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Cement
Cement powder being poured from a bag, ready to be mixed with aggregates and water.
Cement powder being poured from a bag, ready to be mixed with aggregates and water.
Clinker nodules produced by sintering at 1450 °C
Clinker nodules produced by sintering at 1450 °C
Calcium oxide obtained by thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate at high temperature (above 825 °C).
Calcium oxide obtained by thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate at high temperature (above 825 °C).
William Aspdin is considered the inventor of "modern" Portland cement.
William Aspdin is considered the inventor of "modern" Portland cement.
Concrete
A single concrete block, as used for construction
A single concrete block, as used for construction
Exterior of the Roman Pantheon, finished 128 AD, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
Exterior of the Roman Pantheon, finished 128 AD, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
Interior of the Pantheon dome, seen from beneath. The concrete for the coffered dome was laid on moulds, mounted on temporary scaffolding.
Interior of the Pantheon dome, seen from beneath. The concrete for the coffered dome was laid on moulds, mounted on temporary scaffolding.
Opus caementicium exposed in a characteristic Roman arch. In contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete used in Roman buildings was usually
Opus caementicium exposed in a characteristic Roman arch. In contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete used in Roman buildings was usually covered with brick or stone.