1.
Reality television
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It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama, personal conflict, and entertainment rather than educating viewers. The genre has various standard tropes, including confessionals used by cast members to express their thoughts, an early example of the genre was the 1991 Dutch series Nummer 28, which was the first show to bring together strangers and record their interactions. It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the success of the series Survivor, Idols. These shows and a number of others became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries, Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television, Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Much of the criticism has centered on the use of the word reality, Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s, queen for a Day was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts, debuting in 1948, Allen Funts hidden camera show Candid Camera broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors, in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959. The radio series Nightwatch tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, the series You Asked for It incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television documentary Seven Up, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the period, titled the Up Series, episodes include 7 Plus Seven,21 Up. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot, however, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the series The American Sportsman, Another precursor may be considered Mutual of Omahas Wild Kingdom which aired from 1963 through 1988. This show featured zoologist Marlin Perkins traveling across the globe and illustrating the variety of animal life on the planet. Though mostly a travelogue, it was popular in syndication and new episodes were produced through the eighties. The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family going through a divorce, unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style
2.
Catfish (film)
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The film was a critical and commercial success. It led to an MTV reality TV series, Catfish, The TV Show, however, fishermen found that putting catfish in the tanks with the cod kept them active, and thus ensured the quality of the fish. Young photographer Yaniv Nev Schulman lives with his brother Ariel in New York City, Abby Pierce, an 8-year-old child prodigy artist in rural Ishpeming, Michigan, sends Nev a painting of one of his photos. For a documentary, Ariel and Henry Joost film Nev as he begins a relationship with Megan. She sends him MP3s of song covers she performs for him and he later finds evidence that Angela and Abby have lied about other details of Abbys art career. Ariel urges Nev to continue the relationship for the documentary, although Nev seems reluctant to continue, the siblings decide to travel to Michigan in order to make an impromptu appearance at the Pierces house and confront Megan directly. As they arrive at the house, Angela takes some time to answer the door and she also tells him that she has recently begun chemotherapy for uterine cancer. After leaving multiple messages while trying to call Megan, she drives Nev, while talking with Abby and her friend alone, Nev learns that Abby never sees her sister and rarely paints. Nev thus realizes that while believing he was talking to Megan, it was really Angela posing as her with an alternate Facebook account and mobile phone. Vince, talking with Nev, tells the story about how live cod were shipped along with catfish in the tanks to keep the cod active. He further explains this as a metaphor on how there are people in everyones lives who keep them alert, active and it is implied that he believes Angela to be such a person. On-screen text then informs the viewer that Angela did not have cancer, there was no Megan at Dawn Farms, over the course of their nine-month correspondence, Angela and Nev exchanged more than 1,500 messages. It was revealed later on that the girl in the pictures was Aimee Gonzales, a model and photographer. In October 2008, two years subsequent to the events, Ronald, one of Vinces twin sons, has died, Angela deactivated her 15 other profiles and changed her Facebook profile to a picture of herself, and now has a website to promote herself as an artist. Nev is still on Facebook and has more than 732 friends, to portray Megan and her family, Angela used pictures that Gonzales had posted on Facebook. The documentarys filmmakers compensated Gonzales for her appearance in Catfish. A photograph Angela described as a son, Alex, is that of rapper Joshua Paul Liimatta, following the films premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, a Q&A session was abruptly ended, when an audience member suggested that Catfish may actually be a faux-documentary. Ariel Schulman dismissed this opinion with the reply, Oh, so youre saying that my brother is the best actor in the world, lets hear it for my brother
3.
Nev Schulman
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Yaniv Nev Schulman is an American producer, actor, photographer, and TV host. He is best known for the 2010 documentary Catfish and he is also the host and executive producer to the follow up TV series Catfish, The TV Show on MTV and MTV Suspect. Schulman started taking pictures and became involved with photography after having studied dance for 5 years, at the age of 19, he and his older brother, Ariel, started a film and photography production company. In 2004, Schulman started photographing dance as he became involved with the ballet community in New York City. Schulman is a member of the Young Leadership Committee for the youth organization. Shulman attended Sarah Lawrence College and studied Photography and Dance from 2004–2006, on April 28,2006, he was involved in an incident with a female student and expelled, Shulman claims he hit the woman in self-defense. In 2010, Schulman became the subject of the documentary Catfish, filmed by Ariel and business partner Henry Joost, in which Schulman met and fell in love with a girl he met online. The premise followed Schulman on the journey of falling in love with a girl he meets on the Internet, Schulman is of German-Jewish, Russian-Jewish, and Romanian-Jewish descent. In May 2016, Schulman announced he was expecting his first child, the couple got engaged on May 26,2016. Laura gave birth to their daughter, Cleo James, on October 21,2016, Nev Schulman at the Internet Movie Database Official website Nev Schulman at the Music Television
4.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
5.
Relativity Media
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Relativity Media LLC is an American media company headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, founded in 2004 by Lynwood Spinks and Ryan Kavanaugh. The studio was the third largest mini-major globally until bankruptcy on July 30,2015 and its full-scale film studio acquires, develops, produces and distributes films. The companys partners and financial institutions have invested $20 billion as of 2012 in entertainment investments with partners such as Citibank, Merrill Lynch, Deutsche Bank, Relativity Media also works in fashion, sports, digital and music. On July 30,2015, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York after lawsuits, in March 2016, the company emerged from the bankruptcy. The studio was founded by Ryan Kavanaugh and Lynwood Spinks in 2004 as a middleman company arranging multi-film slate deals with studios then arranging financial support through banks, Relativity Media would receive film equity, producers credit and a fee. Initially, Stark Investments, a Wisconsin-based hedge fund, funded the companys single-picture business, by 2007, these investors stopped making movie-finance deals. Elliott Management, a $16 billion New York–based hedge fund run by Paul Singer, then took a minority share of the company access to around $1 billion in capital. On January 4,2009, the acquired the genre label Rogue from Universal. Relativity oversaw Rogues 2009 film offerings, which consisted of Last House On The Left, The Unborn, Come Out Fighting, the deal also included the Rogue film library, featuring such films as Assault On Precinct 13 and The Strangers. One of the first arrangements was that the movie 21 and Over was partially filmed in Dongshigu, on May 18,2012, it was reported that Relativity was in talks to buy German producer-distributor Senator Entertainment. On July 6,2010, Relativity and Netflix announced a five-year-plus Pay-TV deal, the first two films to stream on Netflix were The Fighter and Skyline. On July 23,2010, Relativity acquired the 45-person marketing and distribution staff of Starz Overture Films, the studio distributed its first film on December 3,2010. The Warriors Way was directed by Sngmoo Lee and starring Jang Dong-gun, Geoffrey Rush, on May 20,2012, it was reported that Relativity and EuropaCorp signed a co-production and co-financing deal on two movies and Relativity will distribute in U. S. Relativity also has deals with Atlas Entertainment and Virgin Produced. In September 2011, Robbie Brenner was promoted from Executive Vice President, Production to President, on November 27,2011 it was reported Ron Burkle loaned $200 million to Relativity for Immortals and Mirror Mirror. On January 23,2012, Burkle purchased an equity stake in Relativity Media from Elliot Capital Management for at least $800 million. On May 31,2012 Relativity and Ron Burkle announced they raised $350 million in funding for films, Ron Burkle will also join the board of Relativity, along with Jason Colodne and Jason Beckman who are partners at Colbeck Capital. In July 2012, Relativity merged its Rogue Sports, an agency with Maximum Sports Management, a football agency
6.
Viacom Media Networks
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Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel. Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining interest in 1986 and it was then folded into Viacom International Inc. a subsidiary of Viacom Inc. and is no longer a distinct legal entity. Viacom Media Networks family of brands is divided into three sections, based on the type of programming and audiences they serve. All networks are simulcasted in high definition aside from the music networks. The company also owns internet properties, such as MTV News, MTV International, the company ran a virtual world system, Virtual MTV in the late 2000s. It formerly owned Neopets, Atom Entertainment, and other web properties before shutting them down or selling them to companies in the 2000s and 2010s. Viacom had a division called MTV Games, which used to publish the Rock Band and Dance Central series by Harmonix Music Systems. MTV Networks opened another game division called 345 Games in New York City, the Rock Band series and the Dance Central series will be published by other publishers. The first game published by 345 Games was Ugly Americans, Apocalypsegaddeon based on the Comedy Central TV series, recently,345 Games has announced a video game based on the popular MMA franchise, Bellator Fighting Championships. Viacom International Media Networks is a division of Viacom International and its headquarters are based in New York, London, Warsaw and Buenos Aires. It consists of 64 localized MTV channels, MTV Live HD, VH1, Nickelodeon, TMF, VIVA, Comedy Central, Game One, Nitrome Limited, Shockwave, Addicting Games, Atom Films and Xfire. S. Including MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon are experiencing falls in viewership unlike other US broadcasters, MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon are of most concern to investors
7.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
8.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
9.
Stereophonic sound
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Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective. Thus the term applies to so-called quadraphonic and surround-sound systems as well as the more common two-channel. It is often contrasted with monophonic, or mono sound, where audio is heard as coming from one position, in the 2000s, stereo sound is common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek στερεός, firm, solid + φωνή, sound, tone, voice and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric, the signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound. Secondly artificial or pan-pot stereo, in which a sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker an artificial direction can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a pan-pot, by combining multiple pan-potted mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created. In technical usage, true stereo sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information, during playback, the listeners brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. Stereo recordings often cannot be played on systems without a significant loss of fidelity. This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation and this two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at EMI, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema, Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor across the screen. The genesis of ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, the application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and these discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935, in Blumleins short test films, his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised
10.
Screener (website)
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Screener is an American website and affiliate network that provides news, photos and video, along with local television listings and movie showtimes for areas of the United States and Canada. The site is produced by Tribune Media Services, part of the division of Chicago-based Tribune Media. Screener affiliates include Wave Broadband, Cox, Dish Network, Disney, The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, TMS first began to offer online listings services as a content provider to the online services Prodigy in the late 1980s and America Online in the early 1990s. TMS launched its first branded online television service, TV Quest. TV Quest later migrated to Apple’s eWorld services and to the internet in the mid-1990s, version 1.0 of Zap2it debuted on the web in May 2000. In its earliest iteration, the site was a combination of TMS-owned listings sites TVQuest and MovieQuest plus the then-recently purchased content site UltimateTV, UltimateTV offered viewers and industry-insider breaking news, Nielsen ratings, live celebrity chats and more. The site provided video clips, interviews and promos in its Promo Lounge area, the earliest Zap2it focused on films, television and original web-based content. The site offered original editorial along with information for films, television. It also listed online content such as films, interactive games and webisodes offered by Atom Films, Shockwave. com. Zap2it’s television listings and film showtimes were generated by TMS data, the sites editorial pages, including the front page, were redesigned in 2001. In early 2003, the focus of Zap2it was narrowed down to television and films. An agreement with Fandango in 2005 allowed for the introduction of online ticketing for select theaters. Blogs, including It Happened Last Night, which offered show recaps were first launched in 2006, in 2007, the site launched click-to-record functionality allowing users with TiVo digital video recorders to remotely schedule recordings directly from within the Zap2it television listings. The site launched TVOvermind, a dedicated to episodic recaps hosted as a subdomain on the Zap2it website. It was later purchased by BC Media Group in 2012, in October 2016, the site rebranded as Screener. In early 2007, Zap2it released enhanced television listings on its main site, upgrades to the product included improved performance, better customization capabilities and the introduction of sharing tools and a user rating system. Following a testing period, the product was made available to affiliates. In 2008, a revised movie-showtimes product was developed on the main site and it more prominently showcased movie trailers and offered expanded cast and crew lists which linked to celebrity profile pages
11.
Casting (performing arts)
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The casting process involves a series of auditions before a casting panel, composed of individuals such as the producer, director and/or choreographer. In the early stages of the process, performers often may present prepared audition pieces such as monologues or songs and these audition pieces are usually video taped, attached with resumes, and head shots and then shared with producers, directors and studio representatives. Depending on the prestige of the role, casting calls may go out to the public at large, in the production of film and television, a similar process is followed. Character breakdowns, part of the breakdown, are often provided to auditioners. An actor may go through casting calls before receiving a part. Independent casting studios are used for casting calls so that the castings can take place in various locations. For some major productions, the process of selecting actors for sometimes hundreds of parts may require specialized staff. While the last word remains with the people in charge, artistic and production, a casting director is sometimes assisted by a casting associate, productions with large numbers of extras may have their own extras casting director. The CD remains as a liaison between director, actors and their agents/managers and the studio/network to get the characters in the script cast, at least in the early stages and for extras, casting may be decentralized geographically, often in conjunction with actual shooting planned in different locations. Another reason may be tapping into each home market in the case of an international co-production, the resulting list of actors filling the parts is called a cast list
12.
Skype
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Skype is an instant messaging app that provides online text message and video chat services. Users may transmit both text and video messages and may exchange digital documents such as images, text, Skype operate based on a freemium model. Much of the service is free, but Skype Credit or a subscription is required to call a landline or a phone number. At the end of 2010, there were over 660 million worldwide users, at one point in February 2012, there were thirty four million users concurrently online on Skype. In September 2005, eBay acquired Skype for $2.6 billion, Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 for $8.5 billion. Skype division headquarters are in Luxembourg but most of the development team and 44% of all the employees are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu. Skype allows users to communicate over the Internet by voice using a microphone, by using a webcam. Skype-to-Skype calls to other users are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones, Skype originally featured a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. Skype has been powered entirely by Microsoft-operated supernodes since May 2012, the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures revealed that Microsoft had granted intelligence agencies unfettered access to supernodes and Skype communication content. The name for the software is derived from Sky peer-to-peer, which was abbreviated to Skyper. However, some of the names associated with Skyper were already taken. Dropping the final r left the current title Skype, for domain names were available. Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennström, from Sweden, the Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn. The first public version was released on 29 August 2003. In June 2005, Skype entered into an agreement with the Polish web portal Onet. pl for an offering on the Polish market. On 10 May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications, S. à r. l for US$8.5 billion, the company was incorporated as a division of Microsoft, which acquired all Its technologies with the purchase. This was completed on 13 October 2011 and this app became downloadable from the Windows Store when the new OS launched on 26 October 2012. When the company introduced Office 2013 on 27 February 2013, it was announced that 60 Skype world minutes per month would be included in Office 365 consumer plans, on 11 November 2014, Microsoft announced that in 2015 Lync would be replaced by Skype for Business
13.
Colombia
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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
14.
MTV (Latin America)
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MTV Latin America is a cable television specialty service aimed at residents in Hispanic American countries. It was launched on October 1,1993 as MTV en Español, the channel is a Hispanic American version from MTV. The channel is property of MTV Networks Latin America, a subsidiary of Viacom, MTV Latin Americas principal objective is to broadcast music videos as well as reality shows, series, and films, which may be directly or indirectly related to music. All programming is related in some way to youth culture, MTV Latin Americas programming focuses on certain musical genres, mainly pop, soft rock, Latin pop, and hip hop. Each of these categories includes music in English and Spanish, the service is headquartered in Miami Beach. MTV Latin America is distributed via satellite, cable, and other terrestrial distribution through of three different feeds in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. The channel has also their own versions of MTV reality shows like Room Raiders or Dismissed, the first video shown was We are sudamerican rockers by the Chilean band Los Prisioneros. A few important events in the late 1980s led to the creation of MTV Latin America, firstly, the program MTV International was created in 1988 and led by Daisy Fuentes. This weekly program was broadcast through Latin American and American channels, a second catalyst was the rise of the Spanish Rock fever, which included artists such as Argentinean rockers Miguel Mateos and Soda Stereo. Lastly, during years the first-ever Spanish rock concert in the US. was put on by Miguel Mateos. With the growing popularity of Latino artists, channel executives began to take notice, after considering the success of other international MTV channels, such as MTV Europe and MTV Brasil, MTV Networks launched MTV in Spanish in October 1993. The channel had one signal to broadcast to all of Latin America, all programs were recorded and produced in Miami, FL where the studios were located. Daisy Fuentes became one of the first VJs for the channel, as the channel began to experience growing popularity in the early part of 1995, new shows were added to the program. For the first time, shows unrelated to music were broadcast, such as Beavis, MTV News was added, a segment dedicated to news on celebrities, film, politics and social issues, usually combining subjective and objective commentary. This division was created in order to cater programming more closely to distinct audiences, as a result, in 1996 MTV became the number one music channel in Latin America. However, during the 1990s the channel began experiencing problems, the musical aspect of MTV in Spanish was disorganized and the channel was having trouble catering to distinct regional tastes. During this time, the channel began to show American MTV programs subtitled in Spanish, as well, in the year 2000, MTV created a new signal directed towards Chile, known as MTV Southwest, which repeated programming from MTV Mexico but adjusted to Chilean time. However, in 2004, MTV Southwest was cancelled due to the low number of viewers, the majority of viewers are between the ages of 14 and 34
15.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley
16.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
17.
MTV (Brazil)
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The channel premiered at 9,30 pm BRT of October 1,2013, with the TV show Coletivation. Coletivation - daily newsmagazine about pop culture, família do Zaralho - adult animated sitcom based on original Mexican series La Familia del Barrio. MTV Hits - one-hour program which plays chart hits. MTV Sports - radical sports game-show, deco e Lucas na Rota Explosiva Papito in Love - reality television dating game show starring Supla of Brazilian rock band Brothers of Brazil. Adotada Playlist MTV - daily five-hour program dedicated to broadcast music videos, copa do Caos - scripted comedy series Are You The One Brazil MÓV3L Deu Match. Ridículos From MTV USA and MTV2 USA, Are You the One, beavis e Butt-Head Catfish, The TV Show Faking It Geração In Vitro Girl Code Guy Code Jersey Shore Jovens e Mães 1 Jovens e Mães 2 Ke$ha, Vida Louca e Linda Mais Que Amigos. Pranked Ridiculousness Snooki & Jwoww Virgin Territory Zoados From MTV International, geordie Shore MTV World Stage The Ride Jovens e Casados From other Viacom Media Networks properties, South Park From third parties, The 100 Dawsons Creek Gilmore Girls The O. C
18.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
19.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
20.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
21.
MTV Unplugged
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MTV Unplugged is an American television series showcasing musical artists usually playing acoustic instruments. The show has received the George Foster Peabody Award and 3 Primetime Emmy nominations among many accolades, MTV launched MTV Unplugged in 1989. The show featured musicians performing unplugged versions of their electric repertoire, many of these performances were subsequently released as albums, often featuring the title Unplugged. The direct inspiration for the series came in the immediately preceding the creation of the MTV program. The catalyst was a series of highly publicized unplugged performances that occurred in the late 1970s, the performances were widely seen and heard on the 1980 live album and the UK-only movie of the benefit and inspired other rock performers to emulate Townshend. The 1982 live album of performances and the US version of The Secret Policemans Other Ball movie both became very successful and were widely seen and heard in the USA. The phenomenon of rock stars re-creating their hits in a manner was thus well established by the early 1980s though the word unplugged had not yet been applied to the concept. In addition, the late 1980s saw a renewed interest in folk, many new acts established during the period had a strong folk/acoustic influence, e. g. Sinéad OConnor, Suzanne Vega, Lyle Lovett, Michael Penn, Enya, and Bruce Hornsby and the Range. The first rock artist to perform in a mode on MTV was Jethro Tull. XTC performed acoustically in May 1989, and Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora performed Livin on a Prayer, the pilot and first seven episodes were produced by Bruce Leddy, after which Associate Producer Alex Coletti took over for the remainder of the series. After the first 13 episodes, the role of host was eliminated, the show was produced by Viacom and RSE Inc and was most frequently directed by Milton Lage and Beth McCarthy. The series first aired November 26,1989, featuring Squeeze, Syd Straw, the first 13 episodes were hosted by American singer-songwriter Jules Shear and featured Aerosmith, Elton John, Sinéad OConnor, Poison and Stevie Ray Vaughan among others. Paul McCartneys 1991 appearance was released on the Unplugged album. Show producer Alex Coletti went on to say that had McCartney not released it, joe Walsh appeared on the show in 1990 with Dr. John. MTV invited Henley to perform on the show, but Henley wanted to have a show featuring only himself, at that point, MTV was sharing the time between different artists. On April 10,1991, Unplugged aired its first ever acoustic rap show, the special kicked off with individual performances by LL Cool J along with MC Lyte, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest and a five piece back-up band, Pops Cool Love. The highlight of the show was LL Cool Js energetic renditions of Jingling Baby, in 1992, Mariah Carey performed a cover version of The Jackson 5s hit Ill Be There along with backup singer Trey Lorenz
22.
Total Request Live
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Total Request Live was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. TRL was MTVs prime outlet for music videos as the continued to concentrate on reality-based programming. In addition to videos, TRL featured daily guests. The show was a promotion tool used by musicians, actors. TRL played the ten most requested videos of the day. The show generally aired Monday through Thursday for one hour, though the scheduling, despite the word Live in the title of the show, many episodes were actually pre-recorded. MTV announced the cancellation of TRL on September 15,2008, the special three-hour finale episode, Total Finale Live, aired on November 16,2008. An international version of TRL aired on MTV Italy until 2010, origin of TRL can be traced back to 1997 when MTV began producing MTV Live from the newly opened MTV studios in Times Square in New York City. MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and regular news updates, music videos were not the major focus of the program. For a time, the show more than 750,000 viewers. During the same period, MTV aired a countdown show simply called Total Request. Total Request was far more subdued, as Daly introduced music videos from an empty, as the show progressed and gained more momentum with viewers tuning in, it was soon added to the list of daytime programming during MTVs Summer Share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. In Fall 1998, MTV producers merged the real-time aspect of MTV Live with the fan-controlled countdown power of Total Request into Total Request Live, the series made its debut from MTV Studios on September 14,1998. The show then grew to become MTVs unofficial flagship program, the original host of TRL, Carson Daly, brought popularity to the show. The widely known abbreviation of TRL was adopted as the title of the show in February 1999, after Daly. In the years following, the program was referred to by its complete title. TRL spent its first year developing a cult-type following, in the fall of 1999, a live studio audience was added to the show. By spring 2000, the countdown reached its peak, becoming a recognizable pop culture icon in its first two years of existence
23.
True Life
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True Life is an American documentary television series that has been airing on MTV since March 31,1998. Each episode follows a particular topic, such as heroin addiction as in the first episode – Fatal Dose, the show is created by following a series of subjects by a camera crew through a certain part of their lives. True Life has covered over 140 topics from drug use, money issues, the show has aired 18 seasons and 328 episodes so far. There is an intersection between this show and other shows. In the episode Im Bisexual, Sydney goes on a date with A. D. from From Gs to Gents, in 2011, Sydney was featured in season 6 of Oxygens Bad Girls Club. Lazar, who was in the episode Im in A Love Triangle, was in a 2007 episode of Parental Control, won 2009 Emmy Award for Best Special Class Series
24.
MTV Cribs
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The first show aired September 2000. By 2005, Cribs had featured tours of the homes of over 185 celebrities, musicians, actors, the show was originally narrated by Ananda Lewis, then narrated by Su-chin Pak of MTV News. It was developed by Nina L. Díaz, who has gone on to develop My Super Sweet 16, the most watched and replayed episode of Cribs was a special one-hour edition touring Mariah Careys New York penthouse. In 2005/2006, MTV Canada produced a series of Canadian-made Cribs episodes, a new season of Cribs, filmed in high definition, started in August 2007 with a new format, title sequences, and on-screen graphics. The show is no longer voiced by Pak. A Priciest Pads special was created to kick off the new season, the show was put into syndication in September 2007, to be offered by local television stations on a weekday basis in the United States by Litton Entertainment. However, the Litton versions of the program were severely edited and changed, the syndicated version was unsuccessful and offered in barter form, mainly on the lower-rated stations in many markets in abysmal timeslots, and was removed in September 2008 from the market. New episodes are being taped to air on CMT with the CMT Cribs title, also in 2009, the MTV format switched to Teen Cribs, which featured the homes of regular teenagers living in large and otherwise notable homes, straying away from the celebrity element. The main MTV Cribs series restarted in September 2010 with repackaging and updates of its previous visits including such celebrities as Hanson, Twiggy Ramirez and others. The main MTV Cribs series created and broadcast a few new episodes in late 2010 and early 2011, featuring the homes of Penn Jillette, Julie Benz and Manny Pacquiao, several celebrities either have been accused or willingly used other peoples property and claimed them as their own. In 2004, a lawsuit was brought against MTV by the owner of Ja Rules house alleging unauthorized taping of the interior. The first MTV Cribs episode with Robbie Williams showcased Jane Seymours house as his home, in reality, Williams was renting the home from actress Jane Seymour. In an episode of The Kumars at No,42, Seymour confirmed that she owned the property. Williams later admitted the con and then showed off his home in a later episode. 50 Cents MTV Cribs episode showed him with three Ferraris with 50 Cent claiming they were his whips, all three Ferraris were in fact owned by a private collector who lent out the vehicles for 50 Cents Cribs episode and related music video work. Kim Kardashians episode of MTV Cribs was not filmed at her home, the episode shows her mothers home in Hidden Hills and not Kims home which at the time of the episodes production, was located in Beverly Hills. Official website CMT Cribs Cribs at the Internet Movie Database Cribs at TV. com
25.
Snapchat
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One of the principal concepts of Snapchat is that pictures and messages are only available for a short time before they become inaccessible. The prototype for Snapchat was started by Brown and Spiegel as a project for one of Spiegels classes at Stanford, beginning as Picaboo, the idea was to create a selfie app which allowed users to share images that were explicitly short-lived and self-deleting. The temporary nature of the pictures would therefore encourage frivolity and emphasize a more natural flow of interaction, Murphy was eventually brought into the project to write the source code for the application, and Picaboo first launched as an iOS-only app in July 2011 from Evan Spiegels living room. The application was relaunched two months later under the name Snapchat, Snapchat evolved into a mix of private messaging and public content, including brand networks, publications, and live events such as sports and music. Nevertheless, according to studies conducted in March 2016, the personal oriented messaging was still being accessed by users more than the publicly offered content that was being presented. 24% responded that they accessed all features equally, however, about three quarters of those surveyed were also familiar with the events, media brands, and celebrity content, having a favorable opinion of those areas. According to documents and deposition statements, Reggie Brown brought the idea for a disappearing pictures application to Evan Spiegel because Spiegel had prior business experience, Brown and Spiegel then pulled in Bobby Murphy, who had experience coding. Early on, the Snapchat team focused on usability and technical aspects, one exception was the decision to keep a mascot designed by Brown, Ghostface Chillah, named after Ghostface Killah of the hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan. The project eventually formed the parent company, Snapchat Inc. On May 8,2012, Reggie Brown sent an email to Evan Spiegel during their year at Stanford in which he offered to re-negotiate his equitable share regarding ownership of the company. Lawyers for Snapchat responded by insisting that he had never had any connection to the product. The attorneys also accused Brown of committing fraud against Spiegel and Murphy by falsely claiming to be a product inventor. On behalf of their clients, the law firm concluded that Reggie Brown had made no contributions of value or worth, in September 2014, Brown settled with Spiegel and Murphy for $157.5 million and for getting credited as one of the original authors of Snapchat. In their first blog post, dated May 9,2012, CEO Evan Spiegel described the companys mission and its about communicating with the full range of human emotion—not just what appears to be pretty or perfect. In May 2012,25 images were being sent per second and, as of November 28,2012, users had shared over one billion photos on the Snapchat iOS app, with 20 million photos being shared per day. In November 2012, Spiegel cited problems with userbase scalability as the reason why Snapchat was experiencing some difficulties delivering its images, known as snaps, Snapchat was released as an Android app on October 29,2012. In December 2012, Snapchat added the ability to send video snaps in addition to photos, by holding down on the photo button while inside the app, a video of up to 10 seconds in length can be captured. After a single viewing, the video disappears by default, Spiegel explained that this process allowed the video data to be compressed into the size of a photo
26.
My Super Sweet 16
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My Super Sweet 16 is an MTV reality TV series documenting the lives of teenagers, usually in the United States, Canada and UK, generally with wealthy parents who throw huge coming of age celebrations. Parties include the quinceañera, the sweet 16, and other birthdays including a My Super Sweet 21, the show premiered on January 18,2005 and ended its run on June 15,2008. The opening theme is Sweet Sixteen sung by Hilary Duff, the show has also covered a number of celebrity coming of age parties. Bow Wow, Sean Kingston, Aly and AJ, Chris Brown, Soulja Boy Tell Em, a United Kingdom version of the program was also produced, and also a Spanish version entitled Quiero mis quinces or Super Dulces 16 produced by MTV. In 2008, MTV launched a spinoff titled Exiled, on the show, a number of parents of participants on My Super Sweet 16 banish their teens to remote countries in order to see if their sweet sixteener will survive the harsh conditions. In March 2010, MTV International commissioned Maverick TV in the UK to make a new, casting has begun globally on a series of 10 episodes, and interested parties are encouraged to go to the casting website. The brand has been extended to people having birthdays aged 13–24. The series has ended its run. Bobcat Goldthwait noted that watching the My Super Sweet 16 marathon inspired him to write his controversial film God Bless America, prior to attaining stardom in film, Jennifer Lawrence made her on-screen acting debut in an advertisement for the series depicting a fictional scenario. MTVs Mysupersweet16. com is the component of MTVs eponymous show which focuses on extravagant coming outs, sweet 16s, Quinceañeras. The show has been criticised for its excesses and the effects of presenting such over the top parties as a norm to impressionable young people. English satirist Charlie Brooker gave a light-hearted criticism of the show on BBC4s Screenwipe and he said the show might be an Al-Qaeda recruitment film. However, he added that thats exactly how the show wants you to feel - its even more effective at creating instant hate figures than Big Brother, and thats saying something. One teenager is seen screaming at her mother and saying she hates her after having received a new Lexus SC430, costing US$67,000, however, after the episode aired, she apologized for the tantrum. Hip-Hop artist Common made reference to the show as well as Exiled in a line from his single The Game, Watching Sweet Sixteen, in the film Bratz, a character named Meredith throws a Super Sweet 16 Party, and has MTV film it. The show was parodied on an episode of Comedy Centrals South Park, Satan was intent on throwing an over-the-top Halloween bash. His behavior reflected that of the sweet 16ers preparing for their coming-of-age birthdays, in the end, when Satan realizes his folly, the audience considers the sweet 16ers to be worse than Satan. Trey Parker further commented, I can say. every single girl that has been on that show, in 2016, on the occasion of his 60th birthday, US actor Bryan Cranston featured in a parody titled My Super Sweet 60 for the Jimmy Kimmel Live
27.
Real World (TV series)
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Real World is a reality television series on MTV originally produced by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. Seven to eight young adults are picked to temporarily live in a new city together in one residence while being filmed non-stop, following Bunims death from breast cancer in 2004, Bunim/Murray Productions continues to produce the program. The current 32nd season, set in Seattle, Washington, premiered on October 12,2016, the Real World was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series An American Family. It focuses on the lives of a group of strangers who audition to live together in a house for several months, the show moves to a different city each season. The narration given over the title sequence used during the first 28 seasons by the seven housemates states some variation of the following. Picked to live in a house, and have their lives taped. to find out what happens. When people stop being polite. and start getting real. The Real World, the Real World was originally inspired by the popularity of youth-oriented shows of the 1990s like Beverly Hills,90210 and Melrose Place. Bunim and Murray initially considered developing a series in a similar vein, but quickly decided that the cost of paying writers, actors, costume designers. Bunim and Murray decided against this idea, and at the last minute, Dutch TV producer Erik Latour claims that the ideas for The Real World were directly derived from his television show Nummer 28, which aired in 1991 on Dutch television. The production converted a massive, 4000-square-foot duplex in Soho, cast seven cast members from 500 applicants, the cast lived in the loft from February 16 to May 18,1992. The series premiered three days later, on May 21,1992, at the time of its initial airing, reviews of the show were mostly negative. Shales also remarked upon the cast members’ creative career choices, saying, nonetheless, the series was a hit with viewers. As the show increased in popularity, Zamora’s life as living with AIDS gained considerable notice. Zamora was one of the first openly gay men with AIDS to be portrayed in popular media, by July 1995, the series surpassed Beavis and Butt-head as the networks top-rated show during the fourth season, The Real World, London. Appearing on the program has served as a springboard to further success. Eric Nies of the New York cast went on to become a model, actor and his housemate, Kevin Powell, became a successful author, poet, journalist, and politician. Their housemate Heather B. Gardner went on to become a music artist under the professional name Heather B. Winick also published Pedro and Me, a novel about his friendship with fellow castmate Pedro Zamora
28.
Ridiculousness (TV series)
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Ridiculousness is an American comedy clip show that began airing on August 29,2011. It is hosted by Rob Dyrdek and co-hosted by Sterling Steelo Brim, Ridiculousness shows various viral videos from the Internet, usually involving failed do-it-yourself attempts at stunts, to which Rob and his panelists add mock commentary. On September 10,2012, Ridiculousness was renewed for a twenty episode third season and it premiered on February 14,2013, and included a crossover with Jersey Shore when Pauly D guest-starred. The season would go into hiatus in April 2013 and return on July 18,2013. Season 3 averaged a 1.6 P12-34 rating and is the No.1 original cable series in its slot with P12-34. The series was renewed for a season before the season 8 finale. The ninth season premeired on January 20,2017. David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle stated, The best thing about watching online is that you dont have to listen to Dyrdeks patter or the contributions of his guests. The bigger danger is in watching the show in the first place, in other words, dont try this at home. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Ridiculousness is most popular in rural Alaska, New Mexico and Montana, MTV France announced Ridiculous, Made In France March 29,2016 on its website. It is hosted by Jean-Baptiste GOUPIL and co-hosted by Jimmy Fait LCon, the Brazilian version of the show, Ridículos MTV, began on 7 June 2016 on MTV. This show is hosted by Felipe Titto and co-hosted by Ellen Milgrau, the Dutch version of the show, Dutch Ridiculousness started 27 November 2016 on MTV Netherlands. This show is hosted by Edson Da Graca and co-hosted by Gaby Blaaser, the Italian version of the show, Ridiculousness Italia started 20 September 2016 on MTV, the program is hosted by Stefano Corti and Alessandro Onnis with Giulia Salemi. On February 6,2015, the Chilean version titled Ridículos Chile, official website Ridiculousness at the Internet Movie Database
29.
Teen Mom
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Teen Mom, renamed Teen Mom OG since the fifth season, is an American reality television series that premiered on December 8,2009 on MTV. Developed as the first spin-off of 16 and Pregnant, it aired four seasons before its conclusion on October 9,2012. Its revival was announced in February 2015, with its fifth season scheduled to premiere on March 23,2015. The pilot episode was the networks highest-rated premiere in over a year, with 2.1 million total viewers, the record was surpassed by the controversial series Skins, the first-season finale brought in 3.6 million viewers. The second-season finale pulled in over 5.6 million viewers, in December 2016, Portwood announced her decision to quit the series, citing what she felt was unfair treatment following the sixth seasons finale and reunion shows. However, during one of the Teen Mom 2 Live, after shows, host Nessa stated Portwood would not be present for the show due to filming for the upcoming season of Teen Mom OG, meaning she would return for the upcoming season. An aspiring model, Farrah Abraham is the mother of Sophia Laurent Abraham, whose father, Derek Underwood, was killed in a car accident on December 28,2008, two months before her birth. In January 2010, Farrahs mother, Debra Danielson, was charged with assault in an Iowa court for hitting her, as a result of the fight with her mother, Farrah and Sophia moved out of her mothers house. She started seeing a therapist to discuss the relationship with her family, as well as dealing with her emotions regarding Underwood. She published her autobiography, My Teenage Dream Ended in August 2012, in May 2013, Vivid Entertainment released a sex tape featuring Abraham having sex with porn star James Deen. It has been reported that Abraham sold the footage, which was intended to be marketed as a celebrity sex tape. Abraham defended her decision to make and sell her porn video, Maci McKinney, the mother of Bentley Cadence Edwards, is described by MTV as the classic teenage overachiever who is popular, athletic, and successful in school. Maci gets fed up with Ryan when he not help her juggle parenthood, school. Bookout said the reason she participated in the show was because she wanted to get a message across and stated. I wanted girls who might get pregnant to see there are out there to move forward with your life. She has gone back to college after dropping her online classes and she also speaks at local high schools about the challenges of teen pregnancy. In December 2014, Maci announced she was expecting her second child, Bookout gave birth to their daughter, Jayde Carter, on May 29,2015. In February 2016, Bookout revealed she is expecting her third child, Maverick made his appearance on May 31,2016
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Teen Mom 2
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Teen Mom 2 is an American reality television series that premiered January 11,2011, on MTV. It follows the lives of Jenelle Evans, Chelsea DeBoer, Kailyn Lowry, the series also focuses on the themes of their changing relationships between family, friends, and boys, while highlighting the struggles of young mothers raising children. The seventh season premiered on March 21,2016, Jenelle Evans and her boyfriend Kieffer Delp were arrested on October 15,2010 for breaking and entering and drug possession. According to a report filed by Officer W. D. Everett, he. She pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 months of supervised probation, prosecutors dropped the drug possession and breaking and entering charges, and on May 6 dropped the paraphernalia charge after Evans had completed 24 hours of community service. Evans was arrested again on March 28,2011 for assault after a video surfaced of her in an altercation with another teen named Brittany Truett and she was booked into Brunswick County Detention Center in North Carolina and released on bond. In May 2011, Evans checked herself into a center in Malibu. She was again arrested on August 8,2011, for violation of her probation, according to her lawyer, Evans had a meeting with her probation officer and tested positive for marijuana and opiates. Evans was arrested for a time on January 10,2012 for allegedly making harassing phone calls and communicating threats to former roommate. She was released after posting $1,000 bail, Evans would be taken back into police custody six days later on January 16,2012 for violating a domestic violence protection order. She was due back in court on March 23,2012, on April 24,2012, all of her charges were finally dropped. At the time of her arrest, Evans was also served with a warrant for non-payment of child support, on December 14,2013, Evans was arrested for disturbing the peace after an argument with her boyfriend, Nathan Griffith. She was booked at 5,11 p. m. and was released on bond at 6,14 p. m. the same day
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Are You the One?
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Are You the One. is an American reality television series on MTV. It follows 20 people who are living together in a destination to find their perfect match. If the 10 men and 10 women are able to choose all ten perfect matches in ten weeks. Each episode the cast will pair up with whoever they believe their perfect match is to compete in a challenge, the winners of the challenge will go on a date, and have a chance to test their match in the truth booth. The cast members choose one of the winning couples to go to the truth booth to determine if they are a perfect match or not. This is the way to confirm matches. Each episode ends with a ceremony where the couples will be told how many perfect matches they have. Eight of the couples are still together, including season 1s Ethan Diamond and Amber Lee, on March 22,2017, a spin-off show titled Are You The One, Second Chances will premiere. 10 perfect matches from previous seasons return, and the guy/gal teams will compete in a litany of games designed to test the strength of their bonds. Each week, the victors will be rewarded with cash, season one premiered on January 21,2014. Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match In Week 5, Ryan Awarded the house 2 Truth Booths, Chris T. and Paige were a confirmed match in episode 6, but due to his relationship with Shanley, the episode ended with a to be continued. Adam Kuhn & Shanley McIntee returned for the Are You The One, baby Special and Reunion aired on September 29,2014. During this reunion, the gender of Ethan and Ambers baby was revealed to be a girl, both parents-to-be got emotional when they found out they were having a girl. There were also conflicts between Scali and Jacy, Shanley and Chris T, and Ryan and Adam, the end of the episode resulted in most conflicts being resolved. Jacy stated that she would be moving to New York and they would take their relationship from there, brittany told the camera that she would be taking Ryan home to meet her parents. Filmed in San Juan, Puerto Rico, season two premiered on October 6,2014. It was set in Puerto Rico. This time, one guy has two matches which means that there will be eleven girls, but only ten boys. Christina is revealed as the first girl of the threeway couple and it is a race between Christina and another girl to find her perfect match and be confirmed as such in the Truth-Booth. The first couple of the threeway-couple to do so will end up in the honeymoon-suite, the other girl will have to leave empty-handed
Colombia
Chile
Brazil
Mexico