1.
Health system
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There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and organizational structures as there are nations. In some countries, health system planning is distributed among market participants, however, health care planning has been described as often evolutionary rather than revolutionary. According to WHO, healthcare systems goals are good health for the citizens, responsiveness to the expectations of the population, progress towards them depends on how systems carry out four vital functions, provision of health care services, resource generation, financing, and stewardship. Other dimensions for the evaluation of systems include quality, efficiency, acceptability. They have also described in the United States as the five Cs, Cost, Coverage, Consistency, Complexity. Also, continuity of care is a major goal. Often health system has been defined with a reductionist perspective, for reducing it to healthcare system. In many publications, for example, both expressions are used interchangeably, the World Health Organization defines health systems as follows, A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities, a health system is therefore more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes inter-sectoral action by staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education. Healthcare providers are institutions or individuals providing healthcare services and they may also work outside of direct patient care such as in a government health department or other agency, medical laboratory, or health training institution. One study based on data from the OECD concluded that all types of health care finance are compatible with an efficient health system, the study also found no relationship between financing and cost control. The term health insurance is used to describe a form of insurance that pays for medical expenses. It is sometimes used broadly to include insurance covering disability or long-term nursing or custodial care needs. It may be provided through an insurance program, or from private insurance companies. It may be obtained on a basis or purchased by individual consumers. In each case premiums or taxes protect the insured from high or unexpected health care expenses, the benefit is typically administered by a government agency, a non-profit health fund or a corporation operating seeking to make a profit. Many government schemes also have co-payment schemes but exclusions are rare because of political pressure, the larger insurance schemes may also negotiate fees with providers
2.
Hospital
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A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
3.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
4.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
5.
Emergency department
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The emergency department is usually found in a hospital or other primary care center. In some countries, emergency departments have become important entry points for those without means of access to medical care. The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day, griswold also equipped police and fire vehicles with medical supplies and trained officers to give emergency care while en route to the hospital. Today, a hospital has its emergency department in its own section of the ground floor of the grounds. As patients can present at any time and with any complaint, triage is normally the first stage the patient passes through, and consists of a brief assessment, including a set of vital signs, and the assignment of a chief complaint. Most emergency departments have an area for this process to take place. Most patients will be assessed at triage and then passed to another area of the department, or another area of the hospital. Conversely, patients with serious conditions, such as cardiac arrest, will bypass triage altogether. The resuscitation area, commonly referred to as Trauma or Resus, is a key area in most departments, the most seriously ill or injured patients will be dealt with in this area, as it contains the equipment and staff required for dealing with immediately life-threatening illnesses and injuries. Typical resuscitation staffing involves at least one attending physician, and at least one and these personnel may be assigned to the resuscitation area for the entirety of the shift, or may be on call for resuscitation coverage. Examples of majors include chest pain, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, Advanced diagnostic testing may be conducted at this stage, including laboratory testing of blood and/or urine, ultrasonography, CT or MRI scanning. Medications appropriate to manage the condition will also be given. Depending on underlying causes of the chief complaint, he or she may be discharged home from this area or admitted to the hospital for further treatment. Patients whose condition is not immediately life-threatening will be sent to an area suitable to deal with them, such patients may still have been found to have significant problems, including fractures, dislocations, and lacerations requiring suturing. Children can present particular challenges in treatment, many hospitals have a separate area for evaluation of psychiatric problems. These are often staffed by psychiatrists and mental health nurses and social workers, there is typically at least one room for people who are actively a risk to themselves or others. Fast decisions on life-and-death cases are critical in emergency rooms. As a result, doctors face great pressures to overtest and overtreat, other common variations include emergency ward, emergency centre or emergency unit
6.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
7.
Mental health
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Mental health is a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of mental illness. It is the state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how mental health is defined, a widely accepted definition of health by mental health specialists is psychoanalyst Sigmund Freuds definition, the capacity to work and to love. In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene, dorothea Dix was an important figure in the development of mental hygiene movement. Dix was a teacher who endeavored throughout her life to help people with mental disorders. This was known as the mental hygiene movement, emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Later the proposed model of abnormality was subjected to analysis. Mental illnesses are more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, over 26 percent of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness. Serious mental disorders affect an estimated 6 percent of the adult population, a little more than half receive treatment. A WHO report estimates the global cost of illness at nearly $2.5 trillion in 2010. An individuals emotional health can also impact physical health and poor mental health can lead to such as substance abuse. Maintaining good mental health is crucial to living a long and healthy life, good mental health can enhance ones life, while poor mental health can prevent someone from living an enriching life. According to Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with prosocial behaviors such as stress management and physical health. Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti-social behaviors, Mental health can be seen as an unstable continuum, where an individuals mental health may have many different possible values. Mental wellness is generally viewed as an attribute, even if the person does not have any diagnosed mental health condition. This definition of mental health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for improving the mental wellness. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health, an example of a wellness model includes one developed by Myers, Sweeney and Witmer
8.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
9.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
10.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
11.
Toronto Star
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The Toronto Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper. It is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. a division of Star Media Group, the Star was first printed on Toronto World presses, and at its formation The World owned a 51% interest in it as a silent partner. That arrangement only lasted for two months, during time it was rumoured that William Findlay Billy Maclean, the Worlds proprietor, was considering selling the Star to the Riordon family. After an extensive fundraising campaign among the Star staff, Maclean agreed to sell his interest to Hocken, the paper did poorly in its first few years. Hocken sold out within the year, and several owners followed in succession until Sir William Mackenzie bought it in 1896 and its new editors, Edmund E. Sheppard and Frederic Nicholls, moved the entire Star operation into the same building used by the magazine Saturday Night. This would continue until Joseph E, holy Joe Atkinson, backed by funds raised by supporters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, bought the paper. The supporters included Senator George Cox, William Mulock, Peter Charles Larkin, Atkinson was the Stars editor from 1899 until his death in 1948. Its early opposition and criticism of the Nazi regime saw the paper one of the first North American papers to be banned in Germany. He championed many causes that would come to be associated with the welfare state, old age pensions, unemployment insurance. The Government of Canada Digital Collections website describes Atkinson as a radical in the best sense of that term, the Star was unique among North American newspapers in its consistent, ongoing advocacy of the interests of ordinary people. The friendship of Atkinson, the publisher, with Mackenzie King, Atkinson became the controlling shareholder of the Star. The Star was frequently criticized for practising the yellow journalism of its era, for decades, the paper included heavy doses of crime and sensationalism, along with advocating social change. From 1910 to 1973, the Star published a weekend supplement, shortly before his death in 1948, Joseph E. Atkinson transferred ownership of the paper to a charitable organization given the mandate of continuing the papers liberal tradition. In 1949, the Province of Ontario passed the Charitable Gifts Act, barring charitable organizations from owning parts of profit-making businesses. It would continue to supply sponsored content to the CRBCs station CRCT, in 1971, the newspaper was renamed The Toronto Star and moved to a modern office tower at One Yonge Street by Queens Quay. The original Star Building at 80 King Street West was demolished to make room for First Canadian Place, the new building originally housed the papers presses. In 1992, the plant was moved to the Toronto Star Press Centre at the Highway 407 &400 interchange in Vaughan. In September 2002, the logo was changed, and The was dropped from the papers, during the 2003 blackout, the Star printed the paper at a press in Welland, Ontario
12.
Eli Lilly
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Eli Lilly was an American soldier, pharmacist, chemist, and businessman who founded the Eli Lilly and Company pharmaceutical corporation. Lilly enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War and he was later promoted to major and then colonel, and was given command of the 9th Regiment Indiana Cavalry. Lilly was captured in September 1864 and held as a prisoner of war until January 1865, after the war, he attempted to run a plantation in Mississippi, but it failed and he returned to his pharmacy profession after the death of his first wife. Lilly remarried and worked with partners in several pharmacies in Indiana. Lillys company manufactured drugs and marketed them on a basis to pharmacies. Lillys pharmaceutical firm proved to be successful and he became wealthy after making numerous advances in medicinal drug manufacturing. Two of the advances he pioneered were creating gelatin capsules to contain medicines. Eli Lilly and Company became one of the first pharmaceutical firms of its kind to staff a dedicated research department, using his wealth, Lilly engaged in numerous philanthropic pursuits. He turned over the management of the company to his son, Josiah K. Lilly, Sr. around 1890 to allow more time to continue his involvement in charitable organizations. Colonel Lilly helped found the Commercial Club, the forerunner to the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce and he personally funded a childrens hospital in Indianapolis, known as Eleanor Hospital. Lilly continued his involvement with many other organizations until his death from cancer in 1898. The company he founded has since grown into one of the largest and most influential pharmaceutical corporations in the world, Eli Lilly, the son of Gustavus and Esther Lilly, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 8,1838. His family was of Swedish descent and had moved to the low country of France before his great-grandparents immigrated to Maryland in 1789. When Eli, the first of eleven children, was still an infant, the moved to Kentucky. In 1852 the family settled at Greencastle, Indiana, where Lillys parents enrolled him at Indiana Asbury University, Eli attended classes from 1852 to 1854. He also assisted at a printing press as a printers devil. Lilly grew up in a Methodist household, and his family was prohibitionist and anti-slavery, Lilly and his family were members of the Democratic Party during his early life, but they became Republicans during the years leading up to the Civil War. Lilly became interested in chemicals as a teen, Lilly completed a four-year apprenticeship with Lawrence to become a chemist and pharmacist
13.
Julius Axelrod
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Julius Axelrod was an American biochemist. He won a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 along with Bernard Katz, Axelrod also made major contributions to the understanding of the pineal gland and how it is regulated during the sleep-wake cycle. Axelrod was born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland, Molly and Isadore Axelrod and he received his bachelors degree in biology from the College of the City of New York in 1933. Axelrod wanted to become a physician, but was rejected from every school to which he applied. While working at the Department of Health, he attended night school, in 1946, Axelrod took a position working under Bernard Brodie at Goldwater Memorial Hospital. The research experience and mentorship Axelrod received from Brodie would launch him on his research career, Brodie and Axelrods research focused on how analgesics work. During the 1940s, users of non-aspirin analgesics were developing a blood condition known as methemoglobinemia, Axelrod and Brodie discovered that acetanilide, the main ingredient of these pain-killers, was to blame. They found that one of the metabolites also was an analgesic and they recommended that this metabolite, acetaminophen, be used instead. In 1949, Axelrod began work at the National Heart Institute, forerunner of the National Heart, Lung and he examined the mechanisms and effects of caffeine, which led him to an interest in the sympathetic nervous system and its main neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine. During this time, Axelrod also conducted research on codeine, morphine, methamphetamine, realizing that he could not advance his career without a PhD, he took a leave of absence from the NIH in 1954 to attend George Washington University Medical School. Allowed to submit some of his previous research toward his degree, he graduated one year later, Axelrod then returned to the NIH and began some of the key research of his career. Axelrod received his Nobel Prize for his work on the release, reuptake, working on monoamine oxidase inhibitors in 1957, Axelrod showed that catecholamine neurotransmitters do not merely stop working after they are released into the synapse. Instead, neurotransmitters are recaptured by the pre-synaptic nerve ending, and he theorized that epinephrine is held in tissues in an inactive form and is liberated by the nervous system when needed. This research laid the groundwork for later selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as Prozac, in 1958, Axelrod also discovered and characterized the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase, which is involved in the breakdown of catecholamines. Some of Axelrods later research focused on the pineal gland and he and his colleagues showed that the hormone melatonin is generated from tryptophan, as is the neurotransmitter serotonin. The rates of synthesis and release follows the bodys circadian rhythm driven by the nucleus within the hypothalamus. Axelrod and colleagues went on to show that melatonin had wide-ranging effects throughout the nervous system. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and he continued to work at the National Institute of Mental Health at the NIH until his death in 2004
14.
Arvid Carlsson
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Arvid Carlsson is a Swedish neuropharmacologist who is best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in Parkinsons disease. For his work on dopamine, Carlsson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000, along with co-recipients Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard. Carlsson was born in Uppsala, Sweden, son of Gottfrid Carlsson, historian and later professor of history at the Lund University, where he began his medical education in 1941. In 1944 he was participating in the task of examining prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, whom Folke Bernadotte, although Sweden was neutral during World War II, Carlssons education was interrupted by several years of service in the Swedish Armed Forces. In 1951, he received his M. L. degree and he then became a professor at the University of Lund. In 1959 he became a professor at the University of Gothenburg, Carlsson went on to developed a method for measuring the amount of dopamine in brain tissues. He found that dopamine levels in the basal ganglia, an area important for movement, were particularly high. He then showed that giving animals the drug reserpine caused a decrease in dopamine levels and these effects were similar to the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. By administering to these animals L-Dopa, which is the precursor of dopamine and these findings led other doctors to try using L-Dopa on patients with Parkinsons disease, and found it to alleviate some of the symptoms in the early stages of the disease. L-Dopa is still the basis for most commonly used means of treating Parkinsons disease, while working at Astra AB, Carlsson and his colleagues were able to derive the first marketed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, from brompheniramine. Zimelidine preceded both Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine as the first SSRI, but was withdrawn from the market due to rare cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Carlsson is opposed to the fluoridation of drinking water, and lobbied in Sweden to make water fluoridation illegal. Still an active researcher and speaker at over 90 years of age, Carlsson, together with his daughter Maria, is working on OSU6162, Nobel Prize Biography The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg
15.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
16.
Conversion therapy
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Conversion therapy is psychological treatment or spiritual counseling designed to change a persons sexual orientation from homosexual or bisexual to heterosexual. Such treatments are controversial, and are a form of pseudoscience, Medical, scientific, and government organizations in the United States and Britain have expressed concern over conversion therapy and consider it potentially harmful. United States Surgeon General David Satcher in 2001 issued a report stating there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed. The main organization advocating secular forms of therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality. Administered simultaneously with the presentation of homoerotic stimuli, and masturbatory reconditioning, by the 1920s analysts assumed that homosexuality was pathological and that attempts to treat it were appropriate, although psychoanalytic opinion about changing homosexuality was largely pessimistic. Those forms of homosexuality that were considered perversions were usually held to be uncurable, analysts tolerant statements about homosexuality arose from recognition of the difficulty of achieving change. Sigmund Freud was a physician and the founder of psychoanalysis, steinach’s method was doomed to failure because the immune system rejects transplanted glands, and was eventually exposed as ineffective and often harmful. Her father wanted this condition changed, in Freud‘s view, the prognosis was unfavourable because of the circumstances under which she entered therapy, and because homosexuality was not an illness or neurotic conflict. Success meant making heterosexual feeling possible, not eliminating homosexual feelings, Gay people could seldom be convinced that heterosexual sex would provide them with the same pleasure they derived from homosexual sex. Patients often wanted to become heterosexual for reasons Freud considered superficial, including fear of social disapproval, in 1935, a mother asked Freud to treat her son. Freud replied in a letter that became famous, I gather from your letter that your son is a homosexual. By asking me if I can help, you mean, I suppose, if I can abolish homosexuality, the answer is, in a general way we cannot promise to achieve it. In a certain number of cases we succeed in developing the blighted germs of heterosexual tendencies and it is a question of the quality and the age of the individual. The result of treatment cannot be predicted, sándor Ferenczi was an influential psychoanalyst. In his view, a gay man who was confused about his sexual identity, Ferenczi believed that complete cures of homosexuality might become possible in the future when psychoanalytic technique had been improved. Melanie Klein was a pupil of Ferenczi, in 1949 she published Some Clinical Remarks Concerning the Treatment of Cases of Male Homosexuality in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis. The patient should be told that his choice of a partner allows him to enjoy a passive or receptive mode. Anna Freud in 1951 published Clinical Observations on the Treatment of Male Homosexuality in The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, in these articles, she insisted on the attainment of full object-love of the opposite sex as a requirement for cure of homosexuality
17.
Indigenous peoples in Canada
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Aboriginal peoples in Canada, are the indigenous peoples within the boundaries of present-day Canada. They comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis, although Indian is a term still commonly used in legal documents, the descriptors Indian and Eskimo have somewhat fallen into disuse in Canada and are pejorative. Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are some of the earliest known sites of habitation in Canada. The Paleo-Indian Clovis, Plano and Pre-Dorset cultures pre-date current indigenous peoples of the Americas, projectile point tools, spears, pottery, bangles, chisels and scrapers mark archaeological sites, thus distinguishing cultural periods, traditions and lithic reduction styles. The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal culture included permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies, the Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit people married Europeans. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada, Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first peoples communities. National Aboriginal Day recognizes the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples to the history of Canada, First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Aboriginal community and help to shape the Canadian cultural identity. The terms First Peoples and First Nations are both used to refer to peoples of Canada. The terms First Peoples or Aboriginal peoples in Canada are normally broader terms than First Nations, as they include Inuit, Métis, First Nations has come into general use for the indigenous peoples of North America in Canada, and their descendants, who are neither Inuit nor Métis. On reserves, First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnical identity, in conversation this would be I am Haida, or we are Kwantlens, in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities. In this Act, Aboriginal peoples of Canada includes the Indian, Inuit, Indian remains in place as the legal term used in the Canadian Constitution. Its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive, Aboriginal peoples is more commonly used to describe all indigenous peoples of Canada. It also refers to self-identification of Aboriginal people who live within Canada claiming rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the term Eskimo has pejorative connotations in Canada and Greenland. Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit, the Yupik of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and ethnographers agree they are a distinct people. They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo, the Yupik languages are linguistically distinct from the Inuit languages. Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people across the area inhabited by the Inuit. Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are divided into legal categories based on their relationship with the Crown
18.
Ministry of Labour (Ontario)
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The Ministry of Labour is responsible for labour issues in the Canadian province of Ontario. The Ministry of Labour and its agencies are responsible for employment equity and rights, occupational health and safety, the ministry’s three program responsibilities are delivered from a head office in Toronto and 19 offices organized around four regions, centred in Ottawa, Hamilton, Sudbury and Toronto. As well, the ministry oversees the work of eight specialized agencies, the current Minister of Labour is Kevin Flynn. The Province entered the field in 1882 with the creation of the Bureau of Industries, in 1900, it was transferred to the Department of the Commissioner of Public Works and renamed as the Bureau of Labour, which subsequently became the Trades and Labour Branch in 1916. In 1919, the Conservative government of William Howard Hearst secured passage of an Act to raise the Branch into a Cabinet-level department to be known as the Department of Labour. Because of the Conservative defeat in the 1919 general election, its first Minister was Walter Rollo of the Independent Labour Party, in 1972, as part of a general reorganization of departments initiated by the government of Bill Davis, the Department was renamed the Ministry of Labour
19.
Ray Blanchard
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Ray Milton Blanchard is an American-Canadian sexologist, best known for his research studies on pedophilia, transsexualism, and sexual orientation. He has also published studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including transvestism. Blanchard was born in Hammonton, New Jersey and he received his A. B. in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1967 and his Ph. D. from the University of Illinois in 1973. He conducted postdoctoral research at Dalhousie University until 1976, when he accepted a position as a clinical psychologist at the Ontario Correctional Institute in Brampton, Ontario, there, Blanchard met Kurt Freund, who became his mentor. Freund was conducting research in chemical castration for sex offenders, in 1980, he joined the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. In 1995 Blanchard was named Head of Clinical Sexology Services in the Law and Mental Health Programme of the CAMH and he is an adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto. He served on the American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders and was named to the DSM-5 committee, according to the Web of Science, Blanchards scientific articles have been cited more than 1800 times, with an h-index of 27. Blanchard has conducted research on factors that influence the development of sexual orientation and he has proposed a theory known as a fraternal birth order or older brother effect. This theory is that the older brothers a man has. The number of sisters has no effect, however. The same is not true for lesbians—neither the number of older brothers nor the number of older sisters appears to be related to the orientation of women. Blanchard defined the former as being present in transsexuals attracted to men, within the transgender community the idea has been criticized. Blanchard defined autogynephilic as “a mans paraphilic tendency to be aroused by the thought or image of himself as a woman”. He researched this theory by conducting a test on a sample of 119 MtF transsexuals who submitted an anonymous questionnaire to test if they were autogynephilic or homosexual, Blanchard believed that not all transsexuals fit in the category of “homosexual” and that some were instead autogynephilic transsexuals. Transsexuals who are autogynephilic can be classified as “sexually attracted to females gynephilic and those who were autogynephilic lived out their life as men until they decided to transition. On the other hand, those who were considered homosexual transsexuals “androphilia” and were attracted to men, were born feminine before transition. Blanchard’s goal in his research was to give an understanding on various manifestations of transsexuality. Many who read his theory criticized it and they defined autogynephilia as autogynephilia a psychological theory that undermines trans women’s identities
20.
James Cantor
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James M. Cantor is a Canadian clinical psychologist and sexologist, specializing in hypersexuality and atypical sexual interests. He is an editor of the journal Sexual Abuse and an expert on paraphilias. He is widely cited for his neuroscience research showing brain differences in pedophiles, and for suggesting that pedophilia is something unchangeable, Cantor and the implications of his work for preventing abuse were featured in the CBC documentary I, Pedophile, alongside interviews with pedophilic men. The film followed Cantor from the beginnings of his research to the presentation of its results. It was nominated for best social/political documentary in 2017, Cantor grew up on Long Island, New York and attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, with a concentration in computer science and minors in mathematics and physics. He obtained his MA in psychology from Boston University and PhD in clinical psychology from McGill University with a thesis on Reversal of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in male rats and he completed his postdoctoral training at CAMH, where he continued on staff. When asked how he became a sex researcher, Cantor affectionately referred to his alma mater where he was studying computers as junior Vulcan school. During his studies there, he was a resident adviser in the student dormitories, I discovered that those activities were the highlight of my day more than the technology-based parts of my day, he stated. He decided to pursue a doctorate in psychology at McGill University, which is where he found his research passion, Cantor gave a speech about his personal experience of being a gay graduate student at the 1991 annual convention of the American Psychological Association. Cantors research centers on the development of sexual interests, including sexual orientation and his study using magnetic resonance imaging to examine the brains of male pedophiles was reported in several mainstream news media outlets. He found a significant decrease in the amount of matter in their brains compared to control subjects, in addition to having lower IQ. This was interpreted as suggesting a link to early brain development, Cantor insists however that these findings do not imply that pedophiles should not be held legally responsible for their actions. The main argument in the paper for this addition is that the DSM-IV-TR definition of pedophilia is not sufficient to cover attraction to physically immature persons. The proposal has been criticized, mainly on the grounds that it pathologizes reproductively valid behavior in order to uphold current social and legal standards, cantors research suggests that sex addiction represents a variety of distinct problems, rather than a single unitary phenomenon. His typology of people seeking help for sex addiction includes paraphilic hypersexuals, avoidant masturbators, chronic adulterers, people with sexual guilt, Cantor delivered the keynote address at the founding of the Netherlands Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers in 2015. The Dutch national newspaper de Volkskrant covered the opening and called Cantor an inspired speaker, Cantor is widely referenced for providing scientific information about sex following high-profile cases of unusual sexual behavior. Such cases have included politician Anthony Weiner, entertainers Bill Cosby and Mark Salling, in 2016, Cantor and his research were the subject of a documentary, I, Pedophile, which featured Cantor alongside interviews with pedophilic men. The program followed Cantor to the Prevention Project Dunkelfeld in Berlin, reviews were positive, calling the film riveting and enlightening and the research ground breaking and revolutionary
21.
Kurt Freund
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Freund was born into a German-speaking Jewish family in Chrudim, then part of Austrian Bohemia, later Czechoslovakia, now in the Czech Republic. He married Anna Hlounová, a non-Jewish Czech pianist and music teacher, in 1943, they divorced in order to protect Anna and their newborn daughter Helen from anti-Jewish and anti-miscegenation legislation implemented by the German Nazi Occupators. They remarried after the war in 1945, and Anna gave birth to a son, Peter, many of Freunds relatives died during the Holocaust, including his parents Heinrich and Hella, and his brother Hans. Freund is best known for being the first to apply plethysmography to the penis, over his career, he refined the penile plethysmograph as part of a broad program of research on male sexual interest. The device remains controversial, and indeed Freund published articles acknowledging its limitations, Freund acknowledged this, and in fact demonstrated it in his studies, but maintained that orientation per se was best defined as the object of arousal. Freund was initially commissioned to use penile plethysmography to detect recruits attempting to evade military service by claiming to be homosexual. His larger research program, however, focused on detection and diagnosis of sex offenders, particularly preference pedophiles and his empirical data also showed some of the first evidence that sexual orientation conversion therapy was generally futile. Freund also challenged contemporary psychoanalytic theories of homosexuality that suggested it was due to a fear or aversion to women. Freund concluded that homosexual men simply lacked erotic interest in females, based on these studies, he advocated the decriminalization of homosexuality in Czechoslovakia and the end of conversion therapy. Freund also contributed to the idea of an origin of homosexuality by including in his book a study of identical twins who have almost always the same sexual orientation. This part of his contribution is not widely known in the West, Freund received his M. D. at Charles University of Prague, and later a D. Sc. degree there in 1962. He carried out research and later both research and clinical work at Charles Universitys Sexological Institute. Freund fled to Canada in 1968, in the wake of the Prague Spring, Freund then began plethysmography studies of male sexual orientation at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, where much of the research and published data using PPG originated. The Kurt Freund Laboratory at that centre is named after him, there was controversy regarding potential abuses of devices to measure sexual interests, following fears that it might lead to discrimination against gay men. Freund was diagnosed cancer in 1994 and was a member of Dying with Dignity. When his health deteriorated in 1996, he committed suicide by taking a cocktail of muscle relaxants, sleeping pills. Freund, K. J. Diamant, and V. Pinkava, on the validity and reliability of the phalloplethysmographic diagnosis of some sexual deviations. A Laboratory Method For Diagnosing Predominance Of Homo- Or Hetero-Erotic Interest In Male, homosexualita u muže, Praha, Státní zdravotnické nakladatelství,274 pp.3000 copies
22.
David A. Wolfe
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David Allen Wolfe is an academic, psychologist and author specializing in issues of child abuse, domestic violence, children and youth. Wolfe is the son of a teacher and minister, born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania and growing up in Missouri, Connecticut, and Florida. Wolfe earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York in 1973, and he took postdoctoral training for Child Trauma research at the Medical University of South Carolina in 1985. Wolfe joined the faculty in the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Wolfe holds the inaugural at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and heads the CAMH Centre for Prevention Science. He is also Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of Toronto, since 2007 he has served as Editor-in-Chief of Child Abuse & Neglect, The International Journal. Wolfe received the Award of Merit from the Ontario Psychological Association in 1988 for his contributions to research. He has provided extensive assessment and consultation to child services, schools. Between 1999 and 2000 he was the Chair in the Sub-Committee on Child Abuse in Peacetime for the International Working Group on Trauma, United Nations. He is cited extensively by Judge Normand Glaude in the report as one of the leading experts in child sexual abuse.5 years later at a low per-student cost. The Fourth R Project Child Abuse and Neglect, The International Journal Center for Research & Education on Violence Against Women and Children CAMH RBC Childrens Mental Health Project
23.
College Street (Toronto)
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College Street is a principal arterial thoroughfare in downtown Toronto, Canada, connecting former streetcar suburbs in the west with the city centre. The street is home to a diverse population in the western residential reaches, and institutions like the Ontario Legislature. At Yonge Street, College continues to the east as Carlton Street, College Street takes its name from the University of Toronto, originally Kings College. Between Spadina Avenue and Yonge Street, College marks the boundary of the original 1827 land grant for the college. The street was immediately proposed as an east-west route along the boundary, the first section built was to the west of Spadina Avenue, through the estate of Robert Baldwin, who laid out the route. This section was built with the 100 feet that was used for Spadina. The section through Baldwins estate was laid out in 1842, after John Howard made the 1873 land grant which would become High Park, the Denison family proposed that the city extend College Street west as a sort of driving park to access the new public lands. The path to the west of Manning Avenue was blocked by William Wakefield, the purchase of Wakefields land did not take place until 1879. The right-of-way purchased through Wakefields land was the standard 66 feet width, the cost of the land may have been a factor. Building the route west of Clinton Street was a challenge in the 1880s, at the time, a direct line west would have traveled through the ravines of Garrison and Brewery Creeks as far as Dufferin Street, the western city limit at the time. Instead, the road was rerouted along a north-western crescent running parallel to the creeks, the route then proceeded straight as far west as Havelock Street, just east of Dufferin. At Havelock Street, the right-of-way intersected the property of Charles Lindsay, the alignment of College Street would have bisected his property, leaving unsaleable lot sizes on the south side of College. Lindsay was able to convince the city to reroute around his property to the north, with a kink that exists to this day, after the suburb of Brockton was annexed in the 1880s, the final section of College Street was built to Lansdowne Avenue in 1886. It was expected that College would be extended further, but just west of Lansdowne the rail lines created a barrier, streetcar service extended as far west as Dufferin by 1889, and to High Park by 1893. Sunday operation of the line to High Park did not begin until 1897, the streetcar led to the development of residential sub-divisions on both sides, with street frontages actually empty. The frontages were used for billboards, with development on the only filling up the lots on both sides by World War I, although some vacant lots existed into the 1920s. The intersection at Yonge Street is dominated by the landmark College Park complex and this historic building is now used for retail, office, and residential purposes. Between University and Spadina Avenue, the street bounds the Grange Park neighbourhood to the south, the intersection at Spadina Avenue represents the northern boundary of the citys principal Chinatown, as well as the western boundary of the university
24.
John Robarts
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John Parmenter Robarts, PC CC QC was a Canadian lawyer and statesman, and the 17th Premier of Ontario. Robarts was born in Banff, Alberta, making him the only Ontario premier not to have born in Ontario. As a young man, he moved to London, Ontario with his family, while attending Western, he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. He enrolled to study law at Osgoode Hall Law School, and he served as an officer on HMCS Uganda. After the war, he returned to law school and graduated in 1948 and he practiced law in London, Ontario, and was elected a city alderman / councillor in 1948. In 1951, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Progressive Conservative MPP from the city, in that era, MPPs not in cabinet were essentially working part-time, due to relatively light legislative duties. Robarts commuted by train from the Queens Park legislature in Toronto to his family and law practice in London and his wife Norah disliked Toronto and remained at home in London for most of their marriage. He entered the cabinet of Leslie Frost in 1958 as minister without portfolio, in 1961, he became the 17th Premier of Ontario, and served in that capacity until 1971. He was an advocate of individual freedoms, and promoted the rights of the provinces against the centralizing initiatives of the federal government. As a civil libertarian, and a believer in the promotion of both official languages, Robarts opened the door to French language education in Ontario schools. In 1972 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, after retiring from office, John Robarts co-chaired the Task Force on Canadian Unity with Jean-Luc Pépin, and joined the boards of directors of several major corporations. Later in his life, after suffering a series of debilitating strokes and he is buried in St. James Cemetery in Toronto. The Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies at York University was founded in 1982 in his name, the John P. Robarts Research Institute at the University of Western Ontario was officially opened in 1986. He served as Chancellor of UWO from 1971 to 1976 and he served as Chancellor of York University from 1977 to 1982. Also in London is the Robarts School for the Deaf, the 14-storey John P. Robarts Research Library at the University of Toronto is also named in his honour. University of Western Ontario professor A. K, mcDougall authored the first full-length biography, Robarts, in 1985. Steve Paikin wrote a biography, Public Triumph, Private Tragedy, Ontario Legislative Assembly Parliamentarian History Order of Canada citation Reference on John Robarts Death John P. Robarts fonds, Archives of Ontario
25.
Conrad Black
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Conrad Moffat Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, KSG is a Canadian-born British former newspaper publisher and author. He is a life peer. In 2004, a prosecution of Black began in the United States. Over $80 million in assets were alleged to have improperly taken and/or spent by Black. He was convicted of three counts of fraud and one count of obstruction of justice in a U. S. court in 2007 and sentenced to six and a half years imprisonment. In 2011, two of the charges were overturned on appeal and he was re-sentenced to 42 months in prison on one count of mail fraud, Black was released on 4 May 2012, after serving 37 months in prison. Black was born in Montreal, Quebec, to a family originally from Winnipeg. His father, George Montegu Black, Jr. a Chartered Accountant, became the president of Canadian Breweries Limited, biographer George Toombs said of Blacks motivations, He was born into a very large family of athletic, handsome people. He wasnt particularly athletic or handsome like they were, so he developed a different skill – wordplay, Black has written that his father was cultured humorous and that his mother was a natural, convivial, and altogether virtuous person. Black was first educated at Upper Canada College, during time, at age eight. Six years later, he was expelled from UCC for selling stolen exam papers and he then attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, where he lasted less than a year, being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. Though he successfully completed the year as an extra-mural student, Black went on to a small, now defunct, private school in Toronto called Thornton Hall, continuing on to post-secondary education at Carleton University. He attended Torontos Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, and he completed a law degree at Université Laval, and in 1973 completed a Master of Arts degree in History at McGill University. Blacks thesis, at McGill would become the first half of his first book of Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis, Black subsequently had the principal items from the papers copied and microfilmed, and donated copies to McGill, York, and Windsor universities. Blacks first marriage was in 1978 to Joanna Hishon of Montreal, the couple had two sons and a daughter. Their divorce was finalized in 1992, that same year Black married British-born journalist Barbara Amiel, Black described Amiel, in the first volume of his autobiography as beautiful, brilliant, ideologically a robust spirit and chic, humorous and preternaturally sexy. Courtroom evidence revealed that the couple exchanged over 11,000 emails, but she has, and no one can know, and it is beyond my power adequately to express here, what her constancy has meant to me. For more than four years before I was sent to prison, she toiled with me against the heavy odds generated by the legal and she endured an avalanche of abuse directed at her as extravagant, flakey, apt to bolt, domineering, and what Kafka called nameless crimes
26.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
27.
Liquor Control Board of Ontario
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The Liquor Control Board of Ontario is a Crown corporation that retails and distributes alcoholic beverages throughout the province of Ontario, Canada. It is accountable to the Ontario Ministry of Finance and it was established in 1927 on the advice of Ontario Premier Howard Ferguson, to sell liquor, wine, and beer. Such sales had been banned outright in 1916, thus, the creation of the LCBO marked an easing of the provinces temperance regime, many of these outlets are located at the wineries, breweries or distilleries themselves, certain wine retail shops are located within grocery stores. Beverages sold at bars and restaurants must be consumed on the establishments premises, as of July 11,2016, LCBO accepts Apple Pay in each of their 654 stores in the province, allowing contactless payment for all purchases of liquor. The LCBO was created in 1927 with the end of prohibition which had introduced in the province in 1916. The Liquor Control Act authorized the LCBO to control the sale, transportation, Brewers Retail was created to sell beer in a controlled manner while wines and spirits were sold in LCBO outlets. Wineries and breweries were allowed to sell from their own stores. The Conservative government of Howard Ferguson contested the 1926 provincial election on a platform of easing the temperance law, on being re-elected, it introduced the Liquor Control Act as a compromise between the complete prohibition demanded by the temperance movement and the unregulated sale of alcohol. Premier Ferguson stated that the Liquor Control Act was, to allow people to exercise a God-given freedom under reasonable restrictions. Ferguson was further quoted as saying the purpose of the LCBO was to promote temperance sobriety, personal liberty and, above all, to restore respect for the law. To achieve these goals LCBO was mandated by Ferguson’s Government to employ a mechanism in order to know “exactly who is buying and how much. From 1927-1962 the LCBO required people who wanted to purchase liquor to possess a permit and they had to present these permits at the point of purchase, and the clerk at the liquor store would enter information about what, precisely, the individual purchased. Residents applied for and received individually-numbered liquor permits, a temporary permit was a single sheet form with 6 digit number with effective and expiry dates. This was issued until the yearly permit form was received and it was also provided to non-resident visitors. In 1957 Permit books were replaced with permit cards and these cards held the permit holder’s name and their permit number and also were needed in order to purchase liquor at the LCBO. The purchase order form would be handed to an LCBO employee along with the individual’s liquor permit and he would “examine permit and see to what extent the purchaser has been buying liquor. If purchaser has exceeded a reasonable quantity per week, note permit number and address and this meant a store employee could deny a sale to a customer if his intended purchases may be considered too large for one person to reasonably consume. Purchase order forms remained in use into the 1970s when the LCBO changed to a self serve format, to control what it considered to be excessive purchases or other abuses of the permit privilege the LCBO employed a list called the interdiction list
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Doctors Medical Center San Pablo Campus
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Doctors Medical Center was an eight-story creekside hospital in San Pablo, California. It was the only cardiac/STEMI, stroke, and cancer center in Contra Costa County, the health facility once employed 1,100 people. The hospital has been described as the backbone of the community of 250,000 people between that is bordered by Vallejo to the north and Berkeley to the south, the West Contra Costa Healthcare District board voted on 26 March 2015 to close the facility in April. The hospital closed on April 21,2015, the hospital opened in 1948 when the community voted to create a special government district around the concept of building a modern hospital known as the West Contra Costa Healthcare District. In 1954 Brookside Hospital opened its doors and at a later time Tenet HealthSystems took over administration from the district, in 1997 the hospital was forced to receive nearly all the ambulance arrival emergency patients for west county as a result of a federal shut down of Kaiser Richmond. In 2004 Tenet dropped their contract and the hospital began to suffer financial woes. The hospital was bailed out through several state loan, county funding, the hospital is also struggling to secure funding necessary to retrofit and modernize to meet the states strict earthquake proofing building standards. In 2006 the Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors approved $20 million of funds to be handed over to the hospital and this deal came with the condition of heightened county scrutiny over the medical centers bookkeeping. Half came from the emergency reserves and half from county administered federal Medicaid funds. This deal permitted the center to continue ambulance services, in 2011, a mail-only special election ballot measure, measure J was approved by 74% of the voters and will cost $47 per parcel annually as long as the facility remains open. The measure was supported by the chambers of commerce and the local tax payers advocate group even abstained from having a position on the matter. It is projected to raise approximately $5 million annually, although the hospital has been able to stay afloat, it has had to cut costs to the bone including discontinuing obstetrics. It is one of two hospitals that accept Medi-Cal in the county which comprise 80% of its users, while 10% have private insurance or none whatsoever. Also in September 2011 Richmond mayor Gayle McGlaughlin along with state senator Loni Hancock and the mayors of Hercules, Pinole. The hospital and the lender would have guaranteed loans so the hospital would have funding and it was approved by Brown on October 9. In March 2015, the West County Health District Board voted to close the hospital, the estimated $7.5 million from the sale would satisfy employee, physician, and vendor liabilities. The hospital closed on April 21,2015, the hospital was the main medical facility serving the West County area of Richmond and surrounding communities. The area is a low income community that service mostly Medi-Cal patients, the hospital was founded in 1954
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