1.
Ninoy Aquino International Airport
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The Ninoy Aquino International Airport or NAIA /ˈnaɪ. ə/, also known as Manila International Airport, is the airport serving Manila and its surrounding metropolitan area. It is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority, a branch of the Department of Transportation, officially, NAIA is the only airport serving the Manila area. In the recent past there have been calls for Clark to replace NAIA eventually as the airport of the Philippines. The airport is named after the late Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino, Jr. who was assassinated at the airport in 1983. In 2015, all terminals at NAIA handled a record breaking annual passenger traffic of 36,681,601, domestic passengers totaled 19,513,514 compared to international travelers, totaling 17,168,087. The original airport that served Manila, Grace Park Airfield, also known as Manila North, was opened in 1935 in Grace Park and it was the citys first commercial airport, and was used by Philippine Aerial Taxi Company for its first domestic routes. In July 1937, Manila International Air Terminal located in the 42 hectares Nielson Airport was inaugurated and had served as the gateway to Manila and its runways of which now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas in Makati. The original structure was built on what is now the site of Terminal 2, in 1954 the airports international runway and associated taxiway were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and a terminal building for international passengers. The new terminal was inaugurated on September 22,1961, on January 22,1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the original terminal building, and a slightly smaller terminal was rebuilt in its place the following year. This second terminal would become the international terminal until 1981 when a new, higher-capacity terminal. The old international terminal would serve as Manilas domestic airport until another fire damaged it in May 1985, the present Terminal 1, originally named Manila International Airport, was given its present name on August 17,1987 by virtue of Republic Act No. Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989, when the Department of Transportation, the recommendation was to build two new terminals, and in 1998 Terminal 2 was completed. Terminal 2 was nicknamed the Centennial Terminal as its completion coincided with the 100th anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain, in 1997 the government approved the construction of Terminal 3, which was originally scheduled to be completed in 2002. After many delays caused by technical and legal issues, the terminal became operational in mid-2008. The government aims to return services from many of the airlines which cancelled services to Manila as a result of Terminal 1s problems, the original proposal for the construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asias Emerging Dragon Corporation. AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany, on August 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos led the groundbreaking ceremony of Terminal 3. The structure was completed several years ago and was originally scheduled to open in 2002. The ultra-modern US$640 million,189, 000-square-metre facility was designed by Skidmore, Owings, however, before the terminal could be fully completed, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, called the contract onerous and therefore formed a committee to evaluate the agreement to buy out Fraport AG
2.
Pasay
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Pasay is one of the cities in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region of the Philippines. It is bordered to the north by the City of Manila, Makati to the northeast, Taguig to the east, due to its location just south of the City of Manila, Pasay quickly became an urban town during the American Colonial Period. The Namayan was a confederation of barangays which reached its zenith c and its ruler, whose capital was at Sapa, controlled territory stretching from Manila Bay to Laguna de Bay. Dayang-dayang Pasay, presumably a royal or noble of the realm, is noted as having inherited lands in what is now Culi-culi, Pasay, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in what is now the Philippines on March 16,1521. On May 19,1571, Miguel López de Legaspi took formal possession of the Kingdom of Maynila, for 250 years, the Islands were governed by the Viceroy of Mexico, but in practise Catholic clergymen governed local politics. Of the many orders that came, it was the Augustinian Order who would figure predominantly in the evangelisation of Pasay. The parish of Pasay was governed from the old Namayan capital, ana de Sapa, which was under the jurisdiction of the Franciscans. Most of Pasay went to friar hands either via donation or by purchase, in 1727, the Augustinians formally took over Pasay and attached it to the Parish of Nuestra Señora de los Remedios in Malate. In that year, Pasay was renamed Pineda in honour of Don Cornelio Pineda, in 1862, a number of prominent citizens of Pasay sent a petition to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities asking that they be allowed to manage their own political and religious affairs. On December 2,1863, Pasay became a pueblo upon the recommendation of the Archbishop of Manila, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 led many more Spaniards to this part of the world. The new arrivals carried with them ideas and ideals that led to the political and social reforms, times were good and Filipinos were delighted but the Spaniards and friars considered the liberal learnings as seeds of heresy. Democratic reforms ended with the collapse of the regime in Madrid. Pasay produced numerous heroes during the Philippines-Spanish War, the Katipunan, the organisation founded by Andrés Bonifacio that spearheaded the revolution, had a chapter in Pineda organized by Pascual Villanueva, Jacinto Ignacio, and Valentin Ignacio. Several women also fought for the cause of the Katipunan including Marcela Marcelo, the execution of José Rizal, who authored the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo on December 30,1896, fanned the flames of the Revolution. War between the United States and Spain was declared on April 25, and Dewey steamed into Manila Bay on the night of April 30, with a few well-directed shots, the American squadron destroyed the Spanish flotilla without any deaths. General Emilio Aguinaldo meanwhile declared the independence of the First Philippine Republic on June 12,1898, with this, Don Catalino became Pasays first Presidente municipal. Thinking Americans were allies, Noriel left Pineda on July 29, when Intramuros was finally captured, the Filipinos were denied entry to the walled city. Since then, tension simmered between Filipino and American troops, with both sides assigned respective zones but neither observed boundary lines
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
4.
Low-cost carrier
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A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline is an airline that generally has lower fares and fewer comforts. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket prices, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocating, as of July 2014, the worlds largest low-cost carrier is Southwest Airlines, which operates in the United States and some surrounding areas. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with an operating cost structure than their competitors. Low-cost carrier business model practices vary widely, some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers is the reduction of cost, traditional airlines have also reduced their cost using several of these practices. Most low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class and these airlines tend to operate short-haul flights that suit the range of narrow-body planes. Long-range wide-body aircraft are too expensive for low cost carriers. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft purchased second-hand, such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, since 2000, fleets generally consist of the newest aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. In 2013, ch-aviation published a study about the strategy of low-cost carriers. They summarized that major LCCs that order aircraft in large numbers get huge discounts and that saves a lot in operative costs. Aircraft often operate with a set of optional equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower. Ryanair seats do not recline and do not have pockets, to reduce cleaning. Pilot conveniences, such as ACARS, may be excluded, often, no in-flight entertainment systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. It is also becoming a popular approach to install LCD monitors onto the aircraft and broadcast advertisements on them, most do not offer reserved seating, hoping to encourage passengers to board early and quickly, thus decreasing turnaround times. Some allow priority boarding for an extra fee instead of reserved seating, like the major carriers, many low-cost carriers develop one or more bases to maximize destination coverage and defend their market. Many do not operate traditional hubs, but rather focus cities, Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations, in Europe luggage is not transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same airline. This saves costs and is thought to encourage passengers to take direct flights, tickets are not sold with transfers, so the airline wont need to take responsibility for a delay
5.
Angeles, Philippines
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Angeles is a highly urbanized city located geographically within the province of Pampanga in the Philippines. It is bordered by Mabalacat to the north, Mexico to the east, San Fernando to the southeast, Bacolor to the south, the city administers itself autonomously from Pampanga and, as of the 2015 census, it has a population of 411,634. Angeles is served by the Clark International Airport in the Clark Freeport Zone, as the former home of Clark Air Base, it was significantly affected by the fallout brought about by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. The economy of Angeles was heavily dependent on the American base at that time, in 1993, a full cleanup and removal of volcanic ash deposits began and the former U. S. base re-emerged as Clark Special Economic Zone. The creation of CSEZ has helped to offset the loss of income, Today, Angeles and Clark form the hub for business, industry, aviation, and tourism in the Philippines as well as a leisure, fitness, entertainment and gaming center of Central Luzon. Angeles ranked 15th in a survey by MoneySense Magazine as one of the Best Places to Live in the Philippines in its March–April 2008 issue. 5%. The name Ángeles is derived from the Spanish El Pueblo de los Ángeles in honour of its saints, Los Santos Ángeles Custodios. The new settlers cleared the woodland and cultivated the area for rice, Don Ángel built his first house with light materials at the northwest corner of the intersection of Sapang Balen and the road going towards the town of Porac. It was later donated to the Catholic Church and became a cemetery called Campo Santong Matua, on May 12,1812, the new settlers tried to make Culiat a self-governing town but the friars resisted the move, led by Fray José Pometa. Ten years later, on February 11,1822, Don Ángel filed a petition for the township of Culiat to secede from San Fernando, but it was denied. This was followed by another petition within the year, jointly signed by Don Ángel, his son-in-law, Mariano Henson. Don Ángel paid the amount required by law just for the secession of Culiat from San Fernando. There were only 160 taxpayers then but the law required that it should have at least 500 taxpayers, Located some 10 miles north of Pampangas capital, Culiat became a barrio of San Fernando for 33 years and on December 8,1829, became a separate municipality. The progressive barrios developed some new industries like a sugar mill, when it received its first official municipal charter, the town contained some 661 people,151 houses and an area of 38.65 km². On March 17,1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo transferred the seat of the First Philippine Republic to Angeles and it then became the site of celebrations for the first anniversary of Philippine Independence, which was proclaimed a year earlier in Kawit, Cavite. Aguinaldos sojourn was short however, for in July of this year he transferred his government to the province of Tarlac following Angeles occupation by the American forces. On August 10,1899, U. S. forces began the attack on Angeles confident in capturing it in a few days. However, the Filipino Army defending the town refused to give in so easily and fiercely fought back and it was only after the battle on November 5,1899 that the town finally fell into American hands
6.
Zamboanga City
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Zamboanga City is a highly urbanized city and the second largest city in Mindanao, Philippines and 3rd largest city by land area in the Philippines. It has a population of 861,799 people as of the 2015 census which makes it the 6th most populous city in the country. It is the commercial and industrial center of the Zamboanga Peninsula Region, Zamboanga City is an independent city, which became a highly urbanized city on November 22,1983, and is not part of the three provinces in Zamboanga Peninsula. Zamboanga City used to be known as Samboangan in historical records and it was founded by the Subanen people during the pre-Hispanic times. After independence from Spain in May 1899, Zamboanga became the Republic of Zamboanga with Chavacano as its official language, after American intervention, the republic was incorporated into the Philippines and became the capital of the Moro Province, now Mindanao, from 1903 to 1913. On October 12,1936, Zamboanga City became a city under Commonwealth Act No.39. It was inaugurated on February 26,1937, which was declared a local holiday, known for its Hispanic culture, the city bears the nickname Asias Latin City. Zamboanga City was founded in the late 12th or early 13th century as a settlement by the Subanen people, Zamboanga peninsula was also the homelands of the ancestors of the Yakan, the Balanguingui, and other closely related Sama-Bajau peoples. During the 13th century, the Tausūg people started migrating to Zamboanga and they became the dominant ethnic group after they were Islamized in the 14th century and established the Sultanate of Sulu in the 15th century. A majority of the Yakan, the Balanguingui, and the Sama-Bajau were also Islamized, the name for the city, Zamboanga, is the Hispanicized spelling of the Sinama term for mooring place - samboangan, from the root word samboang. The name Samboangan is well-attested in Spanish, British, French, German and this is commonly contested by folk etymologies which instead attribute the name to the Indonesian word jambangan, usually with claims that all ethnic groups in Zamboanga were Malays. However, this name has never been attested in any historical records prior to the 1960s, Spanish explorers arrived in the Philippine archipelago in 1521. In 1569 Zamboanga was chosen as the site of the Spanish settlement, Zamboanga City was one of the main strongholds in Mindanao, supporting colonizing efforts in the south of the island and making way for Christian settlements. It also served as a military outpost, protecting the island against foreign invaders, in 1599, the Zamboanga fort was closed and transferred to Cebú due to great concerns about attack by the English on that island, which did not occur. Zamboanga became the headquarters of the Spaniards on June 23,1635 upon approval of King Philip IV of Spain. The Zamboanga fortress became the focus of a number of battles between Moros and Spaniards while the Spanish ruled the region from 16th to 18th centuries. Spain was forced to abandon Zamboanga temporarily and withdraw its soldiers to Manila in 1662 after the Chinese under Koxinga threatened to invade the Spanish Philippines. While the region was dominated by Catholicism, Muslims kept up a protracted struggle against the ruling Spaniards in the country into the 18th century
7.
ATR 72
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The ATR72 is a twin-engine turboprop short-haul regional airliner manufactured by the French-Italian aircraft manufacturer ATR. It was developed as a variant of the ATR42. It has been employed as a regional airliner, although other roles have been performed by the type such as corporate transport, cargo aircraft. Successive models of the ATR72 have been introduced, an aircraft can seat up to 78 passengers in a single-class configuration. The 72 was announced in 1986, made its flight on 27 October 1988. A tail stand must be installed when passengers are boarding or disembarking in case the nose lifts off the ground, the ATR72 is powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100-based turboprop engines with four or six-bladed propellers supplied by Hamilton Standard. The aircraft does not have a power unit as normally equipped. The APU is an option and would be placed in the C4 cargo section, at the end of 2014, ATR had received 1000 orders for the type and delivered 754, leaving a backlog of 246 aircraft. Although expressing his satisfaction with the current engine and supplier, Castelbajac noted the designs age, to be worthwhile, any re-engine would require a 15% improvement in fuel-burn and 20-25% reduction of direct maintenance costs. Castelbajac sees the potential re-engine as a bridge to the development of a larger 100-seat aircraft. Two sub-types were marketed as the 100 series, ATR 72–101 Initial production variant with front and rear passenger doors, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in September 1989. ATR 72–102 Initial production variant with a front cargo door and a passenger door. Two sub-types were marketed as the 200 series, the −200 was the original production version, powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW124B engines rated at 2,400 shp. ATR 72–201 Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the −101, a PW124B-powered variant certified in September 1989, ATR 72–202 Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the −102, a PW124B-powered variant certified in December 1989. Two sub-types were marketed as the 210 series, the −211, is a −200 with PW127 engines producing 2,750 shp each for improved performance in hot, the sub-types differ in the type of doors and emergency exits ATR 72–211 PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992. ATR 72–212 PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992, certified in January 1997 and fitted with either PW127F or PW127M engines, the −212A is an upgraded version of the −210 using six-bladed propellers on otherwise identical PW127F engines. Other improvements include higher maximum weights and superior performance, as well as automation of power management to ease pilot workload. ATR 72–500 Initial marketing name for the ATR 72-212A, ATR 72–600 Marketing name for ATR 72-212A with different equipment fit
8.
Mainline (aeronautics)
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A mainline flight is a flight operated by an airlines main operating unit, rather than by regional alliances, regional code-shares or regional subsidiaries. U. S. legacy carriers may operate branded mainline services using the flight crews. For example, United p. s. and American Flagship Service cater to the medium-haul transcontinental business segment, short-haul air shuttles, such as Delta Shuttle, operate at high frequency intervals between busy city pairs. The converse is not the case, mainline flight crews, with type ratings. Notes,1 Wholly owned subsidiaries with separate operating certificates flying regional jets under the regional branding.2 Branding used for feeder service. Operated either by a subsidiary or under contract by an independent regional airline.3 These independent airlines operate regional aircraft under codeshare agreements with a mainline carrier. Flag carrier, AA and early references to mainline, regional and B-scale
9.
Philippine Airlines
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Philippine Airlines, a trade name of PAL Holdings, Inc. also known historically as Philippine Air Lines, is the flag carrier of the Philippines. Headquartered at the PNB Financial Center in Pasay City, the airline was founded in 1941 and is the first and oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name, formerly one of the largest Asian airlines, PAL was severely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The airline was placed under receivership in 1998, and gradually restored operations to many destinations, after PALs exit from receivership in 2007, PAL embarked on a frequent revamp of management. However, PALs vision to re-establish itself as one of Asias premier carriers, is still the matter of greatest importance. On November 14,1935, the Philippine Congress approved the franchise of Philippine Aerial Taxi Company Incorporated to provide mail, cargo, the company then had scheduled Manila-Baguio and Manila-Paracale flights. The company became dormant for six years on its passenger operation under its assigned routes. Philippine Air Lines, Inc. acquired the franchise of Philippine Aerial Taxi Company Incorporated, the airline’s first flight took place on March 15,1941 with a single Beechcraft Model 18 NPC-54 on daily services between Manila and Baguio. On July 22, the acquired the franchise of the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company. Government investment in September paved the way for its nationalization, PAL services were interrupted during World War II, which lasted in the Philippines from late 1941 to 1945. Upon the outbreak of the Pacific War on December 8,1941 the two Model 18s and their pilots were pressed into military service. They were used to evacuate American fighter pilots to Australia until one was shot down over Mindanao, on February 15,1946, PAL resumed operations after a five-year hiatus with service to 15 domestic points with five Douglas DC-3s and a payroll of 108 names. Philippine Airlines returned to its home, the Nielson Field in Makati. The airport was operated by Manila International Air Terminal, Inc. a wholly owned PAL subsidiary, a regular service between Manila and San Francisco started in December 1946. During this time, the airline was designated as the flag carrier. PAL commenced service to Europe in 1947 with the acquisition of more Douglas DC-4s, by 1948, PAL had absorbed the only other scheduled airlines in the Philippines, Far Eastern Air Transport and Commercial Air Lines. The transfer was accomplished over a period from January 31 to June 28,1948, with PAL investing an additional P600,000 in ground installations. In 1951 PAL leased a DC-3 named Kinsei to Japan Airlines, in March 1954, the Philippine government suspended all flights to Europe, Japan and the United States, only to resume five years later. In three years PAL started services to Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Taipei using Convair 340s that would later be replaced by the Vickers Viscount 784, on March 15,1941, a Beech Model 18 twin engine monoplane left Manila for Baguio
10.
Regional airline
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Regional airlines are airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service. Operating as an independent airline under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated communities, examples of this are Peninsula Airways, which links the remote Aleutian Islands to Anchorage, Alaska, and Mokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands. Regional airlines began by operating propeller-driven aircraft over short routes, sometimes on flights of less than 100 miles, in the early days of commercial aviation few aircraft had ranges greater than this, and airlines were often formed to serve the area in which they formed. That is, there was no distinction between a regional airline and any other airline. This changed with the introduction of aircraft, which led to the development of the flag carrier airlines, such as British Overseas Airways Corporation. As the flag carriers grew in importance with increasing passenger traffic. This arrangement was formalized, forming the regional airlines. Through the 1960s and 1970s, war surplus designs, notably the DC-3, were replaced by more capable turboprop or jet-powered designs like the Fokker F27 Friendship or BAC One-Eleven. This extended the range of the regionals dramatically, causing a wave of consolidations between the now overlapping airlines, in the United States, regional airlines were an important building block of todays passenger air system. The U. S. Government encouraged the forming of regional airlines to provide services from smaller communities to larger towns, where air passengers could connect to a larger network. A history and study of regional airlines was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1994 under the title Commuter Airlines of the United States, by R. E. G. One of the first independently owned and managed airlines in the world that rebranded its aircraft to match a larger airlines brand was Air Alpes of France, during 1974, Air Alpes painted its newly delivered short range regional jets in the livery of Air France. NLMs KLM style branding does however pre-date the Air France efforts though by a number of years and this is encouraged with the Essential Air Service program that subsidizes airline service to smaller U. S. communities and suburban centers, aiming to maintain year-round service. S. This definition is based solely on annual revenue and not on any other such as average aircraft seating capacity, pilot pay. It is common in the U. S. to incorrectly associate aircraft size with the Department of Transportations designation of major, national, the airlines fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets. To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, the definition is based on revenue. The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media, beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges, some of these newer aircraft are capable of flying longer distances with comfort levels that rival and surpass the regional airline equipment of the past
