1.
Aspect ratio (image)
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The aspect ratio of an image describes the proportional relationship between its width and its height. It is commonly expressed as two separated by a colon, as in 16,9.5 yards high. The most common ratios used today in the presentation of films in cinemas are 1.85,1 and 2.39,1. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4,3, the video format of the 20th century. Other cinema and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently, in still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4,3,3,2, and more recently being found in consumer cameras 16,9. Other aspect ratios, such as 5,3,5,4, in motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the images size. The universal standard is a frame that is four perforations high, the film itself is 35 mm wide, but the area between the perforations is 24.89 mm×18.67 mm, leaving the de facto ratio of 4,3, or 1.33,1. A4,3 ratio mimics human eyesight visual angle of 155°h x 120°v, the motion picture industry convention assigns a value of 1.0 to the image’s height, an anamorphic frame is often incorrectly described as 2.40,1 or 2.40. After 1952, a number of aspect ratios were experimented with for anamorphic productions, a SMPTE specification for anamorphic projection from 1957 finally standardized the aperture to 2.35,1. An update in 1970 changed the ratio to 2.39,1 in order to make splices less noticeable. This aspect ratio of 2.39,1 was confirmed by the most recent revision from August 1993, in American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85,1 and 2.39,1. Some European countries have 1.66,1 as the wide screen standard, the Academy ratio of 1.375,1 was used for all cinema films in the sound era until 1953. During that time, television, which had a aspect ratio of 1.33,1. Hollywood responded by creating a number of wide-screen formats, CinemaScope, Todd-AO. The flat 1.85,1 aspect ratio was introduced in May 1953, and became one of the most common cinema projection standards in the U. S. and elsewhere. The goal of these lenses and aspect ratios was to capture as much of the frame as possible, onto as large an area of the film as possible. In either case the image was squeezed horizontally to fit the frame size. Development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the constraints of the perforations
2.
Impact Wrestling
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Impact Wrestling is a privately held American professional wrestling promotion based in Nashville, Tennessee and founded by Jeff and Jerry Jarrett in 2002. The promotion was known as NWA, Total Nonstop Action and was associated with the National Wrestling Alliance. After the agreement ended in 2007, the company created its own TNA World Heavyweight and it is the only major American promotion to predominantly make use of a six-sided wrestling ring. The concept of TNA originated shortly after World Championship Wrestling ended in 2001, bob Ryder, Jeff Jarrett and Jerry Jarrett went on a fishing trip and contemplated their futures in the professional wrestling business. Only one wrestling product remained on United States national television, the World Wrestling Federation, the Jarretts found the financial backing they needed and the company put on its first show on June 19,2002. That night, however, in a match just before they went on the air. The estimated repair time was 30–60 minutes, which they did not have because the schedule called for them to go live in a few minutes, whether the ring was ready or not. Backstage, the producers shuffled the schedule so that some non-wrestling segments went first to give the crew some more time. The ring crew fixed the rope with the help of Ron and Don Harris, initially, TNAs weekly pay-per-view show operated as the companys main source of revenue, in place of monthly pay-per-view events used by other promotions. These shows took place mostly at the Tennessee State Fairground Sports Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, after 27 months and 111 pay-per-view events, TNA began holding a weekly television show and monthly three-hour pay-per-views. The last weekly pay-per-view took place on September 8,2004, Xplosion launched on November 27,2002 as TNAs first regular cable show and featured exclusive matches from the TNA Asylum as well as exclusive interviews with TNA wrestlers. On November 18,2004, the became a recap show of the previous weeks Impact. in light of alterations in the taping schedule. Xplosion resumed airing exclusive matches once more on October 7,2005 in addition to recapping Impact, the Xplosion Xclusives also aired on the now-ceased TNA Global Impact. Airing of Xplosion in the United States ceased at the end of 2006, in May 2004, TNA introduced a television program, Impact. produced at Soundstage 21 at Universal Studios Florida and broadcast on Fox Sports. In November 2004, TNA held the first of these pay-per-views, Victory Road, the television contract with Fox Sports expired in May 2005 and was not renegotiated, leaving TNA without television exposure. This prompted TNA to air Impact, via webcasts – originally made available via BitTorrent and eventually via RealPlayer – and on Urban America Television replacing Xplosion. During this time, TNA continued pursuing a television deal for regular broadcasting, would later secured a deal with Spike TV. In October 2006, TNA began holding select pay-per-views outside of its filming location
3.
Wheel of Fortune (UK game show)
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Wheel of Fortune is a British television game show created by Merv Griffin. Contestants compete to solve puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash. The title refers to the shows giant carnival wheel that contestants spin throughout the course of the game to determine their cash and/or prizes and it mostly follows the same general format from the original version of the programme from the United States, with a few minor differences. Points earned from all players carried on to proceeding rounds, and were susceptible to Bankrupts, meaning a winner could be crowned that never solved a puzzle, but acquired a large amount of points. This rule would actually encourage sacrificing a players turn if he or she didnt know the puzzle rather than risking his or her points by spinning again. For the first three series, before recording of episode, each contestant spun the wheel and the contestant with the highest score would start the first round. The contestant would be asked a 50/50 trivia question and if the contestant answered correctly, if the letter appeared on the puzzle board once, the contestant would earn the value. If the letter appeared on the board twice, the contestant would earn double the value. If the letter appeared on the puzzle board thrice, the contestant would earn triple the value, a player may purchase a vowel for 250 points, regardless of how many times that vowel appeared in the puzzle. In the speed round, the host would spin the wheel with the centre players arrow determining the point value for each contestant, vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun. The left player would go first, from the fourth series onward, the 50/50 trivia individual questions were dropped. Instead, at the start of round, the contestants would be asked a general knowledge question. Also from the fourth series onward, from Round 3 to the end, the centre players arrow determined the point value for each consonant in the speed-up round. Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun, in the Grand Finale, the winning contestant chose from one of three bonus prizes to play for, a car, a luxury holiday or a cash prize. The series in 1994 differed in that the prize the contestant won for solving the puzzle was a car plus the prize of £10,000. In one episode in 1994 the prize was two cars and £10,000, from 1995-1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with £20,000. After choosing five consonants and a vowel, the contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize, unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was A CUP OF TEA, the player could solve OF, then A, then TEA, in the final series, LOSE A TURN was changed to MISS A TURN, for reasons unknown, and a 500 Gamble wedge was added
4.
Impact! (TV series)
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Impact Wrestling is a professional wrestling television program produced by the Impact Wrestling promotion. The show, initially known as TNA Impact, debuted in the United States on Fox Sports Net on June 4,2004, where it remained until May 2005. First began airing episodes on Saturday nights, before moving to Thursday nights in April 2006. It briefly moved to Monday nights in 2010 and to Wednesday nights in 2014 until its final broadcast on Spike, in 2015, the show moved to Destination America, initially airing on Friday nights before moving back to Wednesday nights on June 3,2015. Its final broadcast on Destination America was December 16,2015 at 11,00 pm ET, as of January 5,2016, Impact Wrestling airs weekly on Pop in the United States, now airing on Tuesday nights. Starting July 21,2016, the moved to Thursday nights. TNA began taping TNA Impact. that month and aired the first episode on June 4,2004, Impact. was also syndicated throughout Canada on RDS and Europe on The Wrestling Channel and later both Bravo and Bravo 2 in the United Kingdom, as well as Eurosport. After 51 shows TNAs contract with FSN expired in May 2005 and was not renegotiated, the series as a whole gained little success, averaging a 0.3 household rating. TNA was left with no deal and, therefore, had no means of promoting their monthly pay-per-views. Did continue to air on regional networks in place of TNA Xplosion. On July 1, TNA began offering new episodes through their website, first using BitTorrent downloads, to save on production costs, four hours of the show were recorded in a day and made available throughout the subsequent month. Two episodes were taped every other Tuesday, airing them on the subsequent Saturday, TNAs syndication contracts for the show on local TV channels, from after the FSN contract, were converted to contracts for their syndicated show, TNA Xplosion. They were no longer paying for the timeslot, though Spike controlled their advertising revenue, because of viewership growth, Impact. was moved to Thursdays in April 2006, and later to an earlier primetime slot in November. At this time tapings were moved from Tuesdays to Mondays, in June 2006, episodes became available at the iTunes Store. Though they have since been removed, due to further viewership growth, Impact. was expanded to two hours on October 4,2007, still starting at the same time of 9pm. On January 17,2008, Spike presented an event entitled Global Impact, which featured TNA wrestlers in matches against talents from New Japan Pro Wrestling and on March 27,2008, Impact. Aired live for the first time in the history in its regular timeslot. Announced in a release on TNAwrestling. com on April 2,2008, up until then, they had only broadcast their monthly pay-per-view events on Main Event in Australia
5.
Television South
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Television South was the ITV franchise holder in the south east of England and parts of the south west of England between 1 January 1982 at 9.30 am and 31 December 1992 at 11.59 pm. During its 11-year history TVS produced a number of programmes for the ITV network especially in the fields of drama, light entertainment. TVS ceased broadcasting on 31 December 1992 after losing its franchise to Meridian Broadcasting during the review of franchise holders in 1991, the company was sold to the U. S. firm International Family Entertainment in 1993. Television Souths trademarks are now owned by an independent production company, finance was provided by Barclays Bank and Charterhouse investment bank. This area was the most hotly contested with seven other applicants besides TVS, to reflect this the contract area served by Southern Television, which was previously titled the South of England area was renamed South and South-East of England. The rationale was that the larger ITV companies should bear more of the costs as their size enabled them to. He also expressed doubts that Yorkshire Television may not give up its monopoly of networked science programmes. TVS aims were for a different line of programming in the evening slots, to win back the 50,000 viewers they claimed were switching over to rivals. TVS began broadcasting at 09.30 am on 1 January 1982, the new dual-regional station sprang to life with its new specially composed startup music – variously named but referred to in-house as TVS Gallop, accompanied by a programme menu and clock. A number of made the transition from Southern to TVS. All production staff were transferred as part of the union agreements within ITV. Prior to broadcasting, TVS refused to take on most of Southerns programme stock, following the launch of Channel 4 in November 1982, the operas were shown on that channel. Financial director Lionel Ross said, In August 1984, Greg Dyke became TVS Director of Programmes, in 1985 an agreement was reached with LWT, who required help to fill its schedules with appropriate, domestically-produced programming while not having to increase its budget. TVS retained its original philosophy for regional and childrens programmes, by November 1986, the station became one of the most heavily criticised companies by the IBA over its programming. The criticisism mainly concerned the Southampton editions of Coast to Coast while issues were raised over the quality of TVSs drama and its education shows were too didactic while its religious output was branded as having barely discernible religious content. Once again, TVS expressed their concern about its relationship with the Big Five ITV stations, in April 1987, Greg Dyke left TVS and returned to LWT. By TVSs fifth Birthday in 1987, its profits had grown 62% since 1981 to £14, the end result was that the accounts revealed TVS had become bigger than Yorkshire Television in terms of advertising revenue, and was quickly catching up with the other Big Five ITV companies. By the following January, its profits had increased again to £21. 8M, there was speculation at the time, that the technicians strike at TV-am could have spread to its operations over its plans to provide an overnight service which become fully operational by June 1988
6.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
7.
Virgin Media
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Virgin Media PLC is a British company which provides fixed and mobile telephone, television and broadband internet services to businesses and consumers in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are in Hook, Hampshire, United Kingdom, the company has been a subsidiary of Liberty Global plc, an international television and telecommunications company headquartered in London, since June 2013. Virgin Media previously had a listing on the NASDAQ Stock Market and was a constituent of the NASDAQ-100 index. It also had a listing on the London Stock Exchange. The company was formed in March 2006 by the merger of NTL and Telewest, in November 2006 the company signed a deal with Sir Richard Branson to license the Virgin brand for the combined business. All of the companys services were rebranded under the Virgin Media name in February 2007. At the same date it had around 3 million mobile telephony customers, Virgin Media competes primarily with Sky, BT Group, EE, O2, TalkTalk, Vodafone and Three. The companys origins lie in both Telewest and NTL, which merged in March 2006, Telewest began in 1984 in Croydon under the name Croydon Cable, and was acquired by United Cable of Denver in 1988. The company expanded during the 1990s and adopted the Telewest name in 1992 following the merger of its then-parent TCI and US West. It expanded into cable television access in 1999 by purchasing the remaining 50% stake in Cable London, one of the first cable TV companies in the UK, from NTL, adding 400,000 homes in north London. In April 2000 Telewest merged with Flextech, and in November extended its network with the acquisition of Eurobell. NTL was established by Barclay Knapp and George Blumenthal in 1993 as International CableTel, initially, Cabletel acquired local cable franchises covering Guildford, Northern Ireland and parts of Central Scotland and South Wales. In 1996 CableTel acquired National Transcommunications Limited, the privatised UK Independent Broadcasting Authority transmission network, in 1998 CableTel adopted NTL as its new name. NTL purchased the ISP Virgin. net in 2004, having originally operated it as a joint venture with Virgin Group since it launched in November 1996. It sold ADSL broadband services through BT landlines to those living outside areas served by NTLs cable network and also offered subscription-based, prior to acquiring Virgin. net, NTL offered a similar package called NTL Freedom. Telewest and NTL began discussions regarding a merger in late 2003, thanks to their geographically distinct areas, NTL and Telewest had co-operated previously, as in redirecting potential customers living outside their respective areas. On 3 October 2005, NTL announced a US$16 billion purchase of Telewest, to prevent this, Telewest instead acquired NTL. In December 2005 NTL, Telewest and mobile network operator Virgin Mobile UK announced that talks had taken place regarding a merger
8.
TNA British Boot Camp
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TNA British Boot Camp is a British reality television programme focusing on the professional wrestling industry. The programme documented the careers of four British professional wrestlers seeking a contract with the American professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, the series was commissioned from TNA Productions by BSkyB and started airing on Challenge from 1 January 2013. The commissioning of the series reflected a commitment by BSkyB to invest £600 million in British-made television content by 2014, the programmes executive producer is veteran TNA ring announcer Jeremy Borash, who created the show and edited the programme himself. The programme followed four of Britains most promising wrestlers - Rockstar Spud, Marty Scurll, the wrestlers were mentored by veteran professional wrestlers such as Hulk Hogan and Rollerball Rocco. In the season finale of British Boot Camp, which aired on 22 January 2013, Rockstar Spud was named the winner, following the finale, all four wrestlers performed with TNA as part of the Road to Lockdown tour of the United Kingdom and Ireland. The series was scheduled to air in December 2012, but was moved back to January 2013. The programme was described as a hit for Challenge TV. Rob Leigh of the Daily Mirror stated that the shows post-reality show format is bang up to date, the programme followed twelve of Britains most promising wrestlers who competed to receive a contract from TNA. It premiered on Challenge, on 19 October 2014
9.
Sky One
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Sky 1 is the British flagship channel operated and owned by Sky plc. It is the entertainment channel operated in the United Kingdom. Sky 1 launched across Europe on 26 April 1982 by founder Connor Baskey as Satellite Television and is the oldest non-terrestrial TV channel in the United Kingdom. In the UK, the channel is available via satellite on Sky, digital cable on Virgin Media, IPTV on TalkTalk TV. In Ireland, the channel is available via Sky Ireland, Virgin Media Ireland, on 27 June 1983, the shareholders of Satellite Television agreed a £5 million offer to give News International 65% of the company. Murdoch extended the broadcast hours and the number of countries the station broadcast to including the United Kingdom, on 16 January 1984 the channel was renamed Sky Channel. On 8 June 1988, Murdoch announced his plans to expand Skys service to four channels, the show had a mix of entertainment, gossip, fashion, etc. The Channel continued with the childrens programmes, soaps, and US action series. On 31 July 1989, the channel was renamed Sky One and closed in most European countries, broadcasting to only the United Kingdom, in 1990 Sky One begin to acquire more recent programming, an early success being Moonlighting, which the BBC had previously screened but not repeated. Sky One also picked new programming such as The Simpsons,21 Jump Street and the last series of Falcon Crest, the channel also commissioned a number of home grown programmes while also expanding its Australian television series to include E Street, Chances and Paradise Beach. In contrast to the Sky2 that was relaunched, this channel featured even more first-run programmes. In 2000, a feed of Sky One for Ireland was launched. For most of this Irish feeds existence, the difference between it and the United Kingdom feed has been differing commercials and programme promotions. In June 2003, the channel started broadcasting in 16,9 widescreen, however, all TV commercials were broadcast in 4,3 until November 2005, because they were played off the same servers for all Sky channels, many of which were not broadcast in widescreen. On 21 September 2004, Sky One Mix was subsequently renamed Sky Mix, on 31 October 2005, Sky Mix was renamed as Sky Two with the launch of a second sister channel Sky Three. An on-screen message instead appears redirecting viewers to Sky 1, to coincide with launch of Sky HD, Sky 1 HD began broadcasting on 22 May 2006. Programmes that are not available in HD are upscaled, a new Sky 1 HD logo was introduced along with the rebrand on 31 August 2008. On 1 October 2010, Sky 1 HD launched on Virgin Media channel 122, with Sky 2 moving to channel 123 and Sky 3 moving to channel 180 on 22 September 2010, to make way for the new channel
10.
Sky Sports News
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Sky Sports News HQ is a 24-hour sports news television channel in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Nordic countries. The channel focuses predominantly on football but reports on a range of sports. The programming is presented by two reporters in the studio who read the news or introduce short clips featuring highlights and interviews covering a variety of topics. Tabs at the bottom of the screen give unrelated information on a range of sports. The content of the studio feed generally repeats depending on the amount of news at a given time. On 20 May 2007, SSN broadcast the Conference National play-off Final between Exeter City and Morecambe and this was due to all other Sky Sports channels being occupied by live sport. This enabled Freeview viewers to watch a match on Sky Sports. The station also had coverage of Wales v New Zealand on 26 May 2007. Sky Sports News launched on 1 October 1998, the date of BSkyBs Digital Satellite service. On 10 April 2000, SSN relaunched as Sky Sports. com TV, the channel scrapped its. com TV look, and on 1 July 2001, Sky Sports News launched another graphics change. A major part of this was the standardisation, i. e. a more corporate look across the Sky channels, the channel also scrapped its slogan and just paid attention to the fact of the news. From April 2002, Sky Sports News had another face-lift, the channel stayed in the same studio, but with a silver look replacing the old wooden bench, and there was a promise of being first for breaking news, along with much more useful information. In 2004, Sky Sports News changed its image, with an open blue look to the channel. The titles featured players such as Frank Lampard, Tim Cahill, Thierry Henry and Ryan Giggs passing the football to each other, Sky Sports News was rebranded as Sky Sports News HQ on 12 August 2014. The new studio is twice the size of the old one, as part of the change the channel moved to Sky channel 401. The channel also gained new graphics, as part of the launch, a new look for the channel was introduced at 07,00 on 5 August 2007, in time for the 2007–08 football season. The main presentation structure was retained, including the information box displaying transfers. The ticker at the bottom of the screen was retained, however changed from white to red, with the yellow
