1.
Rio de Janeiro (city)
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
2.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
3.
Brazilians
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A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian father or a Brazilian mother or a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. According to the Constitution of Brazil, a Brazilian citizen is, Anyone born in Brazil, according to the Constitution, all people who hold Brazilian citizenship are equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or religion. A foreigner can apply for Brazilian citizenship after living for 4 uninterrupted years in Brazil, a native person from an official Portuguese language country can request the Brazilian nationality after only 1 uninterrupted year living in Brazil. Brazilians are mostly descendants of colonial settlers, post-colonial immigrant groups, African slaves. The three principal groups were Native Brazilians, European colonizers and African labor, Brazil was inhabited by an estimated 2.4 million Amerindians before the first settlers arrived in the 16th century. The European diseases spread quickly along the trade routes. The country was discovered by Portugal in 1500 and received about 724,000 Portuguese colonizers, mostly males. But other sources claim that the given numbers of total entrances were clearly surpassed. The Jesuits asked the Portuguese Crown to ship orphaned women under royal wardship for marriage with the settlers, daughters of noblemen who died overseas administrating captaincies in the colonies or in battle for the king would marry settlers of higher rank. Bahias port in the Northeast received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551, Portugal remained the only significant, but not an exclusive source of European immigration to Brazil until the early 19th century. These other people came from different nationalities - but the by far most mentioned are the Dutch and these Jews founded the first Synagogue in the Americas, named Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue in the city of Recife. It is estimated more than 20,000 Dutch entered Brazil, however. The remaining families mostly fled to parts of the interior of Northeastern Brazil or changed their names to Portuguese ones. The proven excess of Y-chromosomes of the haplogroup 2 in northeasterners probably results from the miscegenation of Dutch settlers with the local population. The Jews who mostly left Brazil took off to what was then named New Amsterdam, today New York City, and founded the oldest Jewish congregation in the USA, the Congregation Shearith Israel. The ones who stayed, converted into Christianity and were known as New Christians or Marranos. They entered Brazil fleeing from the Inquisition or were deported by the Kingdom of Portugal and also Spain, latter being known as Degredados and this also included Romani People from the Iberian Peninsula, what partially explains the curiously high numbers for a western country. Brazil has the second largest Gypsy population in the Americas after the US, having also received Roma people from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic countries during the 20th century
4.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
5.
Brazilian Carnival
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Carnival of Brazil is an annual Brazilian festival held between the Friday afternoon and Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. On certain days of Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term carnival, from carnelevare, rhythm, participation, and costumes vary from one region of Brazil to another. In the southeastern cities of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and those official parades are meant to be watched by the public, while minor parades allowing public participation can be found in other cities, like Belo Horizonte, also in the southeastern region. The northeastern cities of Recife, Olinda, Salvador, and Porto Seguro have organized groups parading through streets and this carnival is also influenced by African-Brazilian culture. It is a party where crowds follow the trios elétricos through the city streets. Also in northeast, Olinda carnival features unique characteristics, heavily influenced by folklore and cultural manifestations, such as Frevo. Carnival is the most famous holiday in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions, Rio de Janeiros carnival alone drew 4.9 million people in 2011, with 400,000 being foreigners. In the late 18th century, the cordões were introduced in Rio de Janeiro and these were pageant groups that paraded through city avenues performing on instruments and dancing. Today they are known as Carnaval blocos, consisting of a group of people who dress in costumes or special T-shirts with themes and/or logos, Blocos are generally associated with particular neighbourhoods, they include both a percussion or music group and an entourage of revelers. They eventually became the fathers of what everyone knows as the famous. Samba-schools are the epicenter of the Brazilian carnival, in terms of the parading style. GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira Samba-School, represented by Cartola, and Estácio de Sá samba School, eventually, Oswaldo Cruz became, Portela Samba School, the greatest winner of Rios Carnival with 21 Titles. Organizers often compose their own music themes that are added to the performance and singing of classic marchinhas, cordão do bola preta, that goes through the heart of Rios historical center, and Suvaco do Cristo, near the Botanical Garden, are some of the most famous groups. Monobloco has become so famous that it all year round at parties. The formalized samba schools are large groups of performers, financed by respected organizations. Samba Schools perform in the Sambadrome, which runs four entire nights and is overseen by LIESA, some samba schools also hold street parties in their neighborhoods, through which they parade along with their followers. All performers at the Sambadrome have to wear a costume, some honored members of the school or community may receive it free, but normally most will have to pay for their own costume. Tourists can have the experience on the Commercial Area of some Samba Schools but need to buy their own costme from the school, or through an agent
6.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
7.
Samba school
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A samba school is a dancing club or school. They practise and often perform in huge square-compounds devoted to practising and exhibiting samba, the schools have a strong community basis and are traditionally associated with a particular neighborhood. They are often seen to affirm the validity of the Afro-Brazilian heritage in contrast to the mainstream education system. And have evolved often in contrast to authoritarian development, the phrase escola de samba is popularly held to derive from the schoolyard location of the first groups early rehearsals. In Rio de Janeiro especially, they are associated with particular shanty towns. Samba and the school can be deeply interwoven with the daily lives of the shanty-town dwellers. Throughout the year the schools have various happenings and events. Each of the main schools spend many months each year designing the theme, holding a competition for their song, building the floats and it is overseen by a carnavalesco or carnival director. From 2005, some fourteen of the top schools in Rio have used a specially designed warehouse complex. The resulting competition is an economic and media event, with tens of thousands in the live audience. In Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the parades are held in specially constructed arenas called Sambadromes designed by influential architect. The Sambadromes are designed to accommodate all classes, with VIP lounges, tourist sections. Those who choose to watch the parade may also be charged for the best seats. Each school displays glamour in colorful costumes and floats with special effects and is organized into different segments or alas, the alas display distinct costumes or fantasias and also reflect traditional samba school roles developed years ago. As samba schools originated in Rio de Janeiro, they are today the most famous ones and, arguably, some groups do charge a certain amount of money for the abadás, or colorful T-shirts that display affiliation to a specific group, or bloco. A significant majority of the schools, mainly in Rio de Janeiro, have in their name the words Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba, represented by the acronym GRES. In São Paulo there is a common variation Grêmio Recreativo Cultural e Escola de Samba, there are exceptions, such as the Sociedade Rosas de Ouro and the traditional Agremiação Recreativa Cultural e Escola de Samba Vizinha Faladeira. The samba school system seems to be unique to Brazil, unlike parades such as the Rose Parade in California, for instance, the samba schools organizations consist almost entirely of community volunteer work
8.
Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel
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The Mocidade was founded on 10 November 1955, by eight people, Silvio Trindade, Renato da Silva, Djalma Rosa, Olímpio Bonifácio, Garibaldi F. Lima, Felipe de Souza, Altamiro Menezes e Alfredo Briggs. The first flag of the school was offered by Mrs. Gilda Faria Lima, the first queen of the school was Mrs. Neuza de Oliveira. The samba school participated for the first time, in a parade, with the plot O Baile das Rosas. In 1958, it was the champion of Group 2 with the plot Apoteose ao Samba, from 1959 forth, it took on Group 1 and did not anymore any relegation to the lower divisions. The folk would pass, later, to accompany such bossa with the shout of Olé, in the year of 1974, Arlindo Rodrigues presented the plot A Festa do Divino, getting 5th place. But on that year the school could win the championship, had she not gotten 4 in clothings and 9 in harmony. The difference between Salgueiro and Mocidade was 6, therefore they would have tied only if Mocidade would have gotten 10, even if they would tie, Salgueiro would win the championship because it got 10 in harmony. From then on, the school stopped being known only because of the bateria, in 76, by irony, Mocidade tied second place, with Mangueira, and lost the decision for getting one point less in the so famous bateria. In 1979, still with Arlindo Rodrigues, Mocidade conquered for the first time the championship of the 1-A Division with O Descobrimento do Brasil in its debut appearance, in Fernando Pintos fisr year in Mocidade, in 1980, the school conquered second place with the plot Tropicália Maravilha. In 1983, Mocidade received the banner of the best communication with the public with the plot Como era verde o meu Xingu, in 1984 it became the Madrinha to the London School of Samba, the first samba school to be established in the UK. In 1989, Mocidade visited London to perform at the 3rd European Samba Encontro and it advanced to the Special Group in 1990, and won three general championships since then
9.
Habeas corpus
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Habeas corpus is a recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official. The writ of habeas corpus is known as the great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement, if the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority, then the prisoner must be released. Any prisoner, or another person acting on his or her behalf, may petition the court, or a judge, One reason for the writ to be sought by a person other than the prisoner is that the detainee might be held incommunicado. Most civil law jurisdictions provide a remedy for those unlawfully detained. For example, in some Spanish-speaking nations, the equivalent remedy for unlawful imprisonment is the amparo de libertad, though a writ of right, it is not a writ of course. So if an imposition such as internment without trial is permitted by the law, in some countries, the writ has been temporarily or permanently suspended under the pretext of war or state of emergency. The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has nonetheless long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject, the most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto, prohibito, mandamus, procedendo, and certiorari. The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal, the official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something. Failing this, the court must decide for the petitioner, who may be any person and this differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing, and bears the burden of proof. From Latin habeas, 2nd person singular present subjunctive active of habere, to have, to hold, in reference to more than one person, habeas corpora. Literally, the means you may have the body. The complete phrase habeas corpus ad subjiciendum means you may have the person for the purpose of subjecting him/her to. These are the words of writs in 14th century Anglo-French documents requiring a person to be brought before a court or judge. The full name of the writ is often used to distinguish it from similar ancient writs, Habeas corpus ad prosequendum, a writ ordering return with a prisoner for the purpose of prosecuting him before the court. Habeas corpus ad respondendum, a writ ordering return to allow the prisoner to answer to new proceedings before the court, Habeas corpus ad testificandum, a writ ordering return with the body of a prisoner for the purposes of testifying. Habeas Corpus originally stems from the Assize of Clarendon, a re-issuance of rights during the reign of Henry II of England, in the 17th century the foundations for habeas corpus were wrongly thought to have originated in Magna Carta. William Blackstone cites the first recorded usage of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum in 1305, however, other writs were issued with the same effect as early as the reign of Henry II in the 12th century. The procedure for issuing a writ of habeas corpus was first codified by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, a previous law had been passed forty years earlier to overturn a ruling that the command of the King was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus
10.
Jogo do Bicho
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Jogo do Bicho is an illegal gambling game in Brazil, prohibited by federal law since 1946. Very popular throughout the country, the game is actually a lottery-type drawing operated on a basis by mobsters known as contraventores. Unlike most state-operated lotteries, in Jogo do Bicho you can bet any amount of money, despite its popularity, it is still illegal in 25 of the 26 states of Brazil and those involved may be prosecuted. Paraíba is the state where the game is legal and regulated by the state. In other northeastern states the game is tolerated by the government, Horse, for example, can be indicated by a dream of a horse, or by dreams of wheat or milk or naked women. Each of 25 different animals is assigned a sequence of four consecutive numbers, ostrich is 01 to 04, Horse 41-44, Camel 29-32, and so on up to the Cow, which occupies 97-00. The most common way to play is to bet one Real on an animal, if the last two numerals in the daily state lottery draw form one of the four numbers designated by your animal, the bicheiro owes you 15 reais. For longer odds and higher payouts, you can try to pick the last three or even four numbers exactly, or you can choose a combination of a number, there were traditionally four types of prizes, Cabeça. You bet on the animal and if that animal is selected you your bet returns 25,1 and you bet on a number from 01 to 00. You bet on a number from 001 to 000 and you bet on a number from 0001 to 0000. In modern times the game has more complex with many variations of the above that may pay up to 50000 times the bet. To popularize the zoo, the Baron encouraged visitors to guess the identity of an animal concealed behind a curtain, in time the guessing game became a tremendously popular numbers game, with different numbers for 25 Brazilian beasts. Tickets were soon being bought by those who hadnt even visited the zoo, within months, government authorities made its first attempt to shut down the game. The animal lottery simply shifted to a new habitat in the city centre, rudyard Kipling, visiting Rio in the 1920s, wrote of seeing bookies wandering the streets carrying placards with colourful pictures of animals. The game became popular because it accepted bets of any amount, if you see two shacks lost somewhere in the backlands, a Brazilian diplomat once observed, you can bet that a bicheiro lives in one of them and a steady bettor in the other. For decades official policy fluctuated between tolerance of the game, fueled by generous payoffs to authorities, and intermittent campaigns to snuff it out, finally, in 1946, the government outlawed casinos and games of chance, the animal game among them. Today it is played everywhere in Brazil, but continues to be controlled from Rio de Janeiro by about a dozen bosses, a crackdown on the game by the police in 1966 nearly paralysed São Paulo. More than 60,000 men were idled, at the time it had grown into a US$500 million-a-year business that employed roughly 1% of Brazils total working force
11.
Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
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Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, commonly referred to as Flamengo, is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro. The club was established in 1895, although it did not play its first official game until 1912 and its traditional playing colors are red and black hooped shirts with white shorts and red and black hooped socks. The team achieved the most prestigious accolade in South American football when they defeated Cobreloa 2–0 in the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo to become champions of South America and they subsequently became known as the Geração de Ouro, or the Golden Generation. That same year, Flamengo became world champions after defeating Liverpool 3–0 in Tokyo. Flamengo is the most popular team in Brazil, with over 39.1 million supporters as of 2010, the club has long-standing rivalries with nearby neighbors Fluminense, Botafogo and Vasco da Gama. There is also a rivalry with Atlético Mineiro. Flamengo was founded on 17 November 1895 as a club by José Agostinho Pereira da Cunha, Mário Spindola, Nestor de Barros, Augusto Lopes, José Félix da Cunha Meneses. The group used to gather at Café Lamas, in the Flamengo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Rowing was the elite sport in Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century. The young men hoped that forming a club would make them popular with the young ladies of the citys high society. They could only afford a used boat named Pherusa, which had to be rebuilt before it could be used in competition. The team debuted on October 6,1895 when they sailed off the Caju Point, from the Maria Angu beach, however, strong winds turned over the boat and the rowers nearly drowned. They were rescued by a boat named Leal. Afterwards, as the Pherusa was undergoing repairs, the boat was stolen, the group then had to save up money to buy a new boat, the Etoile, renamed Scyra. On the night of 17 November, the group, gathered at Nestor de Barross manor on Flamengo beach, founded the Flamengo Rowing Group and elected its first board, the name was changed a few weeks later to Clube de Regatas do Flamengo. The founders also decided that the anniversary of the foundation should be celebrated on 15 November, so as to coincide with the Day of the Republic. Flamengo only embraced football when a group of dissatisfied players from Fluminense Football Club broke away from that club following a dispute with its board, the players decided to join Flamengo because Borgerth, the teams captain, was also a rower for Flamengo. Admittance of the new members was approved on 8 November 1911, a motion against the club taking part in football tournaments was defeated, and the members assembly officially created the football team on 24 December,1911. The new team used to train on Russel beach, and gradually gained the support of the locals, the first official match was played on 3 May 1912 and is, to this day, the most spectacular victory of the club, as the team defeated Mangueira 16-2
12.
Slot machine
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A slot machine, informally fruit machine, puggy, the slots, poker machine or simply slot, is a casino gambling machine with three or more reels which spin when a button is pushed. Many modern machines are equipped with a legacy lever in addition to the button. Slot machines include a currency detector that validates the money inserted to play, the machine pays off according to patterns of symbols visible on the front of the machine when it stops. Modern computer technology has resulted in variations on the slot machine concept, Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about 70 percent of the average US casinos income. The slot machine term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins, fruit machine comes from the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels, such as lemons and cherries. Sittman and Pitt of Brooklyn, New York, U. S. developed a machine in 1891 which was a precursor to the modern slot machine. It contained five drums holding a total of 50 card faces and was based on poker and this machine proved extremely popular and soon many bars in the city had one or more of the machines. Players would insert a nickel and pull a lever, which would spin the drums and the cards they held, the player hoping for a good poker hand. To make the better for the house, two cards were typically removed from the deck, the ten of spades and the jack of hearts. The drums could also be rearranged to further reduce a players chance of winning, the bell gave the machine its name. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels, Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. Even when the use of these devices was banned in his home state after a few years. The Liberty Bell machine was so popular that it was copied by many slot machine manufacturers, thus in 1907, manufacturer Herbert Mills from Chicago produced a slot machine called the Operator Bell. By 1908 lots of bell machines were installed in most cigar stores, saloons, bowling alleys, brothels, early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museums Fey Collection. Other early machines, such as the trade stimulator, gave out winnings in the form of fruit-flavoured chewing gums with pictures of the flavours as symbols on the reels, the popular cherry and melon symbols derive from this machine. The BAR symbol now common in slot machines was derived from a logo of the Bell-Fruit Gum Company. In these cases, a mint vending machine was declared to be a device because by chance the machine would occasionally give the next user a number of tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the fact that the result of the next use would be displayed on the machine, the courts ruled that he appealed to the players propensity to gamble
13.
Video poker
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Video poker is an arcade or casino game based on five-card draw poker. It is played on a console similar in size to a slot machine. Video poker first became commercially viable when it became economical to combine a television-like monitor with a state central processing unit. The earliest models appeared at the time as the first personal computers were produced, in the mid-1970s. Video poker became more established when SIRCOMA, which stood for Si Redds Coin Machines. Throughout the 1980s, video poker became increasingly popular in casinos, today video poker enjoys a prominent place on the gaming floors of many casinos. The game is popular with Las Vegas locals, who tend to patronize locals casinos off the Las Vegas Strip. These local casinos often offer lower denomination machines or better odds, after inserting money into the machine, play begins by placing a bet of one or more credits and pressing the deal button. The player is then given 5 cards and has the opportunity to one or more of them in exchange for new ones drawn from the same virtual deck. After the draw, the machine pays out if the hand or hands played one of the winning combinations. Unlike the table version, the player may discard all 5 of their cards if they so choose. Pay tables allocate the payouts for hands and are based on how rare they are, the variation. A typical pay table starts with a hand of a pair of jacks. Some machines offer progressive jackpots, or other bonuses, thereby spurring players to both play more coins and to play more frequently. Maureen OConnor, former mayor of San Diego, lost nearly $13 million playing video poker, Video poker machines in casinos in the United States are regulated by state or Indian gaming agencies. These agencies typically require that the machines deal random card sequences using a deck of cards. This is based on a Nevada Gaming Commission regulation later adopted by states with a gaming authority. Video poker machines are tested to ensure compliance with this requirement before they are offered to the public, there are many variations of video poker
14.
Rio de Janeiro (state)
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Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo, the state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast. Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the states in the same Southeast macroregion, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo. It is bounded on the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean, Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km². The archaic demonym meaning for the Rio de Janeiro State is fluminense, taken from the Latin word flumen, from 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, carioca remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio. During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, carioca was the given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State when the capital was moved to Brasilia, carioca was made a co-official demonym with guanabarino. In 1975, the Guanabara State was extinct by President Geisel becoming the present City of Rio de Janeiro, nowadays, social movements like Somos Todos Cariocas try to achieve the official recognition of carioca as a co-official demonym of Rio de Janeiro State. Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion, in the Brazilian flag, the state is represented by the Beta star in the Southern Cross. European presence in Rio de Janeiro is as old as Brazil itself, Rio de Janeiro originated from parts of the captainships of de Tomé and São Vicente. Between 1555 and 1567, the territory was occupied by the French, aiming to prevent the occupation of the Frenchmen, in March 1565, the city of Rio de Janeiro was established by Estácio de Sá. In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of Colonial Brazil, with the flight of the Portuguese royal family from Portugal to Brazil in 1808, the region soon benefited from urban reforms to house the Portuguese. The following years witnessed the creation of the Jardim Botânico and the Academia Real Militar, during this same time, the Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios was founded as well. In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro was transformed into a city, remaining as capital of the state, while the captainships became provinces, with headquarters in Niterói. In 1889, the city became the capital of the Republic, the city became the federal district. In 1894, Petrópolis became the capital of Rio de Janeiro, with the relocation of the federal capital to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became Guanabara State. Niterói remained the capital for Rio de Janeiro state, while Rio de Janeiro served the same status for Guanabara. In 1975, the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro were merged under the name of Rio de Janeiro, the symbols of the former State of Rio de Janeiro were preserved, while the symbols of Guanabara were kept by the city of Rio de Janeiro
15.
Bangu, Rio de Janeiro
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Bangu is a neighborhood in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is located in the area of the city being one of the most populated districts. Located in the center of the city, the neighborhood is close to Campo Grande, Senador Camará, Vila Aliança, Padre Miguel. On November 22,2004 the mayor of Rio de Janeiro César Maia created by decree the district Gericinó, the neighborhood was originally part of the neighborhood of Bangu, the region where the penitentiary of Bangu is located, besides Bangu dump. The region is where Gericinó was located containing the sub-district of the Aqueduct, since 2004, the complex of Bangu and dump of Bangu, no longer belong to the neighborhood of Bangu. The neighborhood is known for high temperatures in the summer. The official record lowest temperature recorded in the city of Rio de Janeiro took place in Campo dos Afonsos in July 1928. In sport, the representative is the Bangu Atlético Clube, state champion twice, Brazilian Vice-Champion in 1985. Besides Bangu, also of note is the Ceres Futebol Clube, State champion in 1990, in samba, the main club is called the Unidos de Bangu, which is a pioneer in the carnival, and the fourth oldest samba school in Brazil. It is the forerunner of Scholars of Santa Cruz, the club participated for a few years in the Special Group of Carnival. It was the bi-champion of the Carioca Carnaval in 1957 and 1962, there is also the Unidos da Vila Kennedy, champion in 2000. The word Bangu has two different meanings, in 1673, Manuel de Barcelos Domingues created his farm, named Fazenda Bangu, a private chapel, called Paróquia de Nossa Senhora do Desterro de Campo Grande. In this location commenced the first economic activity of the district, with the foundation of the Engenho da Serra, which was a sugar cane mill. In 1889, the Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil, founded on February 6 of that year, bought several farms, including Fazenda Bangu, sugar cane farming was replaced by cotton farming. At this time, there was one street in the region, named Estrada Real de Santa Cruz. In 1890, Bangu railway station was inaugurated, stimulating the neighborhoods growth, Bangu became a proletarian neighborhood, exporting fabric to Europe. On March 8,1893, the Fábrica de Tecidos Bangu was inaugurated, with the presence of the countrys vice-president, Floriano Peixoto and the Federal Districts mayor. The factory was a major player in Brazil and the world throughout the 20th Century
16.
Illegal drug trade
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The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws. A UN report has stated that the drug trade generated an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2003. With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the same year, consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally. Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729,1796 and 1800, addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the early 19th century, a drug trade in China emerged and as a result. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium that led to the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, the United Kingdom won and forced China to allow British merchants to trade opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking opium had become common in the 19th century, the Second Opium War broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the French. In 1868, as a result of the use of opium. Between 1920 and 1933, by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the beginning of the 21st century saw a drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for marijuana and cocaine. As a result, international organized crime such as the Sinaloa Cartel. Another illicit drug with increased demand in Europe is hashish, Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug, the quantity trafficked, if the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances. Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries, sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, flogging and even the death penalty. In December 2005, Van Tuong Nguyen, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004, in 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram of cannabis into the country. The countries of production and transit are some of the most affected by the drug trade. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries, while some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic, Honduras, through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to the United States, has the highest murder rate in the world
17.
America Football Club (Rio de Janeiro)
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America Football Club, or America as it is usually called, is a Brazilian football club from Rio de Janeiro in Rio de Janeiro state, which was founded on September 18,1904. The club competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A several times, the clubs home stadium is the Estádio Giulite Coutinho, which has a capacity of 16,000. They play in red shirts, white shorts and red socks, the football anthem composer Lamartine Babo was a supporter of America. America also sponsors a beach American football team, the America Red Lions, in 1913, the club won the state championship for the first time. For the 1971 season, the competed in the national Championships first edition. Flamengo declined the invitation so America, the team with the best record after the teams, was invited to fill the spot. America won the tournament by beating Guarani in overtime at Maracanã stadium, in 2006, America was the runner-up of Taça Guanabara. America played the final against Botafogo, in 2008, America suffered a major blow by being relegated to the Second Division of the Campeonato Carioca. However, they won the Second Division in 2009, thus being promoted to the first level in 2010. de Aspirantes,1944 Torneio Ary Barroso, **Torneio Extra Carlos Martins da Rocha. Womens team Campeonato Carioca de Futebol Feminino runneers-up,2007 According to the CBF register, note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, luisinho Lemos,311 Edu,212 Maneco,187 Plácido,167 Carola,158 Chiquinho,102 America 1–4 Flamengo,147. The clubs old stadium was nicknamed Caldeirão do Diabo, in 2006 some of the clubs fans, supported by then-manager Jorginho who is an Evangelical Christian, attempted to replace the diabo with a bald eagle, claiming that the devil was unlucky. America is the Brazilian club with the largest number of other clubs named after it, some of its clones include, América of Natal, América of São José do Rio Preto, América of Três Rios, América of Amazonas, América Futebol Clube, América of Ceará. Official Site History, news and fans Full information on Matches when America won titles Best attendances in matches of America
18.
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
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A penalty shoot-out is a method of determining the winner of an association football match that is drawn after the regulation as well as extra playing time. Although the procedure for taking kicks from the penalty mark resembles that of a penalty kick, most notably, neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked. The method of breaking a draw in a match requiring a winner is determined beforehand by the organizing body. Although employed in football commonly since the 1970s, penalty shoot-outs remain unpopular with some, during a shoot-out, coaches, players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the centre circle. The kicking teams goalkeeper stands at the intersection of the goal line, goals scored during the shoot-out are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. A tie is a result in football. Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league or round-robin match may be provided for and this provision appears for occasions where opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, which can result in an immediate shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship, several leagues, such as the J-League, have experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately following a drawn league match, with the winner being awarded an extra point. A team that loses a penalty shoot-out is eliminated from the tournament but it does not count as a defeat, for instance, the Netherlands are considered to have concluded the 2014 FIFA World Cup undefeated, despite being eliminated at the semi-final stage. The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark, the procedure is specified in Law 10 of the IFABs Laws of the Game document. The referee tosses a coin to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken, the choice of goal by the coin toss winner may only be changed by the referee for safety reasons or if the goal or playing surface becomes unusable. The referee tosses the coin a second time to determine which team will take the first kick, all players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the pitchs centre circle. Each kick will be taken in the manner of a penalty kick. Each kick will be taken from the penalty mark, which is 12 yards from the line and equidistant from each touch line. Each team is responsible for selecting from the players the order in which they will take the kicks. The referee is not informed of the order, each kicker can kick the ball only once per attempt. Once kicked, the kicker may not play the ball again, no other player on either team, other than the designated kicker and goalkeeper, may touch the ball. The ball may touch the goalkeeper, goal posts, or crossbar any number of times before going into the goal as long as the referee believes the motion is the result of the initial kick
19.
Rio Carnival
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The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is a festival Lent every year and considered the biggest carnival in the world with 2 million people per day on the streets. The first festivals of Rio date back to 1723, the typical Rio carnival parade is filled with revelers, floats, and adornments from numerous samba schools which are located in Rio. A samba school is composed of a collaboration of local neighbours that want to attend carnival together, there is a special order that every school has to follow with their parade entries. Each school begins with the comissão de frente, that is the group of people from the school that appear first, made of ten to fifteen people, the comissão de frente introduces the school and sets the mood and style of their presentation. These people have choreographed dances in costumes that usually tell a short story. Following the comissão de frente is the first float of the samba school, as the parade is taking place in the Sambadrome and the balls are being held in the Copacabana Palace and beach, many carnival participants are at other locations. Street festivals are common during carnival and are highly populated by the locals. Elegance and extravagance are usually left behind, but music and dancing are still extremely common, anyone is allowed to participate in the street festivals. Bandas and blocos are very familiar with the street carnival especially because it nothing to join in on the fun except to jump in. One of the most well known bandas of Rio is Banda de Ipanema, Banda de Ipanema was first created in 1965 and is known as Rio’s most irreverent street band. Incorporated into every aspect of the Rio carnival are dancing and music, the most famous dance is carnival samba, a Brazilian dance with African influences. The samba remains a popular dance not only in carnival but in the ghettos outside of the main cities and these villages keep alive the historical aspect of the dance without the influence of the western cultures. Music is another aspect of all parts of carnival. The samba that is found in Rio is batucada, referring to the dance and it is born of a rhythmic necessity that it allows you to sing, to dance, and to parade at the same time. This is why the style is found in most all of Rio’s street carnivals. Street parades, blocos, and bandas take place throughout the city of Rio during Carnival, there can be more than 300 bandas taking place at any given point in time. While the biggest street party takes place right outside the Sambadrome, in 2012, more than 2 million revelers took to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Cordão da Bola Preta bloco. According to police estimates, more than 5 million people attended a bloco during Rio Carnival 2012, when the Sambadrome was built in 1984, it had the side-effect of taking street parades from the downtown area to a specific, ticketed performance area
20.
Denise Frossard
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Denise Frossard Loschi is a judge and politician from Brazil. She studied law and served as a magistrate in Rio de Janeiro and she has been a law professor at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation. When she retired she started working for Transparency International and she was the trial judge who on May 14,1993, convicted 14 notorious racketeers who control the lucrative Jogo do Bicho in Rio de Janeiro. Frossard sentenced them to six years imprisonment, the sentence recognized the existence of a mafia-type organization in Brazil for the first time. Editorial pages of Brazilian newspapers praised Frossard’s courage to take on the illegal lottery bosses, the animal game is a deeply embedded cultural phenomenon with a certain romantic aura, and thus hard to eradicate, according to Frossard. But it is also a quintessentially Brazilian way of laundering money, judge Frossard was subjected to pressures from both the political establishment and the Judiciary itself and her life has been threatened. She has been the target of assassination attempts that she attributes to hired guns in the pay of game kingpins, a former military policeman allegedly received an offer of US$270,000 to kill Frossard, but was arrested before he could commit the murder. After the judgment in 1993, she spent a year in the United States, returning to head the Brazilian branches of Transparency International, in 2002, she was elected as federal representative for the Socialist Peoples Party to the Brazilian Congress. She won the election in the State of Rio de Janeiro with a landslide and her term ended in 2006, after which she ran for governor of the State of Rio de Janeiro. With 32% of the votes, she lost in the run-off from Sérgio Cabral Filho, the candidate for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party. In 2005 she received the Medalha Tiradentes by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro, for relevant services offered to the State of Rio de Janeiro
21.
Special forces
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Special forces and special operations forces are military or police units trained to conduct special operations. The term special forces in the United States refers to the U. S. Armys forces, in Russian-speaking countries special forces are typically called spetsnaz, an acronym for special purpose. Likewise, Russian speakers refer to special forces of nations as spetsnaz, for example. Special Forces would be referred to as amerikanski spetsnaz in Russian, other significant roles lay in reconnaissance, providing essential intelligence from near or among the enemy and increasingly in combating irregular forces, their infrastructure and activities. Hamilcar Barca in Sicily had specialized troops trained to launch several offensives per day, in the late Roman or early Byzantine period, Roman fleets used small, fast, camouflaged ships crewed by selected men for scouting and commando missions. In Japan, ninjas were used for reconnaissance, espionage and as assassins, bodyguards or fortress guards, during the Napoleonic wars, rifle and sapper units were formed that held specialised roles in reconnaissance and skirmishing and were not committed to the formal battle lines. The British Indian Army deployed two special forces during their wars, the Corps of Guides formed in 1846 and the Gurkha Scouts. During the Second Boer War the British Army felt the need for specialised units became most apparent. This unit was formed in 1900 by Lord Lovat and early on reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, after the war, Lovats Scouts went on to formally become the British Armys first sniper unit. Additionally, the Bushveldt Carbineers, formed in 1901, can be seen as an unconventional warfare unit. Modern special forces emerged during the Second World War, in 1940, the British Commandos were formed following Winston Churchills call for specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast. A staff officer, Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Clarke, had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill, Dill, aware of Churchills intentions, approved Clarkes proposal and on 23 June 1940, the first Commando raid took place. The Special Service Brigade was quickly expanded to 12 units which became known as Commandos, each Commando had a lieutenant colonel as the commanding officer and numbered around 450 men. In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in that theatre, in February 1942 the Commando training depot at Achnacarry in the Scottish Highlands was established by Brigadier Charles Haydon. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Vaughan, the Commando depot was responsible for training complete units, the training regime was for the time innovative and physically demanding, and far in advance of normal British Army training. The depot staff were all hand picked, with the ability to any of the volunteers. Training and assessment started immediately on arrival, with the volunteers having to complete an 8-mile march with all their equipment from the Spean Bridge railway station to the commando depot, exercises were conducted using live ammunition and explosives to make training as realistic as possible. Physical fitness was a prerequisite, with cross country runs and boxing matches to improve fitness, speed and endurance marches were conducted up and down the nearby mountain ranges and over assault courses that included a zip-line over Loch Arkaig, all while carrying arms and full equipment
22.
Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State
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Its members are called State Military person. The primary mission of PMERJ is ostensibly preventive policing for the maintenance of order in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Under the United Nations, in cooperation with the Brazilian Army, the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State has served in Angola, Mozambique, East-Timor, Sudan, and Haiti. The first militarized police in Portugal was the Royal Police Guard of Lisbon, established in 1801, with the abdication of Emperor Pedro I in 1831, the Regency held reformulations on the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Royal Guard Police of Rio de Janeiro became extinct, and was replaced by the Municipal Guard Corps of Volunteers, the same law allowed each Province to establish its own Guard of Volunteers. In 1834, Pedro I died in Portugal and this reduced the fear in Brazil of a reunification of the kingdoms, the Guard of Volunteers were then transformed into Province Police Corps, with professional troops. The Police Corps were created with the structure as Brazilian Army. In 1835, the president of Rio de Janeiro province created the Rio de Janeiro Province Police Corp, with the Proclamation of the Republic, Brazil adopted a constitution based on the United States, where the states have a large autonomy. In addition, In the fight against organized crime, through operations to catch criminals or seizure of weapons, the supervision and control of the vehicle fleet in integrated actions with other public agencies. The preservation of flora, fauna and the environment through specialized battalion, in the security service forums of Justice in municipalities throughout the state. In support of court officers in cases and other court orders with risk. The security of the authorities, the legislature and the judiciary. Security of witnesses and people under threat, in support of public, state and municipal agencies in activities such actions with the population of street and dealing with children and adolescents at social risk. The PMERJ is operationally organized into Intermediary Commands or Policing Area Command, Military Police Battalions, companies, and platoons, the battalions are based in major urban centers, and their companies and platoons are distributed according to population density in cities. The Military Police of Rio de Janeiro is present in all cities of the State and it was established on January 19,1978, the Bulletin of the Military Police No. Running in CFAP facilities of volunteers and operationally subordinate to the Chief of Staff of PMERJ, the NuCOE worked at a camp on the premises of Squares Training Centre in Sulacap in northern Rio. There were 12 tents for about 30 policemen, on March 1,1991, there was the creation of the Special Police Operations Battalion. In 2001, the BOPE adopted armored vehicles baptized as caveirões to protect PMs in raids in slums, thus, the battalion was heavily criticized by human rights groups for having printed the insignia of skull pierced by a dagger
23.
Fernando Collor de Mello
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Collor was the first President directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government. He is also the youngest President in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40 and he was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazils Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence. Fernando Collor was born into a political family, Collor is a Portuguese adaptation of the German surname Koehler, from his maternal grandfather Lindolfo Leopoldo Boeckel Collor. Collor has been serving as Senator for Alagoas since February 2007, having been first elected in 2006, Collor became the president of Brazilian football club Centro Sportivo Alagoano in 1976. During his term as governor, he attracted a lot of publicity by allegedly fighting the payment of super-salaries to public servants, the efficacy of his policies in reducing public expense is disputed, but it certainly made him popular over the country. This helped boost his career, with the help of television appearances in nationwide broadcasts. In 1989 Collor defeated Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a controversial two-round presidential race and 35 million votes, in December 1989, days prior to the second round, Abílio dos Santos Diniz was the victim of a sensational political kidnapping. The act is recognized as an attempt to sabotage Lulas chances of victory, by associating the kidnapping with the left wing. At the time, Brazilian law barred any party from addressing the media on the prior to election day. Lulas party thus had no opportunity to clarify the accusations that the party was involved in the kidnapping, Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures. The first democratically elected President of Brazil in 29 years, Collor spent the years of his government allegedly battling inflation. The very day he took office, Collor launched the Plano Collor, in the month before Collor took power, hyperinflation was 25 percent per month and growing. All accounts over 50,000 Cruzeiros, were frozen for several weeks and he also proposed freezes in wages and prices, as well as major cuts in government spending. The measures were received unenthusiastically by the people, though felt that radical measures were necessary to kill the hyperinflation. Within a few months, however, inflation resumed, eventually reaching rates of 10 percent per month, during the course of his government, Collor was accused of condoning an influence peddling scheme. The accusations weighed on the government and they led Collor and his team to an institutional crisis leading to a loss of credibility that reached the finance minister and this political crisis had negative consequences on his ability to carry out his policies and reforms. The Plano Collor I, under Zélia would be renewed with the implementation of the Plano Collor II, the failure of Zélia and Plano Collor I led to their substitution by Marcílio Marques Moreira and his Plano Collor II. Moreiras plan tried to correct some aspects of the first plan, Collors administration was paralyzed by the fast deterioration of his image, through a succession of corruption accusations
24.
Paulo Maluf
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As of 2011, Maluf is on a second consecutive term as Federal Deputy. His political base is founded on populism and the provision of public works. His career has been plagued with allegations of corruption, although he was never convicted by the Brazilian courts. He is the president of the branch, in the state of São Paulo, of the right-wing Progressive Party of Brazil. Interpol has issued a Red Notice to arrest Maluf, extradite him and try him in the United States on charges of conspiracy, banking on this friendship, he was to be appointed mayor of São Paulo in 1969, replacing the very popular Faria Lima. In 1972, following his mayorship, he served as secretary of transport of the state of São Paulo and he also spent wildly in public works, including in some schemes of doubtful validity, such as in an eventually failed plan to move the states capital city. It was because of such schemes that one of the most notable accusations of corruption against him emerged, by then, Maluf had already fostered a reputation for engaging in corrupt machine politics. His overweening strategy, however, estranged him from most of the party bosses – the civilian caucus which had provided support to the military dictatorship in the last twenty years. Nevertheless, Maluf remained a political force in São Paulo. When he ended his last mayoral term in 1996, he was considered the best mayor São Paulo had ever had up until then and this has led various scholars to try to explain his political resilience. That called eventually for judicial scrutiny of Malufs policies, especially his public works, Maluf was also part of an extensive investigation, by a Parliamentary Inquiry Committee set up in 2003, regarding money laundering involving bank accounts held by him and his family in Jersey. He has been convicted of multiple times, but only in 2001 was the sentence final. At the time, he was forced to pay approximately R$500.000 to the state, many of his alleged crimes cannot be prosecuted, due to the nature of the Brazilian statute of limitations. Even if he were to be convicted, there would be questions about whether he would serve jail time. In early September 2005, Paulo Maluf and his son Flávio Maluf were temporarily arrested by the Brazilian Federal police and they were only incarcerated for a few weeks. So notorious is Malufs reputation that in Brazil the verb malufar was created and this verb is also sometimes used outside Brazil, with one example being the French newspaper Le Monde. He was reelected again in 2010, with something around 497,000 ballots cast for him, during the 2014 elections, Maluf stood again as a congressional candidate, but his candidacy was this time denied acceptance by a 4-to-3 decision of the TSE. Were this to happen, his 2014 voting would make him the eighth most voted candidate for the Federal Legislature in the State of São Paulo, with 246,446 ballots
25.
Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State
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The Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State is the police force responsible for criminal investigations in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Formed in 1808, it is subordinated to the government and directed by a Chief of Police. Each Police Station is directed by a Police Delegate helped by Adjunctive Police Delegates, chiefs of police groups, the CORE, formed in 1969, is a SWAT-style unit within the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro. It is a service which use highly trained policemen in dangerous tasks that Police have to face daily. Civil Police CORE Civil Police Museum Brazilian Federal Police Brazilian Intelligence Agency Official website November operations Civil Police in Alemão restraint -2010 CORE - Special operations
26.
Civil service
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A civil servant or public servant is a person so employed in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the service varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not, many consider the study of service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in non-departmental public bodies may also be classed as servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms. Collectively a states civil servants form its service or public service. An international civil servant or international staff member is an employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation but are governed by internal staff regulations, All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO. Specific referral can be made to the International Civil Service Commission of the United Nations and its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service. The origin of the modern civil service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China. The Imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the states bureaucracy and this system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit, after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the Nine-rank system. This system was reversed during the short-lived Sui Dynasty, which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations, the first civil service examination system was established by Emperor Wen of Sui. The examination tested the candidates memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms, the system was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package. The Chinese system was admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. In the 18th century, in response to changes and the growth of the British Empire, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase, by the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. The origins of the British civil service are better known, during the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806, in that year, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the East India Company College, near London to train and examine administrators of the Companys territories in India
