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Cement
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A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.
Cement powder, here conditioned[clarification needed] in bag, ready to be mixed with aggregates and water. Dispersing dry cement dust in the air shoul
Cement block construction examples from the Multiplex Manufacturing Company of Toledo, Ohio, in 1905
Cement block construction examples from the Multiplex Manufacturing Company of Toledo, Ohio, in 1905
Clinker nodules produced by sintering at 1450 °C
Clinker nodules produced by sintering at 1450 °C
Calcium oxide obtained by thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate at high temperature (above 825 °C).
Calcium oxide obtained by thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate at high temperature (above 825 °C).
Lime mortar
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Lime mortar or torching is a masonry mortar composed of lime and an aggregate such as sand, mixed with water. It is one of the oldest known types of mortar, used in ancient Rome and Greece, when it largely replaced the clay and gypsum mortars common to ancient Egyptian construction.
A stone wall in France with lime mortar grouting being applied. Right: unapplied. Centre: lime mortar applied with a trowel. Left: lime mortar applied
A stone wall in France with lime mortar grouting being applied. Right: unapplied. Centre: lime mortar applied with a trowel. Left: lime mortar applied and then beaten back and brushed with a churn brush.
The large flakes of oyster shell are a signal that this is a faux shell mortar. In fact it was a very hard Portland replacement which luckily had not
The large flakes of oyster shell are a signal that this is a faux shell mortar. In fact it was a very hard Portland replacement which luckily had not done much harm to the brick.
Spalling of brick in an 18th century chimney. The lower section is older than the upper. Note that the while the lower mortar is deteriorated, it is n
Spalling of brick in an 18th century chimney. The lower section is older than the upper. Note that the while the lower mortar is deteriorated, it is not as bad as the brick.