1.
Clinton County, Kentucky
–
Clinton County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,272, the county was formed in 1835 and named for DeWitt Clinton, the seventh Governor of New York. It is a prohibition or dry county, Clinton County was formed on February 20,1835 from portions of Cumberland and Wayne counties. It was named for DeWitt Clinton, governor of New York, courthouse fires in 1864 and 1980 resulted in the destruction of county records. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 205 square miles. The population density was 49 per square mile, there were 4,888 housing units at an average density of 25 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 99. 09% White,0. 10% Black or African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 04% Asian,0. 11% Pacific Islander,0. 08% from other races, and 0. 32% from two or more races. 1. 22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.85. In the county, the population was out with 22. 70% under the age of 18,8. 60% from 18 to 24,27. 70% from 25 to 44,26. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 92.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $19,563, and the median income for a family was $25,919. Males had an income of $21,193 versus $16,194 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,286, about 20. 20% of families and 25. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 80% of those under age 18 and 29. 90% of those age 65 or over. Albany Alpha Garlin Murl Conner Dry counties National Register of Historic Places listings in Clinton County, Kentucky The Kentucky Highlands Project
2.
Tennessee
–
Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
3.
White County, Tennessee
–
White County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,841, on September 11,1806, an act of the Tennessee General Assembly created White County out of Smith and Jackson counties, responding to a petition signed by 155 residents of the area. The countys original geographic area included all of what are now White and Warren counties, as well as parts of modern Cannon, Coffee, DeKalb, Franklin, Grundy, Putnam, the origin of the countys name is disputed. The county is held to be named for John White, a Revolutionary War soldier, surveyor. White had moved his family to the Cumberland Mountains from Virginia in 1789, however, some historians suggest the county was named for Revolutionary War soldier James White, the founder of Knoxville. A temporary county seat was established near Rock Island, now in Warren County, three years later a permanent county seat was established on the banks of the Calfkiller River and named Sparta. In 1840, White County became a destination for people all over the country when Christopher Haufmann erected a large hotel on Bon Air Mountain. The hotel was near some mineral springs as well as being at a high altitude, White County was the site of a very large saltpeter mining operation during the Civil War. The Cave Hill Saltpeter Pits, located on Cave Hill near the mouth of England Cove, were intensively mined, Saltpeter is the main ingredient of gunpowder and was obtained by leaching the earth from these caves. The Civil War deeply affected White County, although no battles were fought in the area. As it was on the border between the largely pro-Union East Tennessee and pro-Confederate Middle Tennessee, the county was the scene of bloodshed from partisans of both sides. One famous Confederate guerrilla operating in the area was Champ Ferguson, Ferguson was tried by a military court, convicted and executed by hanging, one of only two Confederates executed for war crimes. He is buried in France Cemetery near Sparta, over the subsequent decades, White County slowly rebuilt from the ashes of war. The county was connected to the world by railroad, mainly because of the booming coal mining industries being started on Bon Air Mountain. The mountain was rich in coal, and enterprising local businessmen were quick to realize the profit potential that represented. Several mining towns sprang up on the part of the county, including Bon Air, Eastland. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 379 square miles. The eastern part of the county lies atop the Cumberland Plateau, while the portion is situated on the Highland Rim
4.
Confederate States of America
–
The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
5.
Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War
–
Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War followed the same general patterns of irregular warfare conducted in 19th century Europe. Structurally, they can be divided three different types of operations—the so-called Peoples War, partisan warfare, and raiding warfare. Each has distinct characteristics that were common practice during the Civil War years, the concept of a Peoples war, first described by von Clausewitz in his classic treatise On War, was the closest example of a mass guerrilla movement in the era. In general during the Civil War, this type of warfare was conducted in the hinterland of the Border States. It was marked by a vicious neighbor-against-neighbor quality as other grudges got settled and it was frequent for residents of one part of a single county to take up arms against their counterparts in the rest of the vicinity. Bushwhacking, murder, assault, and terrorism were characteristics of this kind of fighting, few participants wore uniforms or were formally mustered into the actual armies. In many cases, it was civilian against civilian, or civilian against opposing enemy troops, one such example was the opposing irregular forces operating in Missouri and northern Arkansas from 1862 to 1865, most of which were pro-Confederate or pro-Union in name only. They preyed on civilians and isolated military forces of both sides with regard for politics. From these semi-organized guerrillas, several groups formed and were given some measure of legitimacy by their governments, quantrills Raiders, who terrorized pro-Union civilians and fought Federal troops in large areas of Missouri and Kansas, was one such unit. Another notorious unit, with ties to the Confederate military, was led by Champ Ferguson along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Ferguson became one of the few figures of the Confederate cause to be executed after the war, Partisan warfare, in contrast, more closely resembled commando operations of the 20th century. Partisans were small units of conventional forces, controlled and organized by a force for operations behind enemy lines. John Singleton Mosby formed a unit that was very effective in tying down Federal forces behind Union lines in northern Virginia in the last two years of the war. Lastly, deep raids by conventional forces were often considered irregular in nature. The Partisan Brigades of Nathan Bedford Forrest and John Hunt Morgan operated as part of the forces of the Confederate Army of Tennessee in 1862 and 1863. They were given missions to destroy logistical hubs, railroad bridges. Morgan led raids into Kentucky as well, in his last raid, he violated orders by going across the Ohio River and raiding in Ohio and Indiana as well, as he wanted to bring the war to the northern states. This long raid diverted thousands of Union troops and he captured and paroled nearly 6,000 troops, destroyed bridges and fortifications, and ran off livestock
6.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
7.
War crime
–
A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the law of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility. The concept of war crimes emerged at the turn of the century when the body of customary international law applicable to warfare between sovereign states was codified. Moreover, trials in national courts during this period further helped clarify the law, following the end of World War II, major developments in the law occurred. Numerous trials of Axis war criminals established the Nuremberg principles, such as notion that war crimes constituted crimes defined by international law, additionally, the Geneva Conventions in 1949 defined new war crimes and established that states could exercise universal jurisdiction over such crimes. The trial of Peter von Hagenbach by an ad hoc tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474 was the first international war crimes trial, and also of command responsibility. He was convicted and beheaded for crimes that he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent, although he had argued that he was only following orders. In 1654 a Major Connaught was tried at Chester Assizes and hanged for his part in the massacre of villagers in the church at the village of Boughton, twelve villagers were smoked out, stripped naked and had their throats cut. He was hanged at the scene of the crime having been convicted of striking a blow to the head of John Fowler with an axe. The Geneva Conventions are four related treaties adopted and continuously expanded from 1864 to 1949 that represent a legal basis, accordingly, states retain different codes and values with regard to wartime conduct. Some signatories have routinely violated the Geneva Conventions in a way which either uses the ambiguities of law or political maneuvering to sidestep the laws formalities and principles. Three conventions were revised and expanded with the one added in 1949, First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded. Second Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick, third Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Protocol II relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. Protocol III relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem, a small number of German military personnel of the First World War were tried in 1921 by the German Supreme Court for alleged war crimes. The modern concept of war crime was further developed under the auspices of the Nuremberg Trials based on the definition in the London Charter that was published on August 8,1945. Along with war crimes the charter also defined crimes against peace and crimes against humanity, on July 1,2002, the International Criminal Court, a treaty-based court located in The Hague, came into being for the prosecution of war crimes committed on or after that date. Several nations, most notably the United States, China, Russia, the United States still participates as an observer. Article 12 of the Rome Statute provides jurisdiction over the citizens of non-contracting states in the event that they are accused of committing crimes in the territory of one of the state parties
8.
Kentucky
–
Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
9.
Fentress County, Tennessee
–
Fentress County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,959, Fentress County was formed in 1823 from portions of Morgan, Overton and White counties. Fentress County was the site of several saltpeter mines, Saltpeter is the main ingredient of gunpowder and was obtained by leaching the earth from several local caves. The largest mine was in York Cave, which is located near the Wolf River Post Office, at one time, twenty-five large leaching vats were in operation in this cave. According to Barr this cave was mined during the Civil War, buffalo Cave near Jamestown was also a major mine with twelve leaching vats. Manson Saltpeter Cave in Big Indian Creek Valley was an operation with four leaching vats. It is possible that any or all of these caves were mined during the War of 1812, Alvin York, a hero at the Meuse-Argonne Offensive during World War I, was born and lived in Fentress County. He also established the Alvin C, York Agricultural Institute in Jamestown in 1924. Yorks house and farm are now part of Sgt, York State Historic Park in Pall Mall. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 499 square miles. Fentress County includes part of Dale Hollow Reservoir and is drained by forks of the Obey, the population density was 36 people per square mile. There were 8,927 housing units at a density of 15 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 1% White,0. 2% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 4% from other races,1. 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 24. 20% under the age of 18,8. 00% from 18 to 24,28. 10% from 25 to 44,26. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $23,238, and the median income for a family was $28,856. Males had an income of $23,606 versus $18,729 for females
10.
Calfkiller River
–
The Calfkiller River is a 42. 4-mile-long stream in the east-central portion of Middle Tennessee in the United States. It is a tributary of the Caney Fork, and is part of the Cumberland, Ohio, the river is believed to be named for a Cherokee chief who once lived in the area. The river rises at the base of the Cumberland Plateau, just southwest of Monterey in eastern Putnam County, several of these headwater streams are impounded at the Plateaus edge, including one which forms Monterey Lake. The river then winds its way southward, slicing a broad valley in a hilly section of the Eastern Highland Rim. State Highway 84 runs roughly along the bank of the rivers upper section. After crossing into White County, the valley broadens as it veers southwestward. Just north of Sparta, the river passes under Highway 84, in Sparta, the river continues southward, flanked by steep embankments, especially along the east bank. The City of Sparta maintains a park along the west bank of the river on both sides of the US-70 bridge, the Old Sparta Cemetery, which rests atop a hill in downtown Sparta, offers a sweeping view of this section of the river. Just south of Sparta, the river bends sharply around the Camp Heights area before turning southward again, the river spills over an old dam once used by the Sparta Hydroelectric Plant and passes under State Highway 111, which follows the rivers eastern bank for several miles. The river then continues through rural White County, passing about a mile east of Doyle before emptying into the Caney Fork at river mile 104 and this section of the Caney Fork, part of Great Falls Lake, provides the county line between White and Van Buren County. Hodges Bridge Road crosses the Caney Fork immediately downstream from the Calfkillers mouth, the watershed of the Calfkiller River covers 175 square miles. Tributaries that enter rivers western bank include Plum Creek and Cherry Creek, near the Yankeetown community, throughout the early 19th century, they harnessed the river to power numerous small gristmills. In the years before the Civil War, an iron works, a number of Civil War skirmishes were fought along the Calfkiller River. On August 9,1863, Union forces under Charles Minty attacked a Confederate scouting detachment under George Dibrell near Wildcat Creek, another skirmish occurred on November 30 of that year, when a band of Confederate guerrillas unsuccessfully ambushed a detachment of the U. S. On February 22,1864, a band of Confederates under John Hughes attacked a detachment of the Fifth Tennessee Cavalry along the river, hughs reportedly captured and executed over a dozen federals. Confederate guerrilla leader Champ Ferguson, who lived in the Calfkiller Valley, is buried in France Cemetery, in 1902, the Sparta Light and Power Company built a small waterwheel-powered electric plant just downstream from Sparta. After this plant burned in 1907, it was replaced by a modern plant that used a concrete dam to divert water through a flume to a powerhouse located downstream. The plant operated until the 1930s, when the Tennessee Valley Authority began providing electricity to the area from major hydroelectric projects, the dam is still visible from the TN-111 bridge, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places
11.
East Tennessee
–
East Tennessee comprises approximately the eastern third of the U. S. state of Tennessee, one of the three Grand Divisions of Tennessee defined in state law. East Tennessee consists of 33 counties,30 located within the Eastern Time Zone, East Tennessee is entirely located within the Appalachian Mountains, although the landforms range from densely forested 6, 000-foot mountains to broad river valleys. The region contains the cities of Knoxville, Chattanooga and Johnson City, Tennessees third, fourth and ninth largest cities. East Tennessee is home to the nations most visited national park— the Great Smoky Mountains National Park—, Oak Ridge was the site of the worlds first successful uranium enrichment operations which paved the way for the atomic age. Unlike the geographic designations of regions of most U. S. states, East Tennessee, along with Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee, comprises one of the states three Grand Divisions. According to the Tennessee State Constitution, no more than two of the Tennessee Supreme Courts five justices can come from any one Grand Division, the Supreme Court rotates meeting in courthouses in each of the three divisions. The Supreme Court building for East Tennessee is in Knoxville, a similar rule applies to certain other commissions and boards as well, to prevent them from showing a geographic bias. The Blue Ridge section comprises the section of the Blue Ridge Province. The Ridge-and-Valley section, often called the Tennessee Valley or Great Valley, is the regions largest and most populous section and it consists of a series of alternating elongate ridges and broad river valleys roughly oriented northeast-to-southwest. Other notable rivers in the upper Tennessee watershed include the Clinch, Nolichucky, Watauga, Emory, Little Tennessee, Hiwassee, Sequatchie, notable ridges in the Ridge-and-Valley range include Clinch Mountain, Bays Mountain, and Powell Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau rises nearly 1,000 feet above the Tennessee Valley, the Tennessee Divide runs along the western part of the plateau, and separates the watersheds of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. Plateau counties mostly east of this divide— i. e. Cumberland, Morgan, three counties— Bledsoe, Sequatchie, and Marion— are located in the Sequatchie Valley, a long narrow valley in the southern part of the Cumberland Plateau. These three counties were part of East Tennessee. However, Sequatchie and Marion counties were reassigned to the Middle Tennessee grand division circa 1932, Marion County was later returned to East Tennessee, but Sequatchie County officially remains part of Middle Tennessee. One notable detached section of the Plateau is Lookout Mountain, which overlooks Chattanooga, the major cities of East Tennessee are Knoxville, Chattanooga, and the Tri-Cities of Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport located in the extreme northeasternmost part of the state. The Blue Ridge section of the state is more sparsely populated, its main cities being Elizabethton, Gatlinburg. Crossville and Jasper are prominent cities in the Plateau region, at the 2010 census it had 2,327,859 inhabitants living in its 33 counties, which have a combined land area of 13,558.27 square miles. Its population was 37. 25% of the total
12.
Cumberland Plateau
–
The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and portions of northern Alabama, the terms Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland Plateau both refer to the dissected plateau lands lying west of the main Appalachian Mountains. The terms stem from historical usage rather than geological difference, so there is no dividing line between the two. Two major rivers share the names of the plateaus, with the Allegheny River rising in the Allegheny Plateau, the Cumberland Plateau is a deeply dissected plateau, with topographic relief commonly of about four hundred feet, and frequent sandstone outcroppings and bluffs. Walden Ridge and Sand Mountain are separated from the portion of the Cumberland Plateau by the Sequatchie Valley. The Cumberland Plateau is a section of the larger Appalachian Plateau province. The Cumberland Plateau is contiguous with the Allegheny Plateau on the northern side, the sedimentary rocks that compose both plateaus are of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian geological age, composed of near-shore sediments washed westward from the old Appalachian Mountains. Some rock layers were laid down in coastal waters, some. These are interlaced with delta formations of cross-bedded sandstones and occasionally conglomerate, there are numerous discontinuities in the beds, where they were raised high enough to be eroded, then lowered to have more sediments added on top. The plateau contains some of the largest stretches of contiguous forest in the eastern United States, regionally, forests are intermediate between oak and hickory forest types with pines occurring on dry, upland sites and mesophytic species occurring in protected coves. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is involved with the conservation of the mixed mesophytic forests within the Northern Cumberland Plateau, conservation organizations active on the Cumberland Plateau include The Nature Conservancy, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and the Natural Resources Defense Council. Cumberland Mountains Geology of the Appalachians Caudill, Harry M. Night Comes to the Cumberlands, ISBN 0-316-13212-8 The Kentucky Highlands Project Physiographic Regions of Tennessee Broken link as of 2016-12-18 The Columbia Gazetteer of North America, Cumberland Plateau Tennessee landforms
13.
1st Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry
–
The 1st Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 1st Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Liberty, Burkesville, and Monticello, Kentucky and it was mustered in under the command of Colonel Frank Lane Wolford. The regiment was attached to Thomas Command, Camp Dick Robinson, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. Unattached, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862, 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. Post Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1863, District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, independent Cavalry Brigade, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Ohio, independent Brigade, Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, Camp Nelson, Military District of Kentucky, to September 1865. The 1st Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service at Camp Nelson on September 20,1865, near Rockcastle Hills October 18,1861. Near Logans Cross Roads, Mill Springs, on Fishing Creek, big Creek Gap and Jacksboro March 14. Reconnaissance to Cumberland Gap March 21–23, duty at Shelbyville, Columbia, Mt. Pleasant, Lawrenceburg, Pulaski and Murfreesboro, Tenn. until August. March to Louisville, Ky. in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26, capture of 3rd Georgia Cavalry at New Haven September 29. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1–22, near Mountain Gap October 14 and 16. Operations against Morgan December 1862 to January 1863, operations against Pegram March 22-April 1. Duttons Hill, near Somerset, March 30, expedition to Monticello and operations in southeast Kentucky April 25-May 12. Howes Ford, Weavers Store, April 28, Monticello and Rocky Gap June 9. Saunders raid in eastern Tennessee June 14–24, strawberry Plains and Rogers Gap June 20. Operation against Scott in eastern Kentucky, lancaster and Paint Lick Bridge July 31
14.
John Hunt Morgan
–
John Hunt Morgan was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. In April 1862, he raised the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry Regiment, fought at Shiloh, and then launched a raid in Kentucky. He also attacked the supply-lines of General William S. Rosecrans, in July 1863, he set out on a 1000-mile raid into Indiana and Ohio, taking hundreds of prisoners. But after most of his men had been intercepted by Union gunboats, Morgan surrendered at Salineville, Ohio, the legendary Morgans Raid, which had been carried out against orders, gained no tactical advantage for the Confederacy, while the loss of his regiment proved a serious setback. Morgan escaped from his Union prison but his credibility was low and he was killed at Greeneville, Tennessee in September 1864. Morgan was the brother-in-law of Confederate general A. P. Hill, John Hunt Morgan was born in Huntsville, Alabama, the eldest of ten children of Calvin and Henrietta Morgan. He was also the brother-in-law of A. P. Hill and he was said to be a direct descendant of Revolutionary War general and hero Daniel Morgan. Whose own great grand-uncle was perhaps historys most successful privateer, Henry Morgan, Morgans home was built in Lexington, Kentucky was built in 1814. Currently a historic landmark, and guided tours are available upon request, Morgans family is also known for John Wesley Hunt who became a leading landowner and businessman in Kentucky and one of the wealthiest men in the western part of the country. His business empire included interest in banking, horse breeding, agriculture, among his business associates were Henry Clay and John Jacob Astor. Which contributed for much of the familys longterm wealth, Morgans paternal grandparents were Luther and Anna Morgan. Luther Morgan had settled in Huntsville, but a downturn in the economy forced him to mortgage his holdings. His father, Calvin Morgan, lost his Huntsville home in 1831 when he was unable to pay the property following the failure of his pharmacy. The family then moved to Lexington, where he would one of his father-in-laws sprawling farms. Morgan grew up on the farm outside of Lexington and attended Transylvania College for two years, but was suspended in 1844 for dueling with a fraternity brother, in 1846, Morgan joined the Fraternal Order of Freemasons, at Daviess Lodge #22, Lexington, Kentucky. Morgan desired a career, but the small size of the US military severely limited opportunities for officers commissions. In 1846 Morgan enlisted with his brother Calvin and uncle Alexander in the U. S. Army as a private during the Mexican-American War. He was elected lieutenant and was promoted to first lieutenant before arriving in Mexico
15.
Joseph Wheeler
–
Joseph Fighting Joe Wheeler was an American military commander and politician. For much of the Civil War he served as the cavalry general in the Army of Tennessee. Between the Civil War and the Spanish–American War, Wheeler served multiple terms as a United States Representative from the state of Alabama as a Democrat. Although of New England ancestry, Joseph Wheeler was born near Augusta, Georgia and his parents were Joseph Wheeler and Julia Knox Hull Wheeler. He was the grandson of Brigadier General William Hull, a veteran of the American Revolution who was court-martialed for surrendering at Detroit early in the War of 1812. Despite his northern upbringing, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point from the state of Georgia and always considered himself a Georgian, Wheeler entered West Point in July 1854, barely meeting the height requirement at the time for entry. He graduated on July 1,1859, placing 19th out of 22 cadets and it was while stationed in New Mexico and fighting in a skirmish with Indians that Joseph Wheeler picked up the nickname Fighting Joe. On September 1,1860, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant and his resignation from the U. S. Army was accepted on April 22,1861. He was ordered to Huntsville, Alabama, to command of the newly formed 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment and was promoted to colonel on September 4. Wheeler and the 19th Alabama fought well under Bragg at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, during the Siege of Corinth in April and May, Wheelers men on picket duty clashed repeatedly with Union patrols. Serving as acting commander, Wheeler burned the bridges over the Tuscumbia River to cover the Confederate withdrawal to Tupelo. Wheeler transferred to the branch and commanded the 2nd Cavalry Brigade of the Left Wing in the Army of Mississippi from September to October. During the Kentucky Campaign, Wheeler aggressively maintained contact with the enemy, Wheeler fought at the Battle of Perryville in October and after the fight performed an excellent rearguard action protecting the armys withdrawal. He was promoted to general on October 30 and led the cavalry belonging to the Second Corps of the Army of Tennessee from November to December. During action at La Vergne, Tennessee, on November 27 and he drove into the rear of the Union army, destroying hundreds of wagons and capturing more than 700 prisoners. Bragg recommended that Wheeler be promoted as a just reward and he became a general on January 20,1863. Wheeler led the armys Cavalry Corps from January to November 24, for his actions on January 12–13,1863, Wheeler and his troopers received the Thanks of the Confederate Congress on May 1,1863. In February, Wheeler and Forrest attacked Fort Donelson at Dover, Tennessee, Forrest angrily told Wheeler Tell that I will be in my coffin before I will fight again under your command
16.
Partisan (military)
–
A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activity. The term can apply to the element of resistance movements. The French term partisan, derived from the Latin, first appeared in the 17th century to describe the leader of a war-party, one of the first manuals of partisan tactics in the 18th century was The Partisan, or the Art of Making War in Detachment. Published in London in 1760 by de Jeney, a Hungarian military officer who served in the Prussian Army as captain of engineers during the Seven Years War of 1756–1763. Johann von Ewald described techniques of warfare in detail in his Abhandlung über den kleinen Krieg. The concept of warfare would later form the basis of the Partisan Rangers of the American Civil War. In that war, Confederate States Army Partisan leaders, such as John S. Mosby, in essence, 19th-century American partisans were closer to commando or ranger forces raised during World War II than to the partisan forces operating in occupied Europe. Mosby-style fighters would have been legally considered uniformed members of their states armed forces, Partisans in the mid-19th century were substantially different from raiding cavalry, or from unorganized/semi-organized guerrilla forces. Russian partisans played a part in the downfall of Napoleon. Their fierce resistance and persistent inroads helped compel the French emperor to flee Russia in 1812, imperial Russia also made use of partisans in World War I, for example Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz. The group was the wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists—Bandera faction, originally formed in Volyn in the spring. Its official date of creation is 14 October 1942, day of Intercession of the Theotokos feast, the OUNs stated immediate goal was the re-establishment of a united, independent national state on Ukrainian ethnic territory. The organization began as a group and developed into a guerrilla army. Soviet partisans during World War II, especially active in Belarus, effectively harassed German troops. As a result, Soviet authority was re-established deep inside the German-held territories, in some areas partisan kolkhozes raised crops and livestock to produce food. However this was not usually the case and partisans also requisitioned supplies from the local populace, Soviet partisans in Finland were known to have attacked villages and indiscriminately target the populace, killing entire families. The war crimes committed in Finland by Soviet partisans were investigated by the National Bureau since 1999, however, Russia refused access to Soviet archives and the investigation ended in 2003. Partisan warfare was routinely distorted in the Soviet Union, according to historian Veikko Erkkilä the Russian attitude towards civilian atrocities has been marred by the Great Patriotic War propaganda
17.
Wytheville, Virginia
–
Wytheville is a town in, and the county seat of, Wythe County, Virginia, United States. It is named after George Wythe, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, wythevilles population was 8,211 at the 2010 census. Located at the intersection of Interstate Highways 77 and 81, the town has long been a crossroads for travelers, during the American Civil War, Wytheville had a strategic importance, and was attacked in 1863 and 1865. The town is also the birthplace of Edith Bolling Wilson, wife of President Woodrow Wilson, Wythe County was created in 1789 and named for George Wythe, the father of American Jurisprudence and signer of the Declaration of Independence. In May 1790, Chris Simmerman donated 90 acres, along with John Daviss 10 acres, to establish a town, Robert Adams completed a town survey in November of that year, dividing the area into half-acre lots. The town didnt have a name yet, but was generally known as Wythe Court House. Two years later, in October 1792, the town was officially named Evansham, after a disastrous fire in March 1839, the town was renamed Wytheville. At that time, it was home to about 500 residents, what started off as a few cases of infantile paralysis during the summer of 1950 swelled into the hundreds. Out of the 5,513 inhabitants of the town,184 people contracted the disease with 17 fatalities, from the beginning of June until the end of August, parents kept children inside and large gatherings were cancelled to diminish the chance of infection. As the epidemic progressed, ambulances drove victims approximately 80 miles trip to Memorial Crippled Children’s Hospital in Roanoke, hearses from local funeral homes were used when ambulances were unavailable. Black patients with polio were repeatedly denied admission to Roanoke’s hospital and were forced to make the approximately 300 miles trip drive to St. Philip’s Hospital in Richmond. The Town Council erected billboards at all five entrances to the county warning potential visitors of the epidemic, by the end of the summer, unknown assailants stole or demolished all five billboards. Though the Town Council offered a reward for information, no one came forward, Wytheville is located at 36°56′52″N 81°5′13″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 14.3 sq mi. Wytheville is an important point on both I-77 and I-81 and lies amidst a wrong-way concurrency of I-77 and I-81 and it is located about halfway between Bristol, Tennessee/Virginia and Roanoke. On the I-77 corridor, it is located halfway between Charleston, West Virginia and Charlotte, North Carolina. The nearby community of Fort Chiswell is the city for the northbound traffic on I-77 coming from Charlotte, Statesville, Elkin. In the near future, Interstate 74 will go through Wytheville in addition to the two other interstates
18.
Virginia
–
Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
19.
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
20.
First Battle of Saltville
–
The First Battle of Saltville, was fought near the town of Saltville, Virginia, during the American Civil War. The battle was fought by both regular and Home Guard Confederate units against regular Union troops, including one of the few black cavalry units, the Union troops were led by Brig. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge. The murder of captured and wounded soldiers after the battle has been called the Saltville Massacre. The battle was a Confederate victory, but it has become known for a massacre that happened afterward. Both Confederate soldiers and irregular forces under the notorious Champ Ferguson murdered white. Ferguson was tried after the war in Nashville, Tennessee, for these and he was found guilty and executed. Brig. Gen. Felix Huston Robertson had bragged to another officer that he had killed all the Negroes. His conduct was such that when Robert E. Lee learned of it he communicated to General John C, the most detailed analysis of the National Archives records by Bryce Suderow, Phyllis Brown, and David Brown concluded that 45-50 members of the black regiment were murdered by Confederates. The Second Battle of Saltville occurred two months later at Saltville, Saltville Battlefields Historic District Second Battle of Saltville 5th United States Colored Cavalry Champ Ferguson-hanged in 1865 on murder charges. Breckinridge who attempted to have Felix Huston Robertson tried for killing black soldiers, salt in the American Civil War National Park Service Battle Summary CWSAC Report Update Bush, Bryan S. Butcher Burbridge, Union General Stephen Burbridge and His Reign of Terror Over Kentucky. Coverage by Harpers Weekly, continued here
21.
5th United States Colored Cavalry
–
The 5th United States Colored Cavalry was a regiment of the United States Army organized as one of many Colored units during the American Civil War. The 5th USCC was one of the more notable black fighting units and it was officially organized and it was commanded by Colonel James Brisbin until February 1865, when he took over the 6th US Colored Cavalry. His executive officer, Louis Henry Carpenter then commanded the regiment until 20 March 1866, the regiment was composed of ex-slaves, freedmen, and slaves. Many white officers from the unit were assigned to the famed Buffalo Soldiers cavalry units. Many former USCC soldiers volunteered for service after their Civil War units were retired. 24 which authorized the formation of colored units composed of ex-slaves, freedmen, although the unit was not officially formed until 24 October 1864, it saw combat on two different occasions. Its first major encounter was on 2 October 1864, in and around the works of Saltville. When word of Burbridges raid reached the 5th USCC, the regiment had yet to be organized until after they returned from the raid. At the time of the battle, over 600 colored soldiers joined General Burbridge in the, as yet unorganized, although the regiment consisted of black cavalrymen, the officers of the regiment were required to be white. The white officers would then organize noncommissioned field officers among the ranks of the soldiers to fill the positions of sergeants. However, Lieutenant Colonel L. Henry Carpenter soon realized that his newly formed black troops were illiterate, therefore, Carpenter petitioned command to place white noncommissioned officers in charge of the black units. His request was granted, and hastily the 5th USCC was formed, some soldiers had not even officially enlisted, few officers had been appointed, and even fewer noncommissioned officers were assigned. Yet Colonel James F. Wade was temporarily placed in charge of the group with orders to join Burbridge in Kentucky. In his haste to create the unit, Wade mounted his 600 men on untrained horses with Enfield infantry rifles, in comparison, the troops of the 11th Michigan and 12th Ohio Cavalries were armed with Spencer repeating carbines, which were wholly effective from horseback. General Burbridge had been ordered by General Grant to proceed into southwest Virginia, the 5th USCC, therefore, was attached to Colonel Brisbins forces and joined Burbridge in Prestonburg, Kentucky. Burbridge left Prestonburg on 27 September to march towards Saltville, the black troops were an object of much ridicule. The soldiers were also directing their malice at the soldiers in the form of petty theft, such as having their hat pulled off. Yet the black soldiers never complained or retaliated against the white racism, Ferguson was convicted in the subsequent trial which took place in Nashville and sentenced to death
22.
Thomas' Legion
–
The formation was organized in 1862 by William Holland Thomas and fought in the last skirmish of the war in North Carolina before surrendering in May 1865. The regiment was unusual in several respects, Thomas, the only white chief of the Cherokee Indians, recruited a sizable number of Cherokees. In addition, like a few other Civil War formations, it was a legion, that is a combined arms unit, consisting of infantry, cavalry. William Holland Thomas actively promoted the idea of having Cherokees fight for the Confederacy, in 1862, he organized 200 Cherokee Indians in North Carolina as the Junaluska Zouaves, named after Chief Junaluska, by April, he had raised the North Carolina Cherokee Battalion. His petition to recruit additional Cherokees and whites was approved by Confederate authorities and it was officially organized on September 27,1862, at Knoxville, Tennessee, with recruits coming primarily from western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. The unit, under the command of newly elected Colonel William Holland Thomas, initially comprised 1125 men in an infantry regiment and a cavalry battalion. The infantry was organized into ten companies, two Cherokee and eight white, and became known as Loves Regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel James R. Love II, walkers Battalion was raised in Cherokee County, North Carolina by William Stringfield and led by Lieutenant Colonel William C. The third element was the Cherokee Battalion, made up of 400 Cherokees, levis Light Artillery Battery was added on April 1,1863. The unit was assigned to defend the area. A portion of the Legion was sent to Powells Valley in late 1862 and was ambushed at Baptist Gap, when Cherokee Lieutenant Astooga Stoga was killed leading a counterattack, enraged Indian comrades scalped several dead or wounded Union soldiers. To defuse the situation, Colonel Thomas had the scalps returned to the Union with apologies, the Legion was sent east to join General Jubal Early in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. At this point, the Legion was down to 500 men and it fought in the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19,1864. By the time the Legion was transferred back to North Carolina, back in his home state, Thomas brought the units strength up to 1200 men, including 400 Cherokees, by April 1,1865. Eight days later, however, Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas and his Legion surrendered to Union forces at Waynesville, North Carolina, on May 10. List of North Carolina Confederate Civil War units List of American Civil War legions Volume XVI of North Carolina Troops 1861–1865 A Roster, Thomass Legion, Matthew M. Brown and Michael W. Coffey
23.
Henry Wirz
–
Heinrich Hartmann Wirz better known as Henry Wirz was a Swiss-born Confederate officer in the American Civil War. Born in Zurich, Switzerland, to Hans Caspar Wirz and Sophie Barbara Philipp and he aspired to become a physician, but his family did not possess funds to pay for his medical education. Instead, he became a merchant and worked in Zurich and Turin, Wirz, who had married Emilie Oschwald in 1845 and had two children, received a four-year prison term in April 1847 for inability to return money that he borrowed. The court commuted his sentence to 12-year forcible emigration and his wife refused to emigrate and obtained a divorce in 1853. In 1848, Wirz went to Russia and the year to the United States. After five years, he moved to Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and he tried to establish his own homeopathic medicine practice in Cadiz, Kentucky, and also worked as superintendent of a water cure clinic in Northampton, Massachusetts. In 1854, he married a Methodist widow named Elizabeth Wolfe, along with her two daughters, they moved to Louisiana, where in 1855 she gave birth to their daughter Cora. In Louisiana, Wirz worked for Levin Marshall as a plantation overseer, Wirz enlisted as a private in Company A, 4th Battalion of Louisiana Infantry of the Confederate army in Madison, Louisiana. He took part in the Battle of Seven Pines in May 1862, during which he was wounded by a Minie ball, after returning to his unit on June 12,1862, Wirz was promoted to captain for bravery on the field of battle. Because of his injury, he was assigned to the staff of Gen. John H. Winder, Wirz returned from Europe in January 1864 and reported back to Richmond, Virginia, where he began working for Gen. Winder in the prison department. Wirz then served on detached duty as a guard in Alabama. In February 1864, the Confederate government established Camp Sumter, a military prison in Georgia near the small railroad depot of Anderson. In April 1864, Wirz took command of Camp Sumter, where he remained for over a year, shortly before the end of the war, Wirz was promoted to the rank of major. The prisoners gave this place the name Andersonville, the prison suffered from severe overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and an extreme lack of food, tools and medical supplies, and potable water. Wirz recognized that the conditions were inadequate and petitioned his superiors to provide more support, in July 1864, he sent five prisoners to the Union with a petition written by the inmates asking the government to negotiate their release. At its peak in August 1864, the camp held approximately 32,000 Union prisoners, the monthly mortality rate from disease, dysentery, and malnutrition reached 3,000. Around 45,000 prisoners were incarcerated during the camps 14-month existence, Wirz was arrested by a contingent of the 4th U. S. Cavalry on May 7,1865, in Andersonville. He was taken first to Macon, Georgia, and then by rail to Washington and he was held in the Old Capitol Prison since the Federal government decided to put him on trial for conspiring to impair the lives of Union prisoners of war
24.
Andersonville National Historic Site
–
Most of the site lies in southwestern Macon County, adjacent to the east side of the town of Andersonville. As well as the prison, the site contains the Andersonville National Cemetery. The site is a reminder of the horrors of Civil War prisons. It was commanded by Captain Henry Wirz, who was tried and executed after the war for war crimes and it was overcrowded to four times its capacity, with an inadequate water supply, inadequate food rations, and unsanitary conditions. Of the approximately 45,000 Union prisoners held at Camp Sumter during the war, the chief causes of death were scurvy, diarrhea, and dysentery. Friends provided care, food, and moral support for others in their social network, the prison, which opened in February 1864, originally covered about 16.5 acres of land enclosed by a 15-foot high stockade. In June 1864, it was enlarged to 26.5 acres, the stockade was rectangular, of dimensions 1,620 feet by 779 feet. There were two entrances on the west side of the stockade, known as entrance and south entrance. Before us were forms that had once been active and erect, —stalwart men, now nothing but mere walking skeletons, covered with filth, many of our men, in the heat and intensity of their feeling, exclaimed with earnestness. And all thought that he alone could bring them out alive from so terrible a place, further descriptions of the camp can be found in the diary of Ransom Chadwick, a member of the 85th New York Infantry Regiment. Chadwick and his mates were taken to the Andersonville Prison. Father Peter Whelan arrived on 16 June 1864 to muster the resources of the church, at Andersonville, a light fence known as the dead line was erected approximately 19 feet inside the stockade wall. It demarcated a no-mans land that kept away from the stockade wall. Anyone crossing or even touching this dead line was shot without warning by sentries in the pigeon roosts, dead lines were also used at other prisons during the Civil War. At this time in the war, Andersonville Prison was frequently undersupplied with food, the Confederate Army and civilians also struggled to get enough food. The shortage was suffered by prisoners and the Confederate personnel alike within the fort, but the prisoners received less than the guards, as the latter did not suffer such emaciation, nor scurvy. The latter was probably the cause of mortality. Even when sufficient quantities of supplies were available, they were of poor quality, although the prison was surrounded by forest, very little wood was allowed to the prisoners for warmth or cooking
25.
Sparta, Tennessee
–
Sparta is a city in White County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 4,925 in 2010, and 5,075 according to a 2014 census estimate and it is the county seat of White County. The Calfkiller River flows through the city, seven sites in Sparta are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Sparta was established in 1809 as a county seat for White County, the city was named after the ancient Greek city-state Sparta. Sparta nearly became the capital of the state of Tennessee, as, early in the history of Tennessee, the final vote resulted in a near tie between Sparta and Nashville. Sparta lost to Nashville by one vote, Sparta grew quickly due to its location along the stage road between Knoxville and Nashville. In the 1830s, brothers Barlow and Madison Fisk built the Sparta Rock House, the building is now a state historic site and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Sparta is notable as a place where two renowned airmen lost their lives, gray, an aviation record holder, died in a balloon-basket mishap over Sparta in 1927, and Lansing Holden, a World War I flying ace, crashed his plane near Sparta in 1938. Sparta is located at 35°55′56″N 85°28′11″W, approximately fifteen miles south of Cookeville, the city is situated on the Highland Rim, near the western base of the Cumberland Plateau. The Calfkiller River traverses Sparta north-to-south en route to its confluence with the Caney Fork several miles to the south, Sparta is traditionally concentrated around its courthouse square along U. S. Route 70, which connects Sparta with Crossville to the east and Smithville to the west. State Route 111, which traverses the western part of Sparta, connects the city with Cookeville to the north, a modern commercial area has developed around the intersection of US-70 and TN-111. State Route 84 winds its away up the Calfkiller Valley, connecting Sparta with Monterey atop the Plateau to the northeast, U. S. Route 70S connects Sparta with McMinnville to the southwest. The Upper Cumberland Regional Airport is 11 mi north of Sparta, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.3 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,599 people,1,952 households, the population density was 725.2 people per square mile. There were 2,192 housing units at a density of 345.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 82% White,5. 28% African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 65% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,0. 67% from other races, and 1. 24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 15% of the population,32. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the family size was 2.81
26.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
27.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
28.
Find a Grave
–
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
29.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
