1.
Corner Brook
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For the submarine, see HMCS Corner Brook. Corner Brook is a city located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Labrador, located on the Bay of Islands at the mouth of the Humber River, the city is the largest population centre in the province after St. Johns. As such, Corner Brook functions as a centre for western and northern Newfoundland. It is located on the latitude as Gaspé, Quebec. Corner Brook is the most northern city in Atlantic Canada and it is the administrative headquarters of the Qalipu Mikmaq First Nations band government. The Mikmaq name for the nearby Humber River is Maqtukwek, the area was surveyed by Captain James Cook in 1767. The Captain James Cook Historic Site stands on Crow Hill overlooking the city, by the middle of the 19th century the population of Corner Brook was less than 100, and the inhabitants were engaged in fishing and lumber work. In 1956, these four communities were amalgamated to form the present-day City of Corner Brook, Corner Brook is home to the Corner Brook Pulp & Paper Mill, which is a major employer for the region. The city has the largest regional hospital in western Newfoundland and it also has a wide array of shopping and retail businesses and federal and provincial government offices. It is also home to Grenfell Campus, Memorial University, as well as campuses of Academy Canada, Corner Brook is also home to the provinces newest high school, Corner Brook Regional High, which is an amalgamation of the former Regina and Herdman Collegiate high schools. Corner Brook is home to Marble Mountain Ski Resort, a skiing resort, and Blow-Me-Down trails. The Corner Brook Royals currently play in the West Coast Senior Hockey League and were the winners of the 1986 National Title, the Royals play their home games at the Corner Brook Civic Centre, formerly the Canada Games Centre. The arena was built in 1997 and was one of the venues used when the city of Corner Brook hosted the 1999 Canada Games. Corner Brook was host of the 2011 Special Olympics Provincial Winter Games from February 18–20, the city also twice hosted Raid the North Extreme, a televised 6-day multi-sport expedition race held in wilderness locations across Canada, and was a leg of the ITU World Cup Triathlon. Corner Brook is home to Grenfell Campus, Memorial University where a strong, Corner Brook Arts and Culture Centre among other institutions thrive in promoting the arts on all levels from visual arts to theatre and well beyond. Corner Brook is home to Stage West Theatre Festival, a theatre festival running through the month of July, and Gros Morne Summer Music. The March Hare literary festival occurs every March and celebrates poetry and written works from around the world, featuring poets from around Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and the world. Atlantic Canadas largest poetry festival was founded in the late 1980s by poet and playwright Al Pittman, in April, the April Rabbit showcases new and young writers
2.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
3.
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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St. Johns is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is on the tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. St. Johns covers 446.04 square kilometres and is North Americas most easterly city, excluding those of Greenland. Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist, existing on maps as early as 1519, it is considered by some to be the oldest English-founded city in North America. It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888, the city has a rich history, having played a role in the Seven Years War, the French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. Italian inventor, Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. Johns and its history and culture have made it one of the worlds top ocean-side tourist destinations. St. Johns is one of North Americas oldest settlements, with setting up seasonal camps in the early 16th century. Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that St. However, the earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. Johns in 1527 he found Norman, Breton, on 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America, this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens world map of 1541 and it was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America. On 5 August 1583, an English Sea Dog, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the area as Englands first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I. There was no permanent population, however, and Gilbert was lost at sea during his return voyage, the Newfoundland National War Memorial is on the waterfront in St. Johns, at the purported site of Gilberts landing and proclamation. By 1620, the fishermen of Englands West Country controlled most of Newfoundlands east coast, in 1627, William Payne, called St. Johns the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country. Sometime after 1630, the town of St. Johns was established as a permanent community, before this they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast. The population grew slowly in the 17th century, St. Johns was Newfoundlands largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675, the population grew in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen. In 1680, fishing ships set up fishing rooms at St. Johns, the towns first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. Johns by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665. The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when it was defended by Christopher Martin, Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only 23 men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships, when 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697, they found rubble where the town and fortifications had stood
4.
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
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The Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador is a political party in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada and the provincial wing of the Liberal Party of Canada. It has served as the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador since December 14,2015, the party originated in 1948 as the Newfoundland Confederate Association. At this time, Newfoundland was being governed by a Commission of Government appointed by the Government of the United Kingdom, the NCA was an organization campaigning for Newfoundland to join Canadian confederation. Joey Smallwood was the NCAs chief organizer and spokesman, and led the side of the 1948 Newfoundland referendum on Confederation. Following the referendum victory, the NCA reorganized itself as the new provinces Liberal Party under Smallwoods leadership and it won the provinces first post-Confederation election for the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly held on May 27,1949. The Liberals under Smallwood promoted the diversification of the economy through various megaprojects. These projects were very expensive, and yielded few results. Smallwood led the province virtually unchallenged for two decades, during which he never faced more than eight opposition MHAs, however, by the late 1960s, disaffection with the increasingly autocratic Smallwood and his government mounted within the province. Smallwood brought several younger Liberals into government during this time, and he announced his retirement in 1969, only to run in the contest to succeed himself. Smallwood defeated John Crosbie for the leadership, Crosbie along with many young Liberals defected to the opposition Progressive Conservatives. The Progressive Conservatives had previously found support largely in the business community, frank Moores Conservatives attempted to form government but its shaky hold on power resulted in the 1972 general election in which Smallwoods Liberals were conclusively, if narrowly, defeated. Smallwood was forced out of the party, and formed his own Newfoundland Reform Liberal Party, which ran in the 1975 general election against the Liberals, the Liberals were badly split and demoralised, and remained on the opposition benches until 1989. In the 1989 provincial election the Liberals returned to power under Clyde Wells, despite their majority win the Progressive Conservatives narrowly won the popular vote, winning 47. 6% of the vote compared to 47.2 for the Liberals. Wells rose to prominence in early 1990 for his opposition to the Meech Lake constitutional Accord. In September 1990, Wells signed a development agreement for the Hibernia project, thereby laying the foundation for the oil and gas industry. When Wells retired in 1996, he was replaced by former federal Liberal cabinet minister Brian Tobin, Tobin returned to federal politics in 2000, after only four years as Premier. Less than two years into his second mandate Tobin announced his resignation as premier on October 16,2000, tobins Deputy Premier Beaton Tulk was sworn in as his successor the same day and served as premier till a leadership convention could be held the new year. Minister of Health Roger Grimes, Fisheries Minister John Efford and Mines, Grimes and Efford were the perceived frontrunners in the leadership race and were considered to be very different candidates with different strengths
5.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
6.
Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
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The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly is one of two components of the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador, the other being the Lieutenant Governor. The Newfoundland and Labrador General Assembly meets in the Confederation Building at St. Johns, the governing party sits on the left side of the speaker of the House of Assembly as opposed to the traditional right side of the speaker. This tradition dates back to the 1850s because the heaters in the Colonial Building were located on the left side, thus, the government chose to sit in the heat, and leave the opposition sitting in the cold. Party leaders names are written in bold and cabinet ministers in italic, with the Speaker of the House of Assembly designated by a dagger
7.
CBC News
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Founded in 1941, CBC News is the largest news broadcaster in Canada and has local, regional and national broadcasts and stations. It works closely with, but is separate from, Le Téléjournal, the distinctive music on all CBC television news programs was introduced in 2006. It was part of the rebranding of all news programming under the CBC News title. Most local newscasts on CBC Television are currently branded as CBC News, such as CBC News, CBC Radio News produces on-the-hour updates for the CBCs national radio stations and provides content for regional updates. The majority of news and information is aired on CBC Radio One, CBC News Online is the CBCs CBC. ca news website. Launched in 1996, it was named one of the most popular websites in Canada in 2012. The website provides regional, national, and international coverage, and arts and entertainment. Many reports are accompanied by podcasting, audio and video from the CBCs television, in November 2005, the CBC News Weather Centre was established to cover local and international weather, using in part data provided by Environment Canada. Claire Martin was hired to serve as the face of the Weather Centre. The weather section of CBC. ca has been phased out in favour of forecasts from The Weather Network, CBC News provides the following television programs. Several conservative outlets and politicians have accused the CBC of bias in its news coverage, including the National Post, former prime minister Stephen Harper and columnist Barbara Amiel. In 2009, CBC President Hubert Lacroix commissioned a study to determine whether its news was biased and he said, Our job — and we take it seriously — is to ensure that the information that we put out is fair and unbiased in everything that we do. The study, the methodology of which was not specified, was due to results in the fall of 2010. In April 2010, the Conservatives accused pollster Frank Graves of giving advice to the Liberal Party of Canada. Graves directed a number of public research projects on behalf of the CBC as well as other media organizations. An investigation conducted by the CBC ombudsman found no evidence to support these allegations and we believe that it is our obligation to report fairly and truthfully. The CBC sets out to maintain its accuracy, integrity and fairness in its journalism, as a Canadian institution and a press undertaking, CBC set out the Journalistic Standards and Practices and works in compliance with these principles. Balanced viewpoints must be presented through on-the-air discussions, as it is with other public and private journalistic undertakings, credibility in the eyes of the general population is seen as the corporations most valuable asset
8.
Diploma
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In some countries, e. g. the United Kingdom and Australia, the word diploma also refers to an academic award. Historically, it can refer to a charter or official document, thus diplomatic, diplomat. Alternatively, this document can simply be referred to as a certificate or graduation certificate. The certificate that a Nobel laureate receives is also called a diploma, the term diploma is also used in some historical contexts, to refer to documents signed by a King affirming a grant or tenure of specified land and its conditions. It is typically completed with 12 to 18 months of full-time study, when accepted for credit as part of a bachelors degree, it is usually deemed to be equivalent to the first year of the degree. An Advanced Diploma, which is equivalent to an Australian Associate Degree, a Graduate Diploma, which is undertaken after completing a bachelors degree. This can be in a other than that covered by said degree. It can also be a coursework-only qualification undertaken as additional study in a specialisation within ones degree area, the Vocational Graduate Diploma was a short lived AQF qualification equivalent to the Graduate Diploma, intended to be delivered exclusively in the VET sector. On January 1,2015, all such qualifications being offered lost the word Vocational from their title, in Ontario, Canada, diplomas are awarded by colleges of applied arts and technology whereas bachelor degrees are awarded by universities. In Canada, depending on the legislation, there may also be a difference between a college and a university. In Greece, diplomas can be awarded by educational institutes as a proof of an educational level. In Hong Kong, advanced diploma, higher diploma, and associate degree are below the standard of the bachelors degree. Certificate and diploma are below the standard of advanced diploma, higher diploma, Postgraduate Certificates and Postgraduate Diplomas are taken after the bachelors degree, and are more vocational oriented than a masters degree. In India, a diploma is an academic award usually earned in professional/vocational courses, e. g. Diploma in Nursing Engineering, Pharmacy, Design. Also, a diploma is concentrated for the area of study, for example, a Diploma in Engineering of Electronics Engineering may be in Advanced Communication Systems or Integrated Circuits or Industrial Electronics. On successful completion of Parts I and II Technician Examination of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, similarly Diploma in Engineering of Civil Engineering is rated differently than Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering but is equivalent to Bachelor of Science in Geology. Another example of a diploma concentrated for the area of study is Diploma in Engineering of Civil Engineering, on successful completion of Parts I and II Technician Examination of Institution of Civil Engineers, it is equivalent to Diploma in Civil Engineering as per a government of India circular. Successful completion of the Diploma Studies allows articulation into the year of Bachelor of Engineering/Bachelor of Technology programs
9.
Ronald McDonald House Charities
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Ronald McDonald House Charities is an independent nonprofit organization whose stated mission is to create, find, and support programs that directly improve the health and well-being of children. Gerald Newman, Chief Accounting Officer for McDonalds Corporation, was one of the founders of Ronald McDonald Childrens Charities and was president of R. M. H. C. RMHC has a network of Chapters in 63 countries and regions under three core programs, Ronald McDonald House, Ronald McDonald Family Room and Ronald McDonald Care Mobile. There are currently 365 Ronald McDonalds Houses in 42 countries and regions, Ronald McDonald Houses act as a place to stay for families with hospitalized children under 21 years of age, who are being treated at nearby hospitals and medical facilities. Ronald McDonalds Houses provide over 7,200 bedrooms to families around the world each night, there are currently 214 Ronald McDonalds Family Rooms in 24 countries and regions. These Rooms accommodate over 3,000 families each day who live in the community and they provide a safe place for family members to rest, wash clothes, take a shower, or nap near the vicinity of their child. There are currently 50 Ronald McDonalds Care Mobiles in 9 countries, Ronald McDonald Care Mobiles are mobile clinics that offer health care for children in their own neighborhoods at no cost to the families. The program serves more than 100,000 children a year, the Ronald McDonalds Learning Program was formed in 1997 to help children who had suffered minor illness and returned to school. The stated mission of the program is to provide support to these children who have fallen behind in their education. The Ronald McDonald Learning Program is the program of its kind in Australia. The program now works with over 1000 students each week, the program was first piloted in 1997 by Tracey Webster. In 1991, the 150th Ronald McDonalds House opened, in Paris, on July 25,2005, the 250th opened, in Caracas, Venezuela currently closed. The first in-hospital Ronald McDonald House in APMEA opened at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand, currently there are 324 Ronald McDonalds Houses in 17 countries. The first Ronald McDonald House was opened in Australia in Camperdown, the number of Houses has since fallen to 15. It has since affected 100,000 families and houses up to 260 families per night, each House is unattached to a major Childrens or Womens hospital. Each House has an independent board that manages its own day-to-day generated funding, other RMHC Australia activities include Poor Family Rooms in 14 hospitals. RMHC Australia also operates Family Retreats that disable families of children to take a holiday for a week. The retreats are located in Ocean Grove, Victoria, Jurien Bay and Bunbury, Western Australia, Forster, New South Wales, the Ronald McDonald Learning Program assists normal ill children to catch up with misinformed education while staying in hospital
10.
Austerity
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In most macroeconomic models austerity measures generally increase unemployment as government spending falls, reducing jobs in the public and/or private sector. Meanwhile, tax increases reduce household disposable income, thus reducing spending, countries which have benefited from austerity such as Ireland have in subsequent research shown to have suffered. Since government spending contributes to the Gross Domestic Product, reducing the spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio, in the case of excess capacity, however, the stimulus may result in an increase in employment and output. Austerity measures are typically pursued if there is a threat that a government cannot honour its debt obligations and this may occur when a government has borrowed in foreign currencies, or if it has been legally forbidden from issuing its own currency. International financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund may demand austerity measures as part of Structural Adjustment Programmes when acting as lender of last resort. Austerity policies may also appeal to the class of creditors, who prefer low inflation. More recently austerity has been pursued after governments became highly indebted by assuming private debts following banking crises, Austerity is grounded in liberal economists views that state and sovereign debt are deeply problematic. On the basis of classic liberal ideas austerity emerged as a doctrine of neoliberalism in the 20th Century, economist David M Kotz suggests that the implementation of austerity measures following the financial crisis of 2007–08 was an attempt to preserve the neoliberal capitalist model. In the 1930s during the Great Depression, anti-austerity arguments gained more prominence, john Maynard Keynes became a well known anti-austerity economist, arguing that The boom, not the slump, is the right time for austerity at the Treasury. Contemporary Keynesian and New Keynesian economists argue that budget deficits are appropriate when an economy is in recession, to reduce unemployment, according to Paul Krugman, since a government is not like a household, reductions in government spending during economic downturns worsen the crisis. Across an economy, one persons spending is another persons income, in other words, if everyone is trying to reduce their spending, the economy can be trapped in what economists call the paradox of thrift, worsening the recession as GDP falls. An important component of economic output is business investment, but there is no reason to expect it to stabilize at full utilization of the economys resources, high business profits do not necessarily lead to increased economic growth. Economists Kenneth S. Rogoff and Carmen M and our consistent advice has been to avoid withdrawing fiscal stimulus too quickly, a position identical to that of most mainstream economists. To help improve the U. S.9 and 1.7. In other words, a 1% GDP fiscal consolidation would reduce GDP between 0. 9% and 1. 7%, in so doing inflicting far more economic damage than the 0.5 previously estimated in IMF forecasts. In many countries, little is known about the size of multipliers, for these countries, Nicoletta Batini, Luc Eyraud and Anke Weber propose a simple method — dubbed the bucket approach — to come up with reasonable multiplier estimates. Different tax and spending choices of equal magnitude have different economic effects, For example, congressional Budget Office estimated that the payroll tax has a higher multiplier than does the income tax. In other words, raising the tax by $1 as part of an austerity strategy would slow the economy more than would raising the income tax by $1
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