1.
Holborn
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Holborn is a district in the West End, central London, forming part of the London Borough of Camden. The areas first mention is in a charter of Westminster Abbey, by King Edgar and this mentions the old wooden church of St Andrew. The name Holborn may be derived from the Middle English hol for hollow, and bourne, historical cartographer William Shepherd in his Plan of London about 1300 labels the Fleet as Hole Bourn where it passes to the east of St Andrews church. The exact course of the stream is uncertain, but according to Stow it started in one of the small springs near Holborn Bar. This is supported by a map of London and Westminster created during the reign of Henry VIII that clearly marks the street as Oldbourne, other historians, however, find the theory implausible, in view of the slope of the land. It was then outside the Citys jurisdiction and a part of Ossulstone Hundred in Middlesex, in the 12th century St Andrews was noted in local title deeds as lying on Holburnestrate—Holborn Street. The rest of the area below Bars was organised by the board of the parish of St Andrew. The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn was abolished in 1965 and its area now part of the London Borough of Camden. Holborn is also represented in the London Assembly as part of Barnet and Camden by Andrew Dismore, criminals from the Tower and Newgate passed up Holborn on their way to be hanged at Tyburn or St Giles. The theatre premièred the first full-length feature film in 1914, The World, the Flesh and the Devil, Charles Dickens took up residence in Furnivals Inn, on the site of Holborn Bars. Dickens put his character Pip, in Great Expectations, in residence at Barnards Inn opposite, staple Inn, notable as the promotional image for Old Holborn tobacco, is nearby. The three of these were Inns of Chancery, subsequently, the area diversified and become recognisable as the modern street. A plaque stands at number 120 commemorating Thomas Earnshaws invention of the Marine chronometer, at the corner of Hatton Garden was the old family department store of Gamages. Until 1992, the London Weather Centre was located in the street, the Prudential insurance company relocated in 2002. The Daily Mirror offices used to be directly opposite it, further east, in the gated avenue of Ely Place, is St Etheldredas Church, originally the chapel of the Bishop of Ely’s London palace. This ecclesiastical connection allowed the street to remain part of the county of Cambridgeshire until the mid-1930s and this meant that Ye Olde Mitre, a pub located in a court hidden behind the buildings of the Place and the Garden was subject to the Cambridgeshire Magistrates to grant its licence. St Etheldredas is the oldest church building used for Roman Catholic worship in London, however, this became so only after it ceased to be an Anglican chapel in the 19th century. Hatton Garden, the centre of the trade, was leased to a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Christopher Hatton
2.
London Borough of Camden
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The London Borough of Camden /ˈkæmdən/ is a borough in north west London, and forms part of Inner London. The southern reaches of Camden form part of central London, the local authority is Camden London Borough Council. The borough was created in 1965 from the area of the metropolitan boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn, and St Pancras. The borough was named after Camden Town, which had gained its name from Charles Pratt, the transcribed diaries of William Copeland Astbury, recently made available, describe Camden and the surrounding areas in great detail from 1829–1848. There are 162 English Heritage blue plaques in the borough of Camden representing the diverse personalities that have lived there. The area is in the part of the city, reaching from Holborn. Neighbouring areas are the City of Westminster and the City of London to the south, Brent to the west, Barnet and Haringey to the north and Islington to the east. It covers all or part of the N1, N6, N7, N19, NW1, NW2, NW3, NW5, NW6, NW8, EC1, WC1, WC2, W1 and it contains parts of central London. Camden Town Hall is located in Judd Street in St Pancras, Camden London Borough Council was controlled by the Labour Party continuously from 1971 until the 2006 election, when the Liberal Democrats became the largest party. In 2006, two Green Cllrs, Maya de Souza and Adrian Oliver, were elected and were the first Green Party councillors in Camden, Camden was the fourth to last council to drop out of the campaign, doing so in the early hours of 6 June. Borough councillors are elected every four years, between 2006 and 2010 Labour lost two seats to the Liberal Democrats through by-elections, in Kentish Town and Haverstock wards. A Labour Councillor in Haverstock ward also defected to the Liberal Democrats in February 2009, at the local elections on 6 May 2010 the Labour party regained full control of Camden council. The new council is made up of 30 Labour,13 Liberal Democrats,10 Conservatives, at the Councils AGM, Labours Nasim Ali took office as Camdens first leader from the Bengali community. Labour Councillor Jonathan Simpson was elected the Mayor of the Borough, the organisations staff are led by the Chief Executive who is currently Mike Cooke. Each directorate is divided into a number of divisions headed by an assistant director and they in turn are divided into groups which are themselves divided into services. This is a model to most local government in London. Pancras in the south, represented by Labours Keir Starmer, in 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough were already developed and had a total population of 96,795. This continued to rise throughout the 19th century as the district became built up
3.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
4.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
5.
Mary Dickens
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Mary Mamie Dickens was the eldest daughter of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. She wrote a book of reminiscences about her father, and with her aunt Georgina Hogarth, edited the first collection of his letters. Mamie Dickens was born at the home in Doughty Street in London and was named after Mary Hogarth, who had died in 1837. Her godfather was John Forster, her fathers friend and later biographer, Mary was nicknamed Mild Gloster by her father. In December 1839 the Dickens family moved from 48 Doughty Street to 1 Devonshire Terrace, of her childhood here she later wrote, I remember that my sister and I occupied a little garret room in Devonshire Terrace, at the very top of the house. He had taken the greatest pains and care to make the room as pretty and comfortable for his two little daughters as it could be made. He was often dragged up the staircase to this room to see some new print or some new ornament which we children had put up. He encouraged us in every way to make ourselves useful, and to adorn and beautify our rooms with our own hands. I remember that the adornment of this garret was decidedly primitive, but, never mind, if they were put up neatly and tidily they were always excellent, or quite slap-up as he used to say. She and her younger sister Kate were taught to read by their aunt, Georgina Hogarth, I had a long and serious illness, with an almost equally long convalescence. He returned rapidly to his desk, wrote furiously for a few moments, the facial pantomime was resumed, and then turning toward, but evidently not seeing, me, he began talking rapidly in a low voice. Ceasing this soon, however, he returned more to his desk. It was a most curious experience for me, and one of which, I did not until later years, in 1855 Charles Dickens took his two daughters to Paris. He told his friend Angela Burdett-Coutts that his intention was to give Mary, while in France they had dancing lessons, art classes and language coaching. They also had Italian lessons from the exiled patriot Daniele Manin, the production ran for four nights from 16 June 1855 at Tavistock House, Dickenss home, followed by a single performance on 10 July at Campden House, Kensington. In 1857 Dickens was visited at Gads Hill Place by Danish author and poet Hans Christian Andersen, Andersen described Mary as resembling her mother. Author Peter Ackroyd described her as being. amiable, somewhat sentimental, but high-spirited and with a love for what might be called the life of London society. She seems to have attached herself to her father with an almost blind affection, certainly, she never married and, of all the children, after her parents separated in 1858 Mary Dickens and her aunt Georgina Hogarth were put in command of the servants and household management
6.
The Old Curiosity Shop
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The Old Curiosity Shop is a novel by Charles Dickens. The plot follows the life of Nell Trent and her grandfather, the Old Curiosity Shop was one of two novels which Dickens published along with short stories in his weekly serial Master Humphreys Clock, which lasted from 1840 to 1841. It was so popular that New York readers stormed the wharf when the bearing the final instalment arrived in 1841. The Old Curiosity Shop was printed in book form in 1841, queen Victoria read the novel in 1841, finding it very interesting and cleverly written. The Old Curiosity Shop tells the story of Nell Trent, a beautiful, an orphan, she lives with her maternal grandfather in his shop of odds and ends. Her grandfather loves her dearly, and Nell does not complain and her only friend is Kit, an honest boy employed at the shop, whom she is teaching to write. Secretly obsessed with ensuring that Nell does not die in poverty as her parents did and he keeps his nocturnal games a secret, but borrows heavily from the evil Daniel Quilp, a malicious, grotesquely deformed, hunchbacked dwarf moneylender. In the end, he gambles away what little money they have and her grandfather suffers a breakdown that leaves him bereft of his wits, and Nell takes him away to the Midlands of England, to live as beggars. To this end, they join forces with Quilp, who knows well that there is no fortune. Quilp begins to try to track Nell down, but the fugitives are not easily discovered, to keep Dick Swiveller under his eye, Quilp arranges for him to be taken as a clerk by Quilps lawyer, Mr. Brass. At the Brass firm, Dick befriends the mistreated maidservant and nicknames her the Marchioness, meanwhile, Kit, having lost his job at the curiosity shop, has found new employment with the kind Mr and Mrs Garland. Here he is contacted by a single gentleman who is looking for news of Nell. The single gentleman and Kits mother go after them unsuccessfully, and encounter Quilp, Quilp forms a grudge against Kit and has him framed as a thief. However, Dick Swiveller proves Kits innocence with the help of his friend the Marchioness, Quilp is hunted down and dies trying to escape his pursuers. At the same time, a coincidence leads Mr Garland to knowledge of Nells whereabouts, and he, Kit, sadly, by the time they arrive, Nell has died as a result of her arduous journey. Her grandfather, already mentally infirm, refuses to admit she is dead and sits every day by her waiting for her to come back until. The events of the book seem to place around 1825. In Chapter 29 Miss Monflathers refers to the death of Lord Byron, when the inquest rules that Quilp committed suicide, his corpse is ordered to be buried at a crossroads with a stake through the heart, a practice banned in 1823
7.
The Pickwick Papers
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The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club was Charles Dickenss first novel. He was asked to contribute to the project as a writer following the success of Sketches by Boz. Dickens increasingly took over the monthly publication after the original illustrator Robert Seymour had committed suicide. With the introduction of Sam Weller in chapter 10, the became the first real publishing phenomenon, with bootleg copies, theatrical performances, Sam Weller joke books. A firm of London publishers, Messrs. Chapman & Hall, was projecting a series of cockney sporting plates by illustrator Robert Seymour. There was to be a club, the members of which were to be sent on hunting and fishing expeditions into the country and their guns were to go off by accident, fishhooks were to get caught in their hats and trousers. All these and other misadventures were to be depicted in Seymours comic plates, only in a few instances did Dickens adjust his narrative to plates that had been prepared for him. Typically, he led the way with an instalment of his story. The story thus became the source of interest, and the illustrations merely of secondary importance. By this reversal of interest, Dickens transformed, at a stroke, simple as the process may appear, others who had tried the plan had all failed. Pierce Egan partially succeeded in his Tom and Jerry, a novel in which the pictures, in future years, however, Dickens was suspiciously eager to distance himself from suggestions that Pierce Egans Life in London had been a formative influence. Robert Seymour provided the illustrations for the first two instalments before his suicide, Robert Buss illustrated the third instalment, but his work was not liked by Dickens and the remaining instalments were illustrated by Phiz who went on to illustrate most of Dickens novels. The instalments were first published in form in 1837. Written for publication as a serial, The Pickwick Papers is a sequence of loosely related adventures, the action is given as occurring 1827–8, though critics have noted some seeming anachronisms. It has been stated that Dickens satirized the case of George Norton suing Lord Melbourne in The Pickwick Papers, the novels main character, Samuel Pickwick, Esquire, is a kind and wealthy old gentleman, the founder and perpetual president of the Pickwick Club. Their travels throughout the English countryside by coach provide the theme of the novel. A distinctive and valuable feature of the work is the accurate description of the old coaching inns of England. Its main literary value and appeal is formed by its numerous memorable characters, each character in The Pickwick Papers, as in many other Dickens novels, is drawn comically, often with exaggerated personality traits
8.
Oliver Twist
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Oliver Twist, or The Parish Boys Progress, is the second novel by English author Charles Dickens and was first published as a serial 1837–39. The story is of the orphan Oliver Twist, who starts his life in a workhouse and is sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. He escapes from there and travels to London, where he meets the Artful Dodger, Oliver Twist is notable for its unromantic portrayal by Dickens of criminals and their sordid lives, as well as for exposing the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century. The alternate title, The Parish Boys Progress, alludes to Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress, as well as the 18th-century caricature series by William Hogarth, A Rakes Progress and A Harlots Progress. In this early example of the novel, Dickens satirizes the hypocrisies of his time, including child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals. The novel may have inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe. It is likely that Dickenss own youthful experiences contributed as well, Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous adaptations for various media, including a highly successful musical play, Oliver. and the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture. Disney also put its spin on the novel with the movie called Oliver & Company in 1988, the novel was originally published in monthly installments in the Magazine Bentleys Miscellany from February 1837 to April 1839. It was originally intended to form part of Dickenss serial, The Mudfog Papers, george Cruikshank provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each installment. It included 24 steel-engraved plates by Cruikshank, the first edition was titled, Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boys Progress. Oliver is brought up with food and few comforts. Around the time of Olivers ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble, Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots, the loser must ask for another portion of gruel. The task falls to Oliver, who at the next meal tremblingly comes up forward, bowl in hand, the board of well-fed gentlemen who administer the workhouse hypocritically offer £5 to any person wishing to take on the boy as an apprentice. Mr. Gamfield, a chimney sweep, almost claims Oliver. However, when he begs not to be sent away with that dreadful man. Later, Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker employed by the parish and he treats Oliver better and, because of the boys sorrowful countenance, uses him as a mourner at childrens funerals. In trying to bait Oliver, Noah insults Olivers biological mother, calling her a regular right-down bad un. Oliver flies into a rage, once Oliver is sent to his room for the night, he breaks down and weeps, upset at the events which he had faced
9.
Nicholas Nickleby
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Nicholas Nickleby, or, The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby is a novel by Charles Dickens. Originally published as a serial from 1838 to 1839, it was Dickens third novel, the novel centres on the life and adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, a young man who must support his mother and sister after his father dies. Nicholas Nickleby is Charles Dickens third published novel and he returned to his favourite publishers and to the format that was considered so successful with The Pickwick Papers. The story first appeared in parts, after which it was issued in one volume. The style is considered to be episodic and humorous, though the half of the novel becomes more serious. Nickleby marks a new development in a sense as it is the first of Dickens romances. When it was published the book was an immediate and complete success, the cruelty of a real Yorkshire schoolmaster named William Shaw became the basis for Dickenss brutal character of Wackford Squeers. Dickens visited his school and based the school section of Nicholas Nickleby on his visit, like most of Dickens early works, the novel has a contemporary setting. Much of the takes place in London, with several chapters taking place in Dickens birthplace of Portsmouth, as well as settings in Yorkshire. The tone of the work is that of social satire. Nicholas Nicklebys father dies unexpectedly after losing all of his money in a poor investment, Ralph, a cold and ruthless businessman, has no desire to help his destitute relations and hates Nicholas, who reminds him of his dead brother, on sight. He gets Nicholas a low-paying job as an assistant to Wackford Squeers, Nicholas is initially wary of Squeers because he is gruff and violent towards his young charges, but he tries to quell his suspicions. As Nicholas boards the stagecoach for Greta Bridge, he is handed a letter by Ralphs clerk, a once-wealthy businessman, Noggs lost his fortune, became a drunk and had no other recourse but to seek employment with Ralph, whom he loathes. The letter expresses concern for him as an innocent young man, Squeers and his monstrous wife whip and beat the children regularly, while spoiling their own son. Lessons are no better, they show how badly educated Squeers himself is, while he is there, Nicholas befriends a simple boy named Smike, who is older than the other students and now acts as an unpaid servant. Nicholas attracts the attention of Fanny Squeers, his employers plain and shrewish daughter and she attempts to disclose her affections during a game of cards, but Nicholas doesnt catch her meaning. Instead he ends up flirting with her friend Tilda Price, to the consternation of both Fanny and Tildas friendly but crude-mannered fiancé John Browdie. After being accosted by Fanny again, Nicholas bluntly tells her he does not return her affections and wishes to be free of the atmosphere of Dotheboys Hall
10.
Robert William Buss
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Robert William Buss was a Victorian artist, etcher and illustrator perhaps best known for his painting Dickens Dream. Later Buss painted historical and humorous subjects, Buss was commissioned by Dickens publishers, Chapman and Hall, to provide two illustrations for The Pickwick Papers after the original illustrator, Robert Seymour, committed suicide. Buss immediately set aside his work and prepared a dozen or so preliminary sketches for the novel. Five of these sketches are in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York and his drawings were regarded as adequate, but the process of etching on a steel plate was unfamiliar to him so he hired an expert etcher. Buss realised that the touch of an original work was entirely wanting. But, he concluded, Time was up, and the illustrations for part 3 had to be issued. The publishers summarily dismissed him, which worried Buss throughout the rest of his life, the commission went instead to Hablot Knight Browne, but Buss never held his dismissal against Dickens. Instead, Buss remained his lifelong admirer and went on to produce several painting celebrating the authors work, in 1837 publishers Saunders and Otley hired Buss to illustrate a new edition of Frederick Marryats Peter Simple and Henry Colburn hired him to illustrate Frances Trollopes The Widow Married in 1840. These the artist managed to etch satisfactorily, and afterwards he gained several commissions for illustrating fiction. For some years Buss worked for Charles Knight, designing wood-engravings for his editions of London, William Shakespeare, Buss married Frances Fleetwood on 21 March 1826, and the couple settled in Camden Town, London, where they had ten children, six of whom survived infancy. Their only daughter, Frances Mary Buss, became a pioneer of womens education. In 1845, worried by money anxieties, Busss wife started a school for boys and girls at 14 Clarence Road, Kentish Town. In the same premises his daughter Frances began a school offering young ladies a liberal education. In 1850 the two moved into larger quarters in Holmes Terrace, and Buss assisted by teaching drawing and later science, literature. In 1850 Busss wife retired from the school and these talks he published privately in 1874 as English Graphic Satire, a book for which he supplied in various mediums examples of his predecessors work. Buss also gave lectures on painting and on the picturesque and the beautiful, though these were never published. The desk, chair and background of the painting were based on The Empty Chair. The painting was Busss last attempt to illustrate Dickenss characters, however, before he could finish it Buss died at his home at 14 Camden Street, London on 26 February 1875 and was buried at Highgate Cemetery in Middlesex
11.
Dombey and Son
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Dombey and Son is a novel by Charles Dickens, published in monthly parts from 1 October 1846 to 1 April 1848 and in one volume in 1848. Its full title is Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son, Wholesale, Retail, Dickens started writing the book in Lausanne, Switzerland, before returning to England, via Paris, to complete it. Illustrations were provided by Hablot Knight Browne, there is some concern with the railways and the novels conception, and writing, belong to the years of the railway boom, 1844–47. The sea, meanwhile, becomes the image of things of an older fashion yet and that rolls round all the world. The story concerns Paul Dombey, the owner of the shipping company of the books title. The book begins when his son is born, and Dombeys wife dies shortly after giving birth, following the advice of Mrs Louisa Chick, his sister, Dombey employs a wet nurse named Mrs Richards. Dombey already has a six-year-old daughter Florence but, bitter at her not having been the desired boy, he neglects her continually. One day, Mrs Richards, Florence, and her maid, Susan Nipper, during this trip, Florence becomes separated from them and is kidnapped for a short time by Good Mrs Brown, before being returned to the streets. The child, named Paul after his father, is a weak and sickly child and he is intensely fond of his sister Florence, who is deliberately neglected by her father as irrelevant and a distraction. He is sent to the seaside at Brighton for his health and it is here that Paul is befriended by a fellow pupil, the amiable but weak-minded Mr Toots. Here, Pauls health declines even further in this great hothouse and he finally dies, Dombey pushes his daughter away from him after the death of his son, while she futilely tries to earn his love. His boat is reported lost and he is presumed drowned, Walters uncle leaves to go in search of Walter, leaving his great friend Captain Edward Cuttle in charge of the Midshipman. Meanwhile, Florence is now alone with few friends to keep her company. Dombey goes to Leamington Spa with a new friend, Major Joseph B, at the spa, Dombey is introduced via the Major to Mrs Skewton and her widowed daughter, Mrs Edith Granger. After they return to London, Dombey remarries, effectively buying the beautiful but haughty Edith as she, the marriage is loveless, his wife despises Dombey for his overbearing pride and herself for being shallow and worthless. Her love for Florence initially prevents her from leaving, but finally she conspires with Mr Carker to ruin Dombeys public image by running away together to Dijon and they do so after her final argument with Dombey in which he once again attempts to subdue her to his will. When he discovers that she has him, he blames Florence for siding with her stepmother, striking her on the breast in his anger. Highly distraught, she makes her way to The Midshipman where she lodges with Captain Cuttle as he attempts to restore her to health
12.
British Library
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The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the second largest library in the world by number of items catalogued. It holds well over 150 million items from many countries, as a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. The Library is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. The Librarys collections include around 14 million books, along with holdings of manuscripts. In addition to receiving a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland, the Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres of new shelf space. Prior to 1973, the Library was part of the British Museum, the Euston Road building is classified as a Grade I listed building, of exceptional interest for its architecture and history. The British Library was created on 1 July 1973 as a result of the British Library Act 1972. Prior to this, the library was part of the British Museum. In 1983, the Library absorbed the National Sound Archive, which holds many sound and video recordings, with over a million discs, the core of the Librarys historical collections is based on a series of donations and acquisitions from the 18th century, known as the foundation collections. From 1997 to 2009 the main collection was housed in this new building. Construction work on the Newspaper Storage Building was completed in 2013, the collection has now been split between the St Pancras and Boston Spa sites. The British Library Document Supply Service and the Librarys Document Supply Collection is based on the site in Boston Spa. Collections housed in Yorkshire, comprising low-use material and the newspaper and Document Supply collections, the Library previously had a book storage depot in Woolwich, south-east London, which is no longer in use. The new library was designed specially for the purpose by the architect Colin St John Wilson, facing Euston Road is a large piazza that includes pieces of public art, such as large sculptures by Eduardo Paolozzi and Antony Gormley. It is the largest public building constructed in the United Kingdom in the 20th century, in December 2009 a new storage building at Boston Spa was opened by Rosie Winterton. The building was Grade I listed on 1 August 2015, in England, Legal Deposit can be traced back to at least 1610. The other five libraries are, the Bodleian Library at Oxford, the University Library at Cambridge, the Trinity College Library at Dublin, in 2003 the Ipswich MP Chris Mole introduced a Private Members Bill which became the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003. The Act extends United Kingdom legal deposit requirements to electronic documents, such as CD-ROMs, the Library also holds the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections which include the India Office Records and materials in the languages of Asia and of north and north-east Africa
