1.
Rio de Janeiro (city)
–
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
Rio de Janeiro (city)
–
From the top, left to right:
Christ the Redeemer, Botafogo's cove,
Rio Downtown,
Rio–Niterói bridge,
Maracanã Stadium, and panoramic view of
Barra da Tijuca from
Pedra da Gávea
Rio de Janeiro (city)
–
Founding of Rio de Janeiro in 1565.
Rio de Janeiro (city)
–
View of Rio de Janeiro from the church of the monastery of
São Bento, c. 1825.
Rio de Janeiro (city)
–
Botafogo Bay in 1869.
2.
Brazil
–
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
Brazil
–
Megaliths in the
Solstice Archaeological Park, in
Amapá, erected between 500 and 2000 years ago, probably to carry out
astronomical observations.
Brazil
–
Flag
Brazil
–
Representation of the landing of
Pedro Álvares Cabral in
Porto Seguro, 1500.
Brazil
–
Painting showing the arrest of
Tiradentes; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known
movement for independence in Colonial Brazil.
3.
Brazilian people
–
A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian father or a Brazilian mother or a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. According to the Constitution of Brazil, a Brazilian citizen is, Anyone born in Brazil, according to the Constitution, all people who hold Brazilian citizenship are equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or religion. A foreigner can apply for Brazilian citizenship after living for 4 uninterrupted years in Brazil, a native person from an official Portuguese language country can request the Brazilian nationality after only 1 uninterrupted year living in Brazil. Brazilians are mostly descendants of colonial settlers, post-colonial immigrant groups, African slaves. The three principal groups were Native Brazilians, European colonizers and African labor, Brazil was inhabited by an estimated 2.4 million Amerindians before the first settlers arrived in the 16th century. The European diseases spread quickly along the trade routes. The country was discovered by Portugal in 1500 and received about 724,000 Portuguese colonizers, mostly males. But other sources claim that the given numbers of total entrances were clearly surpassed. The Jesuits asked the Portuguese Crown to ship orphaned women under royal wardship for marriage with the settlers, daughters of noblemen who died overseas administrating captaincies in the colonies or in battle for the king would marry settlers of higher rank. Bahias port in the Northeast received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551, Portugal remained the only significant, but not an exclusive source of European immigration to Brazil until the early 19th century. These other people came from different nationalities - but the by far most mentioned are the Dutch and these Jews founded the first Synagogue in the Americas, named Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue in the city of Recife. It is estimated more than 20,000 Dutch entered Brazil, however. The remaining families mostly fled to parts of the interior of Northeastern Brazil or changed their names to Portuguese ones. The proven excess of Y-chromosomes of the haplogroup 2 in northeasterners probably results from the miscegenation of Dutch settlers with the local population. The Jews who mostly left Brazil took off to what was then named New Amsterdam, today New York City, and founded the oldest Jewish congregation in the USA, the Congregation Shearith Israel. The ones who stayed, converted into Christianity and were known as New Christians or Marranos. They entered Brazil fleeing from the Inquisition or were deported by the Kingdom of Portugal and also Spain, latter being known as Degredados and this also included Romani People from the Iberian Peninsula, what partially explains the curiously high numbers for a western country. Brazil has the second largest Gypsy population in the Americas after the US, having also received Roma people from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic countries during the 20th century
Brazilian people
Brazilian people
–
Main Brazilian ethnic groups.
Brazilian people
–
Young Brazilians.
Brazilian people
–
The Kasato Maru
4.
Rio de Janeiro
–
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
Rio de Janeiro
–
From the top, left to right:
Christ the Redeemer, Botafogo's cove,
Rio Downtown,
Rio–Niterói bridge,
Maracanã Stadium, and panoramic view of
Barra da Tijuca from
Pedra da Gávea
Rio de Janeiro
–
Founding of Rio de Janeiro in 1565.
Rio de Janeiro
–
View of Rio de Janeiro from the church of the monastery of
São Bento, c. 1825.
Rio de Janeiro
–
Botafogo Bay in 1869.
5.
Brazilian Carnival
–
Carnival of Brazil is an annual Brazilian festival held between the Friday afternoon and Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. On certain days of Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term carnival, from carnelevare, rhythm, participation, and costumes vary from one region of Brazil to another. In the southeastern cities of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and those official parades are meant to be watched by the public, while minor parades allowing public participation can be found in other cities, like Belo Horizonte, also in the southeastern region. The northeastern cities of Recife, Olinda, Salvador, and Porto Seguro have organized groups parading through streets and this carnival is also influenced by African-Brazilian culture. It is a party where crowds follow the trios elétricos through the city streets. Also in northeast, Olinda carnival features unique characteristics, heavily influenced by folklore and cultural manifestations, such as Frevo. Carnival is the most famous holiday in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions, Rio de Janeiros carnival alone drew 4.9 million people in 2011, with 400,000 being foreigners. In the late 18th century, the cordões were introduced in Rio de Janeiro and these were pageant groups that paraded through city avenues performing on instruments and dancing. Today they are known as Carnaval blocos, consisting of a group of people who dress in costumes or special T-shirts with themes and/or logos, Blocos are generally associated with particular neighbourhoods, they include both a percussion or music group and an entourage of revelers. They eventually became the fathers of what everyone knows as the famous. Samba-schools are the epicenter of the Brazilian carnival, in terms of the parading style. GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira Samba-School, represented by Cartola, and Estácio de Sá samba School, eventually, Oswaldo Cruz became, Portela Samba School, the greatest winner of Rios Carnival with 21 Titles. Organizers often compose their own music themes that are added to the performance and singing of classic marchinhas, cordão do bola preta, that goes through the heart of Rios historical center, and Suvaco do Cristo, near the Botanical Garden, are some of the most famous groups. Monobloco has become so famous that it all year round at parties. The formalized samba schools are large groups of performers, financed by respected organizations. Samba Schools perform in the Sambadrome, which runs four entire nights and is overseen by LIESA, some samba schools also hold street parties in their neighborhoods, through which they parade along with their followers. All performers at the Sambadrome have to wear a costume, some honored members of the school or community may receive it free, but normally most will have to pay for their own costume. Tourists can have the experience on the Commercial Area of some Samba Schools but need to buy their own costme from the school, or through an agent
Brazilian Carnival
–
Crowds watch the Carnaval parade in the
Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí, in
Rio de Janeiro.
Brazilian Carnival
–
Mestre Sala and Porta-Bandeira for the
Vila Isabel samba school, present the school's flag throughout the Carnaval parade. Each parade will have several flag-bearing couples.
Brazilian Carnival
–
Circuit Barra-Ondina, the most famous circuit of
Brazil where attractions sing above the
trio elétrico in the city of
Salvador, Bahia
Brazilian Carnival
–
Carnival circuit of the city of
Salvador.
6.
Soccer
–
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
Soccer
–
The attacking player (No. 10) attempts to kick the ball beyond the opposing team's goalkeeper and between the goalposts and beneath the crossbar to score a
goal
Soccer
–
Children playing
cuju in
Song dynasty China
Soccer
–
Ebenezer Cobb Morley, who is regarded as the "father of football"
Soccer
–
A women's international match between the United States and Germany
7.
Samba school
–
A samba school is a dancing club or school. They practise and often perform in huge square-compounds devoted to practising and exhibiting samba, the schools have a strong community basis and are traditionally associated with a particular neighborhood. They are often seen to affirm the validity of the Afro-Brazilian heritage in contrast to the mainstream education system. And have evolved often in contrast to authoritarian development, the phrase escola de samba is popularly held to derive from the schoolyard location of the first groups early rehearsals. In Rio de Janeiro especially, they are associated with particular shanty towns. Samba and the school can be deeply interwoven with the daily lives of the shanty-town dwellers. Throughout the year the schools have various happenings and events. Each of the main schools spend many months each year designing the theme, holding a competition for their song, building the floats and it is overseen by a carnavalesco or carnival director. From 2005, some fourteen of the top schools in Rio have used a specially designed warehouse complex. The resulting competition is an economic and media event, with tens of thousands in the live audience. In Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the parades are held in specially constructed arenas called Sambadromes designed by influential architect. The Sambadromes are designed to accommodate all classes, with VIP lounges, tourist sections. Those who choose to watch the parade may also be charged for the best seats. Each school displays glamour in colorful costumes and floats with special effects and is organized into different segments or alas, the alas display distinct costumes or fantasias and also reflect traditional samba school roles developed years ago. As samba schools originated in Rio de Janeiro, they are today the most famous ones and, arguably, some groups do charge a certain amount of money for the abadás, or colorful T-shirts that display affiliation to a specific group, or bloco. A significant majority of the schools, mainly in Rio de Janeiro, have in their name the words Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba, represented by the acronym GRES. In São Paulo there is a common variation Grêmio Recreativo Cultural e Escola de Samba, there are exceptions, such as the Sociedade Rosas de Ouro and the traditional Agremiação Recreativa Cultural e Escola de Samba Vizinha Faladeira. The samba school system seems to be unique to Brazil, unlike parades such as the Rose Parade in California, for instance, the samba schools organizations consist almost entirely of community volunteer work
Samba school
–
Mangueira samba school parades in the
Sambadrome in the 1998 Carnival in Rio.
Samba school
–
A Samba school parades in the
Sambadrome in the 2004 Carnival.
Samba school
–
Front commission dressed as
codfish in the parade of Imperatriz Leopoldinense (2007)
Samba school
–
Samba school Império do Papagaio, from
Helsinki,
Finland, during the 2004
Carnival
8.
GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel
–
The Mocidade was founded on 10 November 1955, by eight people, Silvio Trindade, Renato da Silva, Djalma Rosa, Olímpio Bonifácio, Garibaldi F. Lima, Felipe de Souza, Altamiro Menezes e Alfredo Briggs. The first flag of the school was offered by Mrs. Gilda Faria Lima, the first queen of the school was Mrs. Neuza de Oliveira. The samba school participated for the first time, in a parade, with the plot O Baile das Rosas. In 1958, it was the champion of Group 2 with the plot Apoteose ao Samba, from 1959 forth, it took on Group 1 and did not anymore any relegation to the lower divisions. The folk would pass, later, to accompany such bossa with the shout of Olé, in the year of 1974, Arlindo Rodrigues presented the plot A Festa do Divino, getting 5th place. But on that year the school could win the championship, had she not gotten 4 in clothings and 9 in harmony. The difference between Salgueiro and Mocidade was 6, therefore they would have tied only if Mocidade would have gotten 10, even if they would tie, Salgueiro would win the championship because it got 10 in harmony. From then on, the school stopped being known only because of the bateria, in 76, by irony, Mocidade tied second place, with Mangueira, and lost the decision for getting one point less in the so famous bateria. In 1979, still with Arlindo Rodrigues, Mocidade conquered for the first time the championship of the 1-A Division with O Descobrimento do Brasil in its debut appearance, in Fernando Pintos fisr year in Mocidade, in 1980, the school conquered second place with the plot Tropicália Maravilha. In 1983, Mocidade received the banner of the best communication with the public with the plot Como era verde o meu Xingu, in 1984 it became the Madrinha to the London School of Samba, the first samba school to be established in the UK. In 1989, Mocidade visited London to perform at the 3rd European Samba Encontro and it advanced to the Special Group in 1990, and won three general championships since then
GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel
–
Contents
9.
Habeas corpus
–
Habeas corpus is a recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official. The writ of habeas corpus is known as the great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement, if the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority, then the prisoner must be released. Any prisoner, or another person acting on his or her behalf, may petition the court, or a judge, One reason for the writ to be sought by a person other than the prisoner is that the detainee might be held incommunicado. Most civil law jurisdictions provide a remedy for those unlawfully detained. For example, in some Spanish-speaking nations, the equivalent remedy for unlawful imprisonment is the amparo de libertad, though a writ of right, it is not a writ of course. So if an imposition such as internment without trial is permitted by the law, in some countries, the writ has been temporarily or permanently suspended under the pretext of war or state of emergency. The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has nonetheless long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject, the most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto, prohibito, mandamus, procedendo, and certiorari. The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal, the official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something. Failing this, the court must decide for the petitioner, who may be any person and this differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing, and bears the burden of proof. From Latin habeas, 2nd person singular present subjunctive active of habere, to have, to hold, in reference to more than one person, habeas corpora. Literally, the means you may have the body. The complete phrase habeas corpus ad subjiciendum means you may have the person for the purpose of subjecting him/her to. These are the words of writs in 14th century Anglo-French documents requiring a person to be brought before a court or judge. The full name of the writ is often used to distinguish it from similar ancient writs, Habeas corpus ad prosequendum, a writ ordering return with a prisoner for the purpose of prosecuting him before the court. Habeas corpus ad respondendum, a writ ordering return to allow the prisoner to answer to new proceedings before the court, Habeas corpus ad testificandum, a writ ordering return with the body of a prisoner for the purposes of testifying. Habeas Corpus originally stems from the Assize of Clarendon, a re-issuance of rights during the reign of Henry II of England, in the 17th century the foundations for habeas corpus were wrongly thought to have originated in Magna Carta. William Blackstone cites the first recorded usage of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum in 1305, however, other writs were issued with the same effect as early as the reign of Henry II in the 12th century. The procedure for issuing a writ of habeas corpus was first codified by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, a previous law had been passed forty years earlier to overturn a ruling that the command of the King was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus
Habeas corpus
–
Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court
10.
Jogo do bicho
–
Jogo do Bicho is an illegal gambling game in Brazil, prohibited by federal law since 1946. Very popular throughout the country, the game is actually a lottery-type drawing operated on a basis by mobsters known as contraventores. Unlike most state-operated lotteries, in Jogo do Bicho you can bet any amount of money, despite its popularity, it is still illegal in 25 of the 26 states of Brazil and those involved may be prosecuted. Paraíba is the state where the game is legal and regulated by the state. In other northeastern states the game is tolerated by the government, Horse, for example, can be indicated by a dream of a horse, or by dreams of wheat or milk or naked women. Each of 25 different animals is assigned a sequence of four consecutive numbers, ostrich is 01 to 04, Horse 41-44, Camel 29-32, and so on up to the Cow, which occupies 97-00. The most common way to play is to bet one Real on an animal, if the last two numerals in the daily state lottery draw form one of the four numbers designated by your animal, the bicheiro owes you 15 reais. For longer odds and higher payouts, you can try to pick the last three or even four numbers exactly, or you can choose a combination of a number, there were traditionally four types of prizes, Cabeça. You bet on the animal and if that animal is selected you your bet returns 25,1 and you bet on a number from 01 to 00. You bet on a number from 001 to 000 and you bet on a number from 0001 to 0000. In modern times the game has more complex with many variations of the above that may pay up to 50000 times the bet. To popularize the zoo, the Baron encouraged visitors to guess the identity of an animal concealed behind a curtain, in time the guessing game became a tremendously popular numbers game, with different numbers for 25 Brazilian beasts. Tickets were soon being bought by those who hadnt even visited the zoo, within months, government authorities made its first attempt to shut down the game. The animal lottery simply shifted to a new habitat in the city centre, rudyard Kipling, visiting Rio in the 1920s, wrote of seeing bookies wandering the streets carrying placards with colourful pictures of animals. The game became popular because it accepted bets of any amount, if you see two shacks lost somewhere in the backlands, a Brazilian diplomat once observed, you can bet that a bicheiro lives in one of them and a steady bettor in the other. For decades official policy fluctuated between tolerance of the game, fueled by generous payoffs to authorities, and intermittent campaigns to snuff it out, finally, in 1946, the government outlawed casinos and games of chance, the animal game among them. Today it is played everywhere in Brazil, but continues to be controlled from Rio de Janeiro by about a dozen bosses, a crackdown on the game by the police in 1966 nearly paralysed São Paulo. More than 60,000 men were idled, at the time it had grown into a US$500 million-a-year business that employed roughly 1% of Brazils total working force
Jogo do bicho
–
Denise Frossard
11.
Flamengo
–
Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, commonly referred to as Flamengo, is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro. The club was established in 1895, although it did not play its first official game until 1912 and its traditional playing colors are red and black hooped shirts with white shorts and red and black hooped socks. The team achieved the most prestigious accolade in South American football when they defeated Cobreloa 2–0 in the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo to become champions of South America and they subsequently became known as the Geração de Ouro, or the Golden Generation. That same year, Flamengo became world champions after defeating Liverpool 3–0 in Tokyo. Flamengo is the most popular team in Brazil, with over 39.1 million supporters as of 2010, the club has long-standing rivalries with nearby neighbors Fluminense, Botafogo and Vasco da Gama. There is also a rivalry with Atlético Mineiro. Flamengo was founded on 17 November 1895 as a club by José Agostinho Pereira da Cunha, Mário Spindola, Nestor de Barros, Augusto Lopes, José Félix da Cunha Meneses. The group used to gather at Café Lamas, in the Flamengo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Rowing was the elite sport in Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century. The young men hoped that forming a club would make them popular with the young ladies of the citys high society. They could only afford a used boat named Pherusa, which had to be rebuilt before it could be used in competition. The team debuted on October 6,1895 when they sailed off the Caju Point, from the Maria Angu beach, however, strong winds turned over the boat and the rowers nearly drowned. They were rescued by a boat named Leal. Afterwards, as the Pherusa was undergoing repairs, the boat was stolen, the group then had to save up money to buy a new boat, the Etoile, renamed Scyra. On the night of 17 November, the group, gathered at Nestor de Barross manor on Flamengo beach, founded the Flamengo Rowing Group and elected its first board, the name was changed a few weeks later to Clube de Regatas do Flamengo. The founders also decided that the anniversary of the foundation should be celebrated on 15 November, so as to coincide with the Day of the Republic. Flamengo only embraced football when a group of dissatisfied players from Fluminense Football Club broke away from that club following a dispute with its board, the players decided to join Flamengo because Borgerth, the teams captain, was also a rower for Flamengo. Admittance of the new members was approved on 8 November 1911, a motion against the club taking part in football tournaments was defeated, and the members assembly officially created the football team on 24 December,1911. The new team used to train on Russel beach, and gradually gained the support of the locals, the first official match was played on 3 May 1912 and is, to this day, the most spectacular victory of the club, as the team defeated Mangueira 16-2
Flamengo
–
The recently formed
football team (wearing the squad jersey) before a match v. Paissandu in 1912.
Flamengo
–
Flamengo
Flamengo
–
Zico played for Flamengo in 1971-83 and 1985-89, achieving a large amount of records with the club.
Flamengo
–
Estádio da Gávea
12.
Slot machine
–
A slot machine, informally fruit machine, puggy, the slots, poker machine or simply slot, is a casino gambling machine with three or more reels which spin when a button is pushed. Many modern machines are equipped with a legacy lever in addition to the button. Slot machines include a currency detector that validates the money inserted to play, the machine pays off according to patterns of symbols visible on the front of the machine when it stops. Modern computer technology has resulted in variations on the slot machine concept, Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about 70 percent of the average US casinos income. The slot machine term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins, fruit machine comes from the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels, such as lemons and cherries. Sittman and Pitt of Brooklyn, New York, U. S. developed a machine in 1891 which was a precursor to the modern slot machine. It contained five drums holding a total of 50 card faces and was based on poker and this machine proved extremely popular and soon many bars in the city had one or more of the machines. Players would insert a nickel and pull a lever, which would spin the drums and the cards they held, the player hoping for a good poker hand. To make the better for the house, two cards were typically removed from the deck, the ten of spades and the jack of hearts. The drums could also be rearranged to further reduce a players chance of winning, the bell gave the machine its name. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels, Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. Even when the use of these devices was banned in his home state after a few years. The Liberty Bell machine was so popular that it was copied by many slot machine manufacturers, thus in 1907, manufacturer Herbert Mills from Chicago produced a slot machine called the Operator Bell. By 1908 lots of bell machines were installed in most cigar stores, saloons, bowling alleys, brothels, early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museums Fey Collection. Other early machines, such as the trade stimulator, gave out winnings in the form of fruit-flavoured chewing gums with pictures of the flavours as symbols on the reels, the popular cherry and melon symbols derive from this machine. The BAR symbol now common in slot machines was derived from a logo of the Bell-Fruit Gum Company. In these cases, a mint vending machine was declared to be a device because by chance the machine would occasionally give the next user a number of tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the fact that the result of the next use would be displayed on the machine, the courts ruled that he appealed to the players propensity to gamble
Slot machine
–
Slot machines in the
Trump Taj Mahal
Slot machine
–
1899 "Liberty Bell" machine, manufactured by Charles Fey.
Slot machine
–
Plaque marking the location of Fey's San Francisco workshop, where he invented the three-reel slot machine. The location is a
California Historical Landmark.
Slot machine
–
A row of "Wheel of Fortune" slot machines in a casino in Las Vegas. This specific slot machine is themed to the TV game show
Wheel of Fortune.
13.
Video poker
–
Video poker is an arcade or casino game based on five-card draw poker. It is played on a console similar in size to a slot machine. Video poker first became commercially viable when it became economical to combine a television-like monitor with a state central processing unit. The earliest models appeared at the time as the first personal computers were produced, in the mid-1970s. Video poker became more established when SIRCOMA, which stood for Si Redds Coin Machines. Throughout the 1980s, video poker became increasingly popular in casinos, today video poker enjoys a prominent place on the gaming floors of many casinos. The game is popular with Las Vegas locals, who tend to patronize locals casinos off the Las Vegas Strip. These local casinos often offer lower denomination machines or better odds, after inserting money into the machine, play begins by placing a bet of one or more credits and pressing the deal button. The player is then given 5 cards and has the opportunity to one or more of them in exchange for new ones drawn from the same virtual deck. After the draw, the machine pays out if the hand or hands played one of the winning combinations. Unlike the table version, the player may discard all 5 of their cards if they so choose. Pay tables allocate the payouts for hands and are based on how rare they are, the variation. A typical pay table starts with a hand of a pair of jacks. Some machines offer progressive jackpots, or other bonuses, thereby spurring players to both play more coins and to play more frequently. Maureen OConnor, former mayor of San Diego, lost nearly $13 million playing video poker, Video poker machines in casinos in the United States are regulated by state or Indian gaming agencies. These agencies typically require that the machines deal random card sequences using a deck of cards. This is based on a Nevada Gaming Commission regulation later adopted by states with a gaming authority. Video poker machines are tested to ensure compliance with this requirement before they are offered to the public, there are many variations of video poker
Video poker
–
Video Poker
14.
Rio de Janeiro (state)
–
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo, the state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast. Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the states in the same Southeast macroregion, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo. It is bounded on the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean, Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km². The archaic demonym meaning for the Rio de Janeiro State is fluminense, taken from the Latin word flumen, from 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, carioca remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio. During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, carioca was the given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State when the capital was moved to Brasilia, carioca was made a co-official demonym with guanabarino. In 1975, the Guanabara State was extinct by President Geisel becoming the present City of Rio de Janeiro, nowadays, social movements like Somos Todos Cariocas try to achieve the official recognition of carioca as a co-official demonym of Rio de Janeiro State. Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion, in the Brazilian flag, the state is represented by the Beta star in the Southern Cross. European presence in Rio de Janeiro is as old as Brazil itself, Rio de Janeiro originated from parts of the captainships of de Tomé and São Vicente. Between 1555 and 1567, the territory was occupied by the French, aiming to prevent the occupation of the Frenchmen, in March 1565, the city of Rio de Janeiro was established by Estácio de Sá. In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of Colonial Brazil, with the flight of the Portuguese royal family from Portugal to Brazil in 1808, the region soon benefited from urban reforms to house the Portuguese. The following years witnessed the creation of the Jardim Botânico and the Academia Real Militar, during this same time, the Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios was founded as well. In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro was transformed into a city, remaining as capital of the state, while the captainships became provinces, with headquarters in Niterói. In 1889, the city became the capital of the Republic, the city became the federal district. In 1894, Petrópolis became the capital of Rio de Janeiro, with the relocation of the federal capital to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became Guanabara State. Niterói remained the capital for Rio de Janeiro state, while Rio de Janeiro served the same status for Guanabara. In 1975, the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro were merged under the name of Rio de Janeiro, the symbols of the former State of Rio de Janeiro were preserved, while the symbols of Guanabara were kept by the city of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
–
Rio de Janeiro, the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro (state)
–
Palácio Tiradentes, the seat of the
Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro.
Rio de Janeiro (state)
–
Palácio Guanabara, seat of state government.
15.
Bangu (neighborhood)
–
Bangu is a neighborhood in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is located in the area of the city being one of the most populated districts. Located in the center of the city, the neighborhood is close to Campo Grande, Senador Camará, Vila Aliança, Padre Miguel. On November 22,2004 the mayor of Rio de Janeiro César Maia created by decree the district Gericinó, the neighborhood was originally part of the neighborhood of Bangu, the region where the penitentiary of Bangu is located, besides Bangu dump. The region is where Gericinó was located containing the sub-district of the Aqueduct, since 2004, the complex of Bangu and dump of Bangu, no longer belong to the neighborhood of Bangu. The neighborhood is known for high temperatures in the summer. The official record lowest temperature recorded in the city of Rio de Janeiro took place in Campo dos Afonsos in July 1928. In sport, the representative is the Bangu Atlético Clube, state champion twice, Brazilian Vice-Champion in 1985. Besides Bangu, also of note is the Ceres Futebol Clube, State champion in 1990, in samba, the main club is called the Unidos de Bangu, which is a pioneer in the carnival, and the fourth oldest samba school in Brazil. It is the forerunner of Scholars of Santa Cruz, the club participated for a few years in the Special Group of Carnival. It was the bi-champion of the Carioca Carnaval in 1957 and 1962, there is also the Unidos da Vila Kennedy, champion in 2000. The word Bangu has two different meanings, in 1673, Manuel de Barcelos Domingues created his farm, named Fazenda Bangu, a private chapel, called Paróquia de Nossa Senhora do Desterro de Campo Grande. In this location commenced the first economic activity of the district, with the foundation of the Engenho da Serra, which was a sugar cane mill. In 1889, the Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil, founded on February 6 of that year, bought several farms, including Fazenda Bangu, sugar cane farming was replaced by cotton farming. At this time, there was one street in the region, named Estrada Real de Santa Cruz. In 1890, Bangu railway station was inaugurated, stimulating the neighborhoods growth, Bangu became a proletarian neighborhood, exporting fabric to Europe. On March 8,1893, the Fábrica de Tecidos Bangu was inaugurated, with the presence of the countrys vice-president, Floriano Peixoto and the Federal Districts mayor. The factory was a major player in Brazil and the world throughout the 20th Century
Bangu (neighborhood)
–
Street of Bangu
16.
Drug trafficking
–
The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws. A UN report has stated that the drug trade generated an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2003. With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the same year, consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally. Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729,1796 and 1800, addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the early 19th century, a drug trade in China emerged and as a result. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium that led to the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, the United Kingdom won and forced China to allow British merchants to trade opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking opium had become common in the 19th century, the Second Opium War broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the French. In 1868, as a result of the use of opium. Between 1920 and 1933, by Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the beginning of the 21st century saw a drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for marijuana and cocaine. As a result, international organized crime such as the Sinaloa Cartel. Another illicit drug with increased demand in Europe is hashish, Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug, the quantity trafficked, if the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances. Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries, sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, flogging and even the death penalty. In December 2005, Van Tuong Nguyen, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004, in 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram of cannabis into the country. The countries of production and transit are some of the most affected by the drug trade. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries, while some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic, Honduras, through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to the United States, has the highest murder rate in the world
Drug trafficking
–
Jamaican drug lord
Christopher Coke being escorted by DEA agents
Drug trafficking
–
International drug routes
Drug trafficking
–
US$207 million and additional amounts in other currencies were confiscated from Mexican
Zhenli Ye Gon in 2007.
Drug trafficking
–
Hashish seized in Operation Albatross, a joint operation of Afghan officials
NATO and the
DEA
17.
America Football Club (RJ)
–
America Football Club, or America as it is usually called, is a Brazilian football club from Rio de Janeiro in Rio de Janeiro state, which was founded on September 18,1904. The club competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A several times, the clubs home stadium is the Estádio Giulite Coutinho, which has a capacity of 16,000. They play in red shirts, white shorts and red socks, the football anthem composer Lamartine Babo was a supporter of America. America also sponsors a beach American football team, the America Red Lions, in 1913, the club won the state championship for the first time. For the 1971 season, the competed in the national Championships first edition. Flamengo declined the invitation so America, the team with the best record after the teams, was invited to fill the spot. America won the tournament by beating Guarani in overtime at Maracanã stadium, in 2006, America was the runner-up of Taça Guanabara. America played the final against Botafogo, in 2008, America suffered a major blow by being relegated to the Second Division of the Campeonato Carioca. However, they won the Second Division in 2009, thus being promoted to the first level in 2010. de Aspirantes,1944 Torneio Ary Barroso, **Torneio Extra Carlos Martins da Rocha. Womens team Campeonato Carioca de Futebol Feminino runneers-up,2007 According to the CBF register, note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, luisinho Lemos,311 Edu,212 Maneco,187 Plácido,167 Carola,158 Chiquinho,102 America 1–4 Flamengo,147. The clubs old stadium was nicknamed Caldeirão do Diabo, in 2006 some of the clubs fans, supported by then-manager Jorginho who is an Evangelical Christian, attempted to replace the diabo with a bald eagle, claiming that the devil was unlucky. America is the Brazilian club with the largest number of other clubs named after it, some of its clones include, América of Natal, América of São José do Rio Preto, América of Três Rios, América of Amazonas, América Futebol Clube, América of Ceará. Official Site History, news and fans Full information on Matches when America won titles Best attendances in matches of America
America Football Club (RJ)
–
America F.C. team in 1929.
America Football Club (RJ)
–
America
America Football Club (RJ)
–
Estádio Giulite Coutinho
America Football Club (RJ)
–
Club offices
18.
Penalty shootout (association football)
–
A penalty shoot-out is a method of determining the winner of an association football match that is drawn after the regulation as well as extra playing time. Although the procedure for taking kicks from the penalty mark resembles that of a penalty kick, most notably, neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked. The method of breaking a draw in a match requiring a winner is determined beforehand by the organizing body. Although employed in football commonly since the 1970s, penalty shoot-outs remain unpopular with some, during a shoot-out, coaches, players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the centre circle. The kicking teams goalkeeper stands at the intersection of the goal line, goals scored during the shoot-out are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. A tie is a result in football. Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league or round-robin match may be provided for and this provision appears for occasions where opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, which can result in an immediate shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship, several leagues, such as the J-League, have experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately following a drawn league match, with the winner being awarded an extra point. A team that loses a penalty shoot-out is eliminated from the tournament but it does not count as a defeat, for instance, the Netherlands are considered to have concluded the 2014 FIFA World Cup undefeated, despite being eliminated at the semi-final stage. The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark, the procedure is specified in Law 10 of the IFABs Laws of the Game document. The referee tosses a coin to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken, the choice of goal by the coin toss winner may only be changed by the referee for safety reasons or if the goal or playing surface becomes unusable. The referee tosses the coin a second time to determine which team will take the first kick, all players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the pitchs centre circle. Each kick will be taken in the manner of a penalty kick. Each kick will be taken from the penalty mark, which is 12 yards from the line and equidistant from each touch line. Each team is responsible for selecting from the players the order in which they will take the kicks. The referee is not informed of the order, each kicker can kick the ball only once per attempt. Once kicked, the kicker may not play the ball again, no other player on either team, other than the designated kicker and goalkeeper, may touch the ball. The ball may touch the goalkeeper, goal posts, or crossbar any number of times before going into the goal as long as the referee believes the motion is the result of the initial kick
Penalty shootout (association football)
–
Steven Pressley scores for
Hearts against
Gretna in the
2006 Scottish Cup Final shoot-out
Penalty shootout (association football)
–
Philipp Lahm is about to score in the
2012 UEFA Champions League Final
Penalty shootout (association football)
–
Deciding penalty kick of
Didier Drogba in the
2012 UEFA Champions League Final
19.
Rio Carnival
–
The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is a festival Lent every year and considered the biggest carnival in the world with 2 million people per day on the streets. The first festivals of Rio date back to 1723, the typical Rio carnival parade is filled with revelers, floats, and adornments from numerous samba schools which are located in Rio. A samba school is composed of a collaboration of local neighbours that want to attend carnival together, there is a special order that every school has to follow with their parade entries. Each school begins with the comissão de frente, that is the group of people from the school that appear first, made of ten to fifteen people, the comissão de frente introduces the school and sets the mood and style of their presentation. These people have choreographed dances in costumes that usually tell a short story. Following the comissão de frente is the first float of the samba school, as the parade is taking place in the Sambadrome and the balls are being held in the Copacabana Palace and beach, many carnival participants are at other locations. Street festivals are common during carnival and are highly populated by the locals. Elegance and extravagance are usually left behind, but music and dancing are still extremely common, anyone is allowed to participate in the street festivals. Bandas and blocos are very familiar with the street carnival especially because it nothing to join in on the fun except to jump in. One of the most well known bandas of Rio is Banda de Ipanema, Banda de Ipanema was first created in 1965 and is known as Rio’s most irreverent street band. Incorporated into every aspect of the Rio carnival are dancing and music, the most famous dance is carnival samba, a Brazilian dance with African influences. The samba remains a popular dance not only in carnival but in the ghettos outside of the main cities and these villages keep alive the historical aspect of the dance without the influence of the western cultures. Music is another aspect of all parts of carnival. The samba that is found in Rio is batucada, referring to the dance and it is born of a rhythmic necessity that it allows you to sing, to dance, and to parade at the same time. This is why the style is found in most all of Rio’s street carnivals. Street parades, blocos, and bandas take place throughout the city of Rio during Carnival, there can be more than 300 bandas taking place at any given point in time. While the biggest street party takes place right outside the Sambadrome, in 2012, more than 2 million revelers took to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Cordão da Bola Preta bloco. According to police estimates, more than 5 million people attended a bloco during Rio Carnival 2012, when the Sambadrome was built in 1984, it had the side-effect of taking street parades from the downtown area to a specific, ticketed performance area
Rio Carnival
–
A typical "Samba Queen".
Rio Carnival
–
Samba Parade in the Sambódromo (Sambadrome).
Rio Carnival
–
Asia
20.
Denise Frossard
–
Denise Frossard Loschi is a judge and politician from Brazil. She studied law and served as a magistrate in Rio de Janeiro and she has been a law professor at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation. When she retired she started working for Transparency International and she was the trial judge who on May 14,1993, convicted 14 notorious racketeers who control the lucrative Jogo do Bicho in Rio de Janeiro. Frossard sentenced them to six years imprisonment, the sentence recognized the existence of a mafia-type organization in Brazil for the first time. Editorial pages of Brazilian newspapers praised Frossard’s courage to take on the illegal lottery bosses, the animal game is a deeply embedded cultural phenomenon with a certain romantic aura, and thus hard to eradicate, according to Frossard. But it is also a quintessentially Brazilian way of laundering money, judge Frossard was subjected to pressures from both the political establishment and the Judiciary itself and her life has been threatened. She has been the target of assassination attempts that she attributes to hired guns in the pay of game kingpins, a former military policeman allegedly received an offer of US$270,000 to kill Frossard, but was arrested before he could commit the murder. After the judgment in 1993, she spent a year in the United States, returning to head the Brazilian branches of Transparency International, in 2002, she was elected as federal representative for the Socialist Peoples Party to the Brazilian Congress. She won the election in the State of Rio de Janeiro with a landslide and her term ended in 2006, after which she ran for governor of the State of Rio de Janeiro. With 32% of the votes, she lost in the run-off from Sérgio Cabral Filho, the candidate for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party. In 2005 she received the Medalha Tiradentes by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro, for relevant services offered to the State of Rio de Janeiro
Denise Frossard
–
Denise Frossard (Photo: Elza Fiúza/ABr
21.
Special forces
–
Special forces and special operations forces are military or police units trained to conduct special operations. The term special forces in the United States refers to the U. S. Armys forces, in Russian-speaking countries special forces are typically called spetsnaz, an acronym for special purpose. Likewise, Russian speakers refer to special forces of nations as spetsnaz, for example. Special Forces would be referred to as amerikanski spetsnaz in Russian, other significant roles lay in reconnaissance, providing essential intelligence from near or among the enemy and increasingly in combating irregular forces, their infrastructure and activities. Hamilcar Barca in Sicily had specialized troops trained to launch several offensives per day, in the late Roman or early Byzantine period, Roman fleets used small, fast, camouflaged ships crewed by selected men for scouting and commando missions. In Japan, ninjas were used for reconnaissance, espionage and as assassins, bodyguards or fortress guards, during the Napoleonic wars, rifle and sapper units were formed that held specialised roles in reconnaissance and skirmishing and were not committed to the formal battle lines. The British Indian Army deployed two special forces during their wars, the Corps of Guides formed in 1846 and the Gurkha Scouts. During the Second Boer War the British Army felt the need for specialised units became most apparent. This unit was formed in 1900 by Lord Lovat and early on reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, after the war, Lovats Scouts went on to formally become the British Armys first sniper unit. Additionally, the Bushveldt Carbineers, formed in 1901, can be seen as an unconventional warfare unit. Modern special forces emerged during the Second World War, in 1940, the British Commandos were formed following Winston Churchills call for specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast. A staff officer, Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Clarke, had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill, Dill, aware of Churchills intentions, approved Clarkes proposal and on 23 June 1940, the first Commando raid took place. The Special Service Brigade was quickly expanded to 12 units which became known as Commandos, each Commando had a lieutenant colonel as the commanding officer and numbered around 450 men. In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in that theatre, in February 1942 the Commando training depot at Achnacarry in the Scottish Highlands was established by Brigadier Charles Haydon. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Vaughan, the Commando depot was responsible for training complete units, the training regime was for the time innovative and physically demanding, and far in advance of normal British Army training. The depot staff were all hand picked, with the ability to any of the volunteers. Training and assessment started immediately on arrival, with the volunteers having to complete an 8-mile march with all their equipment from the Spean Bridge railway station to the commando depot, exercises were conducted using live ammunition and explosives to make training as realistic as possible. Physical fitness was a prerequisite, with cross country runs and boxing matches to improve fitness, speed and endurance marches were conducted up and down the nearby mountain ranges and over assault courses that included a zip-line over Loch Arkaig, all while carrying arms and full equipment
Special forces
–
Polish
GROM special forces troops at Umm Qasr during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Special forces
–
Japanese drawing of the archetypical
ninja, from a series of sketches (
Hokusai manga) by
Hokusai.
Special forces
–
British Army scouts in South Africa (1893):
Frederick Russell Burnham (middle); Hon.
Maurice Gifford (right)
Special forces
–
The
British Commandos were the prototype for the modern special forces. Volunteers had to undergo an arduous training course.
22.
Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Its members are called State Military person. The primary mission of PMERJ is ostensibly preventive policing for the maintenance of order in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Under the United Nations, in cooperation with the Brazilian Army, the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State has served in Angola, Mozambique, East-Timor, Sudan, and Haiti. The first militarized police in Portugal was the Royal Police Guard of Lisbon, established in 1801, with the abdication of Emperor Pedro I in 1831, the Regency held reformulations on the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Royal Guard Police of Rio de Janeiro became extinct, and was replaced by the Municipal Guard Corps of Volunteers, the same law allowed each Province to establish its own Guard of Volunteers. In 1834, Pedro I died in Portugal and this reduced the fear in Brazil of a reunification of the kingdoms, the Guard of Volunteers were then transformed into Province Police Corps, with professional troops. The Police Corps were created with the structure as Brazilian Army. In 1835, the president of Rio de Janeiro province created the Rio de Janeiro Province Police Corp, with the Proclamation of the Republic, Brazil adopted a constitution based on the United States, where the states have a large autonomy. In addition, In the fight against organized crime, through operations to catch criminals or seizure of weapons, the supervision and control of the vehicle fleet in integrated actions with other public agencies. The preservation of flora, fauna and the environment through specialized battalion, in the security service forums of Justice in municipalities throughout the state. In support of court officers in cases and other court orders with risk. The security of the authorities, the legislature and the judiciary. Security of witnesses and people under threat, in support of public, state and municipal agencies in activities such actions with the population of street and dealing with children and adolescents at social risk. The PMERJ is operationally organized into Intermediary Commands or Policing Area Command, Military Police Battalions, companies, and platoons, the battalions are based in major urban centers, and their companies and platoons are distributed according to population density in cities. The Military Police of Rio de Janeiro is present in all cities of the State and it was established on January 19,1978, the Bulletin of the Military Police No. Running in CFAP facilities of volunteers and operationally subordinate to the Chief of Staff of PMERJ, the NuCOE worked at a camp on the premises of Squares Training Centre in Sulacap in northern Rio. There were 12 tents for about 30 policemen, on March 1,1991, there was the creation of the Special Police Operations Battalion. In 2001, the BOPE adopted armored vehicles baptized as caveirões to protect PMs in raids in slums, thus, the battalion was heavily criticized by human rights groups for having printed the insignia of skull pierced by a dagger
Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Old badge of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Police officers in the favela of Rocinha.
Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Police cruisers in Copacabana beach.
23.
Fernando Collor de Mello
–
Collor was the first President directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government. He is also the youngest President in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40 and he was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazils Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence. Fernando Collor was born into a political family, Collor is a Portuguese adaptation of the German surname Koehler, from his maternal grandfather Lindolfo Leopoldo Boeckel Collor. Collor has been serving as Senator for Alagoas since February 2007, having been first elected in 2006, Collor became the president of Brazilian football club Centro Sportivo Alagoano in 1976. During his term as governor, he attracted a lot of publicity by allegedly fighting the payment of super-salaries to public servants, the efficacy of his policies in reducing public expense is disputed, but it certainly made him popular over the country. This helped boost his career, with the help of television appearances in nationwide broadcasts. In 1989 Collor defeated Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a controversial two-round presidential race and 35 million votes, in December 1989, days prior to the second round, Abílio dos Santos Diniz was the victim of a sensational political kidnapping. The act is recognized as an attempt to sabotage Lulas chances of victory, by associating the kidnapping with the left wing. At the time, Brazilian law barred any party from addressing the media on the prior to election day. Lulas party thus had no opportunity to clarify the accusations that the party was involved in the kidnapping, Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures. The first democratically elected President of Brazil in 29 years, Collor spent the years of his government allegedly battling inflation. The very day he took office, Collor launched the Plano Collor, in the month before Collor took power, hyperinflation was 25 percent per month and growing. All accounts over 50,000 Cruzeiros, were frozen for several weeks and he also proposed freezes in wages and prices, as well as major cuts in government spending. The measures were received unenthusiastically by the people, though felt that radical measures were necessary to kill the hyperinflation. Within a few months, however, inflation resumed, eventually reaching rates of 10 percent per month, during the course of his government, Collor was accused of condoning an influence peddling scheme. The accusations weighed on the government and they led Collor and his team to an institutional crisis leading to a loss of credibility that reached the finance minister and this political crisis had negative consequences on his ability to carry out his policies and reforms. The Plano Collor I, under Zélia would be renewed with the implementation of the Plano Collor II, the failure of Zélia and Plano Collor I led to their substitution by Marcílio Marques Moreira and his Plano Collor II. Moreiras plan tried to correct some aspects of the first plan, Collors administration was paralyzed by the fast deterioration of his image, through a succession of corruption accusations
Fernando Collor de Mello
–
Fernando Collor de Mello's official photo, 1990.
Fernando Collor de Mello
–
President Fernando Collor talking to ministers and government leaders during a meeting at the
Palácio do Planalto, 1990.
Fernando Collor de Mello
–
Collor waves to the people.
Fernando Collor de Mello
–
President Collor speaking at the
Presidential Palace, 1991.
24.
Paulo Maluf
–
As of 2011, Maluf is on a second consecutive term as Federal Deputy. His political base is founded on populism and the provision of public works. His career has been plagued with allegations of corruption, although he was never convicted by the Brazilian courts. He is the president of the branch, in the state of São Paulo, of the right-wing Progressive Party of Brazil. Interpol has issued a Red Notice to arrest Maluf, extradite him and try him in the United States on charges of conspiracy, banking on this friendship, he was to be appointed mayor of São Paulo in 1969, replacing the very popular Faria Lima. In 1972, following his mayorship, he served as secretary of transport of the state of São Paulo and he also spent wildly in public works, including in some schemes of doubtful validity, such as in an eventually failed plan to move the states capital city. It was because of such schemes that one of the most notable accusations of corruption against him emerged, by then, Maluf had already fostered a reputation for engaging in corrupt machine politics. His overweening strategy, however, estranged him from most of the party bosses – the civilian caucus which had provided support to the military dictatorship in the last twenty years. Nevertheless, Maluf remained a political force in São Paulo. When he ended his last mayoral term in 1996, he was considered the best mayor São Paulo had ever had up until then and this has led various scholars to try to explain his political resilience. That called eventually for judicial scrutiny of Malufs policies, especially his public works, Maluf was also part of an extensive investigation, by a Parliamentary Inquiry Committee set up in 2003, regarding money laundering involving bank accounts held by him and his family in Jersey. He has been convicted of multiple times, but only in 2001 was the sentence final. At the time, he was forced to pay approximately R$500.000 to the state, many of his alleged crimes cannot be prosecuted, due to the nature of the Brazilian statute of limitations. Even if he were to be convicted, there would be questions about whether he would serve jail time. In early September 2005, Paulo Maluf and his son Flávio Maluf were temporarily arrested by the Brazilian Federal police and they were only incarcerated for a few weeks. So notorious is Malufs reputation that in Brazil the verb malufar was created and this verb is also sometimes used outside Brazil, with one example being the French newspaper Le Monde. He was reelected again in 2010, with something around 497,000 ballots cast for him, during the 2014 elections, Maluf stood again as a congressional candidate, but his candidacy was this time denied acceptance by a 4-to-3 decision of the TSE. Were this to happen, his 2014 voting would make him the eighth most voted candidate for the Federal Legislature in the State of São Paulo, with 246,446 ballots
Paulo Maluf
–
Paulo Salim Maluf
Paulo Maluf
–
Maluf with President
João Figueiredo in the 1980s.
Paulo Maluf
–
Maluf and fellow Progressive Party Federal Deputy Simão Sessim in 2007.
25.
Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
The Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State is the police force responsible for criminal investigations in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Formed in 1808, it is subordinated to the government and directed by a Chief of Police. Each Police Station is directed by a Police Delegate helped by Adjunctive Police Delegates, chiefs of police groups, the CORE, formed in 1969, is a SWAT-style unit within the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro. It is a service which use highly trained policemen in dangerous tasks that Police have to face daily. Civil Police CORE Civil Police Museum Brazilian Federal Police Brazilian Intelligence Agency Official website November operations Civil Police in Alemão restraint -2010 CORE - Special operations
Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Coat of arms
Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Police car
Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Mobile forensic unit
Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State
–
Police car - 2010
26.
Public servant
–
A civil servant or public servant is a person so employed in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the service varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not, many consider the study of service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in non-departmental public bodies may also be classed as servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms. Collectively a states civil servants form its service or public service. An international civil servant or international staff member is an employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation but are governed by internal staff regulations, All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO. Specific referral can be made to the International Civil Service Commission of the United Nations and its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service. The origin of the modern civil service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China. The Imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the states bureaucracy and this system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit, after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the Nine-rank system. This system was reversed during the short-lived Sui Dynasty, which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations, the first civil service examination system was established by Emperor Wen of Sui. The examination tested the candidates memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms, the system was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package. The Chinese system was admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. In the 18th century, in response to changes and the growth of the British Empire, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase, by the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. The origins of the British civil service are better known, during the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806, in that year, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the East India Company College, near London to train and examine administrators of the Companys territories in India
Public servant
–
Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in
Guangdong, 1873.
Public servant
–
Emperor Wen of Sui (r. 581–604), who established the first
civil service examination system in China; a painting by the
chancellor and artist
Yan Liben (600–673).
Public servant
–
Charles Trevelyan, an architect of
Her Majesty's Civil Service, established in 1855 on his recommendations.
27.
Public Ministry (Brazil)
–
The Public Prosecutors Office is the Brazilian body of independent public prosecutors at both the federal and state level. It operates independently from the three branches of government and was referred to by Constitutional scholar Michel Temer as the Fourth Branch, in addition to that, the new Constitution created the Courts of Account, which are also independent. There are three levels of public prosecutors, according to the jurisdiction of the courts before which they perform their duties, there are the federal prosecutors who bring cases before judges in lower courts, the appellate federal prosecutors, and the superior federal prosecutors. At the state level, the body usually has three divisions, substitute state prosecutors, state prosecutors before the courts, and appellate state prosecutors. There are also military prosecutors whose duties are related to State Military Police Corps, the main job of prosecutors in Brazil is to uphold justice. As such, it is their duty to bring charges and try criminal cases. Prosecutors have the last word on whether charges are filed. In those cases, the acts as custos legis and ensures that justice is indeed delivered. It is also mandatory that a Prossecutor to be part of related to underage minors. Although the law allows prosecutors to conduct investigations, they only do so in major cases. They are also in charge of supervising police work and police investigations, hence, the attorneyship was divided between public and private ministry, the first one considered a kind of magistracy. The Union was represented by the Federal Public Ministry, and the States were represented by each State Public Ministry and these Offices included the Public Prosecutors Office, the Public Procurators Office, the Public Defenders Office and the attorneyship itself, which remained private. Each Office is independent in its duty to guarantee democracy, Brazilian Judiciary System is divided not only regionally, but also by the subject of discuss. As such, the Union Public Ministry is divided in 5 branches, the branches are, Ministério Público Federal, in charge of federal crimes and federal civil activities. One can say this branch is the default branch, since the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, there are no active territory. Ministério Público Eleitoral is a branch, composed by both Federal and State Prosecutors. The several State Public Ministries are not divided in branches, the exception are the few states with an Appeal Military State Court, as they have Military State Prosecutors in an independent branch. Law of Brazil Public defender Public Ministry
Public Ministry (Brazil)
–
Head office of the Attorney General of the Brazilian Republic.
Public Ministry (Brazil)
–
Old building of Public Ministry in
Porto Alegre.
28.
Judiciary of Brazil
–
The Judiciary of Brazil is the Judiciary branch of the Brazilian government. The structure and the division of jurisdiction of the ramifications of the Brazilian Judiciary is defined in the Brazilian Constitution, the system is divided primarily in the ordinary courts and the specialized courts. The specialized courts are kept entirely by the Federal Government and are divided into three areas of practice, the Military courts, the Labor courts and the Electoral courts, the ordinary courts are divided between the Federal and the States judiciaries. The system also includes two special central Courts that are separate from the divisions, The Supreme Federal Court. The Supreme Federal Court is the highest Brazilian Judiciary and its main responsibility is to serve as the ultimate guardian of the Brazilian Constitution, with the roles of a constitutional court. The most common tool of that Court is the Extraordinary Appeal, the Supreme court also holds the power to analyze the constitutionality of a federal or state law or statute, and thus making it invalid, through the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality. Other original jurisdiction includes the decision over extradition, together with the Supreme Federal Court functions the National Justice Council. It also has some powers over judges, but cannot remove them from office. The Superior Court of Justice is the Brazilian highest court in non-constitutional issues concerning both states and Federal ordinary courts, other roles include deciding over most jurisdiction conflicts and granting the exequatur to foreign judicial decisions. They are the courts-martial of the Brazilian Armed Forces and it is headed by the Superior Military Court. The courts are integrated by both civilian and military members and they have jurisdiction over labor law issues, including collective. It has no jurisdiction over civil servants, except some at municipal level and employees of government entreprises that holds private nature, such as Petrobras and the Correios. There are first instance courts in cities, that deals with laborers individual complains, administrative matters concerning labour law. The second instance courts are the Regional Labor Courts, that deals with the appeals and they also have direct jurisdiction over some matters concerning collective labour law, including solution of conflicts between trade unions and employers and the right to strike. The system is headed by the Superior Labor Court, that functions as the highest appeal Court of non-constitutional issues concerning Labor law, the Electoral court system of Brazil was created in 1932, in the intention to moralize the Brazilian electoral system. It was dissolved in 1937 and reinstalled in 1945, and since then has been in continuous operation, the existence of that court system is predicted in the Constitution, but the structure and roles defined in the Brazilian Electoral Code of 1964. Its typical judicial roles include judging electoral matters, both administrative and criminal, and also issues concerning political rights, but the peculiarity of that system is some extra judiciary roles. It includes organizing, executing and controlling all official elections
Judiciary of Brazil
–
Supreme Federal Court of Brazil.
Judiciary of Brazil
–
Brazil
Judiciary of Brazil
–
Pernambuco Court of Justice.
29.
Political campaign
–
A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or referendums are decided. In modern politics, the most high-profile political campaigns are focused on elections and candidates for head of state or head of government. The message of the campaign contains the ideas that the wants to share with the voters. It is to get those who agree with their ideas to them when running for a political position. The message often consists of talking points about policy issues. The points summarize the ideas of the campaign and are repeated frequently in order to create a lasting impression with the voters. In many elections, the party will try to get the candidate off message by bringing up policy or personal questions that are not related to the talking points. Most campaigns prefer to keep the message broad in order to attract the most potential voters, a message that is too narrow can alienate voters or slow the candidate down with explaining details. Barack Obama ran on a consistent, simple message of change throughout his campaign, however, even if the message is crafted carefully, it does not assure the candidate a victory at the polls. For a winning candidate, the message is refined and then becomes his or her in office, in a modern political campaign, the campaign organization will have a coherent structure of personnel in the same manner as any business of similar size. Successful campaigns usually require a campaign manager to coordinate the campaigns operations, apart from a candidate, they are often a campaigns most visible leader. Political consultants advise campaigns on all of their activities, from research to field strategy. Consultants conduct candidate research, voter research, and opposition research for their clients, activists are the foot soldiers loyal to the cause, the true believers who will carry the run by volunteer activists. Such volunteers and interns may take part in such as canvassing door-to-door. Modern political campaigns have set new standards for how successful campaigns are conducted day-to-day. The daily schedule of a campaign is hyperextended, and often has no definite beginning or end, only a series of tasks to be completed by certain benchmark times, or, most often. COB for political campaigns is generally defined as the time at night at which your supervisor is required to report his/her numbers, only a very small fraction of campaign workers do the bulk of their work during traditional business hours
Political campaign
–
Presidential campaign button for
Abraham Lincoln, 1860. The reverse side of the button shows a portrait of his running mate
Hannibal Hamlin.
Political campaign
–
Democrat John Edwards makes a campaign speech in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 2007.
Political campaign
–
A political rally in
Chinatown, Los Angeles, featuring
Betty Ford campaigning for her husband, U.S. President
Gerald Ford, during the
1976 presidential campaign.
Political campaign
–
NDP leader
Jack Layton and
Bloc Québécois leader
Gilles Duceppe greet babies - a traditional campaign activity - at the
Fête nationale du Québec in
Montreal
30.
Cali Cartel
–
The Cali Cartel was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department. Its founders were the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, Gilberto and Miguel and they broke away from Pablo Escobar and his Medellin associates in the late 1980s when Hélmer Herrera, also known as Pacho, joined what became a four-man executive board that ran the cartel. By the mid-1990s, the empire of the Cali Cartel was a multibillion-dollar enterprise. The Cali Cartel was formed by the Rodriguez brothers and Santacruz, the recognition of this social background was displayed in the groups nickname as Calis Gentlemen. The group originally assembled as a ring of kidnappers known as Las Chemas, Las Chemas were implicated in numerous kidnappings including that of two Swiss citizens, a diplomat Herman Buff and a student, Zack Jazz Milis Martin. They reportedly received $700,000 in ransom, which is believed to have gone on to fund their drug trafficking empire, the assembled group first involved itself in trafficking marijuana. Due to the low profit rate, and larger amount required to traffic to cover resources. In the early 1970s the cartel sent Helmer Pacho Herrera to New York City to establish a distribution center, and does not usually result in serious consequences, such as crime, hospital emergency room admissions or both. Some top associates were Victor Patiño-Fomeque El Quimico or La Fiera, Henry Loaiza Ceballos El Alacrán, José Fedor Rey ex member of guerrilla, the independent cell structures is what set the Cali Cartel apart from the Medellín Cartel. The Cali Cartel operated as a group of independent criminal organizations, as opposed to the Medellíns structure of a central leader. It was believed each cell would report to a larger group, the groups as cited by former Cali accountant Guillermo Pallomari are, Narco-trafficking, Control over processing labs, shipping methods and routes. Military, Control over security, punishment/discipline and bribery in relation to military or police officials, political, Responsible for establishing governmental links such as with Congressional members, federal officials and local authorities. Financial, Control over money-laundering, front businesses and legitimate business ventures which they owned, legal, Control over representation for captured traffickers, hiring of lobbyists and overseas representation. The Cali Cartel would eventually go on to be known by then DEA chief Thomas Constantine as The biggest, most powerful crime syndicate weve ever known. The Cali Cartel, whose brief roots began in trafficking marijuana, soon shifted to due to its ease of transporting. The Cartel also diversified into opium and was reported to have brought in a Japanese chemist to help its refining operation, debate over the cartels participation in heroin trafficking remains. It is believed the leaders were not involved in heroin trading, however close associates to them were. Their relationships, it is believed, led to cooperation with heroin distribution centers, by the mid-1990s, the trafficking empire of the Cali Cartel was a multibillion-dollar enterprise
Cali Cartel
–
Cali Cartel money laundering chart (click to enlarge)
Cali Cartel
–
Cali Cartel
Cali Cartel
–
José Santacruz Londoño
Cali Cartel
–
One plan included the use of a privately owned
A-37 jet to bomb the prison holding Escobar.
31.
Porto Seguro
–
Porto Seguro is a city located in the far south of Bahia, Brazil. They city has an population of 145,431, covers 2,287 square kilometres. The weather is hot and humid in the summer, peaking at 40°C and very mild in the winter, averaging 25 degrees. During July, August and November the probability of rain is greater and it contains the 894 hectares Rio dos Frades Wildlife Refuge, created in 2007 to protect the mouth of the Frades River. The municipality also contains part of the Corumbau Marine Extractive Reserve, apart from tourism, other important activities are agriculture, the reforestation with eucalyptus trees, the cattle, the trade and services. The city offers one of the most famous Carnival parties in Bahia, “Electric Trios”, dancing “blocos” and “cordões” drag thousands of tourists along the Passarela do Álcool Passageway and to beach bars. Night Leisure The Passarela do Álcool Passageway is a spot in the city. Historical Downtown Area The historical site in the Cidade Alta area is a National Heritage Monument put under government trust by a Federal Decree since 1973 and it was one of the first towns in Brazil and played an important role during the first years of European colonization. It includes three churches and around 40 buildings, restored by the State Government for the 500th anniversary celebration of Brazilian discovery, at night the whole area is bathed by a special lighting system, offering an impressive view. Monte Pascoal National Park Created in 1961 to preserve the place where Brazil was discovered by Portuguese warriors and it extends over an area of 144.8 km², including the Pataxó tribe’s indigenous protection land. Besides its historical importance, it offers protection to one of the last stretches of Atlantic forest in the Northeastern area of Brazil. The area is aimed at preserving valuable woods such as Brazil wood, recife de Fora Sea Park It was the first city owned park in Brazil. During low tide, visitor can view a range of coral reefs, fish. People say the São Francisco Church was the first one built in Brazil, in style, probably in 1504. The Nossa Senhora da Penha Matrix Church Located on Pero de Campos Tourinho Square, in Cidade Alta and it comprises an aisle, a main chapel, a sacristy and a bell tower.27 km² Indian protection area. Their huts, spread around original Atlantic Forest woods, keeps original old formats, Aquarium Island Aquarium Island or Ilha dos Aquarios is a thematic leisure center combining nightlife infrastructure and environmental and sea biodiversity protection, with giant aquariums. It is located on Pacuio Island, on Buranhém River and access is exclusively by boat. You can access the island from the ferry just next to the fishermans dock
Porto Seguro
–
Porto Seguro
Porto Seguro
–
Beach in Porto Seguro
32.
Antonio Salamone
–
Antonio Salamone was a member of the Sicilian Mafia and a member of the first Sicilian Mafia Commission. His nickname was “il furbo” – the shrewd one, Salamone was born San Giuseppe Jato in the Province of Palermo. His connection with the powerful Greco Mafia clan raised his standing in the Mafia, after the Ciaculli massacre in 1963 he moved to São Paulo in Brazil, where he acquired citizenship in 1970. The illegal lottery operator Castor de Andrade allegedly helped Salamone to settle in Brazil, Castor de Andrade gave him a cover job at Bangu Textiles, which he owned. Salamone became a naturalized Brazilian because of de Andrade’s influence, in 1965, Salamone moved to New York and got involved in running pizza parlours with a member of his San Giuseppe Jato Mafia family, Giuseppe Ganci, who had moved to the United States. He returned to Italy at the end of the 1960s, at the Trial of the 114 in 1968, Salamone was acquitted. In 1970, the Court of Palermo ordered an internal exile in Sacile in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-east Italy. He was arrested again in 1971 for the second Trial of the 114, after his acquittal in 1974, Salamone had to return to Sacile but disappeared without leaving a trace. He was considered to be a victim of a lupara bianca – a mafia-style murder in which the body is deliberately hidden. In fact Salamone had moved to São Paulo again where he became a building contractor and he kept ruling the San Giuseppe Jato Mafia family. His substitute was Bernardo Brusca who also represented Salamone in the Sicilian Mafia Commission, Salamone counted on the powerful support of Stefano Bontade to curb his lieutenant Brusca’s desire for power. Salamone and Bontade wanted to kill Corleonesi-boss Totò Riina at a meeting of the Sicilian Mafia Commission during the conflict with the established Mafia-bosses in Palermo. However, the Corleonesi acted first and killed Bontade in April 1981, in 1982 Salamone suddenly re-appeared again in public. He returned to Sacile, the town where he still had to serve the remainder of his internal exile, Salamone was a close friend of Buscetta and decided to give himself up to the police instead. Salamone was part of the Sicilian supply ring for the so-called Pizza Connection, one of the main organisers in the United States was Giuseppe Ganci, a member of Salamone’ s Mafia family. In the following years Salamone received arrest warrants for heroin trafficking, on April 16,1993, Salamone was arrested in São Paulo. However, because of his Brazilian nationality and his advanced age, in June 1996, Antimafia prosecutor Gian Carlo Caselli, travelled from Palermo to Brazil to interrogate Salamone on the links of former Italian prime minister Giulio Andreotti with the Mafia. Salamone refused to answer any of the questions, Salamone died of cancer on May 31,1998, in São Paulo
Antonio Salamone
–
Arrest of Antonio Salamone in
São Paulo in 1993
33.
Azulejo
–
Azulejo is a form of Spanish and Portuguese painted tin-glazed ceramic tilework. Azulejos are found on the interior and exterior of churches, palaces, ordinary houses, schools and they were not only used as an ornamental art form, but also had a specific functional capacity like temperature control in homes. There is also a tradition of their production in former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in North America, South America, Goa, Africa and they still constitute a major aspect of Portuguese architecture as they are applied on walls, floors and even ceilings. Many azulejos chronicle major historical and cultural aspects of Portuguese history, the word azulejo is derived from the Arabic الزليج, zellige, meaning polished stone because the original idea was to imitate the Roman mosaics. This origin shows the unmistakable Arab influences in many tiles, interlocking curvilinear, the craft of zellige is still in use in the Arab world in two main traditions the Egyptian Zalij and the North African Zellige, the latter being the most famous. The Spanish city of Seville became the centre of the Hispano-Moresque tile industry. The earliest azulejos in the 13th century were alicatados, Tiles were glazed in a single colour, cut into geometric shapes, and assembled to form geometric patterns. Many examples can be admired in the Alhambra of Granada, the old techniques of cuerda seca and cuenca developed in Seville in the 15th century. These techniques were introduced into Portugal by king Manuel I after a visit to Seville in 1503 and they were applied on walls and used for paving floors, such as can be seen in several rooms, and especially the Arab Room of the Sintra National Palace. The Portuguese adopted the Moorish tradition of horror vacui and covered the walls completely with azulejos, potters from Italy came into Seville in the early 16th century and established workshops there. They brought with them the techniques which allowed the artists to represent a much larger number of figurative themes in their compositions. The first Italian potter to move into Spain was Francisco Niculoso who settled in Seville in 1498, examples of his work can still be admired in situ in the Alcazar of Seville. Mannerism and the style, with its bizarre representations, had much influence on azulejos. One of the early Portuguese masters of the 16th century was Marçal de Matos, to whom Susanna, the Miracle of St. Roque is the first dated Portuguese azulejo composition. It is the work of Francisco de Matos, probably the nephew, both drew their inspiration from Renaissance and Mannerist paintings and engravings from Italy and Flanders. A fine collection of 16th-century azulejos can be found in the Museu da Rainha D. Leonor in Beja, in the late 16th century, checkered azulejos were used as decoration for large surfaces, such as in churches and monasteries. Diagonally placed plain white tiles were surrounded by square ones. An inset votive usually depicts a scene from the life of Christ or a saint and these carpet compositions, as they were called, elaborately framed with friezes and borders, were produced in great numbers during the 17th century
Azulejo
–
Panel of glazed tiles by Jorge Colaço (1922) depicting an episode from the battle of
Aljubarrota (1385) between the Portuguese and
Castilian armies. A piece of public art in
Lisbon,
Portugal.
Azulejo
–
Alicatados in Capilla de San Bartolomé,
Córdoba
Azulejo
–
Alicatado in the
Alhambra, circa 1350,
Granada, Spain
Azulejo
–
Alfardones », circa 1420,
Manises, Spain
34.
Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
–
Copacabana is a bairro located in the South Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is known for its 4 km balneario beach, which is one of the most famous in the world, the district was originally called Sacopenapã until the mid-18th century. It was renamed after the construction of a holding a replica of the Virgen de Copacabana. The name may be derived from the Aymara kota kahuana, meaning view of the lake and this god is androgynous and lives in the Titicaca, and his court consists of creatures that are represented in colonial sculptures and in Catholic churches. They were called Umantuus, known as mermaids in Western culture, Copacabana begins at Princesa Isabel Avenue and ends at Posto Seis. Beyond Copacabana, there are two beaches, one, inside Fort Copacabana and the other, right after it. Arpoador beach, where surfers go after its perfect waves, comes next, the area was one of the four Olympic Zones during the 2016 Summer Olympics. According to Riotur, the Tourism Secretariat of Rio de Janeiro, Copacabana beach, located at the Atlantic shore, stretches from Posto Dois to Posto Seis. There are historic forts at both ends of Copacabana beach, Fort Copacabana, built in 1914, is at the end by Posto Seis and Fort Duque de Caxias, built in 1779. One curiosity is that the lifeguard watchtower of Posto Seis never existed, hotels, restaurants, bars, nightclubs and residential buildings dot the promenade facing Avenida Atlântica. Copacabana Beach plays host to millions of revellers during the annual New Years Eve celebrations, the Copacabana promenade is a pavement landscape in large scale. It was rebuilt in 1970 and has used a black and white Portuguese pavement design since its origin in the 1930s, the Copacabana promenade was designed by Roberto Burle Marx. Copacabana has the 11th highest Human Development Index in Rio, the 2000 census put the HDI of Copacabana at 0.902. According to the IBGE,160,000 people live in Copacabana and 44,000 or 27. 5% of them are 60 years old or older. Copacabana covers an area of 7.84 km² which gives the borough a population density of 20,400 people per km², residential buildings eleven to thirteen stories high built next to each other dominate the borough. Houses and two-story buildings are rare, when Rio was the capital of Brazil Copacabana was considered one of the best neighborhoods in the country. More than 40 different bus routes serve Copacabana, as do three subway Metro stations, Cantagalo, Siqueira Campos and Cardeal Arcoverde.5 km in length, barata Ribeiro Street changes its name to Raul Pompéia Street after the Sá Freire Alvim Tunnel. Twenty-four streets intersect all three major arteries, and seven other streets intersect some of the three, on 26 April 1949, RMS Magdalena broke in two as she was being towed into Rio de Janeiro harbour
Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
–
Copacabana
Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
–
Copacabana Beach in 1971
Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
–
A view of the Copacabana beach from
Sugarloaf Mountain
Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
–
The
Portuguese pavement wave pattern at Copacabana beach
35.
Leblon
–
Leblon is the most affluent neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Neighboring Ipanema is regarded as the second most affluent area in Rio de Janeiro and it is also the name of the local beach. It is regarded as having the most expensive price per square meter in Latin America. It is located west of Ipanema, in the north, it is bordered by Gávea and, in the west, by a towering hill called Dois Irmãos, which translates as two brothers, because of its split peak. Leblon is adjacent to Ipanema but more exclusive, being the home of rich, the beach is quieter and more relaxed than the hip and trendy beach of Ipanema. Leblon is known for being a cosmopolitan neighbourhood, with a lively nightlife across its bars, restaurants. Leblon has been referenced or depicted in the following media, In Television, Viver a Vida. Páginas da Vida, a telenovela produced by Rede Globo aired from July 2006 to March 2007, mulheres Apaixonadas, a telenovela produced by Rede Globo aired from February to October 2003. Laços de Familia, a telenovela produced by Rede Globo aired from June 2000 to February 2001, por Amor, a telenovela produced by Rede Globo aired from October 1997 to May 1998. História de Amor, a telenovela produced by Rede Globo aired from July 1995 to March 1996, in the 1970s Moraes Moreira, Patricia Rombauer, Dona Vavá, Pedro Sayad, Claudia Laplan and Carlos van den Bosch were some of the famous residents of this area
Leblon
–
An aerial view of Leblon, capturing the beach, Dois Irmãos,
Pedra da Gávea, and the
Vidigal and
Rocinha favelas
Leblon
–
Leblon Beach
Leblon
–
Map of Leblon.
36.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
37.
Globo.com
–
Grupo Globo, formerly known as Organizações Globo, is the largest mass media group of Latin America, founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1925 by Irineu Marinho. It also formerly owned companies on the industry and the real estate. The first enterprise of the company was the newspaper A Noite, with the success of the newspaper, published on the late afternoon, Marinho decided to launch the morning daily O Globo in 1925. After his sudden death, just weeks after the launch of O Globo, his son, Roberto Pisani Marinho, working actively on the media business, Roberto Marinho decided to invest in other areas and launched Radio Globo in 1944. However, the company only became recognizable nationwide after the launching of Rede Globo, the company is currently run by the sons of Roberto Marinho, Roberto Irineu Marinho, João Roberto Marinho and José Roberto Marinho. In May 2013, a released by media agency ZenithOptimedia showed Globo occupied the 17th place in a list with the top global media owners. It was the first time the company appeared on this ranking and this ranking was still held in 2015. C. 2 - It is a joint-venture with NBC Universal, half of the shares belongs to Grupo Globo. 3 - Playboy do Brasil is a created from the association between Globosat and Playboy TV Latin America. Paulo Valor Econômico Globo. com Globo International EGO G1 Globo Online GloboEsporte
Globo.com
–
Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A.
38.
O Globo
–
O Globo is a Brazilian newspaper based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. O Globo is the most prominent print publication in the Grupo Globo media conglomerate, founded by journalist Irineu Marinho, owner of A Noite newspaper, it was originally intended as a morning daily to extend the newspaper interests of the company. In time it became the flagship paper of the group, when Irineu died weeks after the founding of the newspaper in 1925, it was inherited by his son Roberto. At age 21, he started working as a reporter for the paper and later became managing editor. Roberto Marinho developed Grupo Globo as Brazils largest media group, entering radio in the 1940s and TV in the 1960s,1986, Prince of Asturias Award in Communication. The film explored the establishment of Rede Globo, the largest television broadcaster in the country, the director of the museum was threatened with a heavy fine in case of disobedience. Due to the outcry about the censorship, the Secretary of Culture of Rio de Janeiro was fired three days after the incident. In 1995, Globo requested in court the confiscation of copies available at the library of the University of São Paulo, the film was restricted to University groups until the 2000s. Globos attempt to prevent release of the film in Brazil proved to be a failure following the Internet boom in the 2000s, through the 1990s, the film was illegally screened in universities and political groups without public notice, and later it went viral on the Internet. On August 20,2009, the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo reported that Rede Record bought the rights of the documentary for less than US$20,000. Macedo has owned Rede Record since November 9,1989, official website Moglobo - O Globo mobile
O Globo
–
O Globo's printing plant.
39.
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
–
The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul is one of the largest federal universities in Brazil. It is almost completely located in Porto Alegre, with four campuses, UFRGS is among the most highly rated Brazilian universities, and has one of the highest numbers of scientific publications. UFRGS has over 27,000 undergraduate students, over 9,300 graduate students, as a public federal institution, students do not have to pay tuition fees to enroll in the courses offered by the university. To be admitted to one of the courses offered by UFRGS, the institute also has a profound political history. Between 1964 and 1969, during the worst years of the dictatorship,33 professors were eliminated. The university originated from the Escola de Farmácia e Química in 1895, It was expanded in 1896 and this was the beginning of higher education in Rio Grande do Sul. In the end of the 19th century, the Medicine and Law schools were founded and these units, however, separated from URGS when the Federal Universities of Pelotas and Santa Maria were founded. In December 1950, control of the university passed to the Federal Government, after that, the name of the institution became Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Offering graduate and undergraduate courses, UFRGS is the largest university of Rio Grande do Sul and its more than 300 buildings accommodate 29 colleges, which are divided in 94 departments. The university spreads through 2,185 ha, and it has 10,607 m² of constructed area and it is divided into four campuses and minor units, Centro, Saúde, Vale and Olímpico. The undergraduate program’s students make up for a population of 26 thousand, the elementary, high-school and technical school sum up to 1,300 students. SECOM defines the policies and strategies employed by UFRGS, facilitating services inside the university through the creation of informative. Its goal is to promote new activities and establish initiatives which recognize and publicize the institution’s potential, some of its sections are the university newspaper, TV channel and radio station. UFRGS university hospital is a reference, it is located in the centre of Porto Alegre. Journal Editing Supporting Program The Journal Editing Supporting Program implements ways of support and its objective is to grant visibility to scientific periodicals of the institution. Students are accepted through the vestibular, which is an examination where the top-placed candidates are offered a placement at the university. Since UFRGS is free of charge, the Vestibular is usually a very hard examination since there are candidates for few open placements. Examinations take place in January and classes begin in March, the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the other Brazilian federal universities, adopted the National High School Examination in 2010 as a standard of admission
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
–
UFRGS Entrance
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
–
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
–
HCPA
40.
Folha de S.Paulo
–
In company with O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo, Folha is regarded as one of the most influential daily news vehicles in Brazil. Among daily newspapers, Folha has also the website with the largest number of visitors. Folha was founded on 19 February 1921, by a group of journalists led by Olival Costa and Pedro Cunha, under the name Folha da Noite. Business flourished, and the partners decided to buy a building to serve as headquarters. Also in 1925, Folha da Manhã premiered Juca Pato, a character drawn by Benedito Carneiro Bastos Barreto. Juca Pato was supposed to represent the Average Joe, and served as a vehicle for ironic criticism of political and economic problems, the two Folha newspapers criticized mainly the Republican parties that monopolized power back then, the newspapers campaigned for social improvement. The company was involved in founding the Democratic Party, an opposition group, in October 1930, when Vargas led a victorious revolution, newspapers that opposed him were attacked by Aliança Liberal supporters. Folhas premises were destroyed, and Costa sold the company to Octaviano Alves de Lima, Alves de Limas initial goal, when he took over the newspapers in 1931, was defending the agricultural interests, meaning rural landowners. But important events elsewhere became the focus for news organizations, the 1932 revolution, when São Paulo tried to recover the power lost to Vargas, the World War II, and the Estado Novo. Hermínio Saccheta, a Trotskyite who was briefly a prisoner under Estado Novo. The dictatorial administration put pressure onto news organs, and in São Paulo it took as its main target the daily O Estado de S. Paulo. The newspapers director, Júlio de Mesquita Filho, was arrested three times and forced exile, and Estado was under intervention by the authorities from 1940 to 1945. With its main rival muzzled, Folha da Manhã took a role in voicing opposition to Vargas dictatorship. This critical stance is one of reasons offered to explain a change in ownership during 1945, queiroga, on his part, represented Count Francisco Matarazzo Júnior, barred from owning press outlets in Brazil because he was born in Italy. Matarazzo financed the purchase of new, modern printing presses and saw the investment as a way to respond to the attacks he suffered from newspapers owned by his business rival Assis Chateaubriand. One of the weapons he developed for this battle was reducing the price of the Folhas in order to suffocate the business of Diários Associados. He wrote a manual and editorial policy guidelines. However organized as an executive, Ramos lacked business acumen and was not flexible enough to negotiate credit lines, in the early 1960s, the company was suffering due to a rise in the prices of printing paper
Folha de S.Paulo
–
Protest against the usage of the term. The banner, a cartoon by
Carlos Latuff, sarcastically adds a glass and straw to the famous photo of
Vladimir Herzog hanged after torture, with the implication that the Folha de S.Paulo is trying to whitewash the realities of the dictatorship that killed him in 1975. It says: "The military dictatorship in Brazil according to Folha de S.Paulo ".
Folha de S.Paulo
–
Protest against Folha on 7 March 2009, during the
ditabranda scandal. The sign reads "Down with the pro-coup media".
41.
Veja (magazine)
–
Veja is a Brazilian weekly news magazine published in São Paulo and distributed throughout the country by media conglomerate Grupo Abril. It is the weekly publication in the country and one of the most influential outlets of the Brazilian printed media. Veja publishes articles on politics, economics, culture, world events, entertainment and it also regularly includes editorial pieces related to themes like technology, ecology, and religious debate. It has recurring sections on cinema, television, practical literature, music and it has been described as politically aligned with right-wing movements. Veja was first published on 11 September 1968, and was subject to censorship by the Brazilian military dictatorship from 1969 to 1976, in 1974 the magazine boosted the sales and the number of subscribers began to increase. Veja is known for its attacks on the worldwide left-wing, for instance, when Cuban ruler Fidel Castro left power, when Barack Obama resumed relations with Cuba, Veja portrayed him as Che Guevara. The magazine supports free market economy, more toughness on crime, well-known contributors to the magazine include Reinaldo Azevedo, Stephen Kanitz and Lya Luft. During its early days, Veja was known for publishing hoaxes as facts, in 1975 it declared that the Loch Ness Monster was real before ultimately recognizing the news were fake. In 1983, it re-published an April Fools Day prank from the British magazine New Science as real, according to Veja, scientists were able to fuse the molecules of a cow and a tomato in order to produce tomato-flavored meat. In 1989, it published a piece about singer Cazuza. It was considered of bad taste and proclaimed that the singers legacy would not last, the same year, the magazine published a cover praising then presidential hopeful Fernando Collor de Mello later impeached for corruption. On 2005, as part of its growing right-wing agenda, Veja defended the rejection of the prohibition of firearms in that years referendum, during the same year it was responsible for several news stories about the Mensalão scandal. Veja had a circulation of 1,086,200 copies in 2010, Cachoeira was then arrested for money laundering. According to CartaCapital, Cachoeira was responsible for arranging and filming the bribery meeting in the Correios which resulted in the Mensalão scandal, júnior and Cachoeira had exchanged over 200 phone calls during the period investigated. The circulation of the magazine was 1,071,500 copies in 2012, Abril responded to Calheiros in a press release in which they denied all charges. In August 2010, the Superior Electoral Court punished Veja for pro-José Serra bias during its coverage of the 2010 presidential election, the magazine published a claim made by Serras vice-presidential candidate Índio da Costa that the Workers Party had ties with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. Veja was forced to publish a rebuttal note from PT, the magazine headquarters was attacked by pro-PT protestors. Once again Veja was forced by the Supreme Electoral Court to publish a rebuttal from PT, however, Pinheiro published an article claiming that the statements attributed to him were fake
Veja (magazine)
–
Veja logo as of 2011
42.
Correio Braziliense
–
The Correio Braziliense is a daily newspaper in Brazil. The paper was first published on 21 April 1960, the paper has its headquarters in Brasília. The name came from the historical or Post Braziliense Warehouse Literature, published in London from 1808 by Hipólito José da Costa
Correio Braziliense
–
References [edit]
43.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
–
From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
–
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
–
YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
