1.
Office of the United States Trade Representative
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Established as the Office of the Special Trade Representative under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the USTR is part of the Executive Office of the President. With over 200 employees, the USTR has offices in Geneva, Switzerland, the Obama administrations last U. S. Trade Representative was Michael Froman, who assumed the office on June 21,2013. To fill the post, the President nominates someone for the position, the United States Trade Representative and Deputy United States Trade Representatives carry the title of Ambassador. Michael Froman served as the US Trade Representative until 2017, with Michael Punke, Ambassador Punke also concurrently serves as the U. S. Ambassador to the World Trade Organization. On May 2,2013, President Obama nominated Michael Froman to succeed Ambassador Ron Kirk as the U. S. Trade Representative, the Senate confirmed Froman on June 19,2013, and he was sworn into office on June 21,2013. The USTR participates in the World Trade Organization, which is currently in the Doha Development Round and this is partially managed by the USTR Office of WTO and Multilateral Affairs. Relevant WTO agreements include the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers is an annual series that surveys prepared by the USTR, which reports significant foreign barriers to U. S. exports. Since 1986, the NTE provides, where feasible, quantitative estimates of the impact of foreign practices on the value of U. S. exports. Information is also included on actions taken to eliminate barriers and it is based on information provided by USTR, the U. S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture, and other agencies and sources, the Special 301 Report is prepared annually by the USTR under Section 182 as amended of the Trade Act of 1974. In 2006, along with the International Intellectual Property Alliance, the USTR published a list of places where large-scale copyright infringement takes place in the Special 301 Report, since 2010, the notorious markets report has been published as a separate report
2.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
3.
Mickey Kantor
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Michael Mickey Kantor is an American politician and lawyer. After serving as the Clinton-Gore campaign chair in 1992, Kantor was appointed United States Trade Representative and he was, in 1996 and 1997, United States Secretary of Commerce. Born in Nashville, Tennessee, of Jewish parents, he holds a B. A. in business and economics from Vanderbilt University, earned in 1961. He then served four years as an officer in the United States Navy, initially, Kantor worked for the Legal Services Corporation, providing legal assistance to migrant farm workers. It was during this time that he first met Hillary Clinton, from 1976-1993, he practiced law with the Los Angeles law firm of Manatt, Phelps, Phillips & Kantor, and was active in Democratic politics and fundraising. He also co-founded the Los Angeles Conservation Corps, an advocate of free trade, Kantor, as Trade Representative, led U. S. negotiations that created the World Trade Organization, such as the Uruguay Round, and North American Free Trade Agreement. His efforts were criticized by organized labor and environmentalists alike, for refusing to consider fundamental worker. I think it was a mistake, I think it was part of a global trend that was wrong-headed. Kantor also engaged in organizating the Miami Summit of the Americas, with the European Commission of the newly formed European Union, he expanded the trans-Atlantic market. Kantor practices law in the Los Angeles office of Mayer Brown and he is also the Co-Chairman of the Pacific Council on International Policy. Kantor has been married to broadcast journalist Heidi Schulman since 1982, following the death of his first wife and he has children Leslie, Douglas, and Alix, and grandchildren Ryan, Jackson, and Zack. Another son by Valerie, Russell, died in a crash in October,1988. Appearances on C-SPAN Kantor on Clinton Kantor on free trade
4.
Robert Zoellick
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Robert Bruce Zoellick is an American banker who was the eleventh president of the World Bank, a position he held from July 1,2007 to June 30,2012. He was previously a director of Goldman Sachs, United States Deputy Secretary of State and U. S. Trade Representative. Zoellick has been a fellow at his alma mater Harvard Kennedy School since retirement from the World Bank in July 1,2012. Robert Bruce Zoellick was born in Naperville, Illinois, the son of Gladys and his family is of German origin and he was raised Lutheran. Upon graduation from Harvard Law School Zoellick served as a law clerk for Judge Patricia Wald on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Zoellick served in various positions at the Department of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988. He held positions including Counselor to Secretary James Baker, Executive Secretary of the Department, and Deputy Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions Policy. During George H. W. Bushs presidency, Zoellick served with Baker, by then Secretary of State, as Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs, in August 1992, Zoellick was appointed White House Deputy Chief of Staff and Assistant to the President. Zoellick was also appointed Bushs personal representative for the G7 Economic Summits in 1991 and 1992, after leaving government service, Zoellick served from 1993 to 1997 as an Executive Vice President of Fannie Mae. Zoellick signed the January 26,1998 letter to President Bill Clinton from Project for a New American Century that advocated war against Iraq, during 1999 Zoellick was, for a short period, the head of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Also during 1999, Zoellick served on a panel that offered Enron executives briefings on economic and political issues. In the 2000 presidential election campaign, Zoellick served as a policy advisor to George W. Bush as part of a group, led by Condoleezza Rice. James Baker designated him as his second-in-command—a sort of chief operating officer or chief of staff—in the 36-day battle over recounting the vote in Florida. Zoellick was named U. S. Trade Representative in Bushs first term, he was a member of the Executive Office and he also heavily promoted the Central American Free Trade Agreement over the objections of labor, environmental, and human rights groups. Zoellick played a key role in the U. S. -WTO dispute against the European Union over genetically modified foods. U, on January 7,2005, Bush nominated Zoellick to be Deputy Secretary of State. Zoellick assumed the office on February 22,2005, the New York Times reported on May 25,2006 that Zoellick could soon announce his departure. Zoellick agreed to serve as Deputy Secretary of State for not less than one year and he was seen as a major architect of the Bush administration’s policies regarding China. On September 21,2005, Zoellick created a stir on both sides of the Pacific by giving a remarkably candid speech to the National Committee on U. S. -China Relations. In the speech, he not only introduced the notion of China as a stakeholder in the international community
5.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
6.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
10.
Catholic University of America
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The Catholic University of America is a private university located in Washington, D. C. in the United States. It is a university of the Catholic Church in the United States. Established in 1887 as a graduate and research center following approval by Pope Leo XIII on Easter Sunday, the university began offering undergraduate education in 1904. In addition, it was ranked in the top 10 of the best Catholic colleges in the country and it was described as one of the 25 most underrated colleges in the United States. CUAs programs emphasize the arts, professional education, and personal development. The school stays closely connected with the Catholic Church and Catholic organizations, the American Cardinals Dinner is put on by the residential U. S. cardinals each year to raise scholarship funds for CUA. The university has a history of working with the Knights of Columbus. The university has been visited three times by sitting popes, Pope John Paul II visited on October 7,1979. On April 16,2008, Pope Benedict XVI gave an address at the campus about Catholic education and academic freedom. Pope Francis visited on September 23,2015 during his trip to the United States, at the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops first discussed the need for a national Catholic university. At the Third Plenary Council on January 26,1885, bishops chose the name The Catholic University of America for the institution. In 1882 Bishop John Lancaster Spalding went to Rome to obtain Pope Leo XIIIs support for the university, on April 10,1887 Pope Leo XIII sent James Cardinal Gibbons a letter granting permission to establish the university. By developing new leaders and new knowledge, the university was intended to strengthen, the founders wished to emphasize the Churchs special role in United States. They believed that scientific and humanistic research, informed by faith and they wanted to develop a national institution that would promote the faith in a context of religious freedom, spiritual pluralism, and intellectual rigor. The university was incorporated in 1887 on 66 acres of land next to the Old Soldiers Home. President Grover Cleveland was in attendance for the laying of the cornerstone of Divinity Hall, now known as Caldwell Hall, on May 24,1888, as were members of Congress, at the end of the second term, lectures on canon law were added. The first students were graduated in 1889, in 1876 with the opening of the Johns Hopkins University, American universities began dedicating themselves to graduate study and research in the Prussian model. CUA was the channel through which the modern university movement entered the American Catholic community
11.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
12.
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr
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Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP is an American law firm with 12 offices across the United States, Europe and Asia. It was created in 2004, through the merger of the Boston-based firm, Hale and Dorr and the Washington-based firm Wilmer Cutler & Pickering, Hale and Dorr was founded in Boston in 1918 by Richard Hale, Dudley Huntington Dorr, Frank Grinnell, Roger Swaim and John Maguire. Reginald Heber Smith, author of the seminal work Justice and the Poor, in 1988, partner Paul Brountas chaired the presidential campaign of Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, and in 1990, senior partner William Weld was elected governor. In 1988, the law established a subsidiary as a registered investment adviser. Initially known as Haldor Investment Advisors, L. P. in 2008 Hale Dorr Wealth Advisors became Silver Bridge. Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering was founded in Washington in 1962 by former Cravath attorneys Lloyd Cutler and John Pickering, along with a senior lawyer, Richard H. Wilmer. In the 1980s, Cutler led the founding of the Southern Africa Legal Services and Legal Education Project, from 1981 to 1993, partner C. Boyden Gray left the firm to serve as White House Counsel to Vice President and President George H. W. Bush, in 2003, partner Jamie Gorelick began serving as a member of the 9/11 Commission. The two firms merged to form Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr in 2004, in 2010, the law firm relocated its administrative support base to a new campus in Dayton, Ohio as it sought to streamline internal business operations across its many offices. The office houses more than 200 employees from existing WilmerHale offices, according to the British magazine Legal Week, the firm ranked 14th among American law firms in terms of total revenue in 2006. The case was memorialized in the book A Civil Action, by Jonathan Harr, upon further discovery, the EPA took the case on and W. R. Grace was successfully indicted for making false statements. Both W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods paid a total $64. 9M to clean up the contaminated sites in Woburn, Massachusetts. The resulting report, known as the Powers Report, laid out the facts that have been the predicate for much of the discussion of Enron since that time. The investigation resulted in a widely covered written report that detailed a variety of accounting issues as well as the role of management, Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering represented Swiss banks accused of profiting from the Holocaust in their settlement negotiations with plaintiffs. The firm also represented Siemens AG, Krupp AG, and other German companies accused of exploiting forced laborers during the Nazi era, since 2005, WilmerHale has represented Senator William Frist in regard to an SEC insider trading investigation. Both Hale and Dorr and Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering have a history of involvement in pro bono work. WilmerHale has ranked at or near the top of The American Lawyers pro bono ranking since the merger, in recent years, the firm has been involved in several high-profile cases. In 2006, attorney Melissa Hoffer, then part of the team with WilmerHale, delivered a speech in Caen, France, other WilmerHale lawyers participating in the case include Stephen Oleskey, and Rob Kirsch
13.
Moelis & Company
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Moelis & Company is a global independent investment bank that provides financial advisory services to corporations, governments and financial sponsors. The firm advises on strategic decisions such as mergers and acquisitions, recapitalizations and restructurings and it was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in New York, with 17 offices in North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. It has 650 employees including 450 investment bankers, of the 100 managing directors, averaging more than 20 years of experience each,66 are former sector and product heads. Matthew Prest, the head of European corporate finance firm Close Brothers. Early European restructuring mandates included the £1.5 billion recapitalization of the Co-operative Bank, in June 2009 Mark Aedy joined Moelis as head of EMEA Investment Banking based in the London office. Early mandates in Europe included advising Natixis on the €30.0 billion disposal of most of its complex credit derivative portfolio, in August 2009 Moelis opened an office in Sydney, Australia, led by a team from JP Morgan. The firm opened a Dubai office in January 2011 while advising the Government of Dubai on the $24.9 billion restructuring of its investment holding company, the firm also expanded into Asia by opening a Hong Kong office. In January 2012, Moelis announced an alliance agreement with the second largest Japanese bank, SMBC. Together they have advised on significant cross-border M&A, including Osaka Securities Exchanges ¥278.4 billion combination with the Tokyo Stock Exchange, in March 2014, the firm expanded into South America, opening an office in São Paulo, Brazil. In April 2014, the firm completed its public offering. Moelis had advised on over $1 trillion in transactions by the time of its IPO, employees maintain ownership of the majority of the company. In June 2014, Moelis established a private funds advisory business with four hires, in February 2015, the firm opened its Washington DC office, following the hire of Eric Cantor, former House Majority Leader, in September 2014. In April 2017, the firm held a public offering for its Australian business
14.
American Jews
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American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
15.
History of the Jews in Poland
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The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 800 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world, Poland was the centre of Jewish culture thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, from the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus Iudaeorum, it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities, according to some sources, about three-quarters of the worlds Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife, Polands traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population. At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, one-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries, statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0. 1% of Polish gentiles collaborated with the Nazis. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust, britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most of the remaining Jews left Poland in late 1968 as the result of the Soviet-sponsored anti-Zionist campaign. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, the situation of Polish Jews became normalized, Religious institutions were revived, largely through the activities of Jewish foundations from the United States. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century, by travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, Jewish merchants, known as Radhanites, crossed the areas of Silesia. In the summer of 965 or 966 Jacob made a trade and diplomatic journey from his native Toledo in Moslem Spain to the Holy Roman Empire, the first actual mention of Jews in Polish chronicles occurs in the 11th century. It appears that Jews were then living in Gniezno, at time the capital of the Polish kingdom of the Piast dynasty. Among the first Jews to arrive in Poland were those banished from Prague, the first permanent Jewish community is mentioned in 1085 by a Jewish scholar Jehuda ha-Kohen in the city of Przemyśl. The first extensive Jewish emigration from Western Europe to Poland occurred at the time of the First Crusade in 1098. Under Bolesław III, the Jews, encouraged by the tolerant regime of this ruler, settled throughout Poland, Bolesław III recognized the utility of Jews in the development of the commercial interests of his country
16.
Russian Jews
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Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora, the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE, in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471, during the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States, before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917, thousands joined after the Revolution, the chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922,125,000 of them in Ukraine,25,000 in Belarus and these were probably the largest-scale European massacres of Jews to date. The pogroms were perpetrated by anti-communist forces, sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals, the Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, the Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks, following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik governments policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population, in 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East, but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population. Today, the JAO is Russias only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Partys Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalins purges as counterrevolutionaries and reactionary nationalists, the share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, in the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command, Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich and Grigori Shtern. During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish, about 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country, more than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. For many years during this period, Russia had a rate of immigration to Israel than any other country
17.
Columbus School of Law
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The Columbus School of Law, also known as CUA Law, is the law school of The Catholic University of America, in Washington, D. C. More than 500 Juris Doctor students attend CUA Law, incoming classes are typically composed of about 150 hundred students, including day and evening programs. CUA Law is located more than two miles north of the United States Capitol and is a five-minute walk from the Brookland-CUA metro station. According to CUA Laws 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 49% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, Catholic University of America began offering instruction in law in 1895 as part of its decision to open faculties for the laity. The department was turned into a school in 1898. Catholic University’s law school has established a history of inclusion. Its first African-American student was enrolled in 1902, its first female student in 1922, in 1919, the Knights of Columbus founded an educational program known as Columbus University which provided evening an evening education program for Catholic war veterans returning from World War I. This institution was affiliated with Catholic University and shared faculty at both institutions Washington, D. C. locations. In 1954 Columbus University merged with Catholic Universitys law school to form the Columbus School of Law, the law school has been accredited by the Association of American Law Schools since 1921 and the American Bar Association since 1925. Catholic Universitys J. D. program can be completed three years of full-time day study or four years of part-time evening study. The first-year curriculum is prescribed for all students, the day-division curriculum consists of seven required courses totaling 29 credit hours. Evening-division students are required to complete the basic courses within the first two years of their law school career. The upper-division curriculum comprises several requirements, courses that are strongly recommended, CUA Law students must complete a minimum of 84 credits to earn the J. D. degree. Required upper division courses include Constitutional Law II, Professional Responsibility, Professional Skills, the law school is developing a Transition-to-Practice requirement for students. This new requirement is expected to be fulfilled by taking either a clinical course, foundational courses for all areas of legal practice—and thus strongly recommended for all Upper Division students— include Evidence, Corporations, and Criminal Procedure. In addition to the J. D. program, the school offers LL. M, programs in Law & Technology, Securities Law, and Comparative and International Law. The school also offers an LL. M. program in American law with the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. It allows Jagiellonian law students and students enrolled in the CUA-JU LL. M. program to study the essential substantive, students can choose to concentrate in the fields of Compliance and Corporate Responsibility, Employment and Human Resources, or Intellectual Property
18.
Richard W. Fisher
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Richard W. Fisher is the former President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, having assumed that post in April 2005 and retired in 2015. A first-generation American, Fisher was born in Los Angeles, California and his father was Australian, while his mother was South African, of Norwegian descent. From 1972 to 1973, he studied Latin American studies at Oxford University, completing his education in 1975, he earned an M. B. A. from the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University. After returning to California, he won a scholarship to attend Admiral Farragut Academy, after two years at Annapolis, a teacher encouraged him to transfer to Harvard. From 1978 to 1979, he served as Special Assistant to Secretary W. Michael Blumenthal at the United States Department of the Treasury, returning to Brown Brothers, he established and managed the banks Dallas-based Texas operations. Leaving Brown Brothers in 1987, Fisher created Fisher Capital Management, the following year, he was a candidate for the same U. S. Senate seat in the regularly scheduled election. Fisher came in second to former Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox in the Democratic Party primary, Fisher lost the general election in a landslide to incumbent Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison as she beat him 61% to 38%. From 1997 to 2001, Fisher served as Deputy U. S. Trade Representative and he left the firm in April,2005, when he was appointed as President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, succeeding Robert D. McTeer in that post. I am more concerned than I was before. ”At the Dallas Fed, Fisher was outspoken in 2013 in opposition to the way quantitative easing was being pursued by Fed chair Ben Bernanke, Fisher is divorced from Nancy Miles Collins, the daughter of former U. S. They have four children, including their son, actor Miles Fisher
19.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
20.
Zhu Rongji
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A tough administrator, his time in office saw the continued double-digit growth of the Chinese economy and Chinas increased assertiveness in international affairs. His opponents, however, charge that Zhus tough and pragmatic stance on policy was unrealistic and unnecessary, Zhu retired in 2003 and has not been a public figure since. Premier Zhu was also known for his charisma and tasteful humour. Zhu Rongji was born in Changsha, Hunan, to a family of intellectuals, according to family tradition, his family was descended from Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. His father died when he was born, and his mother died when he was nine, Zhu was subsequently raised by his uncle, Zhu Xuefang, who continued to support Zhus education. Zhu was educated locally, and after graduation from school he attended the prestigious Tsinghua University in Beijing. While attending Tsinghua he became a student leader and took part in activities that were organized by the Communist Party, in 1951 he became the chairman of the Tsinghua Student Union. Following his graduation, Zhu began his career as a civil servant and he began his career in the Northeast China Ministry of Industries, where he was appointed the deputy head of its production planning office. From 1952-1958 he worked in the State Planning Commission, where he worked as head, deputy director. In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, he criticized Mao Zedongs economic policies and his comments led to him being subsequently identified as a rightist in 1958, for which he was persecuted, demoted, disgraced, and thrown out of the Communist Party. In the late 1950s his family was persecuted for their pre-revolutionary status as wealthy landowners. After his persecution as a rightist, Zhu was sent to work at a cadre school. During the Cultural Revolution Zhu was purged again, from 1970-1975 he was sent for re-education to the May Seventh Cadre School, a special farm for disgraced government workers and former Party members. During his exile in the countryside Zhu worked as a laborer, raising pigs and cattle, carrying human waste. Shortly after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 Deng Xiaoping initiated economic and political reforms led to Zhus rehabilitation. From 1976 to 1979 he worked as an engineer in the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, in 1978 he was formally rehabilitated and allowed to rejoin the Communist Party. He had few connections in the army, the Party, or the bureaucracy, in 1979 he was reassigned to the State Economic Commission, in which he served as vice-minister from 1983-1987. After being politically rehabilitated and re-entering the civil service, Zhu resumed connections with his alma mater, in 1984 he was named the founding dean of the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management
21.
World Trade Organization
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The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round. The WTO is attempting to complete negotiations on the Doha Development Round, as of June 2012, the future of the Doha Round remained uncertain, the work programme lists 21 subjects in which the original deadline of 1 January 2005 was missed, and the round is still incomplete. This impasse has made it impossible to launch new WTO negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round, as a result, there have been an increasing number of bilateral free trade agreements between governments. As of July 2012, there were various groups in the WTO system for the current agricultural trade negotiation which is in the condition of stalemate. The WTOs current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo, who leads a staff of over 600 people in Geneva, a trade facilitation agreement, part of the Bali Package of decisions, was agreed by all members on 7 December 2013, the first comprehensive agreement in the organizations history. Seven rounds of negotiations occurred under GATT, the first real GATT trade rounds concentrated on further reducing tariffs. Then, the Kennedy Round in the mid-sixties brought about a GATT anti-dumping Agreement, because these plurilateral agreements were not accepted by the full GATT membership, they were often informally called codes. Several of these codes were amended in the Uruguay Round, only four remained plurilateral, but in 1997 WTO members agreed to terminate the bovine meat and dairy agreements, leaving only two. Well before GATTs 40th anniversary, its members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a new globalizing world economy. In response to the problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration, the GATT still exists as the WTOs umbrella treaty for trade in goods, updated as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. GATT1994 is not however the only legally binding agreement included via the Final Act at Marrakesh, the highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions, the Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements. When agricultural export subsidies were agreed to be phased out and adoption of the European Unions Everything, the WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Round, at the fourth ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar in November 2001. This was to be an effort to make globalization more inclusive and help the worlds poor, particularly by slashing barriers. The initial agenda comprised both further trade liberalization and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries. Among the various functions of the WTO, these are regarded by analysts as the most important and it provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training
22.
Harvard Business School
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Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The school offers a large full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, HBX and it owns Harvard Business Publishing, which publishes business books, leadership articles, online management tools for corporate learning, case studies, and the monthly Harvard Business Review. Initially established by the faculty, it received independent status in 1910. The first dean was historian Edwin Francis Gay, the goal was an institution of higher learning that would offer a master of arts degree in the humanities field, with a major in business. In discussions about the curriculum, the suggestion was made to concentrate on business topics such as banking, railroads. Professor Lowell said the school would train qualified public administrators whom the government would have no choice but to employ, Harvard was blazing a new trail by educating young people for a career in business, just as its medical school trained doctors and its law faculty trained lawyers. From the start the school enjoyed a relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms, at its founding, the school accepted only male students. The Training Course in Personnel Administration, founded at Radcliffe College in 1937, was the beginning of training for women at Harvard. HBS took over administration of that program from Radcliffe in 1954, in 1959, alumnae of the one-year program were permitted to apply to join the HBS MBA program as second-years. In December 1962, the faculty voted to allow women to enter the MBA program directly, the first women to apply directly to the MBA program matriculated in September 1963. HBS is consistently ranked among the business schools in the world. It was ranked tied for 1st in the United States by U. S. News & World Report in 2017, No.1 in the U. S. by Bloomberg Businessweek, students can join one or more of the more than 80 clubs on campus. The Student Association is the interface between the MBA student body and the faculty/administration. The Summer Venture in Management Program is a management training program for rising college seniors designed to increase diversity and opportunity in business education. Participants must be employed in an internship and be nominated by and have sponsorship from their company or organization to attend. HBX, is a learning initiative announced by the Harvard Business School in March 2014 to host online university-level courses. Initial programs are the Credential of Readiness and Disruptive Strategy with Clayton Christensen, leading with Finance was added to the catalog in August 2016
23.
Fortune 500
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The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest U. S. corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes public companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available, the concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more used than its subset Fortune 100 or wider list Fortune 1000. The original Fortune 500 was limited to companies whose revenues were derived from manufacturing, mining, at the same time, Fortune published companion Fortune 50 lists of the 50 largest commercial banks, utilities, life insurance companies, retailers and transportation companies. Fortune magazine changed its methodology in 1994 to include service companies, with the change came 291 new entrants to the famous list including three in the Top 10. The Fortune 500 was first published in 1955, created by Edgar P. Smith, the original top ten companies were General Motors, Exxon Mobil, U. S. Steel, General Electric, Esmark, Chrysler, Armour, Gulf Oil, Mobil and DuPont
24.
Government procurement
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Government procurement, or public procurement, is the procurement of goods, services or constructions on behalf of a public authority, such as a government agency. With 10 to 20% of GDP, government procurement accounts for a part of the global economy. To prevent fraud, waste, corruption, or local protectionism and it usually requires the procuring authority to issue public tenders if the value of the procurement exceeds a certain threshold. Government procurement is also the subject of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Government procurement regulations normally cover all public works, services and supply contracts entered into by a public authority. These most notably cover military acquisitions, which account for parts of government expenditures. The GPA and EU procurement law allow of exceptions where public tendering would violate a countrys essential security interests, additionally, certain politically or economically sensitive sectors, such as public health, energy supply or public transport, may also be treated differently. Public procurement in Angola is governed by Law No, 20/10 of 7 September 2010, the Public Procurement Law, and Law No. 2/2011 on Public-Private Partnerships in Angola, the Public Procurement Law repealed Law No. 7/96 of 16 February 1996 and Decree No, Public expenditure, the provision of services, the leasing and acquisition of goods, and public works contracts regulated through the Public Procurement Law. Government procurement in the European Union has been regulated and harmonized by community law since the 1970s and it accounts for more than EUR2 trillion, or 19% of the EU GDP. At the beginning of 2015, the Bulgarian government announced a 130-kilometer extension to the barbed wire fence along its border with Turkey in order to completely secure the land border. Prime Minister Boyko Borisov described the extension as absolutely necessary in order to prevent persons from entering the European Union member state. Government procurement in the Czech Republic is regulated by Act No, Economic operators who are dissatisfied with the conduct of public procurement activity in Denmark may complain to the Klagenævnet for Udbud. Government procurement in Gibraltar is managed by the Procurement Office, an independent office of Her Majesty’s Government of Gibraltar which reports directly to the Financial Secretary, Government procurement in Ireland is governed by the European Communities Regulations 2006 and the European Communities Regulations 2010. Health commissioners in England are exempt from the Lord Young Rules rules when procuring clinical services, in Wales, two organisations - the National Procurement Service, established in 2013, and Value Wales - oversee Welsh public sector procurement. In Northern Ireland the Central Procurement Directorate within the Department of Finance is responsible for procurement policy, a Concordat on Public Procurement was agreed on 1 June 2001 by the UK Government and the Northern Ireland Executive for the handling of EU, international and policy issues on public procurement. The Crown Commercial Service operates a Mystery Shopper scheme, whose remit is to provide a route for suppliers to raise concerns about public procurement practice in England, the Public Procurement Board is the central body for policy formulation on procurement. The existing Public Procurement Act 2003 was amended by the Public Procurement Act 2016, Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003
25.
American Bar Association
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The American Bar Association, founded August 21,1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. The ABAs most important stated activities are the setting of standards for law schools. Its national headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois, it maintains a significant branch office in Washington. The ABA was founded on August 21,1878, in Saratoga Springs, New York, by 75 lawyers from 20 states, according to the ABA website, The legal profession as we know it today barely existed at that time. Lawyers were generally sole practitioners who trained under a system of apprenticeship, there was no national code of ethics, there was no national organization to serve as a forum for discussion of the increasingly intricate issues involved in legal practice. In 1918 the first women were admitted to the ABA – Judge Mary Belle Grossman of Cleveland, the ABA did not allow African-Americans to join until 1943. Roberta Cooper Ramo was the first female President of the ABA from 1995–1996, in 2016 ABA introduced a new ethics rule prohibiting attorneys from using sexist, racist and condescending terms. The goals and objectives are, Goal 1, Serve our members, Promote the highest quality legal education, 2) Promote competence, ethical conduct and professionalism, 3) Promote pro bono and public service by the legal profession. )Goal 3, Eliminate bias and enhance diversity. Promote full and equal participation in the association, our profession, and the system by all persons, 2) Eliminate bias in the legal profession. Its Board of Governors, with 44 members, has the authority to act for the ABA, consistent with previous action of the House of Delegates, when the House is not in session. The ABA president, elected to a term, is chief executive officer of the association, while the appointed. The conclusion of the ABA Annual Meeting, in August, is when a new president takes office, the Annual Meeting also gives the general membership the opportunity to participate in educational programs and hear speakers address many issues. In 2010, Jack L. Rives, formerly TJAG, was appointed Executive Director, one function of the ABA is its creation and maintenance of a code of ethical standards for lawyers. The Model Code of Professional Responsibility and/or the newer Model Rules of Professional Conduct have been adopted in 49 states, the District of Columbia and the United States Virgin Islands. The exception is the State Bar of California, however, a few sections of the California Rules of Professional Conduct were drawn from the ABA models, since 1923, law schools which meet ABA standards are listed as approved. ABA accreditation is important not only because it affects the recognition of the law schools involved, even states which recognize unaccredited schools within their borders will generally not recognize such schools from other jurisdictions for purposes of bar admission. For law students attending ABA-accredited schools, memberships are available for free, students attending non-ABA accredited law schools are permitted to join the ABA as associate members. On October 17,2011, the ABA announced it was considering penalties, employment information was filed separately to the Section
26.
Foreign Policy Association
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The Foreign Policy Association is a non-profit organization founded in 1918 dedicated to inspiring the American public to learn more about the world. The Foreign Policy Association aims to spread awareness and understanding of foreign policy issues. It was founded in 1918 as the League of Free Nations Association, interestingly, it also included future influential Americans from both sides of the political spectrum, John Foster Dulles and Eleanor Roosevelt. In the 1920s, it initiated Saturday luncheon discussions on policy in New York City. The luncheon discussions grew popular and in 1938,19 women formed its Off-the-Record lecture series to more about international affairs. “In a democracy the Government functions with the consent of the whole people, the latter must be guided by the facts. The Foreign Policy Association is performing a duty in facilitating the lucid presentation of the facts of world problems and their impact upon the United States. ”- Franklin D. Roosevelt,1943 The heart of the FPAs outreach effort. The program has become the largest nonpartisan public education program on international affairs in the world, the FPA continued to undertake new educational challenges to improve the teaching of world affairs in the nations schools in the 1960s when the forerunner of the FPAs Citizens Guide to U. S. “The complexity and multiplicity of the foreign policy questions facing the U. S. ” - John F. Kennedy,1960 In the 1970s, Great Decisions opinion ballots were tabulated nationally for the first time. Every year, the results of the ballot tabulations are presented to the White House, the Departments of State and Defense, Congress, today, the preparation of innovative study materials and teachers guides, as well as workshops for teachers, are among FPA top priorities. An updated version of the history of the Foreign Policy Association is presented in this video narrated by noted evening news program anchor Tom Brokaw from NBC Nightly News. With the Foreign Policy Blogs network, the Foreign Policy Association brings to the public, the Foreign Policy Blogs network is a production of the Foreign Policy Association but is staffed by professional contributors from journalism, academia, business, non-profits and think tanks. The Foreign Policy Association also produces the Great Decision series on PBS, Great Decisions on PBS is produced by Executive Producer MacDara King. Great Decision full episodes are available on Netflix, Hulu. The show was narrated by the legendary Walter Cronkite, formerly of the Columbia Broadcasting System, former guests include Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon, Desmond Tutu, Jimmy Carter, and Madeleine Albright. The Great Decisions program is the educational program at the core of its outreach. The aim is to increase the awareness of issues in the American public. Launched in 1954, it is Americas longest-standing civic global affairs education program and has more than half a million participants in the US
27.
Trilateral Commission
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The Trilateral Commission is a non-governmental, non-partisan discussion group founded by David Rockefeller in July 1973, to foster closer cooperation among North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Sensing a profound discord among North American, European nations and Japan, to quote its founding declaration, Growing interdependence is a fact of life of the contemporary world. It transcends and influences national systems, refrain from unilateral actions incompatible with their interdependence and from actions detrimental to other regions. Take advantage of existing international and regional organizations and further enhance their role, the Commission hopes to play a creative role as a channel of free exchange of opinions with other countries and regions. Further progress of the countries and greater improvement of East-West relations will be a major concern. The Trilateral Commission initiated its biannual meetings schedule in October 1973 in Tokyo, in May 1976, the first plenary meeting of all of the Commissions regional groups took place in Kyoto. It was through these meetings that the group effected its most profound influence. Before these exchanges, the country was more isolated on the international stage. Since its founding, the group has produced an official journal called Trialogue. Membership is divided into numbers proportionate to each of the think tanks three regional areas, the North American continent is represented by 120 members. At first, Asia and Oceania were represented only by Japan, the Pacific Asia group also included 9 members from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Currently, the Trilateral Commission claims more than 100 Pacific Asian members, while Trilateral Commission bylaws exclude persons holding public office from membership, the think tank draws its participants from political, business, and academic worlds. The group is chaired by three individuals, one each of the regions represented. On the right, a number of prominent thinkers and politicians have criticized the Trilateral Commission as encroaching on national sovereignty, the creation of a worldwide economic power superior to the political governments of the nation-states involved. Right-wing groups such as the John Birch Society and right wing conspiracy theorists such as Alex Jones also support this idea. Conservative pundit Charles Krauthammer sardonically alluded to the conspiracy theories when he was asked in 2012 who makes up the Republican establishment, saying and we meet every month on the full moon. We have the ritual, Karl brings the incense, I bring the live lamb and the long knife, with a pledge of allegiance to the Trilateral Commission. Thats where Jimmy Carters whole government came from, was concerned with trying to induce what they called more moderation in democracy—turn people back to passivity and obedience so they dont put so many constraints on state power and so on
28.
Intel
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Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board
29.
American Express
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The American Express Company, also known as Amex, is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattans Three World Financial Center in New York City, United States. Founded in 1850, it is one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the company is best known for its credit card, charge card, and travelers cheque businesses. Amex cards account for approximately 24% of the dollar volume of credit card transactions in the US. BusinessWeek and Interbrand ranked American Express as the 22nd most valuable brand in the world, Fortune listed Amex as one of the top 20 Most Admired Companies in the World. The companys logo, adopted in 1958, is a Centurion whose image appears on the travelers cheques, charge cards. In 1850, American Express was started as an express business in Buffalo. It was founded as a joint stock corporation by the merger of the companies owned by Henry Wells, William G. Fargo. Wells and Fargo also started Wells Fargo & Co. in 1852 when Butterfield, American Express initially established its headquarters in a building at the intersection of Jay Street and Hudson Street in what was later called the Tribeca section of Manhattan. For years it enjoyed a monopoly on the movement of express shipments throughout New York State. In 1874, American Express moved its headquarters to 65 Broadway in what was becoming the Financial District of Manhattan, in 1854, the American Express Co. purchased a lot on Vesey Street in New York City as the site for its stables. A stable was constructed in 1867, five blocks north at 4–8 Hubert Street, in 1880, American Express built a new warehouse behind the Broadway Building at 46 Trinity Place. The designer is unknown, but it has a façade of brick arches that are reminiscent of pre-skyscraper New York, American Express has long been out of this building, but it still bears a terracotta seal with the American Express Eagle. In 1890–91 the company constructed a new building by Edward H. Kendall on the site of its former headquarters on Hudson Street. By 1903, the company had assets of some $28 million, to reflect this, the company purchased the Broadway buildings and site. The old buildings, dubbed by the New York Times as among the ancient landmarks of lower Broadway, were inadequate for such a rapidly expanding concern, after some delays due to the war in Europe, the 21-story neo-classical American Express Co. Building was constructed in 1916–17 to the design of James L. Aspinwall, of the firm of Renwick, Aspinwall & Tucker, the building consolidated the two lots of the former buildings with a single address,65 Broadway. This building was part of the Express Row section of lower Broadway at the time, kenny, and Standard & Poors, who has renamed the building for itself. American Express extended its reach nationwide by arranging affiliations with other companies, railroads
30.
Starwood
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Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is an American hotel and leisure company headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut. One of the worlds largest hotel companies, it owns, operates, franchises and manages hotels, resorts, spas, residences, and vacation ownership properties under its 11 owned brands. As of 1 December 2014, Starwood Hotels and Resorts owned, managed, or franchised over 1,200 properties employing over 180,400 people, of whom approximately 26% were employed in the United States. On November 16,2015, Marriott International announced it would purchase Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide for $13.6 billion, the merger was finalized on September 23,2016 after gaining the final approval from the American authorities. After the acquisition by Marriott was approved, the Starwood Preferred Guest program announced it would provide reciprocal benefits with Marriotts guest reward program, the two programs will be merged under a single brand in the future. The Westin Hotels and Resorts brand is Starwoods largest upscale hotels and it was bought by Starwood in 1994 and is also the oldest brand within Starwood, dating back to 1930 and still continuing with it. Sheraton is Starwoods flagship brand, providing hotel and resort accommodation. It began operating in 1937 and was sold to Starwood in 1998 by ITT, also under the Sheraton brand are 7 Vacation Ownership properties. The flagship of the division was The St Regis in New York City, the majority of the CIGA hotels were folded into the ITT Sheraton Luxury Collection. Both ITT Sheraton and later Starwood kept CIGAs original logo for The Luxury Collection brand logo until 2010, after Starwood bought Sheraton, they established a separate brand identity for The Luxury Collection and expanded it. Many hotels in The Luxury Collection are smaller establishments in converted palaces or other significant buildings, launched in 1995 under the Sheraton Groups brand, this brand is a set of mid-range hotels that replaced the Sheraton Inn sub-brand of Sheraton. W Hotels is Starwoods luxury boutique hotel brand, generally marketed towards a younger crowd, for example, the lobbies of all the hotels are known as the Living Room. W Hotels attempt to include the letter W wherever possible - the swimming pool is known as Wet, the concierge is known as Whatever Whenever, the bag in every room is known as Wash. St. Regis is Starwoods main luxury brand, launched in 1999, in the 1930s, head bartender Fernand Petiot, introduced the Bloody Mary cocktail. It has a total of 137 properties operating or in the worldwide, with its first property being Le Méridien Etoile in Paris. Certain locations offer guests complimentary access to art galleries and museums through collaborations, Le Méridien has a partnership with the Italian coffee roasting company Illy, serving and promoting Illy-branded coffee and products throughout its hotels around the world. Aloft, was launched in 2005 as Aloft, a Vision of W Hotels, in a relationship with W similar to Four Points by Sheraton and its brand parent, Aloft is a mid-scale, urban-style business/boutique hotel brand. Announced in 2006, and originally known as Element by Westin, the designs include energy and water efficient features
31.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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The Howard Hughes Medical Institute is an American non-profit medical research organization based in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It was founded by the American businessman Howard Hughes in 1953 and it is one of the largest private funding organizations for biological and medical research in the United States. HHMI spends about $1 million per HHMI Investigator per year, which amounts to annual investment in research of about $825 million. The institute has an endowment of $18.2 billion, making it the second-wealthiest philanthropic organization in the United States, HHMI is the former owner of the Hughes Aircraft Company - an American aerospace firm which was divested to various firms over time. The institute was formed with the goal of research including trying to understand, in Hughess words. Despite its principles, in the days it was generally viewed as a tax haven for Hughess huge personal fortune. Hughes was HHMIs sole trustee and transferred his stock of Hughes Aircraft to the institute, for many years the Institute grappled with maintaining its non-profit status, the Internal Revenue Service challenged its charitable status which made it tax exempt. The institute was initially in Miami, Florida in 1953, Hughess internist, Dr. Verne Mason, who treated Hughes after his 1946 plane crash, was chairman of the institutes medical advisory committee. The institute moved to Coconut Grove, Florida, in the mid-1970s and then to Bethesda, Maryland, in 1993 the institute moved to its headquarters in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It was not until after Hughess death in 1976 that the institutes profile increased from a budget of $4 million in 1975 to $15 million by 1978. In this period it focused its mission on genetics, immunology, since Hughes died without a will as the sole trustee of the HHMI, the institute was involved in lengthy court proceedings to determine whether it would benefit from Hughess fortune. In April 1984, a court appointed new trustees for the institutes holdings, in January 1985 the trustees announced they would sell Hughes Aircraft by private sale or public stock offering. On June 5,1985 General Motors was announced as the winner of a secretive five-month, sealed-bid auction. The purchase was completed on December 20,1985 for an estimated $5.2 billion, $2.7 billion in cash, the proceeds caused the institute to grow dramatically. HHMI completed the building of a new campus in Ashburn. It is modeled after AT&Ts Bell Labs and the Medical Research Councils Laboratory of Molecular Biology, with a main laboratory building nearly 1,000 feet long, it contains 760,000 square feet of enclosed space, used primarily for research. The campus also features apartments for visiting researchers, the agreement takes effect for articles published after September 1,2007. In 2008, the Trustees of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute selected Dr. Robert Tjian as the new president of HHMI, in 2009, HHMI awarded fifty researchers, as part of the HHMI Early Career Scientist Competition
32.
Council on Foreign Relations
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The Council on Foreign Relations, founded in 1921, is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U. S. foreign policy and international affairs. It is headquartered in New York City, with an office in Washington. Its membership, which numbers 4,900, has included senior politicians, more than a dozen secretaries of state, CIA directors, bankers, lawyers, professors, and senior media figures. The CFR meetings convene government officials, global leaders and prominent members of the intelligence. This academic band, including Wilsons closest adviser and long-time friend Colonel Edward M. House, as well as Walter Lippmann, met to assemble the strategy for the postwar world. The team produced more than 2,000 documents detailing and analyzing the political, economic and their reports formed the basis for the Fourteen Points, which outlined Wilsons strategy for peace after wars end. These scholars then traveled to the Paris Peace Conference,1919 and participated in the discussions there. ”The members were proponents of Wilsons internationalism, but were concerned about the effect that the war. On July 29,1921 they filed a certification of incorporation and he gathered $125,000 from the wealthy members on the council, and via sending letters soliciting funds to the thousand richest Americans. In the late 1930s, the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation began contributing large amounts of money to the Council, the secrecy surrounding this group was such, that the Council members who were not involved in its deliberations were completely unaware of the study groups existence. It was divided into four functional groups, economic and financial, security and armaments, territorial. The security and armaments group was headed by Allen Welsh Dulles who later became a figure in the CIAs predecessor. The CFR ultimately produced 682 memoranda for the State Department, marked classified and circulated among the government departments. A critical study found that of 502 government officials surveyed from 1945 to 1972, during the Eisenhower administration 40% of the top U. S. foreign policy officials were CFR members, under Truman, 42% of the top posts were filled by council members. During the Kennedy administration, this rose to 51%. In an anonymous piece called The Sources of Soviet Conduct that appeared in Foreign Affairs in 1947, the essay would prove to be highly influential in US foreign policy for seven upcoming presidential administrations. William Bundy credited the CFRs study groups with helping to lay the framework of thinking led to the Marshall Plan. Due to new interest in the group, membership grew towards 1,000, dwight D. Eisenhower chaired a CFR study group while he served as President of Columbia University. One member later said, whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, the CFR study group devised an expanded study group called Americans for Eisenhower to increase his chances for the presidency
33.
BusinessWeek
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Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L. P. Businessweek was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world and it is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016, Businessweek was first published in September 1929, weeks before the stock market crash of 1929. The magazine provided information and opinions on what was happening in the world at the time. Businessweek was originally published to be a resource for business managers, however, in the 1970s, the magazine shifted its strategy and added consumers outside of the business world. Since 1975, Businessweek has carried more annual advertising pages than any magazine in the United States. Stephen B. Shepard served as editor-in-chief from 1984 until 2005 when he was chosen to be the dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. Under Shepard, Businessweeks readership grew to more than six million in the late 1980s and he was succeeded by Stephen J. Adler of The Wall Street Journal. Businessweek suffered a decline during the recession as advertising revenues fell one-third by the start of 2009. In July 2009, it was reported that McGraw-Hill was trying to sell Businessweek and had hired Evercore Partners to conduct the sale. Because of the liabilities, it was suggested that it might change hands for the nominal price of $1 to an investor who was willing to incur losses turning the magazine around. In late 2009, Bloomberg L. P. bought the magazine—for a reported price between $2 million to $5 million plus assumption of liabilities—and renamed it Bloomberg BusinessWeek. It is now believed McGraw-Hill received the high end of the price, at $5 million. Currently, the magazine still loses $30 million per year, about half of the $60 million it was reported losing in 2009, Adler resigned as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Josh Tyrangiel, who had been deputy managing editor of Time magazine. In early 2010, the title was restyled Bloomberg Businessweek as part of a redesign. Megan Murphy is the editor of the magazine in the eight years of Bloomberg ownership. The magazine is losing between $20-$30 million a year. The magazine is to undergo changes in the second quarter of 2017
34.
Christian Herter
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Christian Archibald Herter was an American politician and statesman, 59th Governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957, and United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961. He graduated from Harvard University in 1915 and did work in architecture. Herter married the wealthy heiress Mary Caroline Pratt in 1917 and she was the daughter of Frederic B. Pratt, longtime head of the Pratt Institute and granddaughter of Standard Oil magnate Charles Pratt and they had three sons and one daughter, including Christian A. Herter, Jr. who was active in international relations. He was made attaché to the Embassy of the United States, Berlin and he was part of the US delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he helped draft the Covenant of the League of Nations. Later, he was the assistant to Herbert Hoover when he was instrumental in providing relief to postwar Europe. Herter went on to work for Hoover when Hoover became Secretary of Commerce in the Harding Administration, Herter also participated in the 1919 meeting that resulted in the U. S. Herter hated working for the administration of President Warren Harding, and returned to Boston. In 1930, Herter was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, in 1942, he sought the Massachusetts 10th district seat in the US House of Representatives, held by George H. Tinkham, whose isolationist views made him vulnerable during World War II. Once Herter entered the contest, Tinkham withdrew and so opened the way for Herter to be elected, although he was critical of Franklin D. In those years, he refused to support a permanent congressional committee investigating un-American activities, in 1947, Herter founded the Middle East Institute with Middle East scholar George Camp Keiser and then served on the board of trustees of the World Peace Foundation. Herter served five terms in Congress, in 1952, he ran successfully for governor of Massachusetts, narrowly defeating incumbent Governor Paul A. Dever. Herter was re-elected governor in 1954, defeating Massachusetts House Minority Leader Robert F. Murphy and he chose not to seek a third term in 1956. Herter received the Medal of Freedom in 1961 and he is buried at the Prospect Hill Cemetery in Millis, Massachusetts. Secretary Herter was also an active freemason and he was a member of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Christian Herters lifetime reputation was as an internationalist, especially interested in improving political, in 1943, with Paul Nitze, Herter co-founded the School of Advanced International Studies, which incorporated with the Johns Hopkins University in 1950. Today, the school has campuses in Washington, D. C. Bologna, Italy, and Nanjing, China, and is recognized as a leader in international relations, economics
35.
William M. Roth
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William Matson Roth was a shipping executive, special ambassador for trade, member of the ACLU executive committee, and Regent for the University of California. He is credited with the preservation of Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco and he was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Lurline Matson Roth and William Philip Roth. His maternal grandfather was William Matson, the founder of the Matson Navigation Company, in 1962, Roth and his mother purchased Ghirardelli Square in fear that it would be torn down and replaced with condominiums. They hired an architectural firm to convert the factory with its historic brick structure into a retail complex. It was considered to be the first major adaptive re-use project in the United States, Ghirardelli Square was later listed on the National Register of Historical Places to preserve for future generations. In 1966, he was targeted along with Clark Kerr and Elinor Raas Heller by a fellow Regent, Edwin Pauley, ronald Reagan made the Free Speech Movement and Opposition to the Vietnam War on the Berkeley campus one of his major campaign issues. At the first Regents meeting after Reagans election, Kerr was fired, Roth remained a member of the Regents Board for many years, and was deliberately late for Reagans last meeting in 1974, to avoid voting on a resolution of approval for the outgoing governor. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to be the Trade Representative, among other activities, Roth worked as special representative for trade on US-European trade talks. See photo of Roth at a 1967, U. S. Chamber of Commerce conference alongside US Secretary of Commerce Alexander B, trowbridge, Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman, and Under Secretary of Labor James J. Reynolds. In 1974, Roth, a contributor to the Democratic Party. Now his daughter Maggie Roth, wife of artist David Best and he lived with his wife Joan Osborn and had three children with her. Roth died on May 29,2014 in Petaluma, California
36.
William Denman Eberle
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William Denman Eberle was an American politician and businessman from Idaho who held the office of Trade Representative from 1971 to 1974 under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Eberle was born in Boise, Idaho and he attended Boise High School, Stanford University and Harvard Law School. Eberle married the former Jean C, quick and they had four children, Jeffrey, W. David, Francis Q. and Cilista C. Eberle was a co-founder of pulp and paper company Boise Cascade and was executive officer of manufacturing firm American Standard. From 1953 to 1961, he was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives, Eberle served as Trade Representative during the Nixon and Ford administrations, from 1971 to 1975. During his time as chief negotiator, he pushed Europe. He also pressed trading partners to give American farmers and businesses more access to overseas markets and he resigned and was succeed by Frederick B. Dent, who resigned as Commerce Secretary, Eberle died of renal failure in Concord, Massachusetts on April 3,2008. Council of American Ambassadors, William D. Eberle List of United States Trade Representatives New York Times - Obituary
37.
Frederick B. Dent
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His assistant secretary, Hastings Wyman, a native of Aiken, South Carolina, became a political consultant and in 1978 the publisher of The Southern Political Report. Dent served as the United States Trade Representative from March 26,1975 until January 20,1977, Dent was born on August 17,1922 in Cape May, New Jersey, to Edith, and Magruder Dent. He was raised in Greenwich, Connecticut and he attended Yale University, where he lettered in football. Dent was an officer in the Navys ROTC program at Yale, Dent served in the United States Navy from 1943 until 1946. In the Navy, Dent was the Lieutenant Junior Grade, where he captained the USS PC1547, from 1958 until 1972 and 1977 until 1988, Dent was the president of Mayfair Mills in Arcadia, South Carolina. He was inducted into the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame in 1994, on March 11,1944, Dent married Mildred Millie Carrington Harrison. They had five children, Frederick Baily Rick, Jr. Mildred Dent Hutchinson, Diana Dent Gwynn, Pauline Harrison Polly Dent and he resides in Spartanburg, South Carolina
38.
Robert S. Strauss
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Robert Schwarz Strauss was a figure in American politics and diplomacy whose service dates back to future president Lyndon Johnson’s first congressional campaign in 1937. By the 1950s, he was associated in Texas politics with the faction of the Democratic Party led by Johnson. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U. S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East. Strauss was selected by President George H. W. Bush to be the U. S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1991 and after the USSRs collapse, he served as the U. S. ambassador to Russia from 1991 until 1992. Strauss had advised and represented U. S. presidents over three administrations and for both major U. S. political parties and his business activities included serving on the Texas Banking Commission and as Chairman of the U. S. -Russia Business Council. Strauss was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 2003 and was recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America’s highest civilian award, on January 16,1981. He was a trustee of the Center for Strategic and International Studies and The Forum for International Policy, and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. Strauss had occupied academic chairs and lecture positions, including one as the Lloyd Bentsen Chair at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at The University of Texas. He was also the namesake of The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security, Strauss was born in Lockhart, Texas, south of Austin. He was the son of Edith Violet and Charles H. Strauss and his parents were Jewish immigrants from Germany. When he was one old, his family moved to the small town of Hamlin, north of Abilene. Strausss father opened a general store in Stamford. In his sophomore year at the University of Texas at Austin, in 1937, while still an undergraduate, he volunteered for Johnsons first congressional campaign. Strauss was also a member of the Texas Cowboys, a service organization at the University of Texas. At the University of Texas Law School, he met another student who would have a impact on his career. After completing his law degree, Strauss was hired as an agent by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. After the war, he settled in Dallas, where he and this firm, originally known as Gump and Strauss, would eventually grow into the international law firm Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld. The many partners over the years included a defense attorney
39.
Reubin Askew
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Reubin ODonovan Askew was an American politician, who served as the 37th Governor of the U. S. state of Florida from 1971 to 1979. He led on tax reform, civil rights, and financial transparency for public officials, Askew was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, one of the six children of Leon G. Askew and Alberta Askew. His parents divorced, in part because of what Askew said was his fathers serious drinking problem, two of his brothers later had similar problems. Askew chose to be a teetotaller and non-smoker. In 1937, his mother moved with Reubin to Pensacola, Florida, askew’s middle name, O’Donovan, was his mother’s maiden name. His signature used the initial in her honor. In 1944, Askew was initiated as a member of Escambia Chapter Order of DeMolay and he graduated from Pensacola High School in 1946. Later that year, Askew entered the Army as a paratrooper, Askew next attended Florida State University, where he was a brother of Delta Tau Delta and Alpha Phi Omega. At FSU, Askew was elected as Student Body President, beginning his career in politics. He graduated from Florida State University in 1951 with a B. S. degree in Public Administration and he later completed law school at the University of Florida Levin College of Law. During the Korean War, Askew served in the Air Force from 1951 to 1953 and he oversaw the program for taking and analyzing airplane reconnaissance photographs of Western Europe. He felt uncomfortable with this task as it violated existing treaties, in 1955, Askew returned to Pensacola, Florida, where he formed a law firm with David Levin. The firm was called Levin & Askew, and now is named Levin Papantonio Law Firm, in 1956, Askew was elected Assistant County Solicitor of Escambia County, Florida as a Democrat. In 1958, he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, after serving two terms in the House, in 1962 Askew was elected to the Florida Senate from the 2nd district, also representing Escambia. He was reelected to a seat encompassing both Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties in 1966, and again in 1967 and 1968. From 1969 to 1970, he served as president pro tempore of the Senate, in 1971 he received the Legion of Honor from the International Supreme Council of the Order of DeMolay. The state houses had been apportioned by county, resulting in inequities that did not represent current state conditions. Urban areas were underrepresented in the legislature, as was typical of many states, rural legislators had resisted reapportionment in order to retain power
