1.
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a 1958 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks. It is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the name by Tennessee Williams adapted by Richard Brooks. One of the box office hits of 1958, the film stars Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman. Late one night, a drunken Brick Pollitt is out trying to recapture his glory days of school sports by leaping hurdles on a track field. Unexpectedly, he falls and breaks his leg, leaving him dependent on a crutch, Brick, along with his wife, Maggie the Cat, are seen the next day visiting his familys estate in eastern Mississippi, there to celebrate Big Daddys 65th birthday. Depressed, Brick has spent the last few years drinking, while resisting the affections of his wife, Big Daddy and Big Mama arrive home from the hospital via their private airplane and are greeted by Gooper and his wife - and all their kids - along with Maggie. Despite the efforts of Mae, Gooper and their kids to draw his attention to them, the news is that Big Daddy is not dying from cancer. However, the doctor later meets privately with first Gooper and then Brick where he divulges that it is a deception, Big Daddy has inoperable cancer and will likely be dead within a year, and the truth is being kept from him. Brick later confides in Maggie with the truth about Big Daddys health, Maggie wants Brick to take an interest in his father - for both selfish and unselfish reasons, but Brick stubbornly refuses. As the party winds down for the night, Big Daddy meets with Brick in his room and reveals that he is fed up with his alcoholic son’s behavior, demanding to know why he is so stubborn. At one point Maggie joins them and reveals what happened a few years ago on the night Bricks best friend, Maggie was jealous of Skipper because he had more of Bricks time, and says that Skip was lost without Brick at his side. She decided to ruin their relationship by any means necessary, intending to seduce Skipper, however, Maggie ran away without completing the plan. Brick had blamed Maggie for Skippers death, but actually blames himself for not helping Skipper when he repeatedly phoned Brick in a hysterical state, after an argument, Brick lets it slip that Big Daddy will die from cancer and that this birthday will be his last. Shaken, Big Daddy retreats to the basement, meanwhile, Gooper, who is a lawyer, and his wife argue with Big Mama about the familys cotton business and Big Daddys will. Brick descends into the basement, a labyrinth of antiques and family possessions hidden away and he and Big Daddy confront each other before a large cut-out of Brick in his glory days as an athlete, and ultimately reach a reconciliation of sorts. The rest of the family begins to crumble under pressure, with Big Mama stepping up as a strong figure, Maggie says that shed like to give Big Daddy her birthday present, the announcement of her being pregnant. After the jealous Mae calls Maggie a liar, Big Daddy and Brick defend her, even Gooper finds himself admitting, That girls got life in her, alright. Maggie and Brick reconcile, and the two kiss, with the implication that they make love, possibly making Maggies lie become truth
2.
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1984 film)
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a 1984 American made-for-television drama film directed by Jack Hofsiss and starring Jessica Lange, Tommy Lee Jones, Rip Torn, Kim Stanley, David Dukes, and Penny Fuller. The film was produced by American Playhouse and originally premiered on Showtime on August 19,1984 and this adaptation revived the sexual innuendos which had been muted in the 1958 film. Both Stanley and Fuller were nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Special and it was a reunion of sorts for Stanley and Lange, who received Oscar nominations for playing mother and daughter in 1982s Frances. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof at the Internet Movie Database
3.
Tennessee Williams
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Thomas Lanier Tennessee Williams III was an American playwright. Along with Eugene ONeill and Arthur Miller he is considered among the three foremost playwrights in 20th-century American drama, after years of obscurity, he became suddenly famous with The Glass Menagerie, closely reflecting his own unhappy family background. This heralded a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and his later work attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences, and alcohol and drug dependence further inhibited his creative output. His drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often numbered on the short list of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, much of Williams most acclaimed work was adapted for the cinema. He also wrote stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas Lanier Williams III was born in Columbus, Mississippi, of English, Welsh, and Huguenot ancestry and his father was an alcoholic traveling shoe salesman who spent much of his time away from home. Williams early childhood was spent in the parsonage there, Williams had two siblings, sister Rose Isabel Williams and brother Walter Dakin Williams. As a small child Williams suffered from a case of diphtheria which nearly ended his life, leaving him weak, at least in part as a result of his illness, he was less robust as a child than his father wished. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of hearty East Tennessee pioneer stock, had a violent temper and was a man prone to use his fists. He regarded his sons effeminacy with disdain, and his mother Edwina, locked in an unhappy marriage, many critics and historians note that Williams found inspiration for much of his writing in his own dysfunctional family. When Williams was eight years old, his father was promoted to a job at the office of the International Shoe Company in St. Louis. He attended Soldan High School, a setting he referred to in his play The Glass Menagerie, Later he studied at University City High School. At age 16, Williams won third prize for an essay published in Smart Set entitled, a year later, his short story The Vengeance of Nitocris was published in the August 1928 issue of the magazine Weird Tales. That same year he first visited Europe with his grandfather, from 1929 to 1931, he attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where he enrolled in journalism classes. Williams found his classes boring, however, and was distracted by his love for a girl. He was soon entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests and his first submitted play was Beauty Is the Word, followed by Hot Milk at Three in the Morning. As recognition for Beauty, a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, at University of Missouri, Williams joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers
4.
Morosco Theatre
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The Morosco Theatre was a Broadway theatre near Times Square in New York City from 1917 to 1982. It housed many notable productions and its demolition, along with four adjacent theaters, was controversial, after an invitation-only preview performance on February 4,1917, it opened to the public on February 5. The inaugural production was Canary Cottage, a musical with a book by Morosco, the Shuberts lost the building in the Great Depression, and City Playhouses, Inc. bought it at auction in 1943
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Death
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Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death, other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. The potential for an afterlife is of concern for some humans, the word death comes from Old English deað, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauthuz. This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the Process, act, when a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of decease, as in the deceased. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian, unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day, physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event, conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs, in general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise definition of death becomes more difficult. The concept of death is a key to understanding of the phenomenon. There are many approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends, determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death
7.
Deception
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Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, ruse, and subterfuge is the act of propagating beliefs in things that are not true, or not the whole truth. Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, and sleight of hand, as well as distraction, camouflage, there is also self-deception, as in bad faith. Deception is a relational transgression that often leads to feelings of betrayal. Deception violates relational rules and is considered to be a violation of expectations. Most people expect friends, relational partners, and even strangers to be truthful most of the time, if people expected most conversations to be untruthful, talking and communicating with others would require distraction and misdirection to acquire reliable information. A significant amount of deception occurs between romantic and relational partners, Deceit and dishonesty can also form grounds for civil litigation in tort, or contract law, or give rise to criminal prosecution for fraud. It also forms a part of psychological warfare in Denial. Deception includes several types of communications or omissions that serve to distort or omit the complete truth, examples of deception range from false statements to misleading claims in which relevant information is omitted, leading the receiver to infer false conclusions. Deception itself is intentionally managing verbal and/or nonverbal messages so that the receiver will believe in a way that the message sender knows is false. Intent is critical with regard to deception, intent differentiates between deception and an honest mistake. The Interpersonal Deception Theory explores the interrelation between communicative context and sender and receiver cognitions and behaviors in deceptive exchanges, some forms of deception include, Lies, making up information or giving information that is the opposite or very different from the truth. Equivocations, making an indirect, ambiguous, or contradictory statement, concealments, omitting information that is important or relevant to the given context, or engaging in behavior that helps hide relevant information. Exaggerations, overstatement or stretching the truth to a degree, understatements, minimization or downplaying aspects of the truth. Many people believe that they are good at deception, though this confidence is often misplaced, while it is difficult to deceive a partner over a long period of time, deception often occurs in day-to-day conversations between relational partners. Detecting deception is difficult because there are no completely reliable indicators of deception. Deception, however, places a significant cognitive load on the deceiver and he or she must recall previous statements so that his or her story remains consistent and believable. As a result, deceivers often leak important information both verbally and nonverbally, Deception and its detection is a complex, fluid, and cognitive process that is based on the context of the message exchange. A deceivers actions are interrelated to the message receivers actions and it is during this exchange that the deceiver will reveal verbal and nonverbal information about deceit
8.
Intimate relationship
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An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves physical and/or emotional intimacy. Physical intimacy is characterized by friendship, platonic love, romantic love, while the term intimate relationship commonly implies the inclusion of a sexual relationship, the term is also used as a euphemism for a relationship that is strictly sexual. Intimate relationships play a role in the overall human experience. Humans have a desire to belong and to love, which is usually satisfied within an intimate relationship. These relationships involve feelings of liking or loving one or more people, romance, physical or sexual attraction, sexual relationships, Intimate relationships allow a social network for people to form strong emotional attachments. Intimacy generally refers to the feeling of being in a personal association. It is a familiar and very close connection with another as a result of a bond that is formed through knowledge. Genuine intimacy in human relationships requires dialogue, transparency, vulnerability, the verb intimate means to state or make known. The activity of intimating underpins the meanings of intimate when used as a noun, the noun intimate means a person with whom one has a particularly close relationship. The adjective intimate indicates detailed knowledge of a thing or person, in human relationships, the meaning and level of intimacy varies within and between relationships. Intimate conversations become the basis for confidences that bind people together, to sustain intimacy for any length of time requires well-developed emotional and interpersonal awareness. Intimacy requires an ability to be separate and together participants in an intimate relationship. It results in a connection in which there is an emotional range involving both robust conflict and intense loyalty, lacking the ability to differentiate oneself from the other is a form of symbiosis, a state that is different from intimacy, even if feelings of closeness are similar. From a center of self-knowledge and self differentiation, intimate behavior joins family members and it evolves through reciprocal self-disclosure and candor. Psychological consequences of intimacy problems are found in adults who have difficulty in forming and maintaining intimate relationships, individuals often experience the human limitations of their partners, and develop a fear of adverse consequences of disrupted intimate relationships. Studies show that fear of intimacy is negatively related to comfort with emotional closeness and with relationship satisfaction, scholars distinguish between four different forms of intimacy, physical, emotional, cognitive, and experiential. Physical intimacy is sensual proximity or touching, examples include being inside someones personal space, holding hands, emotional intimacy, particularly in sexual relationships, typically develops after a certain level of trust has been reached and personal bonds have been established. Cognitive or intellectual intimacy takes place when two people exchange thoughts, share ideas and enjoy similarities and differences between their opinions, if they can do this in an open and comfortable way, they can become quite intimate in an intellectual area
9.
Loneliness
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Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation or lack of companionship. Loneliness typically includes anxious feelings about a lack of connection or communication with other beings, as such, loneliness can be felt even when surrounded by other people. The causes of loneliness are varied and include social, mental, emotional or even physical factors, research has shown that loneliness is widely prevalent throughout society among people in marriages, relationships, families, veterans and successful careers. It has been a long explored theme in the literature of human beings since classical antiquity, loneliness has also been described as social pain—a psychological mechanism meant to alert an individual of isolation and motivate them to seek social connections. At the same time, loneliness may be a symptom of another social or psychological problem, many people experience loneliness for the first time when they are left alone as infants. It is also a common, though normally temporary, consequence of a breakup, divorce. In these cases, it may stem both from the loss of a person and from the withdrawal from social circles caused by the event or the associated sadness. The loss of a significant person in life will typically initiate a grief response, in this situation, one might feel lonely. Loneliness may represent a dysfunction of communication, and can result from places with low population densities in which there are comparatively few people to interact with. Loneliness can also be seen as a phenomenon, capable of spreading like a disease. When one person in a group begins to feel lonely, this feeling can spread to others, people can feel lonely even when they are surrounded by other people. These genes operate in a manner in males and females. The study found no common environmental contributions to adult loneliness, there is a clear distinction between feeling lonely and being socially isolated. In particular, one way of thinking about loneliness is as a discrepancy between ones necessary and achieved levels of interaction, while solitude is simply the lack of contact with people. Loneliness is therefore a subjective experience, if a person thinks they are lonely, people can be lonely while in solitude, or in the middle of a crowd. What makes a person lonely is the fact that they need more social interaction or a type of social interaction that is not currently available. A person can be in the middle of a party and feel lonely due to not talking to enough people. Conversely, one can be alone and not feel lonely, even there is no one around that person is not lonely because there is no desire for social interaction
10.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed
11.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
12.
Play (theatre)
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A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, there are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read. The term play can refer to both the works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous, comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups, comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, a generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares play The Comedy of Errors, a satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogols The Government Inspector, satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely. This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time, however, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private. It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière’s theories of comedy, the inconsistency between restoration comedy’s morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, however, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance. These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster, often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts, tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares Hamlet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi and these plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are neither of these. History as a genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schillers Demetrius and William Shakespeares King John, ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called “The Disappointment”, however, around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly
13.
Pulitzer Prize for Drama
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The Pulitzer Prize for Drama is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes and it recognizes a theatrical work staged in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year. The drama jury, which consists of one academic and four critics, attends plays in New York, in 1955 Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that awards committee. However, the selection was overruled by the awards advisory board. Had Albee been awarded, he would be tied with Eugene ONeill for the most Pulitzer Prizes for Drama, in its first 98 years to 2013, the Drama Pulitzer was awarded 82 times, none were given in 15 years and it was never split. Many of the prizes were won by people for their collaboration. * Star marks winners of the annual Tony Award for Best Play or Best Musical,1917, no award 1918, Why Marry. – Jesse Lynch Williams 1919, no award Nine musicals have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and they are, George and Ira Gershwins Of Thee I Sing, Rodgers and Hammersteins South Pacific, Bock & Harnicks Fiorello. Of Thee I Sing, Sunday in the Park with George, however, Of Thee I Sing opened when the Tony Awards did not exist, and Next to Normal won the Tony Award for Best Original Score and the Tony Award for Best Orchestrations. The award goes to the playwright, although production of the play is taken into account. In the case of a musical being awarded the prize, the composer, lyricist, the reason given was that the Pulitzer Prize for Drama is a dramatic award, and not a musical one. Additionally, since 1983, when the identity of finalists was first disclosed and they are, Lee Breuer and Bob Telsons The Gospel at Colonus, Lin-Manuel Miranda and Quiara Alegría Hudes In the Heights, and Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Krons Fun Home. The latter two shows, however, each won the Tony Award for Best Musical, ¹All listed dates are Prize years. Generally, the musical in question opened in New York during either the preceding year or the preceding Broadway season. Eugene ONeill won the Pulitzer for Drama four times, three in the 1920s, several people have won two or three. Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Mississippi Delta
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The Mississippi Delta is the distinctive northwest section of the U. S. state of Mississippi which lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. The region has been called The Most Southern Place on Earth, because of its racial, cultural. It is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing circa 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. Originally covered in hardwood forest across the bottomlands, it was developed as one of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation before the American Civil War. As the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slow to be constructed, both black and white migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta, in 1890 the white-dominated state legislature passed a new state constitution effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. In the next three decades, most blacks lost their lands due to credit and political oppression. African Americans had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive and their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. African Americans developed the forms of blues and jazz. As the agricultural economy does not support many jobs or businesses, lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans have been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers. At times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, despite the name, this region is not part of the delta of the Mississippi River. Rather, it is part of a plain, created by regular flooding of the Mississippi. The land is flat and contains some of the most fertile soil in the world and it is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing circa 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. On the east, it is bounded by extending beyond the Yazoo River. The shifting river delta at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast lies some 300 miles south of this area, the two should not be confused. The Delta is strongly associated as the place where several genres of music originated, including the Delta blues and rock. The mostly black sharecroppers and tenant farmers had lives marked by poverty and hardship but they expressed their struggles in music became the beat, rhythm and songs of cities. Gussow examines the conflict between blues musicians and black ministers in the region between 1920 and 1942, the ministers condemned blues music as devils music
15.
Mores
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Mores include an aversion for societal taboos, such as incest. The mores of a society usually predicate legislation prohibiting their taboos, often, countries will employ specialized vice squads or vice police engaged in suppressing specific crimes offending the societal mores. Folkways, in sociology, are norms for routine or casual interaction and this includes ideas about appropriate greetings and proper dress in different situations. In short, mores distinguish the difference between right and wrong, while folkways draw a line between right and rude, both mores and folkways are terms coined by William Graham Sumner in 1906. The English word morality comes from the same Latin root mōrēs, however, mores do not, as is commonly supposed, necessarily carry connotations of morality. Rather, morality can be seen as a subset of mores, held to be of importance in view of their content. The Greek terms equivalent to Latin mores are ethos or nomos, as with the relation of mores to morality, ethos is the basis of the term ethics, nomos give the suffix -onomy, as in astronomy. Such religious or sacral customs may vary, coping with the differences between two sets of cultural conventions is a question of intercultural competence. Differences in the mores of various nations are at the root of ethnic stereotype, or in the case of reflection upon ones own mores, autostereotypes
16.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
17.
Barbara Bel Geddes
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Barbara Bel Geddes was an American actress, artist, and childrens author, whose career spanned six decades. She was best known for her role in the television drama series Dallas as matriarch Miss Ellie Ewing. Bel Geddes also starred in the original Broadway production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in the role of Maggie and her notable films included Alfred Hitchcocks Vertigo and I Remember Mama. She was the recipient of several acting awards and nominations throughout her career, Bel Geddes was born on October 31,1922, in New York City, the daughter of Helen Belle and stage and industrial designer Norman Bel Geddes. She married theatrical manager Carl Sawyer in 1944, they had one daughter, later that year, she married stage director Windsor Lewis, with whom she had a daughter, Betsy. When Lewis became ill in 1967, Bel Geddes suspended her career to care for him until his death in 1972, Bel Geddes came to prominence in the 1946 Broadway production of Deep Are The Roots. The performance garnered her the Clarence Derwent Award, and the Donaldson Award presented to her by Laurette Taylor, for Outstanding Achievement in The Theatre, from 1951 to 1953, Bel Geddes played 924 performances of the F. Hugh Herbert hit comedy The Moon Is Blue, both roles earned her Tony Award nominations. Other highlights include John Steinbecks Burning Bright, Edward Albees Everything in the Garden, Bel Geddes began her film career starring with Henry Fonda in The Long Night, a remake of the 1939 French film Le Jour Se Lève. I went out to California awfully young, she remarked, I remember Lillian Hellman and Elia Kazan telling me, Dont go, learn your craft. The following year, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the George Stevens classic film I Remember Mama and she played Richard Widmarks wife Nancy in Kazans 1950 film noir Panic in the Streets. In 1958, Alfred Hitchcock cast her with James Stewart in Vertigo as the long-suffering bohemian, Bel Geddes also starred with Danny Kaye and Louis Armstrong in the screen musical The Five Pennies. She appeared in such as Playhouse 90, CBS Playhouse, Riverboat, Dr. Kildare. In 1977, she starred in the acclaimed production of the Thornton Wilder classic. In 1978, Bel Geddes was the first artist signed to star in Dallas, the role of the family matriarch, Miss Ellie, brought her renewed international recognition. She appeared on the series from 1978 to 1990 and remains the only cast member to win the Emmy Award, in 1985, she also received Germanys Golden Camera Award. Larry Hagman, who played J. R. Ewing, told the Associated Press and she was just a really nice woman and a wonderful actress. She was kind of the glue that held the whole thing together, in the early 1970s, Bel Geddes underwent a radical mastectomy, an experience she relived in the 1979–80 season of Dallas
18.
Burl Ives
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Burl Icle Ivanhoe Ives was an American singer and actor of stage, screen, radio and television. He began as an itinerant singer and banjoist, and launched his own show, The Wayfaring Stranger. In 1942, he appeared in Irving Berlins This Is the Army, in the 1960s, he successfully crossed over into country music, recording hits such as A Little Bitty Tear and Funny Way of Laughing. Ives was born near Hunt City, a town in Jasper County, Illinois, near Newton, Illinois, to Levi Frank Ives. He had six siblings, Audry, Artie, Clarence, Argola, Lillburn and his father was first a farmer and then a contractor for the county and others. One day, Ives was singing in the garden with his mother and he invited his nephew to sing at the old soldiers reunion in Hunt City. The boy performed a rendition of the folk ballad Barbara Allen, from 1927 to 1929, Ives attended Eastern Illinois State Teachers College in Charleston, Illinois, where he played football. During his junior year, he was sitting in English class, listening to a lecture on Beowulf, as he walked out of the door, the professor made a snide remark, and Ives slammed the door behind him, shattering the window in the door. Sixty years later, the school named a building after its most famous dropout, Ives was also involved in Freemasonry from 1927 onward. On July 23,1929, in Richmond, Indiana, Ives made a recording of Behind the Clouds for the Starr Piano Companys Gennett label. In later years, Ives did not recall having made the record, Ives traveled about the U. S. as an itinerant singer during the early 1930s, earning his way by doing odd jobs and playing his banjo. He was jailed in Mona, Utah, for vagrancy and for singing Foggy Dew, around 1931, he began performing on WBOW radio in Terre Haute, Indiana. He also went back to school, attending classes at Indiana State Teachers College, in 1933, Ives also attended the Juilliard School in New York. He made his Broadway debut in 1938 with a role in Rodgers and Hart’s hit musical. In 1937, he met and befriended actor Eddie Albert, the two lived together for a while in Hollywood. In 1940, Ives began his own show, titled The Wayfaring Stranger after one of his ballads. Over the next decade, he popularized several traditional songs, such as Foggy Dew, The Blue Tail Fly. He was also associated with the Almanac Singers, a group which at different times included Woody Guthrie, Will Geer, Millard Lampell
19.
Ben Gazzara
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Biagio Anthony Gazzarra, known as Ben Gazzara, was an American film, stage, and television actor and director. His best known films include Anatomy of a Murder, Voyage of the Damned, Inchon, Road House, The Big Lebowski, Happiness, The Thomas Crown Affair, Summer of Sam, Dogville and Paris, je taime. He was a collaborator with John Cassavetes, working with him on Husbands, The Killing of a Chinese Bookie. As the star of the television series Run for Your Life and he won his first, and only, Emmy Award for his role in the television film Hysterical Blindness. Gazzara grew up in New Yorks Kips Bay neighborhood, he lived on East 29th Street and participated in the program at Madison Square Boys. He attended New York Citys Stuyvesant High School, but finally graduated from Saint Simon Stock in the Bronx, years later, he said that the discovery of his love for acting saved him from a life of crime during his teen years. He went to City College of New York to study electrical engineering and he took classes in acting at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the influential German director Erwin Piscator and afterward joined the Actors Studio. In 1954, Gazzara made several appearances on NBCs legal drama Justice and he joined other Actors Studio members in the 1957 film The Strange One. Then came a performance as a soldier on trial for avenging his wifes rape in Otto Premingers courtroom drama Anatomy of a Murder. Contemporary screen credits included The Young Doctors, A Rage to Live, when I became hot, so to speak, in the theater, I got a lot of offers, he said. I wont tell you the pictures I turned down because youll say, You are a fool, gazarra returned to Broadway for a production of Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. with Colleen Dewhurst in 1976. Some of the actors most formidable characters were those he created with his friend John Cassavetes in the 1970s and they collaborated for the first time on Cassavetess film Husbands, in which he appeared alongside Peter Falk and Cassavetes himself. In The Killing of a Chinese Bookie, Gazzara took the role of the hapless strip-joint owner. Also during this period he starred in the television miniseries QB VII, the six-and-a-half hour series was based on a book by Leon Uris and co-starred Anthony Hopkins. He also played gangster Al Capone in the biographical film Capone and appeared in Voyage of the Damned, High Velocity and he starred with Rowlands in the critically acclaimed AIDS-themed TV movie An Early Frost, for which he received his third Emmy nomination. Gazzara appeared in 38 films, many for television, in the 1990s and he worked with a number of renowned directors, such as the Coen brothers, Spike Lee, David Mamet, Walter Hugo Khouri, Todd Solondz, John Turturro, and John McTiernan. In his seventies, Gazzara continued to be active, in 2003, he was in the ensemble cast of the experimental film Dogville, directed by Lars von Trier of Denmark and starring Nicole Kidman, as well as the television film Hysterical Blindness. Several other projects have recently completed or are currently in production
20.
Elizabeth Taylor
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Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE was a British-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian. She began as an actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well known figure for the rest of her life. The American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend in 1999, Born in London to wealthy, socially prominent American parents, Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939, and she soon was given a film contract by Universal Pictures. Her screen debut was in a role in Theres One Born Every Minute. Taylor was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and had her breakthrough role in National Velvet, becoming one of the studios most popular teenaged stars. She made the transition to adult roles in the early 1950s, despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars, Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s, as she resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned. She began receiving roles in the mid-1950s, beginning with the epic drama Giant. These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Suddenly, Last Summer, although she disliked her role in BUtterfield 8, her last film for MGM, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. She was next paid a record-breaking $1 million to play the role in the historical epic Cleopatra. During the filming, Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began having an affair which caused a scandal. Despite public disapproval, Burton and she continued their relationship and were married the first time in 1964. Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media, they starred in 11 films together, including The V. I. P. s, The Sandpiper, The Taming of the Shrew, and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf, winning her second Academy Award, in the 1980s, she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series, and became the first celebrity to launch a perfume brand. Taylor was also one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism and she co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991. From the early 1990s until her death, she dedicated her time to philanthropy and she received several accolades for it, including the Presidential Citizens Medal. Taylors personal life was subject to constant media attention throughout her life and she was married eight times to seven men, endured serious illnesses, and led a jet set lifestyle, including amassing one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry. After many years of ill health, Taylor died from heart failure at the age of 79 in 2011
21.
Paul Newman
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Paul Leonard Newman was an American actor. Newmans other films include The Hustler, Cool Hand Luke, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as Butch Cassidy, The Sting, and The Verdict. Despite being colorblind, Newman won several championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing. He was a co-founder of Newmans Own, a company from which he donated all post-tax profits. As of 2016, these donations have totaled over US$460 million and he was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network, a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need. In 1988, Newman founded the SeriousFun Childrens Network, a family of summer camps. Newman was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the son of Theresa and Arthur Sigmund Newman. Newmans father was Jewish, and was the son of Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, immigrants from Hungary, Newman had no religion as an adult, but described himself as a Jew, saying its more of a challenge. Newmans mother worked in his fathers store, while raising Paul and his brother, Arthur. Newman showed an early interest in the theater, his first role was at the age of seven, playing the court jester in a school production of Robin Hood. At age 10, Newman performed at the Cleveland Play House in a production of Saint George and the Dragon, graduating from Shaker Heights High School in 1943, he briefly attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he was initiated into the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Newman served in the United States Navy in World War II in the Pacific theater, initially, he enrolled in the Navy V-12 pilot training program at Yale University, but was dropped when his colorblindness was discovered. Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and rear gunner, qualifying in torpedo bombers in 1944, Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent to Barbers Point, Hawaii. He later flew as a gunner in an Avenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the USS Bunker Hill along with other replacements shortly before the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, the pilot of his aircraft had an ear infection which kept their plane grounded. The rest of their squadron flew to the Bunker Hill, days later, a kamikaze attack on the vessel killed a number of service members, including the other members of his unit. After the war, Newman completed his Bachelor of Arts in drama and economics at Kenyon College in Gambier, shortly after earning his degree, he joined several summer stock companies, most notably the Belfry Players in Wisconsin and the Woodstock Players in Illinois. He toured with them for three months and developed his talents as a part of Woodstock Players and he later attended the Yale School of Drama for one year, before moving to New York City to study under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio
22.
Madeleine Sherwood
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Madeleine Sherwood was a Canadian actress of stage, film and television. She was widely known for her portrayals of Mae/Sister Woman and Miss Lucy in both the Broadway and film versions of Tennessee Williams Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Sweet Bird of Youth. She starred or featured in 18 original Broadway productions including Arturo Ui, Do I Hear a Waltz. in 1963 she won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in Hey You, Light Man. Sherwood made her first stage appearance at the age of four in a church Passion Play and she started her professional career in Montreal when Rupert Kaplan cast her in CBC dramas and soap operas. Sherwood moved to New York City in 1950 and made her first Broadway appearance in Horton Footes The Chase, in 1953 she originated the role of Abigail in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Elia Kazan cast her as Mae/Sister Woman in Cat On A Hot Tin Roof and she reprised both roles in the film versions. She became a member of the Actors Studio in 1957 working with Lee Strasberg and was a member of the Studio. Sherwood appeared in soap opera over the years, most notably on Guiding Light as Mrs. Eilers. She had cameos on All My Children as a bag lady and Another World as a matron, returning to Guiding Light briefly as Roxie Shaynes madame. She was featured in one of the last episodes of Capitol, Sherwood was blacklisted during the McCarthy era. During the Civil Rights Movement, she worked with Martin Luther King, Jr. in the late 1950s and 1960s and she was arrested during a Freedom Walk, jailed, and sentenced to six months hard labor, for ndangering the Customs and Mores of the People of Alabama. During the 1980s, she received a grant from A. F. I. as one of the first women to direct films for them. She wrote, directed and acted in her film, Good Night, Sweet Prince, in the 1970s, she met Gloria Steinem, Betty Dodson and other activists at the First Women’s Sexual Conference at Barnard College in New York City. From there, she started consciousness-raising groups and counseling workshops for Women, in the early 1990s, she returned to Canada and resettled in Victoria, British Columbia, and Saint-Hippolyte, Quebec. She had been a permanent resident of the United States. She was a member of the Society of Friends, Sherwood died on April 23,2016, at her childhood home in Lac Cornu, Quebec. No cause of death was disclosed and she was survived by her daughter. The Chase The Crucible Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Sweet Bird of Youth The Night of the Iguana Invitation To a March Arturo Ui Do I Hear a Waltz
23.
Nihilism
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Nihilism is a philosophical doctrine that suggests the lack of belief in one or more reputedly meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, moral nihilists assert that there is no inherent morality, and that accepted moral values are abstractly contrived. Nihilism may also take epistemological, ontological, or metaphysical forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, movements such as Futurism and deconstruction, among others, have been identified by commentators as nihilistic. Nihilism has many definitions, and thus can describe multiple arguably independent philosophical positions, extreme metaphysical nihilism is commonly defined as the belief that nothing exists as a correspondent component of the self-efficient world. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary defines one form of nihilism as a form of skepticism that denies all existence. A similar skepticism concerning the world can be found in solipsism. However, despite the fact that both deny the certainty of objects true existence, the nihilist would deny the existence of self whereas the solipsist would affirm it, both these positions are considered forms of anti-realism. Epistemological nihilism is a form of skepticism in which all knowledge is accepted as being possibly untrue or as being unable to be confirmed true and this interpretation of existence must be based on resolution. Therefore, there is no way to surmise or measure the validity of mereological nihilism. Thus, the resolution with which the ant views the world it exists within is an important determining factor in how the ant experiences this within the world feeling. Existential nihilism is the belief that life has no meaning or value. With respect to the universe, existential nihilism posits that a human or even the entire human species is insignificant, without purpose. The meaninglessness of life is explored in the philosophical school of existentialism. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, in this way a moral nihilist believes that all moral claims are void of any truth value. An alternative scholarly perspective is that moral nihilism is a morality in itself, cooper writes, In the widest sense of the word morality, moral nihilism is a morality. An influential analysis of political nihilism is presented by Leo Strauss, the Russian Nihilist movement was a Russian trend in the 1860s that rejected all authority. Their name derives from the Latin nihil, meaning nothing, after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, the Nihilists gained a reputation throughout Europe as proponents of the use of violence for political change. The Nihilists expressed anger at what they described as the nature of the Eastern Orthodox Church and of the tsarist monarchy
24.
Dylan Thomas
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He became widely popular in his lifetime and remained so after his premature death at the age of 39 in New York City. By then he had acquired a reputation, which he had encouraged, as a roistering, drunken, Thomas was born in Swansea, Wales, in 1914. An undistinguished pupil, he left school at 16 and became a journalist for a short time. Many of his works appeared in print while he was still a teenager, however, while living in London, Thomas met Caitlin Macnamara, whom he married in 1937. Their relationship was defined by alcoholism and was mutually destructive, in the early part of their marriage, Thomas and his family lived hand-to-mouth, they settled in the Welsh fishing village of Laugharne. Thomas came to be appreciated as a poet during his lifetime. He began augmenting his income with reading tours and radio broadcasts and his radio recordings for the BBC during the late 1940s brought him to the publics attention, and he was frequently used by the BBC as a populist voice of the literary scene. Thomas first travelled to the United States in the 1950s and his readings there brought him a level of fame, while his erratic behaviour and drinking worsened. His time in America cemented his legend, however, and he went on to record to vinyl such works as A Childs Christmas in Wales. During his fourth trip to New York in 1953, Thomas became gravely ill and fell into a coma and he died on 9 November 1953. His body was returned to Wales where he was interred at the churchyard in Laugharne on 25 November 1953. Though Thomas wrote exclusively in the English language, he has acknowledged as one of the most important Welsh poets of the 20th century. He is noted for his original, rhythmic and ingenious use of words and his position as one of the great modern poets has been much discussed, and he remains popular with the public. Dylan Thomas was born on 27 October 1914 in Swansea, the son of Florence Hannah, a seamstress, and David John Thomas, a teacher. His father had an honours degree in English from University College, Aberystwyth. Thomas had one sibling, Nancy Marles, who was eight years his senior, the children spoke only English, though their parents were bilingual in English and Welsh, and David Thomas gave Welsh lessons at home. Thomass father chose the name Dylan, which could be translated as son of the sea, after Dylan ail Don and his middle name, Marlais, was given in honour of his great-uncle, William Thomas, a Unitarian minister and poet whose bardic name was Gwilym Marles. Dylan, pronounced ˈ in Welsh, caused his mother to worry he might be teased as the dull one, when he broadcast on Welsh BBC, early in his career, he was introduced using this pronunciation
25.
Epigraph (literature)
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In literature, an epigraph is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document or component. The epigraph may serve as a preface, as a summary, as a counter-example, or to link the work to a literary canon. The long quotation from Dantes Inferno that prefaces T. S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is part of a speech by one of the damned in Dantes Hell. Linking it to the monologue which forms Eliots poem adds a comment, the epigraph to Eliots Gerontion is a quotation from Shakespeares Measure for Measure. Eliots The Hollow Men uses the line Mistah Kurtz, he dead from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness as one of its two epigraphs, the epigraph to Theodore Herzls Altneuland is If you will it, it is no dream. Which became a slogan of the Zionist movement, the epigraph to Fyodor Dostoyevskys The Brothers Karamazov is John 12,24. Verily, verily, I say unto you, except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone, but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. The epigraphs to the preamble of Georges Perecs Life, A Users Manual and to the book as a whole warn the reader that tricks are going to be played and that all will not be what it seems. Jack London uses the first stanza of John Myers OHaras poem Atavism as the epigraph to The Call of the Wild, as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway famously quotes Gertrude Stein, You are all a lost generation. The epigraph to E. L. Doctorows Ragtime quotes Scott Joplins instructions to those who play his music and it is never right to play Ragtime fast. This stands in contrast to the pace of American society at the turn of the 20th century. A Samuel Johnson quote is used as an epigraph in Hunter S. Thompsons novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, stephen King uses many epigraphs in his writing, usually to mark the beginning of another section in the novel. An unusual example is The Stand where he uses lyrics from songs to express the metaphor used in a particular part. J. K. Rowlings novels frequently begin with epigraphs relating to the themes explored, Harry Potter, some authors use fictional quotations that purport to be related to the fiction of the work itself. Examples include, John Greens The Fault in Our Stars has a quotation from a novel, An Imperial Affliction. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby opens with a poem entitled Then Wear the Gold Hat, DInvilliers is a character in Fitzgeralds first novel, This Side of Paradise. This cliché is parodied by Diana Wynne Jones in The Tough Guide To Fantasyland, a poem at the beginning of J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings describes the Rings of Power, the central plot device of the trilogy. Fantasy literature may also include epigraphs, le Guins Earthsea series includes epigraphs supposedly quoted from the epic poetry of the Earthsea archipelago
26.
Elia Kazan
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Elia Kazan was a Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor, described by The New York Times as one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history. He was born in Istanbul, to Cappadocian Greek parents, after attending Williams College and then the Yale School of Drama, he acted professionally for eight years, later joining the Group Theater in 1932, and co-founded the Actors Studio in 1947. With Robert Lewis and Cheryl Crawford, his actors studio introduced Method Acting under the direction of Lee Strasberg, Kazan acted in a few films, including City for Conquest. Noted for drawing out the best dramatic performances from his actors, he directed 21 actors to Oscar nominations and he directed a string of successful films, including A Streetcar Named Desire, On the Waterfront, and East of Eden. During his career, he won two Oscars as Best Director and received an Honorary Oscar, won three Tony Awards, and four Golden Globes and his films were concerned with personal or social issues of special concern to him. Kazan writes, I dont move unless I have some empathy with the basic theme and his first such issue film was Gentlemans Agreement, with Gregory Peck, which dealt with anti-Semitism in America. It received 8 Oscar nominations and 3 wins, including Kazans first for Best Director and it was followed by Pinky, one of the first films in mainstream Hollywood to address racial prejudice against black people. In 1954, he directed On the Waterfront, a film about corruption on the New York harbor waterfront. A Streetcar Named Desire, an adaptation of the play which he had also directed, received 12 Oscar nominations, winning 4. In 1955, he directed John Steinbecks East of Eden, which introduced James Dean to movie audiences and his testimony helped end the careers of former acting colleagues Morris Carnovsky and Art Smith, along with ending the work of playwright Clifford Odets. Kazan later justified his act by saying he took only the more tolerable of two alternatives that were either way painful and wrong, nearly a half-century later, his anti-Communist testimony continued to cause controversy. When Kazan was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1999, dozens of actors not to applaud as 250 demonstrators picketed the event. Kazan influenced the films of the 1950s and 60s with his provocative, Director Stanley Kubrick called him, without question, the best director we have in America, capable of performing miracles with the actors he uses. Film author Ian Freer concludes that if his achievements are tainted by political controversy, in 2010, Martin Scorsese co-directed the documentary film A Letter to Elia as a personal tribute to Kazan. Elia Kazan was born in the Fener district of Istanbul, to Cappadocian Greek parents originally from Kayseri in Anatolia and his parents, George and Athena Kazantzoglou, emigrated to the United States when he was four years old. He was named after his grandfather, Elia Kazantzoglou. His maternal grandfather was Isaak Shishmanoglou, elias brother, Avraam, was born in Berlin and later became a psychiatrist. As a young boy, he was remembered as being shy, much of his early life was portrayed in his autobiographical book, America America, which he made into a film in 1963
27.
Mildred Dunnock
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Mildred Dorothy Dunnock was an American theater, film and television actress. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, she graduated from Western Senior High School, Dunnock was a school teacher who did not start acting until she was in her early thirties. She attended Goucher College where she was a member of Alpha Phi sorority, after a couple of roles in Broadway productions during the 1930s, Dunnock won praise for her performance as a Welsh school teacher in The Corn is Green in 1940. The 1945 film version marked her screen debut, during the 1940s she performed mainly on stage, in such dramas as Another Part of the Forest and Death of a Salesman and in the musical Lute Song. In 1947, Dunnock became a member of the Actors Studio. Dunnock reprised her Salesman role in the 1951 film version and she originated the role of Big Mama in the Tennessee Williams Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, although she lost the movie role to Judith Anderson. Her films include The Trouble with Harry, Love Me Tender, Baby Doll, Peyton Place, The Nuns Story, Butterfield 8, Something Wild and Sweet Bird of Youth. She was the woman in the wheelchair pushed down a flight of stairs to her death by the psychotic villain Tommy Udo in Kiss of Death. Dunnock was twice nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for Death of a Salesman in 1951 and she was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for Baby Doll, as well as Viva Zapata. in 1952 and Peyton Place in 1957. Her final film was The Pick-up Artist, which starred Robert Downey, Jr. Dunnock has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to motion pictures, at 6613 Hollywood Boulevard. She is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, Dunnock was married to Keith Urmy, an executive at Chemical Bank in Manhattan, from 1933 until her death, and had one child. She died in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts at age 90 from natural causes
28.
Pat Hingle
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Martin Patterson Pat Hingle was an American actor who appeared in hundreds of television shows and feature films. His first film was On the Waterfront in 1954 and he often played tough authority figures. Hingle was a friend of Clint Eastwood and appeared in the Eastwood films Hang em High, The Gauntlet. Martin Patterson Hingle was born in Miami, Florida, the son of Marvin Louise, a schoolteacher and musician, and Clarence Martin Hingle, Hingle enlisted in the United States Navy in December 1941, dropping out of the University of Texas. He served on the destroyer USS Marshall during World War II and he returned to the University of Texas after the war and earned a degree in radio broadcasting in 1949. As a Navy Reservist, he was recalled to the service during the Korean War, Hingle began acting in college, and after graduating, he moved to New York and studied at the American Theatre Wing. In 1952, he became a member of the Actors Studio and this led to his first Broadway show, End as a Man. On Broadway, he originated the role of Gooper in the original Broadway production of Tennessee Williams Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and he played the title role in the award winning Broadway play J. B. by Archibald MacLeish. He appeared in the 1963 Actors Studio production of Strange Interlude, directed by Jose Quintero and he earned a Tony Award nomination for his performance in Dark at the Top of the Stairs. In 1997, he played Benjamin Franklin in the Roundabout Theatre revival of the musical 1776, with Brent Spiner, hingles first film role was an uncredited part as bartender Jock in On the Waterfront. Later in his career, he was known for playing judges, police officers and he was a guest star on the early NBC legal drama Justice, based on case histories of the Legal Aid Society of New York, which aired in the 1950s. Another notable role was as the father of Warren Beattys character in Splendor in the Grass, which was directed by Elia Kazan, Hingle was widely known for portraying the father of Sally Fields title character Norma Rae. He also played manager Colonel Tom Parker in John Carpenters TV movie Elvis, Hingle had a long list of television and film credits to his name, going back to 1948. Among them were The Fugitive, Carol for Another Christmas, Nevada Smith, Mission, Impossible, Hang Em High, The Gauntlet, Sudden Impact, Road To Redemption, When You Comin Back, Red Ryder. Brewsters Millions, Stephen Kings Maximum Overdrive, The Grifters, Citizen Cohn, The Land Before Time, Wings, Hingle played Dr. Chapman in seven episodes of the TV series Gunsmoke, and Col. Tucker in the movie Gunsmoke, To the Last Man. In 1963, Hingle guest-starred in an episode of The Twilight Zone called The Incredible World of Horace Ford as the title character and he guest starred in the TV series Matlock and Murder, She Wrote. In 1980, he appeared in the police series Stone with Dennis Weaver. He played Commissioner Gordon in the 1989 film Batman and its three sequels and he is one of only two actors to appear in the four Batman films from 1989 to 1997, the other is Michael Gough
29.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
30.
Sonny Terry
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Terry was born in Greensboro, Georgia. His father, a farmer, taught him to play blues harp as a youth. He sustained injuries to his eyes and went blind by the time he was 16, which prevented him from doing farm work, Terry played Campdown Races to the plow horses which improved the efficiency of farming in the area. He began playing blues in Shelby, North Carolina, after his father died, he began playing in the trio of Piedmont blues–style guitarist Blind Boy Fuller. When Fuller died in 1941, Terry established a musical relationship with Brownie McGhee. The duo became known among white audiences during the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s. This included collaborations with Styve Homnick, Woody Guthrie and Moses Asch, in 1938 Terry was invited to play at Carnegie Hall for the first From Spirituals to Swing concert, and later that year he recorded for the Library of Congress. He recorded his first commercial sides In 1940, some of his most famous works include Old Jabo, a song about a man bitten by a snake, and Lost John, which demonstrates his amazing breath control. Terry was also in the 1947 original cast of the Broadway musical comedy Finians Rainbow and he also appeared in the film The Color Purple, directed by Steven Spielberg. With McGhee, he appeared in the 1979 Steve Martin comedy The Jerk, Terry collaborated with Ry Cooder on Walkin Away Blues. He also performed a cover of Robert Johnsons Crossroad Blues for the 1986 film Crossroads, Terry died of natural causes in Mineola, New York in March 1986, three days before Crossroads was released in theaters. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in the same year
31.
Cliff Robertson
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Clifford Parker Cliff Robertson III was an American actor with a film and television career that spanned half a century. Robertson portrayed a young John F. Kennedy in the 1963 film PT109 and his last well-known film appearances were in 2002 through 2007 as Uncle Ben in the Spider-Man film trilogy. Robertson was born in La Jolla, California, the son of Clifford Parker Robertson, Jr. and his first wife and his Texas-born father was described as the idle heir to a tidy sum of ranching money. Robertson once said, was a romantic figure – tall. He married four or five times, and between marriages hed pop in to see me and he was a great raconteur, and he was always surrounded by sycophants who let him pick up the tab. During the Depression, he tapped the trust for $500,000, Robertsons parents divorced when he was one, and his mother died of peritonitis a year later in El Paso, Texas, at the age of 21. He was raised by his grandmother, Mary Eleanor Eleanora Willingham, in California. He graduated in 1941 from La Jolla High School, where he was known as The Walking Phoenix, merchant Marine in World War II, before attending Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio and dropping out to work as a journalist for a short time. Robertson was President John F. Kennedys personal choice to him in 1963s PT109. The next year, Robertson played a presidential candidate in The Best Man, Late in his life Robertsons career had a resurgence. He appeared as Uncle Ben Parker in Sam Raimis Spider-Man, as well as in the sequels Spider-Man 2 and he commented on his website, Since Spider-Man 1 and 2, I seem to have a whole new generation of fans. That in itself is a fine residual and he was also in the horror film Riding the Bullet. In 1989, he was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, Robertson also appeared as a special guest star on Wagon Train for one episode, portraying an Irish immigrant. In 1958, Robertson portrayed Joe Clay in the first broadcast of Playhouse 90s Days of Wine, in 1960, he was cast as Martinus Van Der Brig, a con man, in the episode End of a Dream of Riverboat. Other appearances included The Twilight Zone episodes A Hundred Yards Over the Rim and The Dummy, followed by the The Eleventh Hour in the 1963 episode and he guest-starred on such television series as The Greatest Show on Earth, Breaking Point and ABC Stage 67. He had starring roles in episodes of both the 1960s and 1990s versions of The Outer Limits and he was awarded an Emmy for his leading role in a 1965 episode, The Game of Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre. He appeared twice as a guest-villain on ABCs Batman as the gunfighter Shame, in 1976, he portrayed a retired Buzz Aldrin in an adaptation of Aldrins autobiography Return to Earth. In 1987, he portrayed Henry Ford in Ford, The Man, from 1983-84, he played Dr. Michael Ranson in Falcon Crest
32.
Jack Lord
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John Joseph Patrick Ryan, best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his role as Steve McGarrett in the American television program Hawaii Five-O from 1968 to 1980. Lord appeared in feature films earlier in his career, among them Man of the West and he was the first actor to play the recurring character Felix Leiter in Dr. No, the first James Bond film. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Lord was the son of Irish-American parents and his father, William Lawrence Ryan, was a steamship company executive. He grew up in Morris Park, Queens, New York, young Lord developed his equestrian skills on his mothers fruit farm in the Hudson River Valley. He started spending summers at sea, and from the decks of cargo ships painted and sketched the landscapes he encountered—Africa and he attended New York University on a football scholarship, and earned a degree in Fine Arts. He spent the first year of the United States involvement in World War II with the United States Army Corps of Engineers and he returned to the Merchant Marine as an Able Seaman before enrolling in the deck officer course at Fort Trumbull. While making maritime training films, he took to the idea of acting, Lord received theatrical training from Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse. He worked first as a car salesman for Horgan Ford, then later as a Cadillac salesman in New York to fund his studies, later he studied at the Actors Studio. His Broadway debut was as Slim Murphy in Horton Footes The Traveling Lady with Kim Stanley, the show ran for 30 performances, October 27,1954 through November 20,1954. Lord won the Theatre World Award for his performance, Lord was then cast as Brick in a replacement for Ben Gazzara in the 1955–1956 production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. He had been in The Little Hut, The Illegitimist, and his first commercial film role was in the 1949 film The Red Menace a. k. a. He was associate producer in his 1950 film Cry Murder, in 1957, Lord starred in Williamsburg, the Story of a Patriot, which has run daily at Colonial Williamsburg since then. In 1958, Lord co-starred as Buck Walden in Gods Little Acre, Lord was the first actor to play the character Felix Leiter in the James Bond film series, introduced in the first Bond film, Dr. No. In 1962, Lord starred as series namesake Stoney Burke, a cowboy from Mission Ridge. The basis for the series was real-life champion rodeo rider Casey Tibbs, the series featured Warren Oates and Bruce Dern in recurring supporting roles. Lord credited Gary Cooper as his role model, and the inspiration for his characterization of Stoney Burke. Lord was considered for Eliot Ness in The Untouchables before Robert Stack won the role, ironically, he appeared in the Season One episode The Jake Lingle Killing
33.
R. G. Armstrong
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Robert Golden Armstrong, Jr. known as R. G. Armstrong, was an American actor and playwright. A veteran character actor who appeared in dozens of Westerns over the course of his 40-year career, Armstrong was born in Pleasant Grove, Alabama, and was reared on a small farm near Birmingham. He came from a family of fundamentalist Christians, and his mother wanted him to be a pastor, while there, along with classmate Andy Griffith, he began acting on stage with the Carolina Playmakers. Upon graduating, he attended the Actors Studio, Armstrong quickly launched a career on Broadway. He won considerable acclaim for his role in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and he also began writing his own plays, which were performed off-Broadway. Armstrongs first film appearance was in the 1954 film Garden of Eden, however, it was television where he first earned a name for himself. In the storyline, the recently widowed Doreen Bradley exposes Stoner as the murderer of her husband, much of the story is set in a hotel. Others appearing in the segment are Russ Conway as the marshal, Dorothy Provine as Ada. Jess is accused of murdering a rancher named Blake Wilkie. Slim Sherman, played by series co-start John Smith, is deputized to accompany Jarrad and Jess to Colorado. Denny Miller, later cast on Wagon Train as a regular, Duke Shannon, along with Robert Fuller as Cooper Smith, appears in this episode as Wilkies son, william Fawcett plays Ben, the Sherman Ranch housekeeper, a role that Fawcett also filled on NBCs Fury. Early in 1961, Armstrong was cast in the title guest-starring role of Nathanael Grimm in The Return of Mr. Grimm of the ABC/WB western series Cheyenne, starring Clint Walker. In the storyline, the wealthy Grimm seeks the hanging of Sheriff Cheyenne Bodie for the homicide of Grimms wayward son. Grimm closes the businesses he controls in town, and the threatened townsmen demand that Bodie stand trial though no crime has been committed, anita Sands appears as Grimms secret daughter-in-law, Grace Evans, who unknown to him is carrying his grandson. Armstrong appeared on The Twilight Zone, in the episode Nothing in the Dark along with Robert Redford and he appeared in three episodes of Perry Mason, twice in the role of the defendant. First in 1959 he played title character Harry Bright in The Case of the Petulant Partner, Armstrong also appeared on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Everglades, The Andy Griffith Show, The Fugitive, Daniel Boone, T. H. E. Cat, Hawaii Five-O, Starsky and Hutch, The Dukes of Hazzard, Dynasty, Armstrong had a recurring role in the second season of Millennium as a reclusive visionary known only as the Old Man. In the late 1980s, he played the demonic Uncle Lewis Vendredi in the Canadian horror series Friday the 13th, while working on The Westerner, Armstrong made the acquaintance of up-and-coming writer/director Sam Peckinpah
34.
Peter Hall (director)
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Sir Peter Reginald Frederick Hall CBE is the pre-eminent British theatre director of his generation. In 1955 he introduced London audiences to the work of Samuel Beckett with the UK premiere of Waiting for Godot, Hall founded the Royal Shakespeare Company and went on to build an international reputation in theatre, opera, film and television. He was Director of the National Theatre and Artistic Director of Glyndebourne Festival Opera and he formed The Peter Hall Company and became founding director of The Rose Theatre, Kingston in 2003. Throughout his career, he has been a champion of public funding for the arts. Peter Reginald Frederick Hall was born in Suffolk at Bury St Edmunds and his father was a stationmaster and the family lived for some time at Great Shelford Station. He won a scholarship to The Perse School in Cambridge, before taking up a further scholarship to read English at St. Catharines College, Cambridge, Hall did his National Service in Germany at The RAF Headquarters for Education in Bückerberg. Whilst studying at Cambridge he produced and acted in a number of plays, directing five in his final year and he served on the University Amateur Dramatic Club committee before graduating in 1953. In the same year, Hall staged his first professional play, The Letter by W. Somerset Maugham,1954 to 1955 saw Hall as the Director of the Oxford Playhouse where he directed several notable young actors including Ronnie Barker and Billie Whitelaw. Eileen Atkins and Maggie Smith were also part of the company as acting Assistants Stage Managers, from 1955-1957 Hall ran The Arts Theatre, London where he directed the English-language premiere of Waiting for Godot. Other notable productions at The Arts included the English language premiere of The Waltz of the Toreadors by Jean Anouilh, the company not only played in Stratford but expanded into the Aldwych Theatre, its first London home. The latter was described as the greatest Shakespearian event in living memory which also laid down the doctrine of Shakespearian relevance to the modern world, Peter Hall left the RSC in 1968 after almost ten years as its Director. Hall was appointed Director of The National Theatre in 1973 and led the organisation for fifteen years until 1988, frustrated by construction delays, Hall decided to move the company into the still-unfinished building and to open it theatre by theatre as each neared completion. Extracts from his production of Tamburlaine the Great with Albert Finney were performed out on the terraces, Hall returned to the NT for the last time in 2011 with a production of Twelfth Night mounted by the company to celebrate his eightieth birthday. His daughter, Rebecca Hall, played Viola, on leaving the NT in 1988, Hall launched his own commercial company with productions in the West End and on Broadway of Orpheus Descending and The Merchant of Venice. The Peter Hall Company went on to more than sixty plays in association with a number of well-known producing partners including Bill Kenwright. Notable productions include Wildes An Ideal Husband, Pam Gemss Piaf, Hamlet, The Master Builder, A Streetcar Named Desire, Julian Barrys Lenny, As You Like It, the fiftieth anniversary production of Waiting for Godot, Cowards Hay Fever and Shaws Pygmalion. Halls final acclaimed productions for his company were Henry IV Parts 1 and 2, in 2003, Peter Hall became the Founding Director of The Rose Theatre - a new venue to be constructed in Kingston upon Thames whose design was inspired by the Elizabethan original. He directed a number of productions there including Chekhovs Uncle Vanya, which opened the building in 2008, Hall is now Director Emeritus of The Rose Kingston
35.
Kim Stanley
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Kim Stanley was an American actress, primarily in television and theatre, but with occasional film performances. She began her career in theatre, and subsequently attended the Actors Studio in New York City. She received the 1952 Theatre World Award for her role in The Chase, Stanley was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her roles in A Touch of the Poet and A Far Country. In the 1950s, Stanley was a performer in television. She received an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie for her performance as Big Mama in an adaptation of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1985. That same year, Kim Stanley was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame and her father was of Irish or Scottish descent, born and raised in Texas, where he met her mother. She had three brothers, and a half-sister, Carol Ann Reid and she was a drama major at the University of New Mexico and later studied at the Pasadena Playhouse and adopted her maternal grandmothers surname as her stage name. Stanley was a successful Broadway actress with only a few film roles and she was singled out by The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson for her early work. She eventually attended the Actors Studio, studying under Elia Kazan, Lee Strasberg and she received the 1952 Theatre World Award for her performance as Anna Reeves in The Chase, and starred in such Broadway hits as Picnic, playing Millie Owens and Bus Stop, playing Cherie. Stanley also portrayed Maggie The Cat in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in the original London production of the play, Stanley was a leading lady of live television drama, which flourished in New York City during the 1950s. She was in the London performance of Masha in an Actors Studio production of Anton Chekhovs play The Three Sisters Her first film was The Goddess and she also played Pancho Barnes in The Right Stuff. Stanley was the narrator in the drama film To Kill a Mockingbird. As the narrator, she represents the character Jean Louise Finch as an adult, mary Badham portrays Scout as a child in the film. Stanley did not act during her years, preferring the role of teacher, in New York City, Los Angeles, California, and later Santa Fe, New Mexico. She was inducted into the New Mexico Entertainment Hall of Fame in 2012, Stanley was married four times – to Bruce Hall, Curt Conway, Alfred Ryder and Joseph Siegel – with all four marriages ending in divorce. She had three children, one by Conway, one by Brooks Clift while she was married to Conway, during her marriage to Ryder, Stanley converted to Judaism. Stanley died of cancer at a Santa Fe, New Mexico. She was survived by her brother Justin, her three children, and several nephews and nieces, a biography, Female Brando, the Legend of Kim Stanley, by Jon Krampner, was published by Back Stage Books, a division of Watson-Guptill
36.
Paul Massie
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Paul Massie was a Canadian actor and academic. He later became a professor at the University of South Florida in the 1970s. He remained on faculty until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1996, Massie won a BAFTA Award in 1959 for Most Promising Newcomer for his role in the Anthony Asquith film Orders to Kill in which he portrayed an American bomber pilot in Nazi-occupied France. Also in 1958 he acted in the Peter Hall production of Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof at the Comedy Theatre in London, with Kim Stanley and Leo McKern also in the cast. Massie played the characters of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in the 1960 Hammer horror film The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll, unusually, he played Jekyll in make-up as an old, unattractive, bearded man, and his villainous counterpart Hyde as his young, handsome self. He also appeared in the controversial thriller Sapphire, and The Rebel and his later films included the British comedies Raising the Wind and The Pot Carriers. In 1963, he acted in William Fairchilds play Breaking Point, at the Golders Green Hippodrome, London with John Gregson, fellow Canadian Robert Beatty and he taught acting, scene study, voice production, clowning, directing and other subjects. He also directed productions at USF. Paul Massie died on June 8,2011, in Liverpool, Nova Scotia and he had resided on the South Shore of Nova Scotia since his retirement from USF in 1996. Paul Massie at the Internet Movie Database
37.
Leo McKern
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Reginald Leo McKern, AO was an Australian actor who appeared in numerous British, Australian and American television programmes and films, and in more than 200 stage roles. Notable roles he portrayed include Clang in Help and he also portrayed Carl Bugenhagen in the first and second installments of the The Omen series. McKern was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of Vera and he attended Sydney Technical High School. After an accident at the age of 15, he lost his left eye and he first worked as an engineering apprentice, then as an artist, followed by service as a sapper with the Australian Armys Royal Australian Engineers during World War II. In 1944, in Sydney, he performed in his first stage role, having fallen in love with Australian actress Jane Holland, McKern moved to the United Kingdom to be with her, they married in 1946. He soon became a performer at Londons Old Vic theatre. McKerns most notable Shakespearean role was as Iago in Othello, in 1952, in 1955 he appeared in The Burnt Flower Bed by Ugo Betti directed by Peter Hall at the Arts Theatre Club in London. He also portrayed Subtle in Ben Jonsons The Alchemist in 1962, in 1965, he played the eponymous villain in Bolts The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew, and Disson in Harold Pinters Tea Party. He appeared at the Royal Exchange, Manchester in Uncle Vanya in 1977 and in Crime, McKerns film debut was in Murder in the Cathedral. His other more notable appearances included the science-fiction classics X the Unknown, The Day the Earth Caught Fire. He was presented with the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Travelling North, in Monsignor Quixote, he co-starred as Sancho Zancas opposite Alec Guinness as Father Quixote. One of McKerns earliest television roles was in the 1950s black-and-white series The Adventures of Robin Hood, during the 1960s, he was one of several Number Twos in the groundbreaking and critically acclaimed TV series The Prisoner. Along with Colin Gordon, McKern was one of two actors to play Number Two more than once. He first played the character in the episodes The Chimes of Big Ben and Once Upon a Time, in 1976 McKern narrated and presented The Battle of the Somme, a British Broadcasting Corporation documentary produced to mark the 60th anniversary of World War I battle. He played the Earl of Gloucester in the Granada Television production of King Lear with Sir Laurence Olivier, in 1983 also starring in most episodes of the mini-series Reilly, Ace of Spies as Zaharov, director of Vickers with Sam Neill. A series of the name, comprising 44 episodes, was produced for ITV between 1978 and 1992. According to Mortimer, he not only played the character Rumpole—he added to it, brightened it, although he enjoyed the role, McKern expressed doubts about its popularity and the extent to which his life was becoming intertwined with Rumpoles. McKern was often unhappy, decrying his television fame as an insatiable monster and he stressed that his Peer Gynt was a greater performance and lamented, If I get an obit in any paper, they will say
38.
American Shakespeare Theatre
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The American Shakespeare Theatre was a theater company based in Stratford, Connecticut, United States. It was formed in the early 1950s by Lawrence Langner, Lincoln Kirstein, John Percy Burrell, the American Shakespeare Shakespeare Festival Theatre was constructed and the program opened on July 12,1955 with Julius Caesar. Plays were produced at the Festival Theatre in Stratford from 1955 until the company ceased operations in the mid-1980s, the company focused on American interpretations of William Shakespeares plays, but occasionally produced plays by other playwrights. It was the home of the American Shakespeare Festival, the last full season of the festival as a producing organization was 1982. The last production on the stage was a one-person show of The Tempest in September 1989. Plans have begun to use the grounds of the theatre in Summer,2014 for Youth Theatre program. Other ongoing efforts include plans to raise money to renovate the Theatre itself, Stratford will present A Midsummer Nights Dream, performed by CT Free Shakespeare, on the grounds July 31-Aug 1,2013. One of seven crests donated by the Timex corporation was stolen in March 2012, each of the crests represented a different Shakespearean play. Timex has had an affiliation with the theatre, starting with a donation of the worlds only properly calibrated sundial in 1956. The ShakesBeer Festival held on Aug 23,2014 raised over 30K and this event is designed to be an annual event in order to bring in a source of revenue to the theatre, and raise awareness. The American Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford, 1955–1985, engle, Ron, Londré, Felicia Hardison, Watermeyer, Daniel J. eds. Shakespeare Companies and Festivals, An International Guide, the American Shakespeare Festival, The Birth of a Theatre. Guide to American Shakespeare Theatre Plays and prompt books at Houghton Library, Harvard University
39.
Stratford, Connecticut
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Stratford is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is situated on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Housatonic River, Stratford is in the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was founded by Puritans in 1639, the population was 51,384 as of the 2010 census. It has a legacy in aviation, the military. Stratford is bordered on the west by Bridgeport, to the north by Trumbull and Shelton, in 1640 the community was known as Cupheag Plantation. By April 13,1643, the town was known as Stratford. By the late 17th century, the Connecticut government had assumed control over Stratford. Despite its Puritan origins, Stratford was the site of the first Anglican church in Connecticut, founded in 1707, other towns such as Cambria, New York were founded or expanded around new churches by Stratford descendants taking part in the westward migration. U. S. President Gerald Ford was a descendant of one of the Stratford founding families, Stratford was one of the two principal settlements in southwestern Connecticut, the other being Fairfield. Over time it gave rise to new towns that broke off. The following towns were created from parts of Stratford, Shelton in 1789. In 1789 Ripton Parish separated from Stratford and became the Town of Huntington.9 square miles, of which 17.6 square miles is land and 2.3 square miles, or 11. 52%, is water. Stratford has an elevation of zero feet above sea level along its coastline, with a maximum altitude of 295 feet near its northern border. The town contains five islands, all in the Housatonic River and these are Carting Island, Long Island, Peacock Island, and Popes Flat north of Interstate 95, as well as Goose Island. None of these islands are habitable because of their low elevations, a sixth island known as Brinsmade Island washed away prior to 1964. Town beach stickers are free for residents and $100/season for non-residents with daily rates available, Long Beach – Approximately 1.5 miles long, the eastern end of the beach is open to the public and has parking and lifeguards. The central part of the beach is a nature preserve whose land is set aside for wildlife, particularly nesting seabirds, such as kestrels and ospreys. The western end of the beach was once the site of about 40 cottages, the cottages were demolished in fall 2010
40.
Elizabeth Ashley
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Elizabeth Ashley is an American actress of theatre, film, and television. She has been nominated for three Tony Awards, winning once in 1962 for Take Her, Shes Mine, Ashley was also nominated for the BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for her performance in The Carpetbaggers, and was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1991 for Evening Shade. Elizabeth was a guest on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson 24 times, Ashley was born Elizabeth Ann Cole in Ocala, Florida, to Lucille and Arthur Kingman Cole, and raised in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She received Tony nominations for both performances and she appeared on Broadway as Dr. Livingstone in Agnes of God and was a replacement in the role of Mattie Fae during the original Broadway run of August, Osage County. She has been featured in motion pictures over five decades, including early roles in The Carpetbaggers, Ship of Fools. Her other film credits include The Marriage of a Young Stockbroker, Rancho Deluxe, Coma, Paternity, Dragnet and Vampires Kiss and her most recent film roles were as Diane Freed in Happiness, and as Marg in the 2007 film The Cake Eaters. Having earlier appeared with Burt Reynolds in Paternity in 1981 and as a guest star in his television series B. L, stryker in 1989, Ashley became a cast member of Reynolds next television series, Evening Shade, from 1990–1994 as Aunt Frieda Evans. In 1991, this garnered her an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She was originally supposed to appear in the 1995 movie Mallrats, playing the Governor of New Jersey, however, owing to timing issues and her other television appearances include the 1987 miniseries The Two Mrs. She was also featured in 14 episodes of the HBO series Treme as Aunt Mimi, Ashleys autobiography, entitled Actress, Postcards from the Road, was published in a hardcover edition on June 1,1978 by M. Evans & Co. A paperback publication followed on October 12,1979 through Fawcett, thrice divorced, Ashleys first and second husbands were actors James Farentino and George Peppard. The latter was her man in her first movie, The Carpetbaggers
41.
Keir Dullea
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Keir Dullea is an American actor best known for the character of astronaut David Bowman, whom he portrayed in the 1968 film 2001, A Space Odyssey, and in 1984s 2010, The Year We Make Contact. Other film roles include Bunny Lake Is Missing and Black Christmas, Dullea was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Margaret and Robert Dullea. Dullea was raised in the Greenwich Village section of New York City where his parents ran a bookstore and he graduated from George School in Pennsylvania. After graduating from school he attended both Rutgers University in New Jersey and San Francisco State University in San Francisco, California. Dullea has been married four times and his first marriage was to stage and film actress Margot Bennett from 1960 until their divorce in 1968. He was married from 1969 to 1970 to Susan Lessons, in 1972, Dullea married a third time to Susie Fuller, who had two daughters from a previous relationship. The couple had met during the London run of Butterflies Are Free, after their wedding, Dullea, Fuller and her children lived in London for several years. She died in 1998 after 26 years of marriage, in 1999, Dullea married actress Mia Dillon. They divide their time between an apartment in Manhattan and a house in Connecticut. In 1962, he starred with Janet Margolin in David and Lisa, although they shared no scenes together in the film, when Coward initially met Dullea on the set, he uttered the often quoted line, Keir Dullea, gone tomorrow. In 1965, he guest-starred as Lieutenant Kurt Muller in episode 20, To Heinie, With Love and he appeared with John Huston in the movie De Sade, playing the title role. He also appeared with Anne Heywood and Sandy Dennis in the 1967 film The Fox and his line, Open the pod bay doors please, HAL, is #78 on the American Film Institutes list of 100 movie quotes. Since the great success of 2001, Dullea has had difficulty reproducing a similar success on film, although he was a regular performer on CBS Radio Mystery Theater. He had a role in the Canadian production,1974 cult classic Black Christmas. He also appeared as a regular cast member in the Canadian adult soap opera Loving Friends and Perfect Couples, in 1984, he reprised his role as David Bowman in 2010, The Year We Make Contact, Peter Hyams sequel to 2001. 2010 was nominated for five Academy Awards, in 2000, he appeared in The Audrey Hepburn Story as Hepburns father Joseph. In 2006, he had a role as a US Senator, Dullea has also had a long and successful career on stage in New York City and in regional theaters, he has stated that despite being more recognized for his film work, he prefers the stage. His first Broadway appearance was in 1967 in Ira Levins Dr. Cooks Garden with Burl Ives, two years later he starred in the 1969 hit Broadway comedy, Butterflies Are Free alongside Eileen Heckart and Blythe Danner
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Fred Gwynne
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Frederick Hubbard Fred Gwynne was an American actor. Gwynne was best known for his roles in the 1960s sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You. and The Munsters, as well as his roles in The Cotton Club, Pet Sematary. Gwynne was born on July 10,1926, in New York City, son of Frederick Walker Gwynne, a partner in the securities firm Gwynne Brothers, and his wife, Dorothy. His paternal grandfather was an Episcopal priest born in Camus, near Strabane, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, Gwynne attended the Groton School, and then entered Harvard College where he was affiliated with Adams House. Although Gwynne grew up in Tuxedo Park, New York, he spent most of his childhood in South Carolina, Florida, and Colorado because his father traveled extensively. At Harvard, he was a member of the Fly Club, sang with the a group the Harvard Krokodiloes, was a cartoonist for the Harvard Lampoon. During World War II, Gwynne served in the United States Navy and he later studied art under the G. I. Gwynne joined the Brattle Theatre Repertory Company after graduation, then moved to New York City, in 1954 he made his first cinematic appearance playing - in an uncredited role - the laconic character Slim in the Oscar-winning film On the Waterfront opposite Marlon Brando and Lee J. Cobb. Shortly afterwards Phil Silvers sought him out for his television show because he had been impressed by Gwynnes comedic work in Mrs. McThing, bilko, who seeks prize money by entering Honnergar in an eating contest. During the two-season run of the program he met friend and later co-star. Gwynne was 6 ft 5 in tall, an attribute that contributed to his being cast as Herman Munster, for his role he had to wear 40 or 50 lbs of padding, makeup, and 4-inch asphalt-spreader boots. His face was painted a bright violet because it captured the most light on the black-and-white film, Gwynne was known for his sense of humor and retained fond recollections of Herman, saying in later life. I might as well tell you the truth, much as I try not to, I cant stop liking that fellow. After his iconic role in The Munsters, he found himself typecast, in 1969, he was cast as Jonathan Brewster in a television production of Arsenic and Old Lace. A talented vocalist, Gwynne sang in a Hallmark Hall of Fame made-for-television production, The Littlest Angel, and went on to perform in a variety of roles on stage and screen. In 1974, drawing upon his own Southern roots, he appeared in the role of Big Daddy Pollitt in the Broadway revival of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Elizabeth Ashley, Keir Dullea and Kate Reid. In 1975 he played the Stage Manager in Our Town at the American Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford and he returned to Broadway in 1976 as Colonel J. C. Kinkaid in two parts of A Texas Trilogy, in 1984, he tried out for the part of Henry on the show Punky Brewster
