they can of the archaeology and he tries to ensure that everything is comprehensible to the archaeologically uninitiated. Excavations are not just carried out to entertain viewers, Time Team developed from an earlier Channel 4 series, Time Signs, first broadcast in 1991. Produced by Taylor, Time Signs had featured Aston and Harding, following that shows cancellation, Taylor went on to develop a more attractive format, producing the idea for Time Team, which Channel 4 also picked up, broadcasting the first series in 1994. Time Team has had many shows during its run, including Time Team Extra, History Hunters and Time Team Digs. The series features special episodes, often documentaries on history or archaeology, Time Team America, a US version of the programme, was broadcast on PBS in 2009 and co-produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting and Videotext/C4i. The programme has been exported to 35 other countries, in February 2012, it was announced that Aston had quit the show due to format changes. The disputed changes included hiring a model as a co-presenter, dispensing with other archaeologists. The time had come to leave, I never made any money out of it, but a lot of my soul went into it. I feel really, really angry about it, Time Team producer Tim Taylor released a statement in response to the news reports saying His concerns are of great importance to me. We have addressed some of them and that you’ve not heard the last of Mick on Time Team, robin Bush, historian was a regular in the first nine series, having been involved with the programme through his long friendship with Mick Aston. In 2005, Carenza Lewis left to other interests. She was replaced by Helen Geake, Anglo-Saxon specialist, architectural historian Beric Morley featured in ten episodes between 1995 and 2002. The team is supplemented by experts appropriate for the period and type of site, guy de la Bédoyère has often been present for Roman digs, as well as those involving the Second World War such as D-Day and aircraft. Architectural historian Jonathan Foyle has appeared in episodes relating to excavations of country estates, Paul Blinkhorn, Mark Corney, Danielle Wootton and Jackie McKinley have appeared from time to time
30.
Colen Campbell
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Colen Campbell was a pioneering Scottish architect and architectural writer, credited as a founder of the Georgian style. For most of his career, he resided in Italy and England, a descendent of the Campbells of Cawdor Castle, he is believed to be the Colinus Campbell who graduated from the University of Edinburgh in July 1695. He initially trained as a lawyer, being admitted to the Faculty of Advocates on 29 July 1702 and he had travelled in Italy from 1695–1702 and is believed to be the Colinus Campbell who signed the visitors book at the University of Padua in 1697. He is believed to have trained in and studied architecture under James Smith and his major published work, Vitruvius Britannicus, or the British Architect. Appeared in three volumes between 1715 and 1725, Vitruvius Britannicus was the first architectural work to originate in England since John Shutes Elizabethan First Groundes. Buildings were shown in plan, section and elevation, but also some were in a birds-eye perspective, the drawings and designs contained in the book were under way before Campbell was drawn into the speculative scheme. The success of the volumes was instrumental in popularising neo-Palladian Architecture in Great Britain, Campbell was influenced as a young man by James Smith, the pre-eminent Scots architect of his day, and an early neo-Palladian whom Campbell called the most experienced architect of Scotland. The somewhat promotional volume, with its excellently rendered engravings, came at a moment at the beginning of a boom in country house. When Benson, the new Surveyor was turned out of office, remodelled the front and provided an entrance gateway for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington Stourhead, Wiltshire, 1721–24, as a seat for the London-based banker Henry Hoare. Wings were added in the later 18th century, and Campbells portico was not executed until 1841, the famous landscape garden round a lake, somewhat apart from the house, was developed after Campbells death, by Henry Flitcroft. Pembroke House, Whitehall, London, for Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke,1723 and it was rebuilt in 1757 and demolished in 1913. Lord Herbert was inspired by it to design the similar Marble Hill at Twickenham for Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk, houghton Hall, Norfolk, begun 1722, for Sir Robert Walpole, the Whig prime minister. Here Campbell was replaced by Gibbs, who capped the end pavilions with domes, and by William Kent. Mereworth Castle, Kent 1722 –25, Campbells most overtly palladian design, based on Villa La Rotonda, capped with a dome with no drum, waverley Abbey, Surrey ca 1723–25 for John Aislabie Nos 76 and 78 Brook Street, London W1,1725 –26. 76, which survives, was Campbells own house, the designs for its interiors published in his Five Orders of architecture and it carries a blue plaque commemorating him
31.
William Talman (architect)
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William Talman was an English architect and landscape designer. A pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, in 1678 he and Thomas Apprice gained the office of Kings Waiter in the Port of London. Talmans principal work is recognised to be Chatsworth House, considered to be the first baroque private house in Britain, Talman was held by many to be surly, rude and difficult to get on with. Harris, John, The Hampton Court Trianon Designs of William and John Talman, in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, harris, John, William Talman, Maverick Architect. Saunders, Edward, Bretby Hall, in Derbyshire Life, August 1975, whinney, M. D. William Talman, in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, xviii,1955. Talman, William at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, the first edition of this text is available as an article on Wikisource, Talman, William. The Talman Family Group at the National Portrait Gallery Archival material relating to William Talman
32.
Kit-Cat Club
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The first meetings were held at a tavern in Shire Lane run by an innkeeper called Christopher Catt. He gave his name to the mutton pies known as Kit Cats from which the name of the club is derived. The club later moved to the Fountain Tavern on The Strand, and latterly into an especially built for the purpose at Barn Elms. In summer, the club met at the Upper Flask, Hampstead Heath, the origin of the name Kit-Cat Club is unclear. In 1705 Thomas Hearne wrote, The Kit Cat Club got its name from Christopher Catling, using a branch of the theopolyism, other sources give his surname as Catt John Timbs, Ophelia Field, John Macky A nickname for Christopher is Kit. Christopher Catt was the keeper of a pie-house in Shire Lane, by Temple Bar and his famous mutton pies were named after him, and formed a standing dish at meetings of the club, the pie is thus itself sometimes regarded as the origin of the clubs name. It is possible that the club began at the end of the 17th century as the so-called Order of the Toast. Indeed, a characteristic of the Kit-Kat was its toasting-glasses, used for drinking the healths of the reigning beauties of the day. If so, one can place the date before 1699, when Elkanah Settle wrote a poem To the most renowned the President and it was this very habit of toasting that led Dr. From no trim beaus its name it boasts Grey statesmen or green wits But from the pack of toasts Of old Cats. Those objectives were a strong Parliament, a monarchy, resistance to France. Horace Walpole, son of Kit-Cat Robert Walpole, refers to the respectable middle-aged 18th century Kit-Cat club as mentioned as a set of wits. Other notables included Garth, Charles Dartiquenave, Count Saint Germain, Steele, and the Dukes of Grafton, Devonshire, Kingston, Richmond, Manchester, Dorset, of some notoriety were Lord Mohun and the Earl of Berkeley. Many of these portraits currently hang in galleries created in a partnership between the National Portrait Gallery and the National Trust at Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire. The toasts of the Kit-Kat Club were famous at the time, Hearne, Thomas Ductor historicus, or a short system of universal history 1698—ed. 2, augmented and improvd 1704–05 Field, Ophelia, the Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D. Volume XIII reprinted, Edinburgh, Walter Scott Kit-Cat Club
33.
Society of Dilettanti
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The Society of Dilettanti is a society of noblemen and scholars which sponsors the study of ancient Greek and Roman art, and the creation of new work in the style. Though the exact date is unknown, the Society is believed to have established as a London dining club in 1732 by a group of people who had been on the Grand Tour. Records of the earliest meeting of the Society were written somewhat informally on loose pieces of paper, the first entry in the first minute book of the Society is dated April 5,1736. In 1743 Horace Walpole condemned its affectations and described it as such and it was closely associated with Brookss, one of Londons most exclusive gentlemens clubs. The society quickly became wealthy, through a system in which members made contributions to various funds to support building schemes, the first artist associated with the group was George Knapton. The Society of Dilettanti aimed to correct and purify the public taste of the country, from the 1740s, the Society has 60 members, elected by secret ballot. An induction ceremony is held at a London club and it makes annual donations to the British Schools in Rome and Athens, and a separate fund set up in 1984 provides financial assistance for visits to classical sites and museums. Thomas Anson Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks George Beaumont Rev. Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode Anthony Morris Storer, Henry Dawkins of Standlynch Hall, Wiltshire Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer Lord Dundas Sir Henry Englefield Stephen Payne-Gallwey, Esq. Sir John Taylor, 1st Baronet Richard Thompson, Esq, Sir Anthony R. article name needed. London and New York, Frederick Warne and this article incorporates text from, The Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Volume 2, James Northcote,1819 Dorment, Richard. The Dilettanti, exclusive society that celebrates art Harcourt-Smith, Sir Cecil and George Augustin Macmillan, The Society of Dilettanti, Its Regalia, the Society of Dilettanti, Archaeology and Identity in the British Enlightenment. Redford, Bruce, Dilettanti, The Antic and the Antique in Eighteenth-century England, simon, Robin, “Reynolds and the Double-entendre, the Society of Dilettanti Portraits, ” The British Art Journal 3, no. West, Shearer, “Libertinism and the Ideology of Male Friendship in the Portraits of the Society of Dilettanti, ” Eighteenth Century Life 16, Review of Bruce Redford, Dilettanti, The Antic and the Antique in Eighteenth-Century England. In Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2008.08.28 Antiquities of Ionia Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room, William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library, University of Houston Digital Library
34.
Nicholas Hawksmoor
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Nicholas Hawksmoor was an English architect. He was a figure of the English Baroque style of architecture in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Part of his work has been attributed to him only relatively recently. Hawksmoor was born in Nottinghamshire in 1661, into a farming family, almost certainly in East Drayton or Ragnall. On his death he was to property at nearby Ragnall, Dunham. It is not known where he received his schooling, but it was probably in more than basic literacy, haukesmore came to London, became clerk to Sr. Christopher Wren & thence became an Architect. Wren, hearing of his skill and genius for architecture. A surviving early sketch-book contains sketches and notes, some dated 1680 and 1683, of buildings in Nottingham, Coventry, Warwick, Bath, Bristol, Oxford and Northampton. These somewhat amateur drawings, now in the Royal Institute of British Architects Drawings Collection and his first official post was as Deputy Surveyor to Wren at Winchester Palace from 1683 until February 1685. Hawksmoors signature appears on a contract for Winchester Palace in November 1684. Wren was paying him 2 shillings a day in 1685 as assistant in his office in Whitehall, from about 1684 to about 1700, Hawksmoor worked with Christopher Wren on projects including Chelsea Hospital, St. Pauls Cathedral, Hampton Court Palace and Greenwich Hospital. Thanks to Wrens influence as Surveyor-General, Hawksmoor was named Clerk of the Works at Kensington Palace, in 1718, when Wren was superseded by the new, amateur Surveyor, William Benson, Hawksmoor was deprived of his double post to provide places for Bensons brother. Poor Hawksmoor, wrote Vanbrugh in 1721, what a Barbarous Age have his fine, ingenious Parts fallen into. What woud Monsr, Colbert in France have given for such a man, only in 1726 after William Bensons successor Hewett died, was Hawksmoor restored to the secretaryship, though not the clerkship which was given to Filtcroft. In 1696, Hawksmoor was appointed surveyor to the Commissioners of Sewers for Westminster, in July 1721, John Vanbrugh made Hawksmoor his deputy as Comptroller of the Works. By 1700 Hawksmoor had emerged as a major architectural personality, and his baroque, but somewhat classical and gothic architectural form was derived from his exploration of Antiquity, the Renaissance, the English Middle Ages and contemporary Italian baroque. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Hawksmoor never travelled to Italy on a Grand Tour. Instead he studied engravings especially monuments of ancient Rome and reconstructions of the Temple of Solomon, in 1702, Hawksmoor designed the baroque country house of Easton Neston in Northamptonshire for Sir William Fermor
35.
Baroque
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The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
36.
Doric order
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The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture, the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognised by the simple circular capitals at the top of columns and it was the earliest and in its essence the simplest of the orders, though still with complex details in the entablature above. The Greek Doric column was fluted or smooth-surfaced, and had no base, the capital was a simple circular form, with some mouldings, under a square cushion that is very wide in early versions, but later more restrained. In stone they are purely ornamental, the relatively uncommon Roman and Renaissance Doric retained these, and often introduced thin layers of moulding or further ornament, as well as often using plain columns. The Doric order was used in Greek Revival architecture from the 18th century onwards, often earlier Greek versions were used, with wider columns. Since at least Vitruvius it has been customary for writers to associate the Doric with masculine virtues and it is also normally the cheapest of the orders to use. In their original Greek version, Doric columns stood directly on the pavement of a temple without a base. The Parthenon has the Doric design columns and it was most popular in the Archaic Period in mainland Greece, and also found in Magna Graecia, as in the three temples at Paestum. These are in the Archaic Doric, where the capitals spread wide from the column compared to later Classical forms, pronounced features of both Greek and Roman versions of the Doric order are the alternating triglyphs and metopes. The triglyphs are decoratively grooved with two vertical grooves and represent the original wooden end-beams, which rest on the plain architrave that occupies the half of the entablature. Under each triglyph are peglike stagons or guttae that appear as if they were hammered in from below to stabilize the post-and-beam construction and they also served to organize rainwater runoff from above. The spaces between the triglyphs are the metopes and they may be left plain, or they may be carved in low relief. The spacing of the triglyphs caused problems which some time to resolve. The architecture followed rules of harmony, since the original design probably came from wooden temples and the triglyphs were real heads of wooden beams, every column had to bear a beam which lay across the centre of the column. Triglyphs were arranged regularly, the last triglyph was centred upon the last column and this was regarded as the ideal solution which had to be reached. Changing to stone instead of wooden beams required full support of the architrave load at the last column. At the first temples the final triglyph was moved, still terminating the sequence, even worse, the last triglyph was not centered with the corresponding column. That “archaic” manner was not regarded as a harmonious design, the resulting problem is called the doric corner conflict
37.
Pilaster
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The pilaster is an architectural element in classical architecture used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the wall surface, usually treated as though it were a column, with a capital at the top, plinth at the bottom. In contrast to a pilaster, a column or buttress can support the structure of a wall. It may be defined as a column which has lost its three-dimensional. A pilaster appears with a capital and entablature, also in low-relief or flattened against the wall and these vertical elements can also be used to support a recessed archivolt around a doorway. The pilaster can be replaced by ornamental brackets supporting the entablature or a balcony over a doorway, when a pilaster appears at the corner intersection of two walls it is known as a canton. As with a column, a pilaster can have a plain or fluted surface to its profile, during the Renaissance and Baroque architects used a range of pilaster forms. In the giant order pilasters appear as tall, linking floors in a single unit
38.
Corinthian order
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The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order, when classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders, characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and it was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée, Nîmes and at the comparable podium temple at Vienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the order of the Basilica Ulpia and the arch at Ancona the column of Phocas. The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, however, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket. Its earliest use can be traced back to the Late Classical Period, the earliest Corinthian capital was found in Bassae, dated at 427 BC. In its proportions, the Corinthian column is similar to the Ionic column, though it is more slender, the abacus upon the capital has concave sides to conform to the outscrolling corners of the capital, and it may have a rosette at the center of each side. Corinthian columns were erected on the top level of the Roman Colosseum, holding up the least weight and their height to width ratio is about 10,1. One variant is the Tivoli Order, found at the Temple of Vesta, the Tivoli Orders Corintinan Capital has two rows of Acanthus and its abacus is decorated with oversize fleuron in the form of hibiscus flowers with pronounced spiral pistils. The column flutes have flat tops, the frieze exhibits fruit swag suspended between bucrania. Above each swag is a rosette, the cornice does not have modillions. Indo-Corinthian capitals are capitals crowning columns or pilasters, which can be found in the northwestern Indian subcontinent and these capitals are typically dated to the 1st centuries of our era, and constitute important elements of Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara. The classical design was adapted, usually taking a more elongated form. Indo-Corinthian capitals also incorporated figures of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas, usually as central figures surrounded, the Corinthian architrave is divided in two or three sections, which may be equal, or they may bear interesting proportional relationships, one with another. Above the plain, unadorned architrave lies the frieze, which may be carved with a continuous design or left plain. At the Capitol the proportions of architrave to frieze are exactly 1,1, above that, the profiles of the cornice moldings are like those of the Ionic order. If the cornice is deep, it may be supported by brackets or modillions. The Corinthian column is almost always fluted, if it is not, it is often worth pausing to unravel the reason why
39.
Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini
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Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini was one of the leading Venetian history painters of the early 18th century. His style melded the Renaissance style of Paolo Veronese with the Baroque of Pietro da Cortona and he travelled widely on commissions which brought him to England, the Southern Netherlands, the Dutch Republic, Germany, Austria and France. He is considered an important predecessor of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, one of his pupils was Antonio Visentini. His father, also called Antonio, was a shoemaker from Padua, Pellegrini was a pupil of the Milanese painter Paolo Pagani. He travelled with his master to Moravia and Vienna in 1690 and was back in Venice in 1696 where he painted his first surviving works, the work of fellow Venetian Sebastiano Ricci had an important influence on his work. He was in Rome from 1699 to 1701 and he married Angela Carriera, the sister of Rosalba Carriera, in c.1704. Pellegrini decorated the dome above the staircase at the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in 1709, Pellegrini visited England from 1708 to 1713 at the invitation of the Earl of Manchester. He painted murals in a number of English country houses, including at Kimbolton Castle for the Earl of Manchester, Castle Howard, and Narford Hall, Norfolk, for Sir Andrew Fontaine. Michael Levey, describing Pellegrinis paintings on the staircase at Kimbolton, says that, although painted directly into the wall in oil, they have all the spontaneity and lightness of fresco. In London he worked at 31 St Jamess Square for the Duke of Portland and he became a director of Sir Godfrey Knellers Academy in London in 1711. He submitted designs for decorating the dome of the new St Pauls Cathedral. He did not win the commission, losing out to Sir James Thornhill, Pellegrini subsequently travelled through Germany and the Netherlands, collecting Northern paintings as he went and completing works in many European cities. In 1713-4 he was in Düsseldorf, where he painted a series of scenes of the life of the elector. He decorated the Golden Room in the Mauritshuis in The Hague and he returned to England in 1719, but was less successful on his second visit, mainly due to competition from other Venetian painters, including Sebastiano Ricci. In about 1720 he painted the ceiling of John Laws Bank of France in Paris, edward Croft-Murray, Decorative Painting in England 1530-1837,2 vols. Media related to Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini at Wikimedia Commons
40.
Palladian architecture
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Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio. That which is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladios original concepts, Palladios work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. From the 17th century Palladios interpretation of classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century, Palladianism became popular briefly in Britain during the mid-17th century, but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the Civil War and the imposition of austerity which followed. In the early 18th century it returned to fashion, not only in England but also, the style continued to be popular in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings. However, as a style it has continued to be popular and to evolve, its pediments, symmetry. Buildings entirely designed by Palladio are all in Venice and the Veneto, with an especially rich grouping of palazzi in Vicenza and they include villas, and churches such as Redentore in Venice. Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting, if on a hill, such as Villa Capra, facades were frequently designed to be of equal value so that occupants could have fine views in all directions. Also, in cases, porticos were built on all sides so that occupants could fully appreciate the countryside while being protected from the sun. Palladio sometimes used a loggia as an alternative to the portico and this can most simply be described as a recessed portico, or an internal single storey room, with pierced walls that are open to the elements. Occasionally a loggia would be placed at floor level over the top of a loggia below. Loggias were sometimes given significance in a facade by being surmounted by a pediment, Villa Godi has as its focal point a loggia rather than a portico, plus loggias terminating each end of the main building. Palladio would often model his villa elevations on Roman temple facades, the temple influence, often in a cruciform design, later became a trademark of his work. Palladian villas are built with three floors, a rusticated basement or ground floor, containing the service and minor rooms. The proportions of each room within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratios like 3,4 and 4,5, earlier architects had used these formulas for balancing a single symmetrical facade, however, Palladios designs related to the whole, usually square, villa. Palladio deeply considered the purpose of his villas as both farmhouses and palatial weekend retreats for wealthy merchant owners. These symmetrical temple-like houses often have symmetrical, but low, wings sweeping away from them to accommodate horses, farm animals. The wings, sometimes detached and connected to the villa by colonnades, were designed not only to be functional but also to complement, the Palladian, Serlian, or Venetian window features largely in Palladios work and is almost a trademark of his early career
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Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham
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Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham, KB PC was a British diplomatist and politician. He was a son of Sir William Robinson, Bt of Newby-on-Swale, Yorkshire. His elder brother was Rear Admiral Sir Tancred Robinson, during 1741 he sought to make peace between the empress Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, but in vain, and in 1748 he represented his country at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. He was made a Knight Companion of the Bath in 1742, returning to England he sat in parliament for Christchurch from 1749 to 1761. In 1750, he was appointed to the Privy Council, in November 1755 he resigned, and in April 1761 he was created Baron Grantham. He was Master of the Great Wardrobe 1749–1754 and again 1755–1760 and he died in London on 30 September 1770. He married Frances, daughter of Thomas Worsley of Hovingham, on 13 July 1737 and he was succeeded in the peerage by his eldest son, Thomas. The town of Grantham, New Hampshire in the United States of America is named after Robinson
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Tintoretto
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Tintoretto was an Italian painter and a notable exponent of the Renaissance school. For his phenomenal energy in painting he was termed Il Furioso and his work is characterized by its muscular figures, dramatic gestures, and bold use of perspective in the Mannerist style, while maintaining color and light typical of the Venetian School. His real name Comin was discovered by Miguel Falomir of the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Comin translates to the spice cumin in the local language. Tintoretto was born in Venice in 1518, as the eldest of 21 children and his father, Giovanni, was a dyer, or tintore, hence the son got the nickname of Tintoretto, little dyer, or dyers boy, which is anglicized as Tintoret. The family originated from Brescia, in Lombardy, then part of the Republic of Venice, older studies gave the Tuscan town of Lucca as the origin of the family. In childhood Jacopo, a painter, began daubing on the dyers walls, his father, noticing his bent. This was supposedly towards 1533, when Titian was already fifty-six years of age, active disparagement also was not wanting, but it passed unnoticed by Tintoretto. The latter sought for no further teaching, but studied on his own account with laborious zeal, he lived poorly, collecting casts, bas-reliefs etc. and practising by their aid. His noble conception of art and his personal ambition were evidenced in the inscription which he placed over his studio Il disegno di Michelangelo ed il colorito di Tiziano. Now and afterwards he very frequently worked by night as well as by day, the young painter Andrea Schiavone, four years Tintorettos junior, was much in his company. Tintoretto helped Schiavone gratis in wall-paintings, and in many subsequent instances he worked also for nothing, the two earliest mural paintings of Tintoretto—done, like others, for next to no pay—are said to have been Belshazzars Feast and a Cavalry Fight. These are both long since perished, as are all his frescoes, early or later, the first work of his to attract some considerable notice was a portrait-group of himself and his brother—the latter playing a guitar—with a nocturnal effect, this also is lost. It was followed by some subject, which Titian was candid enough to praise. For the Scuola della Trinità he painted four subjects from Genesis, up till 2012, The Embarkation of St Helena in the Holy Land was attributed to his contemporary Andrea Schiavone. But new analysis of the work has revealed it as one of a series of three paintings by Tintoretto, depicting the legend of St Helena And The Holy Cross, the error was uncovered during work on a project to catalogue continental European oil paintings in the UK. The Embarkation of St Helena was acquired by the V&A in 1865 and its sister paintings, The Discovery Of The True Cross and St Helen Testing The True Cross, are held in galleries in the US. Towards 1546 Tintoretto painted for the church of the Madonna dellOrto three of his works, the Worship of the Golden Calf, the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple. He took the commission for two of the paintings, the Worship of the Golden Calf and the Last Judgment, on a cost only basis in order to make himself better known and he settled down in a house hard by the church
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Atlas Fountain
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The Atlas Fountain stands in the grounds of Castle Howard, North Yorkshire, England. It has been designated a Grade I listed building and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, the Atlas Fountain and pond dates from 1850. It was exhibited at The Great Exhibition prior to installation and it was designed by William Andrews Nesfield and the sculpted figures were carved in Portland stone by John Thomas who was paid £1183 10s 3d for his work. The figures were transported by rail from London to Castle Howard railway station, the tazza, pedestals, shells and basin were made by local craftsmen. The water engineering was completed by James Easton, taking water from a stream in Coneysthorpe, the fountain was turned on for the first time in October 1853. The fountain was overhauled in 1983 and again by The Earth Stone, a large globe of bronze dominates the fountain supported on the shoulders of Atlas. Four recumbent Tritons blow water through shells over Atlas kneeling on a pedestal in the central tazza, other jets fill the lower scallop shell basins, which overflow into the central basin producing a dramatic cascade of white water. The fountain is fed from the half-million gallon Ray Wood reservoir, gravity feeds water into a chamber beneath the pond basin where pipes direct it to the main outlets in the Tritons shells. The pond is approximately 27 metres in diameter
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John Thomas (sculptor)
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John Thomas was a British sculptor and architect, who worked on Buckingham Palace and the Palace of Westminster. John Thomas was born in Chalford, Gloucestershire, apprenticed to a stonemason after being left an orphan, he later went to Birmingham where his elder brother William Thomas was an architect. He was noticed by Charles Barry who immediately employed John Thomas as a stone and wood carver on Birmingham Grammar School, Barry later appointed him the Supervising Carver on the Palace of Westminster in London, on which he is responsible for all the figures of English kings and queens. Thomass work Charity was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and his final work was the colossal statue of William Shakespeare displayed at the 1862 International Exhibition. A dispute over its placement hastened his death in April 1862 and his massive majolica fountain, also on display at the 1862 exhibition, was placed outside the V&A Museum of Childhood until it was demolished in 1926. Other work includes, A replica of the Bristol High Cross, eight allegorical statues at the 1847 Euston railway station representing the cities served by the line, London, Liverpool, Manchester, etc. Statue of Hugh Myddelton at Islington Green, London. 1860-1862 in collaboration with Edward Middleton Barry to design of Charles Barry, Thomas carved three statues for the tower, but died before completing the fourth, which was overseen by another artist to his design. Life-sized plaster maquette and bronze of Stephen Langton, one of 17 maquettes for 17 bronzes depicting those present at the signing of the Magna Carta
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English landscape garden
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The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. The work of Lancelot Capability Brown was particularly influential, by the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk, the gardens of the future Emperor Paul. It also had a influence on the form of the public parks. These parks featured vast lawns, woods, and pieces of architecture and these gardens, modelled after the gardens of Versailles, were designed to impress visitors with their size and grandeur. William Kent was an architect, painter and furniture designer who introduced Palladian style architecture to England and his gardens were designed to complement the Palladian architecture of the houses he built. He collaborated with Kent on several major gardens, providing the botanical expertise which allowed Kent to realize his architectural visions, Kent created one of the first true English landscape gardens at Chiswick House for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Between 1733 and 1736, he redesigned the garden, adding lawns sloping down to the edge of the river, for the first time the form of a garden was inspired not by architecture, but by an idealized version of nature. Rousham House in Oxfordshire is considered by some as the most accomplished, the patron was General Dormer, who commissioned Bridgeman to begin the garden in 1727, then brought in Kent to recreate it in 1737. Bridgeman had built a series of gardens, including a grotto of Venus, on the slope along the river Cherwell, finally, he added cascades modelled on those of the garden of Aldobrandini and Pratolino in Italy, to add movement and drama. Stowe, in Buckinghamshire, was a more radical departure from the formal French garden. In the early 18th century, Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, had commissioned Charles Bridgeman to design a formal garden, bridgemans design included an octagonal lake and a Rotunda designed by Vanbrugh. In the 1730s, William Kent and James Gibbs were appointed to work with Bridgeman, Kent remade the lake in a more natural shape, and created a new kind of garden, which took visitors on a tour of picturesque landscapes. The garden attracted visitors from all over Europe, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau and it became the inspiration for landscape gardens in Britain and on the Continent. Stourhead, in Wiltshire, created by banker Henry Hoare, was one of the first picturesque gardens, Hoare had travelled to Italy on the Grand Tour and had returned with a painting by Claude Lorrain. He sought to create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside and he created artificial lakes and used dams and canals to transform streams or springs into the illusion that a river flowed through the garden. He compared his own role as a designer to that of a poet or composer. Here I put a comma, there, when its necessary to cut the view, I put a parenthesis, there I end it with a period, the most important were, Petworth in 1752, Chatsworth in 1761, Bowood in 1763, Blenheim Palace in 1764. Humphry Repton was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century, to help clients visualize his designs, Repton produced Red Books with explanatory text and watercolors with a system of overlays to show before and after views
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