1.
Charlie Brown
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Charlie Brown is the central protagonist of the long-running comic strip Peanuts, syndicated in daily and Sunday newspapers in numerous countries all over the world. Depicted as a loser, Charlie Brown is one of the great American archetypes. Charlie Brown is characterized as a person who frequently suffers, and as a result is usually nervous, the characters creator, Charles M. Schulz, has said of the character that must be the one who suffers because he is a caricature of the average person. Most of us are more acquainted with losing than winning. Schulz has also said, I like to have Charlie Brown to be the point of almost every story. Lee Mendelson, producer of the majority of the Peanuts television specials, has said that He was, and is, Charlie Browns birth date is October 30. In the original Peanuts strips, his birth year is suggested to be 1946 according to a strip originally published Nov.3,1950. Initially Charlie Brown suggests he lives in an apartment with his grandmother occupying the one above his, a few years into the strip, he moves to a house with a back yard. His name was first used on May 30,1948, in an early Schulz comic strip called Lil Folks in which one boy has buried another in a sandbox and he made his official debut in the first Peanuts comic strip, on October 2,1950. The strip features Charlie Brown walking by, as two children named Shermy and Patty look at him. Shermy kept on praising him, but then reveals his hatred toward him on the last panel. During the strips early years, Charlie Brown was much more playful than he is known, as he often played pranks, on December 21 of the same year, his signature zig-zag T-shirt appeared, formerly, he only wore a plain one. On the March 6,1951, strip, Charlie Brown first appears to play baseball, as he was warming up before telling Shermy that they can start the game, however, he was the catcher, not yet the pitcher. An example is his relationship with Violet Gray, to whom he was introduced to on the February 7,1951, the two constantly remained on fairly good terms, a bit different from their now-known relationship. Charlie Brown often fed on Violets mud pies, on the August 16,1951, strip, she called Charlie Brown a blockhead, and that is the first time Charlie Brown was referred by that insult. Charlie Brown is introduced to Schroeder on May 30,1951, as Schroeder is still a baby, Charlie Brown cannot converse with him. Then on that years October 10, he told Schroeder the story of Beethoven, Charlie Brown placed the Beethoven bust on Schroeders piano on November 26,1951. Schroeder aged rapidly over time, catching up to Charlie Brown in age, Charlie Brown had Schroeder become his catcher for the first time on the April 12,1952, strip
2.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
3.
Santa Rosa, California
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Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. Its estimated 2014 population was 174,170, before the arrival of Europeans, the wide valley containing Santa Rosa was home to a strong and populous tribe of Pomo natives known as the Bitakomtara. The Bitakomtara controlled the valley closely, barring passage to others until permission was arranged and those who entered without permission were subject to harsh penalties. The tribe gathered at ceremonial times on Santa Rosa Creek near present-day Spring Lake Regional Park, upon the arrival of Europeans, the Pomos were decimated by smallpox brought from Europe, and by the eradication efforts of Anglo settlers. By 1900 the Pomo population had decreased by 95%, the first known permanent European settlement of Santa Rosa was the homestead of the Carrillo family, in-laws to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, who settled the Sonoma pueblo and Petaluma area. This is supposedly the origin of the name of Matanzas Creek as, because of its use as a slaughtering place, by the 1850s, a Wells Fargo post and general store were established in what is now downtown Santa Rosa. The U. S. Census records, among others, show that after California became a state, Santa Rosa grew steadily early on, despite lagging behind nearby Petaluma in the 1850s. According to the U. S. Census, in 1870 Santa Rosa was the eighth largest city in California, growth and development after that were steady but never rapid. According to a 1905 article in the Press Democrat newspaper reporting on the Battle of the Trains, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake essentially destroyed the entire downtown, but the citys population did not greatly suffer. However, after that period the population growth of Santa Rosa, famed director Alfred Hitchcock filmed his thriller Shadow of a Doubt in Santa Rosa in 1943, the film gives glimpses of Santa Rosa in the 1940s. Many of the buildings seen in the film no longer exist due to major reconstruction following the strong earthquakes in October 1969. However, some, like the rough-stone Northwestern Pacific Railroad depot, a scene at the bank was filmed at the corner of Fourth Street and Mendocino Avenue, the KRESS building on Fourth Street is also visible. However, the courthouse and bank are now gone, the Coen brothers 2001 film The Man Who Wasnt There is set in Santa Rosa c. Santa Rosa grew following World War II, the city was a convenient location for San Francisco travelers bound for the Russian River. The population increased by 2/3 between 1950 and 1970, an average of 1,000 new residents a year over the 20 years, some of the increase was from immigration, and some from annexation of portions of the surrounding area. Santa Rosa continued as a center for civil defense activity until 1972 when the Federal Emergency Management Agency was created in its place. When the City Council adopted the citys first modern General Plan in 1991, in the 21 years following 1970, Santa Rosa grew by about 3,000 residents a year—triple the average growth during the previous twenty years. Santa Rosa 2010, the 1991 General Plan, called for a population of 175,000 in 2010, the Council expanded the citys urban boundary to include all the land then planned for future annexation, and declared it would be Santa Rosas ultimate boundary
4.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
5.
Peanuts
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Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2,1950, to February 13,2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The comic strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it arguably the longest story ever told by one human being. At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries and it helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U. S. newspaper, the strip focuses entirely on a social circle of young children, where adults exist but are never seen or heard. The main character, Charlie Brown, is meek, nervous and he is unable to fly a kite, win a baseball game, or kick a football. Peanuts is one of the strips with philosophical, psychological. The strips humor is psychologically complex, and the characters interactions formed a tangle of relationships that drove the strip, the holiday specials remain popular and are currently broadcast on ABC in the U. S. during the corresponding seasons. The Peanuts franchise met acclaim in theatre, with the stage musical Youre a Good Man, Charlie Brown being a successful, in 2013, TV Guide ranked the Peanuts television specials the fourth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. A computer-animated feature film based on the strip, The Peanuts Movie, was released on November 6,2015, Peanuts had its origin in Lil Folks, a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulzs hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, the series also had a dog that looked much like the early 1950s version of Snoopy. In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to The Saturday Evening Post which published 17 single-panel cartoons by Schulz, the first of these was of a boy sitting with his feet on an ottoman. In 1948, Schulz tried to have Lil Folks syndicated through the Newspaper Enterprise Association, Schulz would have been an independent contractor for the syndicate, unheard of in the 1940s, but the deal fell through. Lil Folks was dropped in early 1950, later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate - also operated by Scripps-Howard - with his best work from Lil Folks. When his work was picked up by United Feature Syndicate, they decided to run the new comic strip he had working on. This strip was similar in spirit to the comic, but it had a set cast of characters. The name Lil Folks was too close to the names of two comics of the time, Al Capps Lil Abner and a strip titled Little Folks. To avoid confusion, the settled on the name Peanuts. Peanuts was a title Schulz always disliked, in a 1987 interview, Schulz said of the title Peanuts, Its totally ridiculous, has no meaning, is simply confusing, and has no dignity—and I think my humor has dignity
6.
Snoopy
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Snoopy is Charlie Browns pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, since his debut on October 4,1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulzs childhood dogs and he is perhaps best known in this last alternate persona, wearing an aviators helmet and goggles and a scarf while carrying a swagger stick. Snoopy can be selfish and/or lazy at times, and had his share of moments where he is mocking his owner, Charlie Brown, but through it all, he has great love, care. All of his fantasies have a formula, Snoopy pretends to be something, usually world famous. His short novels are never published, and his Sopwith Camel is consistently shot down by his imaginary enemy, Schulz said of Snoopys character in a 1997 interview, He has to retreat into his fanciful world in order to survive. Otherwise, he kind of a dull, miserable life. I dont envy dogs the lives they have to live, Snoopy imagines himself to speak, but never actually does, much like with real life animals, the human characters are unaware of his musings. Though very rarely, he talks, but usually to himself and his thoughts are shown in thought balloons. The only exceptions are in the animated adaptions of the musicals Youre a Good Man, Charlie Brown, the Musical in which Snoopys thoughts are verbalized by Robert Towers and Cameron Clarke respectively. Snoopys doghouse defies physics and is shown to be bigger on the inside than the outside and it is also his airplane in his fantasies. In the 90s comic strips, he is obsessed with cookies, Snoopy appeared on the October 4,1950, strip, two days after the first strip. He was called Snoopy for the first time a month later, on March 16,1952, his thoughts were first shown in a thought balloon. Snoopy first appeared upright on his legs on January 9,1956. Despite his history of conflicted loyalties and his inability to remember Charlie Browns name and he joins Charlie Brown in walking out of a game of Ha-Ha Herman when Peppermint Patty insults Charlie Brown, unaware that Charlie Brown is within earshot. He also helps Charlie Brown recover his autographed baseball when a bully takes it, when Charlie Brown has to stop dedicating himself to making Snoopy happy, Snoopy replies, Dont worry about it. In The Peanuts Movie, Snoopy remains loyal to Charlie Brown, in early Peanuts strips, Charlie Brown was not Snoopys owner, and it was initially not clear who his owner actually was. The September 29,1951 strip implied that Snoopy was owned by Shermy, Snoopy frequently tries to kiss Lucy on the cheek and/or nose, which Lucy, who is afraid of dog germs, thoroughly hates
7.
Jim Davis (cartoonist)
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Daviss other comics work includes Tumbleweeds, Gnorm Gnat and Mr. Potato Head. Davis has written all of the Emmy Award-winning or nominated Garfield TV specials and was one of the producers behind the Garfield & Friends TV show which aired on CBS from 1988 to 1994 and he continues to work on the strip. Jim Davis was born in Marion, Indiana on July 28,1945, Davis grew up on a small farm in Fairmount, Indiana, with his father James William Jim Davis, mother Anna Catherine Betty Davis, brother Dave and 25 cats. Daviss childhood on a farm parallels the life of Garfields owner, Jon Arbuckle, who was raised on a farm with his parents. Jon is a cartoonist, who celebrates his birthday on July 28. Davis attended Ball State University where he studied art and business, while attending Ball State, he became a member of the Theta Xi fraternity. Unlike the bachelor, Jon Arbuckle, Davis has been married twice, first to Carolyn and they have a son, James Alexander Davis. On July 16,2000, Davis married his current wife, Jill, in the fall of 2016 Jim Davis joined the faculty of Ball State University in Muncie as an adjunct professor. Davis resides in Albany, Indiana, where he and his staff produce Garfield under his Paws, Inc. company, Paws, Inc. employs nearly 50 artists and licensing administrators, who work with agents around the world managing Garfields vast licensing, syndication, and entertainment empire. Davis is a president of the Fairmount, Indiana FFA chapter. Prior to creating Garfield, Davis worked for an advertising agency and he then created a comic strip, Gnorm Gnat, that ran for five years in The Pendleton Times, an Indiana newspaper. When Davis attempted to sell it to a comic strip syndicate, an editor told him, Your art is good, your gags are great. On June 19,1978, Garfield started syndication in 41 newspapers, today it is syndicated in 2,580 newspapers and is read by approximately 300 million readers each day. In the 1980s, Davis created the slapstick comic strip U. S. Acres. Outside the U. S. the strip was known as Orsons Farm, Davis, along with Brett Koth, also made a 2000–03 strip based on the Mr. Potato Head toy. Davis founded the Professor Garfield Foundation to support childrens literacy, Jim Davis at the Internet Movie Database Jim Davis interview is available for free download at the Internet Archive
8.
Matt Groening
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Matthew Abram Matt Groening is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, animator, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell, the Simpsons has gone on to become the longest-running U. S. primetime-television series in history, as well as the longest-running animated series and sitcom. Groening made his first professional cartoon sale of Life in Hell to the avant-garde Wet magazine in 1978, at its peak, the cartoon was carried in 250 weekly newspapers. Life in Hell caught the attention of James L. Brooks, in 1985, Brooks contacted Groening with the proposition of working in animation for the Fox variety show The Tracey Ullman Show. Originally, Brooks wanted Groening to adapt his Life in Hell characters for the show, the shorts would be spun off into their own series The Simpsons, which has since aired 615 episodes. Groening has won 12 Primetime Emmy Awards, ten for The Simpsons, in 2002, he won the National Cartoonist Society Reuben Award for his work on Life in Hell. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 14,2012, Groening was born on February 15,1954 in Portland, Oregon, the middle of five children. His Norwegian American mother, Margaret Ruth, was once a teacher, Homer, born in Main Centre, Saskatchewan, Canada, grew up in a Mennonite, Plautdietsch-speaking family. Matts grandfather, Abram Groening, was a professor at Tabor College, Groening grew up in Portland, and attended Ainsworth Elementary School and Lincoln High School. He served as the editor of the newspaper, The Cooper Point Journal, for which he also wrote articles. He befriended fellow cartoonist Lynda Barry after discovering that she had written a fan letter to Joseph Heller, one of Groenings favorite authors, Groening has credited Barry with being probably biggest inspiration. He first became interested in cartoons after watching the Disney animated film One Hundred and One Dalmatians, in 1977, at the age of 23, Groening moved to Los Angeles to become a writer. Groening distributed the book in the book corner of Licorice Pizza. He made his first professional sale to the avant-garde Wet magazine in 1978. The strip, titled Forbidden Words, appeared in the September/October issue of that year, Groening had gained employment at the Los Angeles Reader, a newly formed alternative newspaper, delivering papers, typesetting, editing and answering phones. He showed his cartoons to the editor, James Vowell, who was impressed, Life in Hell made its official debut as a comic strip in the Reader on April 25,1980. Vowell also gave Groening his own weekly column, Sound Mix. However, the column would rarely actually be about music, as he would write about his various enthusiasms, obsessions, pet peeves
9.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
10.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
11.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
12.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
13.
Billy DeBeck
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William Morgan DeBeck, better known as Billy DeBeck, was an American cartoonist. He is most famous as the creator of the comic strip Barney Google, later retitled Barney Google and Snuffy Smith. The strip was popular in the 1920s and 1930s, and featured a number of well-known characters, including the title character, Bunky, Snuffy Smith. Spark Plug was a phenomenon, and has been called the Snoopy of the 1920s. DeBeck drew with a line in a big-foot style, in which characters had giant feet. His strips often reflected his love of sports, in 1946, the National Cartoonists Society inaugurated the Billy DeBeck Memorial Awards, which became the Reuben Award in 1954. William Morgan DeBeck was born on April 15,1890 on the South Side of Chicago, the elder DeBeck was French, and the name DeBeck was originally spelled DeBecque. His Irish-Welsh mother, Jessie Lee Morgan, had lived on a farm and was a schoolteacher, after graduating from Hyde Park High School in 1908, DeBeck attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. He sold cartoon drawings during this time to himself, at first in 1908 for the Chicago Daily News. He later contributed cartoons to the New York City humor magazines Life, while living in Pittsburgh, he traveled to New York to show comic strip samples to Arthur Brisbane, an editor working for William Randolph Hearsts newspaper empire, Brisbane rejected the work. DeBeck later stated the examples were terrible as he had been doing political cartoons for the Pittsburgh Gazette, and he returned to Youngstown and married Marian Louise Shields there in 1914. Some time later they divorced, remarried in 1921, and eventually divorced again, the school was not a success, and DeBeck returned to Chicago and joined the Chicago Herald in December 1915. He worked on a strip called Finn an Haddie for the Adams Newspaper Service on the side, DeBecks creations were first adapted to film when an animated version of Married Life appeared in a Seattle Sunday Times newsreel in 1917. DeBeck created a number of features, especially for the sports section. Google was interested in non-fictional sports stories, such as the championship between Jess Willard and Jack Dempsey. It was not long before DeBeck refigured the tall, thin Google into the short, squat character he was to be remembered as, and it was not popular until DeBeck had Google acquire a race horse named Spark Plug in a strip dated July 17,1922. When DeBeck introduced the horse, he introduced a little-used technique into the strip. Barney Google went from being a strip to one in which both humor and suspense kept readers coming back each day, as Google desperately tried to get his horse to win a race
14.
Barney Google and Snuffy Smith
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Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, originally Take Barney Google, Frinstance, is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Billy DeBeck. Since its debut on June 17,1919, the strip has gained an international readership. The initial appeal of the led to its adaptation to film, animation, popular song. It added several terms and phrases to the English language and inspired the 1923 hit tune Barney Google with lyrics by Billy Rose, as well as the 1923 record, Come On, Spark Plug. Barney Google himself, once the star of the strip and a popular character in his own right, has been almost entirely phased out of the feature. An increasingly peripheral player in his own strip beginning in the late 1930s, Google was officially out in 1954. These cameos were often years apart—from a period between 1997 and 2012, Barney Google wasnt seen in the strip at all, Google was reintroduced to the strip in 2012, and has been seen very occasionally since, making several week-long appearances. Snuffy Smith, who was introduced as a supporting player in 1934, has now been the comic strips central character for over 60 years. Nevertheless, the feature is still titled Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, like Mutt and Jeff, Barney Google started out on the sports page. First appearing as a strip in the sports sections of the Chicago Herald and Examiner in 1919, it was originally titled Take Barney Google. The title character, a fellow with big banjo eyes, was an avid sportsman and neer-do-well involved in poker, horse racing. The goggle-eyed, moustached, gloved and top-hatted, bulbous-nosed, cigar-chomping shrimp was relentlessly henpecked by a three times his size. The formidable Mrs. Lizzie Google, a. k. a. the sweet woman, sued Barney for divorce, by October 1919, the strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate and was published in newspapers across the country. Beginning on July 17,1922, the strip would take a turn in popularity with the seemingly innocuous introduction of an endearing race horse named Spark Plug. Barneys beloved brown-eyed baby was a bow-legged nag who seldom raced, Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz was known to his friends as Sparky, a lifelong nickname given to him by his uncle as a diminutive of Barney Googles Spark Plug. Comics historian Don Markstein noted that, Sparkys first race became one of comics first national media events, so great was the publics enthusiasm that DeBeck, who had been planning to retire the plug after that one storyline, made him a permanent part of the cast. Spark Plug was such a star during the 1920s that children who enjoyed the comics were liable to get Sparky for an example, Charles M. Sparky Schulz. In deference to his enormous popularity during this period, the strip was retitled Barney Google, DeBecks strip hit its peak of popularity with Spark Plug at about the same time the song Barney Google by Billy Rose and Con Conrad was sweeping the country
15.
Ripley's Believe It or Not!
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Ripleys Believe It or Not. is an American franchise, founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims. The Believe It or Not panel proved popular and was adapted into a wide variety of formats, including radio, television, comic books, a chain of museums. The Ripley collection includes 20,000 photographs,30,000 artifacts, with 80-plus attractions, the Orlando-based Ripley Entertainment, Inc. a division of the Jim Pattison Group, is a global company with an annual attendance of more than 12 million guests. Ripley Entertainments publishing and broadcast divisions oversee numerous projects, including the syndicated TV series, the cartoon panel, books, posters. Ripley first called his cartoon feature, originally involving sports feats, Champs and Chumps, Ripley began adding items unrelated to sports, and in October 1919, he changed the title to Believe It or Not. When the Globe folded in 1923, Ripley moved to the New York Evening Post, other writers and researchers included Lester Byck. In 1930, Ripley moved to the New York American and picked up by the King Features Syndicate, paul Frehm won the National Cartoonists Societys Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1976 for his work on the series. Clarke later created parodies of Believe It or Not. for Mad, as did Wally Wood and Ernie Kovacs, the current artist is John Graziano and current researcher is Sabrina Sieck. Dozens of paperback editions reprinting the newspaper panels have been published over the decades, other strips and books borrowed the Ripley design and format, such as Ralph Graczaks Our Own Oddities, John Hixs Strange as it Seems, and Gordon Johnstons It Happened in Canada. Recent Ripleys Believe It or Not, books containing new material have supplemented illustrations with photographs. Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulzs first publication of artwork was published by Ripley and it was a cartoon claiming his dog was a hunting dog who eats pins, tacks, screws, nails and razor blades. Schulzs dog Spike later became the model for Peanuts Snoopy, some notable books, Believe it or not. In 2004 Ripley Entertainment founded Ripley Publishing Ltd, based in the United Kingdom, the company produces the New York Times bestselling Ripleys Believe It or Not. Annuals, the children’s fiction series Ripley’s RBI, a series called the Ripley’s Twists. Special Edition in conjunction with Scholastic USA and a number of other titles, the people whose items are featured in such books as Strikingly True, have what Edward Meyer, Vice President of Exhibits and Archives at Ripley Entertainment Inc. describes as an obsession. “Whatever it is theyre after, it is so important to them all the rest of the world can go on without them. They want to make something that makes them immortal, makes them a different than you. To be included in Ripleys Believe It or Not books, museums, or television shows, items must undergo scrutiny from Ripleys staff and be 100% authenticated
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Robert Ripley
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LeRoy Robert Ripley, better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist, who is known for creating the Ripleys Believe It or Not. Newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world, in 1919 Ripley married Beatrice Roberts. He made his first trip around the world in 1922, delineating a travel journal in installments and this ushered in a new topic for his cartoons, unusual and exotic foreign locales and cultures. Because he took the veracity of his work seriously, in 1923, Ripley hired a researcher. In 1926, his feature moved from the New York Globe to the New York Post, throughout the 1920s, Mr. Ripley continued to broaden the scope of his work and his popularity increased greatly. He published both a travel journal and a guide to the game of handball in 1925, in 1926, Ripley became the New York state handball champion and also wrote a book on boxing. With a proven record as a versatile writer and artist, he attracted the attention of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst. In 1929, Hearst was responsible for Believe It or Not, making its syndicated debut in seventeen papers worldwide. With the success of this series assured, Ripley capitalized on his fame by getting the first book collection of his newspaper panel series published, on November 3,1929, he drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon saying Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem. In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor of giving the official status. By a law signed on March 3,1931, by President Herbert Hoover, the 1930s saw Ripley expand his presence into other media. In 1930, he began a run on radio and a nineteen-year association with the shows producer. Funding for his travels around the world were provided by the Hearst organization, and Ripley recorded live radio shows from underwater, the sky, caves, snake pits. The next year he hosted the first of a series of two dozen Believe It or Not, theatrical short films for Warner Bros. & Vitaphone, and King Features published a collected volume of Believe it or Not. He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short, Seasons Greetings, with Ruth Etting, Joe Penner, Ted Husing, Thelma White, Ray Collins, after a trip to Asia in 1932, Ripley opened his first museum, the Odditorium, in Chicago in 1933. The concept was a success, and at one point there were Odditoriums in San Diego, Dallas, Cleveland, San Francisco, and New York City. By this point in his life, Ripley had been voted the most popular man in America by the New York Times, received a degree from Dartmouth College
17.
Saint Paul Central High School
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Central High School of Saint Paul is the oldest high school in the state of Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1866 in downtown Saint Paul, Central has educated many leaders in business, government, literature, arts, sciences, and education throughout the state of Minnesota and the United States. Central also has more Rhodes Scholars among its alumni than any public high school in the U. S. with the most recent scholar, Matthew Landreman. It is also one of the biggest high schools in the state and, as of 2011 and it is also a national Blue Ribbon School. Central High School has been situated in four locations, beginning with the first building in 1866, Central High School was founded in 1866 in response to student requests. Before 1866, there were no opportunities in Saint Paul beyond grade school. Some people thought that the school was a waste of space, eugene Foster was the principal, and Mrs. H. M. Haynes was the lone teacher. The first graduating class of the Saint Paul High School was in 1870, the first 2 diplomas were hand printed on sheepskin. Gradually, the enrolled in the Franklin Building became too large for the two little rooms to accommodate them. In 1872, the Saint Paul High School moved to the Lindeke Building at 7th and that year, graduation exercises were held in the Saint Paul Civic Opera House where they were held until it was destroyed by a fire in 1899. Then the commencement exercises were held in the Peoples Church until the completion of the Saint Paul Auditorium, in 1872, the graduating class consisted of 12 students, five boys and seven girls. In 1873, the class of 12 students originated the custom of presenting each senior with a souvenir appropriate to his/her character. For several years, a prize was offered for the best essay, a Websters Unabridged Dictionary, the President of the Board of Education also presented a prize to the one having the highest standing in the class, usually a fine set of Shakespeares works. A new building opened in 1883 at 10th and Minnesota streets, the building was the first high school built in Saint Paul. In 1888, a 14-room annex was added for laboratories, the Debate society decided to put on plays to make up the money to pay for it. Mechanics Arts High School, then known as Manual Training High School, was first housed in the basement of Central, the school was renamed Central High School in 1888. Soon the building on 10th and Minnesota Street became too small, a compromise was reached when the Minuteman was adopted as a logo and mascot. The adjacent stadium was built in the early 1940s by the WPA and it was renamed James Griffin Stadium in 1998
18.
Conscription
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Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. As of the early 21st century, many no longer conscript soldiers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities, many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. Around the reign of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire used a system of conscription called Ilkum, under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se, various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the Code of Hammurabi, the hiring of substitutes appears to have practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded, in other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them, with the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi. The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors, although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. Most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyones interest to send the men home for harvest-time, the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon English army, called the fyrd, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility. These thegns were the aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour. Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie, the system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East, beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave-soldiers by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim in the 820s and 830s. In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan Murad I developed personal troops to be loyal to him, the new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the devşirme
19.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
20.
20th Armored Division (United States)
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The 20th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army that fought in World War II. It was activated on 15 March 1943 at Camp Campbell in Kentucky, the division has no real nickname although it did associate itself with the nickname Armoraiders while in training at Camp Campbell. Combat Command B, CCB Headquarters Battalion, 20th Tank Battalion, 65th Armored Infantry Battalion, Combat Command R, Reserve Command, 27th Tank Battalion, 70th Armored Infantry Battalion, 414th Armored Field Artillery Battalion. The 20th Armored Division departed Boston on 5 February and arrived at Le Havre, on arrival it was sent to Buchy for a months assembly, preparation, and additional training. It then moved through Belgium to Langendernbach, Germany,10 April, three days later, it was detached and reassigned to the XV Corps, Seventh Army, at Würzburg, Germany. The condition of the division when it arrived overseas was affected by a recent change in its primary mission, until October 1944, the 20th Armored Divisions mission was to train soldiers and qualify them for overseas shipment as replacements for armored units. Actual arrival of the 20th Armored Division into combat occurred 4–9 April 1945 and it was the 412th that supported the 82nd in their attack on Hitdorf that resulted in the awarding of a Distinguished Unit Citation. At the time, the assembled near Deiningen and reconnoitered for routes to the Danube River. The river was crossed on 28 April, the 20th meeting sporadic resistance, subsequently, elements of the 20th seized the bridge over the Paar River at Schrobenhausen, and secured crossings over the Ilm River. Elements of the 20th Armored Division participated in the liberation of Dachau concentration camp on 29 April 1945, Seventh Armys 42nd and 45th Infantry Divisions were also involved. Additional elements of the 20th, primarily of Combat Command B, Seventh Armys 45th Infantry Division, together operating as Task Force 20, were awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation. This victory destroyed the defenses of Munich, Germany, removing resistance to the entry of troops into the City, the 27th Tank Battalion remained attached to the 42nd Infantry Division during its attack on Munich, 29–30 April. Following V-E Day, the Division returned to the U. S. in August 1945 and was slated for the invasion of Japan. The Division is officially credited with eight days in combat Peanuts creator, Charles Schulz. While Schulzs unit was nearby, it did not actually enter Dachau, richard Nixons future Vice President, Spiro Agnew, attained the rank of 1st lieutenant while with the 20th Armored Divisions 480th Armored Infantry Regiment
21.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
22.
M2 Browning
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The M2 Machine Gun or Browning.50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed toward the end of World War I by John Browning. Its design is similar to Brownings earlier M1919 Browning machine gun, the M2 uses the much larger and much more powerful.50 BMG cartridge, which was developed alongside and takes its name from the gun itself. It has been referred to as Ma Deuce, in reference to its M2 nomenclature, the design has had many specific designations, the official designation for the current infantry type is Browning Machine Gun, Cal.50, M2, HB, Flexible. It is effective against infantry, unarmored or lightly armored vehicles and boats, light fortifications, the M2 has been produced longer than any other machine gun. The Browning.50 caliber machine gun has been used extensively as a vehicle weapon and it was heavily used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in the 2000s and 2010s. It is the heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries as well. The M2 has been in use longer than any firearm in U. S. inventory except the.45 ACP M1911 pistol. The current M2HB is manufactured in the U. S. by General Dynamics, Ordnance for use by the U. S. government, and for allies via Foreign Military Sales, as well as foreign manufacturers such as FN Herstal. Machine guns were used in World War I, and weapons of larger than rifle caliber were appearing. Both the British and French had large caliber machine guns, the larger rounds were needed to defeat the armor that was being introduced to the battlefield. Armor was also appearing in the skies, during World War I, the Germans introduced a heavily armored airplane, the Junkers J. I. The armor made aircraft machine guns using conventional rifle ammunition ineffective, consequently, the American Expeditionary Forces commander General John J. Pershing asked for a larger caliber machine gun. Pershing asked the Army Ordnance Department to develop a gun with a caliber of at least 0.50 inches. U. S. Col. John Henry Parker, commanding a machine gun school in France, the Army Ordnance Department ordered eight experimental Colt machine guns rechambered for the French 11 mm cartridge. The French had developed a machine gun for an even larger caliber. The French 11 mm round was found to be unsuitable because its velocity was too low, Pershing wanted a bullet of at least 670 gr and a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s. Development with the French round was dropped, around July 1917, John M. Browning started redesigning his.30 caliber machine gun for a larger caliber. Winchester worked on the cartridge, which was a version of the. 30-06
23.
Art Instruction Schools
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Art Instruction Schools, better known to many as Art Instruction, Inc. is a home study correspondence course providing training in cartooning and illustration. The company is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Artists who received this training through these home study courses entered the fields of newspapers, printing and advertising. Joseph Almars, who was born in Minneapolis, was both the president of the Bureau of Engraving and the president of Art Instruction, Inc. In 2016, the school announced it would not be enrolling new students, Art Instruction, Inc. was known to many aspiring artists as the Draw Me. School, because of the familiar Talent Test advertising campaigns seen in ads, matchbook covers with Spunky the Donkey, TV commercials. As the company grew in popularity, it added instruction in cartooning, color, comics, composition, perspective, the 12 textbooks also included contributions from J. C. Leyendecker, Charles Dana Gibson, Neysa McMein, Daniel Smith, frost, John T. McCutcheon, Charles H. Sykes and Clare Briggs, plus illustrations by Maxfield Parrish, Russell Patterson, Franklin Booth, John La Gatta, Harry Townsend and Fontaine Fox. Almars and Federal School dean Charles Lewis Bartholomew were the editors of the course, born in Charlton, Iowa, Bartholomew studied under Burt Harwood and Douglas Volk. Primarily a childrens illustrator, he drew newspaper strips, Cousin Bill, George and his Conscience, Bud Smith. Two of the instructors were cartoonist Mort Walker and Minneapolis native Charles M. Schulz. When Schulz was in school, his mother saw an ad for the Art Instruction, Inc. talent test that asked, “Do you like to draw. ”Schulz took the $170 course. After World War II, Schulz worked on Catholic comic magazines and then signed on as an instructor with Art Instruction and he was still employed there when he began sketching the characters that later were developed into Peanuts. Several of the Peanuts characters, including Charlie Brown, Linus, Frieda, other instructors who were friends of Schulz included Louise Cassidy and Jim Sasseville. Louise Cassidy was the basis for the character of Aunty Climax in a comic strip by Jim Sasseville. In a 1994 address, Schulz said, Art Instruction Inc. it was a place to get started because the atmosphere was not unlike that of a newspaper office. All the instructors were very bright people, they were all ambitious, each of them had his or her desire whether it was to be a fashion artist, or a cartoonist, or a painter. Other famed alumni include the illustrator John Clymer, comic strip artist Morrie Turner and Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonist Steve Benson, the school later capitalized on Clymers fame with a textbook titled The Technique of J. Clymer. Textbooks used in the 1940s and 1950s were edited by the cartoonist-illustrator Coulton Waugh, in addition to its softcover textbooks, Art Instruction, Inc. also had its own magazine, The Illustrator, published quarterly to showcase outstanding student work
24.
Distance education
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Distance education or distance learning is the education of students who may not always be physically present at a school. Traditionally this usually involved correspondence courses wherein the student corresponded with the school via post, courses that are conducted are either hybrid, blended or 100% whole instruction. Massive open online courses, offering large-scale interactive participation and open access through the World Wide Web or other technologies, are recent developments in distance education. A number of terms are used roughly synonymously with distance education. The element of student feedback was an innovation of Pitmans system. This scheme was made possible by the introduction of postage rates across England in 1840. This early beginning proved extremely successful, and the Phonographic Correspondence Society was founded three years later to establish these courses on a formal basis. The Society paved the way for the formation of Sir Isaac Pitman Colleges across the country. The first correspondence school in the United States was the Society to Encourage Studies at Home, the University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees, establishing its External Programme in 1828. The issue soon boiled down to which institutions had degree-granting powers, as Sheldon Rothblatt states, thus arose in nearly archetypal form the famous English distinction between teaching and examining, here embodied in separate institutions. Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was copied elsewhere. In 1892 he also encouraged the concept of correspondence courses to further promote education. Enrollment in the largest private school based in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1888 to provide training for immigrant coal miners aiming to become state mine inspectors or foremen, it enrolled 2500 new students in 1894, by 1906 total enrollments reached 900,000. The growth was due to sending out complete textbooks instead of single lessons, and the use of 1200 aggressive in-person salesmen. There was a stark contrast in pedagogy, The regular technical school or college aims to educate a man broadly, our aim and we, on the contrary, are aiming to make our courses fit the particular needs of the student who takes them. Education was a priority in the Progressive Era, as American high schools. For men who were older or were too busy with family responsibilities, night schools were opened, outside the big cities, private correspondence schools offered a flexible, narrowly focused solution
25.
St. Paul Pioneer Press
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The St. Paul Pioneer Press is a newspaper based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, primarily serving the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Circulation is heaviest in the metro region, including Ramsey, Dakota. The papers main rival is the Star Tribune, based in neighboring Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press has been owned by MediaNews Group since April 2006. The Pioneer Press traces its history to both the Minnesota Pioneer, Minnesotas first daily newspaper, and the Saint Paul Dispatch, Ridder Publications acquired the Pioneer and the Dispatch in 1927. Ridder merged with Knight Publications to form Knight Ridder in 1974, the paper is sometimes called the Pi Press, just as Strib is used for the Star Tribune. From 1947 to 1949, the newspaper printed the comic strip Lil Folks and this comic introduced a number of characters who would later return in 1950 in the syndicated comic strip Peanuts, including Charlie Brown and a dog strongly resembling Snoopy. In 1952, the Dispatch began sponsoring a treasure hunt as part of the Saint Paul Winter Carnival. Clues to finding a medallion are printed in the paper, and the first person to find and return it with the clues, the prize started off at $1,000 and as of 2004 rose to $10,000. The paper has won three Pulitzer Prizes, in 1986,1988, and 2000, Dohrmann would win a Pulitzer Prize for beat reporting in 2000 for his reports on the scandal. Dohrmann and his editor prepared for hostile reactions to the newspaper from the local community, the McClatchy Company acquired the paper in June 2006 when it bought Knight Ridder. As owner of the Star Tribune, McClatchy had to sell the Pioneer Press because of antitrust concerns, the Pioneer Press was subsequently sold by McClatchy to MediaNews Group later in the year. Joseph H. Ball, who was a columnist for the Pioneer Press before becoming a Republican U. S, senator for Minnesota Jim Caple Nick Coleman Carole Nelson Douglas, author of a New York Times Notable Book of the Year and 62 other novels. George Dohrmann, winner of the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for beat reporting, dick Gordon Herb Greenberg Mark Kellogg, the first Associated Press correspondent to die in the line of duty when he was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Bob Sansevere, sports columnist and member of the KQRS-FM morning show with Tom Barnard, joe Soucheray, general columnist and host of the KSTP afternoon program, Garage Logic. Charley Walters, sports columnist Jacqui Banaszynski, writer, editor, bruce Orwall, writer and current editor at The Wall Street Journal. Deborah Howell, executive editor and vice president who died in 2010, city Pages Minnesota Daily Star Tribune Villager Official website Mobile
26.
The Saturday Evening Post
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The Saturday Evening Post is a bimonthly American magazine. It was published weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, the magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication in 1971. It now appears six times a year, the magazine was redesigned in 2013. The Saturday Evening Post was founded in 1821 and grew to become the most widely circulated magazine in America. The magazine gained prominent status under the leadership of its longtime editor George Horace Lorimer, the editors claimed it had historical roots in the Pennsylvania Gazette, which was first published in 1728 by Samuel Keimer and sold to Benjamin Franklin in 1729. It was known for commissioning lavish illustrations and original works of fiction, illustrations were featured on the cover and embedded in stories and advertising. Some Post illustrations became popular and continue to be reproduced as posters or prints, Curtis Publishing Co. stopped publishing the Post in 1969 after the company lost a landmark defamation suit and was ordered to pay over $3 million in damages. The Post was revived in 1971 as a limited circulation quarterly publication, as of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. In 1916, Saturday Evening Post editor George Horace Lorimer discovered Norman Rockwell, Lorimer promptly purchased two illustrations from Rockwell, using them as covers, and commissioned three more drawings. Rockwells illustrations of the American family and rural life of a bygone era became icons, during his 50-year career with the Post, Rockwell painted more than 300 covers. He produced 120 covers for the Post between 1943 and 1968, ceasing only when the magazine began displaying photographs on its covers, another prominent artist was Charles R. Chickering, a freelance illustrator who went on to design numerous postage stamps for the U. S. Other popular cover illustrators include the artists George Hughes, Constantin Alajalov, John Clymer, W. H. D. Koerner, J. C. Leyendecker, Charles Archibald MacLellan, John E. Sheridan, Douglass Crockwell, the magazines line-up of cartoonists included Bob Barnes, Irwin Caplan, Tom Henderson, Al Johns, Clyde Lamb, Jerry Marcus, Frank ONeal, B. Tobey, Pete Wyma and Bill Yates, the magazine ran Ted Keys cartoon panel series Hazel from 1943 to 1969. Each issue featured several original stories and often included an installment of a serial appearing in successive issues. Most of the fiction was written for mainstream tastes by popular writers, the opening pages of stories featured paintings by the leading magazine illustrators. Lincoln, John P. Marquand, Edgar Allan Poe, Sax Rohmer, William Saroyan, John Steinbeck and Rex Stout and it also published poetry by such noted poets as Carl Sandburg, Ogden Nash, Dorothy Parker and Hannah Kahn. Jack Londons best-known novel The Call of the Wild was first published, in serialized form, emblematic of the Posts fiction was author Clarence Budington Kelland, who first appeared in 1916–17 with stories of homespun heroes, Efficiency Edgar and Scattergood Baines
27.
It's Only a Game
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Its Only a Game was a sports-and-game-oriented comics panel by Charles M. Schulz, creator of Peanuts. This panel feature ran for fifteen months, from October 1957 to January 1959, Schulz and cartoonist Jim Sasseville produced this strip which appeared in newspapers four times a week, including Sundays. Despite the resemblance to the children in Peanuts, most of the characters in these cartoons were adults, the comic focused on games, which could range from card games and board games to classic sporting games, or even recreational activities. Unlike most other comics, the sporting activities focused on many amateur sports, like golf. The strip was successful, although its unusual three-times-a-week publication schedule may have limited its placement in many newspapers. A Sunday strip was offered to newspapers, consisting of the three panels from earlier in the week, along with a bonus fourth panel in an elongated format. Given the growing popularity of Peanuts and the demands on his time. Its Only a Game at Don Marksteins Toonopedia, archived from the original on April 13,2012. Schulz, Charles, and Jim Sasseville, Its Only a Game,2004, ISBN 0-9716338-9-4
28.
Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
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The Church of God is a holiness Christian body with roots in Wesleyan pietism and also in the restorationist traditions. Founded in 1881 by Daniel Sidney Warner, the church claims 1,170, while having some characteristics of a denomination, the Church of God considers itself Non-denominational Christianity. One of its distinctive features is that there is no formal membership, since the movement believes that true biblical salvation. Similarly, there is no formal creed other than the Bible, accordingly, there is much official room for diversity and theological dialogue, even though the movements culture is strongly rooted in Wesleyan holiness theology. This church movement is not historically related to other Church of God bodies such as the Church of God or the Church of God, though these bodies are also holiness Christian in outlook, the Church of God does not share their Pentecostal practices. It is distinguished from other churches by the location of its central office in Anderson. The history of the Church of God begins in 1881 with Daniel Sidney Warner, Warner had been a member of John Winebrenners General Eldership of the Church of God, whose members were called Winebrennerians. He differed with the Winebrennerians on the doctrine of sanctification, which he held to be a definite work of grace. The desire of Warner and the others was to forsake denominationalism, to this end, they determined to trust in the Holy Spirit as their guide and the Bible as their creed. Warners vision was that the Church of God would extend our hand in fellowship to every blood-washed one, in the beginnings of the Church of God, there was a commitment to pacifism. In the late 19th century, the Church of God used their journal, in April 1898, the Gospel Trumpet responded to a question about the Church of God’s stance on a Christian going to war. The answer printed was We answer no, there is no place in the New Testament wherein Christ gave instruction to his followers to take the life of a fellow-man. As time went on the Church of God was able to maintain their stance on pacifism, but as World War I was erupting across Europe, the church’s stance began to soften. As German Church of God congregants were drafted into the army, while encouraging their readers to pray for the German soldiers, the Gospel Trumpet made no reference to the apparent contrast between supporting the war effort and encouraging pacifism. There were articles run to help a pacifist request non-combat duty if they were drafted, for those who decided to volunteer, the church reported that the volunteer would not lose their salvation but would have to answer to God concerning their actions during the war. Strege writes that as the war waged on, there occurs in print no condemnation of those who entered the army—whether German or American—and there is no questioning of their religious commitment, the Church of God had a strong pacifist element, reaching a high point in the late 1930s. The Church regarded World War II as a just war because America was attacked, anti-Communist sentiment has since kept strong pacifism from developing in the Church of God. The Church of God continues to see itself as an outgrowth of the original teachings of D. S. Warners ministry that began the movement in the 1880s
29.
Art Linkletter
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Arthur Gordon Art Linkletter was a Canadian-born American radio and television personality. He was the host of House Party, which ran on CBS radio and television for 25 years, Linkletter was famous for interviewing children on House Party and Kids Say the Darndest Things, which led to a series of books quoting children. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1942, Linkletter was born Arthur Gordon Kelly in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. In his autobiography, Confessions of a Happy Man, he revealed that he had no contact with his parents or his sister or two brothers since he was abandoned when only a few weeks old. He was adopted by Mary and Fulton John Linkletter, an evangelical preacher, when he was five, his family moved to San Diego, California, where he graduated from San Diego High School at age 16. During the early years of the Great Depression, he rode trains around the country doing odd jobs, in 1934, he earned a bachelors degree in teaching from San Diego State Teachers College, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. While attending San Diego State, he played for the team and was a member of the swimming team. He had previously planned to attend Springfield College, but did not, in 1935 he met Lois Foerster. They were married at Grace Lutheran Church in San Diego, November 28,1935 and their marriage lasted until Linkletters death, 74 1⁄2 years later. After receiving his degree, Linkletter decided to go to work as a radio announcer at KGB in San Diego. He directed radio programs for fairs and expositions in the mid-1930s, afterwards, he moved to San Francisco and continued his radio career. In 1943, Linkletter pleaded guilty to falsely claiming US citizenship, he was fined $500, in the 1940s, Linkletter worked in Hollywood with John Guedel on their pioneering radio show, People Are Funny, which employed audience participation, contests and gags. The series served as a prototype for future radio and television game shows, People Are Funny became a television show in 1954 and ran until 1961. Other early television shows Linkletter worked on included Life With Linkletter with his son Jack and he also acted in two movies, People Are Funny and Champagne for Caesar. But, out of friendship for Disney, Linkletter volunteered his experience as a live program broadcaster to help organize ABCs coverage of the Disneyland opening in 1955 on what was his 43rd birthday. Besides being an on-air host, he recruited his two co-hosts, Ronald Reagan and Bob Cummings, the park opening experience convinced Linkletter that Disneyland was going to be a huge success. This turned out to be extremely lucrative and he appeared for two stints of two weeks each, as a guest host of The Tonight Show in 1962 between Jack Paars departure and Johnny Carsons arrival as its new host. In the 1950s, Linkletter hosted a 15-minute series for syndication titled Art Linkletter And The Kids, in the 1950s, Linkletter became a major investor in and promoter of the hula hoop
30.
Rinehart & Company
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Rinehart & Company, an American publishing company, was the successor to Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. In 1946, following the departure of John C, Farrar, the company was renamed Rinehart & Company. The brothers Stanley M. Rinehart, Jr. and Frederick R. Rinehart continued to operate the company until its merger with Henry Holt and Company, Winston Company in 1960, to form Holt, Rinehart and Winston. The Rinehart brothers were the sons of the mystery writer, Mary Roberts Rinehart. Indeed, Rinehart had supported her sons by leaving Doubleday, Doran when they established Farrar & Rinehart in 1929, authors and their known dates of association with Rinehart & Company. Hervey Allen Charles H. Baker, Jr. Robert Cantwell Marjory Stoneman Douglas William Lindsay Gresham Langston Hughes Norman Mailer Mary Roberts Rinehart Charles M. Schulz Fredric Wertham Philip Wylie
31.
Fantagraphics
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Fantagraphics Books is an American publisher of alternative comics, classic comic strip anthologies, magazines, graphic novels, and the adult-oriented Eros Comix imprint. k. a. Fantagraphics was founded in 1976 by Gary Groth and Mike Catron in College Park, the first act of the new company was the takeover of an adzine named The Nostalgia Journal, which was quickly renamed The Comics Journal. As comics journalist Michael Dean writes, the publisher has alternated between flourishing and nearly perishing over the years, Kim Thompson joined the company in 1977, using his inheritance to keep the company afloat. The company moved from Maryland to Stamford, Connecticut, and then Los Angeles, beginning in 1981, and lasting until 1992, Fantagraphics published Amazing Heroes, a magazine which examined comics from a hobbyists point of view. Beginning in 1979, Fantagraphics began publishing comics, starting with Jay Disbrows The Flames of Gyro, Catron acted as Fantagraphics co-publisher until 1985, when he left the company. From 1985–1987, Fantagraphics coordinated and presented The Jack Kirby Award for achievement in comic books, the Kirby Award was managed by Dave Olbrich, a Fantagraphics employee. In 1987, a dispute arose when Olbrich and Fantagraphics each claimed ownership of the awards, the Harvey Awards are no longer affiliated with Fantagraphics. In 1989, Fantagraphics relocated from Los Angeles to its current location in the Maple Leaf neighborhood of Seattle, in 1990, the publisher introduced Eros Comix, a lucrative line of erotic comics which again saved the company from bankruptcy. Longtime employee Eric Reynolds joined Fantagraphics in 1993, first as editor for The Comics Journal from 1993, before moving to marketing. Tom Spurgeon, now publisher of The Comics Reporter, was editor of The Comics Journal from 1994–1999, one employee quit during the subsequent downsizing while denouncing Fantagraphics disorganization and poor management. Fantagraphics was saved by a restructuring and an appeal to comic book fandom that resulted in a huge number of orders. After restructuring, the company has had success with such hardcover collections as The Complete Peanuts. Starting in 2005, Fantagraphics began a European graphic novel line, starting with the co-publication of the Ignatz Series, the publisher announced a deal with Jacques Tardi in March 2009, that would see co-publisher Thompson translate a large number of his books. In 2006, Fantagraphics opened its own store, Fantagraphics Bookstore & Gallery. In early 2012, Michael Catron returned to Fantagraphics as editor with the company he had co-founded 36 years earlier, co-publisher Kim Thompson left Fantagraphics due to illness in March 2013, and died of lung cancer a few months later. An outpouring of support from readers enabled the company to reach, the Ignatz Series is an international comic imprint. It is published by Fantagraphics Books, Avant Verlag, Vertige, Oog & Blik, Coconino Press and it is named for Ignatz Mouse, a character in the comic strip Krazy Kat. The books in the Ignatz series are designed midway between standard North American comic book pamphlet-size and graphic novel-size, each title is 32-pages, 2-color, saddlestitched, 8½ ×11, with jacket, priced at $7.95
32.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
33.
Knott's Berry Farm
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Knotts Berry Farm Buena Park is a 160-acre amusement park in Buena Park, California, owned by Cedar Fair. It was the twelfth most visited park in North America in 2015. The park features 39 rides including roller coasters, family rides, childrens rides, water rides, and historical rides, the theme park sits on the site of a former berry farm established by Walter Knott, Cordelia Knott, and their family. Beginning around 1920, the Knott family sold berries, berry preserves, in 1934, the Knotts began selling fried chicken dinners in a tea room on the property, and the Knotts built several shops and other attractions to entertain visitors. In 1940, Walter Knott began constructing a replica Ghost Town on the property, Knott added several other attractions over the years, and began charging admission to the attractions in 1968. In 1983, Knotts Berry Farm added Camp Snoopy, which began the parks present-day association with the Peanuts characters, Cedar Fair has continued to expand the theme park, adding Knotts Soak City in 1999 and adding new rides to the original park. The theme park sits on the site of a berry farm established by Walter Knott. Beginning around 1920, the Knott family sold berries, berry preserves, in 1934, the Knotts began selling fried chicken dinners in a tea room on the property, later called Mrs. Knotts Chicken Dinner Restaurant. The dinners soon became a major tourist draw, and the Knotts built several shops, in 1940, Walter Knott began constructing a replica Ghost Town on the property, the beginning of the present-day theme park. The idea of an amusement park really picked up in the 1950s when Walter Knott opened a summer-long county fair, in 1968, for the first time, an admission price was required to get into the park, originally set at 25 cents. The Calico log ride was added in 1969, on April 12,1974, Cordelia Knott died. Sky Tower was built to support two attractions, the Parachute Sky Jump and the Sky Cabin, Parachute Sky Jump boarded one or two standing riders anticipating the thrill of the drop into baskets beneath a faux parachute canopy. From the top, eight arms supported the cable tracks of wire rope which lifted the baskets. The Sky Cabin ringed the support pole with a floor of seats that are enclosed behind windows. The Sky Cabin ring revolves slowly as it rises to the top, Sky Cabin is very sensitive to weather and passenger motion, such as walking, which is prohibited during the trip. During winds 25 mph+ or rain it is closed, one or two riders straddled each Indian motorcycle attraction vehicle. The tubular steel monorail track closely followed dips and bumps in the road, Gasoline Alley, an electric steel-guiderail car ride below, was built together and intimately intertwined, which enhanced ride-to-ride interaction thrill value. Motorcycle Chase/Wacky Soap Box Racers was removed 1996 for a dueling loop coaster Windjammer Surf Racers and now Xcelerator, on December 3,1981, Walter Knott died, survived by his children who would continue to operate Knotts as a family business for another fourteen years
34.
Pointer (dog breed)
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The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds, the coat of a Pointer is short, dense, smooth with a sheen. They are generally white with either liver, lemon, orange or black markings, although pointers may have solid coloring in any of these hues, most Pointers are primarily white with some body markings. Lemon and white dogs have flesh-colored noses, while Pointers with orange, most countries breed standards prefer symmetry and balance to perfect size, and most will allow an amount of variation if a dogs size does not encumber it in the field. The approximate measurements in the United States, from the Pointer standard, are as follows, However, Pointers are even-tempered, congenial dogs, and despite their large size, make good house pets so long as they get sufficient exercise due to their extremely high energy levels. Pointers are intelligent, affectionate, clean and intensely loyal and their aggression level is very low to non-existent and they normally happily coexist with other dogs and cats. They are not typically territorial and can be reserved with strangers and they are very good with children and fit in well with family life generally. Pups can be boisterous and their long legs as they grow. They will bark at suspicious noises, but are not a great watchdog breed, while Pointers were bred to be hunting dogs, they are perfectly content to be given adequate exercise by other means. Since they are a breed, regular exercise is important for them. A good-sized, securely fenced yard is a must to keep a Pointer safe, Pointers are habitual couch potatoes who enjoy relaxing on the familys chairs or sofas. This is a part of their desire to feel part of the pack. The Pointer has a lifespan of 12.4 years in a UK Kennel Club survey. Pointers are fairly genetically sound as a breed, some problems that can occur in the breed include hip dysplasia, cherry eye, epilepsy, and allergies. The Acral mutilation syndrome is a hereditary sensory neuropathy with progressive mutilation of the distal extremities, the pointer is employed to find upland game. In performing its task as an aid, these skills may be expected from Pointers when hunting, Point – The dog finds. Honor – The dog stops immediately or within a few steps, usually in a pointing stance, retrieve – Pointers are not expected to be natural retrievers, but are often trained and expected to find dead or wounded game. The history of the Pointer, like many breeds, is a debatable topic
35.
Beagle
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The Beagle is a breed of small-sized hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The Beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare, with a great sense of smell and their tracking instinct, the Beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The Beagle is intelligent but single-minded and it is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Beagles have been depicted in culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings, and more recently in film, television. Snoopy of the comic strip Peanuts has been promoted as the worlds most famous beagle, Dogs of similar size and purpose to the modern Beagle can be traced in Ancient Greece back to around the 5th century BC. Xenophon, born around 430 BC, in his Treatise on Hunting or Cynegeticus refers to a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed on foot. Small hounds are mentioned in the Forest Laws of Canute which exempted them from the ordinance which commanded that all dogs capable of running down a stag should have one foot mutilated, in the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a white, slow, deep-throated, scent hound derived from the St. Hubert Hound which had been developed in the 8th century. At some point the English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to give them an extra turn of speed, long extinct, the Talbot strain probably gave rise to the Southern Hound which, in turn, is thought to be an ancestor of the modern-day Beagle. From medieval times, beagle was used as a description for the smaller hounds. Small enough to fit in a pocket or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt, the larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush. Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates, 19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety. Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901, by the 18th century two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit, the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle. The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability. The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties and it was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set and with a more pointed muzzle. It was faster than its southern counterpart but its abilities were less well developed. As fox hunting became increasingly popular, numbers of types of hound diminished. The beagle-type dogs were crossed with larger breeds such as Stag Hounds to produce the modern Foxhound, the beagle-size varieties came close to extinction but some farmers in the South ensured the survival of the prototype breeds by maintaining small rabbit-hunting packs
36.
Snoopy's siblings
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In Charles M. Schulzs comic strip Peanuts, Snoopy was often stated to have seven siblings. Five appeared at times in the strip, four brothers, Andy, Marbles, Olaf, and Spike. The two others were never mentioned by name in the comic strip, according to the 1991 TV special Snoopys Reunion, their names are Molly and Rover, however, their appearance is not considered canonical in the comic strip. In the June 6,1959 comic strip, following the birth of Charlie Browns sister Sally, Snoopy remarks that he has no brothers or sisters, and is an only dog. However, in a March 18,1971 strip, Snoopy writes in his autobiography, I was one of eight puppies. Their mother is called Missy, but has appeared once in Peanuts. Andy, Marbles, Olaf, Spike, and Belle appear briefly in during the credits of The Peanuts Movie, Spike appeared most frequently in the strip. His appearance is similar to that of Snoopy, but he is thinner, has a perpetually sleepy look, and sports a long, droopy mustache. He sometimes wears Mickey Mouse shoes which were a gift from Mickey Mouse and he is called Snoopys older brother during the first story in which he appears. Spike lives alone in the desert near Needles, California, only occasionally interacting with the characters in the strip. His friends are mostly inanimate saguaro cacti, in 1991s Snoopys Reunion, Spikes home was a huge hollow saguaro in which he kept books and his fiddle. Spike is named after Charles Schulzs childhood dog, although he got a better-fed appearance after his first visit to the Brown household, he apparently had to go back to business soon after returning home, for he soon became as thin as before. He temporarily became Reruns dog in I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown and he was also a main character in Snoopys Getting Married, Charlie Brown, where he is shown traveling from Needles to visit Snoopy to be the best beagle at his wedding. Spike competes in a dog race to earn money for a bus ticket and he wins the race, but then gets disqualified for not being a greyhound. During a story Spike is rescued by Snoopy and a group of Woodstocks friends, the coyotes were apparently furious after Spike tried to sell them oceanfront condos in the desert of Needles. In August 1977, Spike was to be Snoopys best man at his wedding, only to end up eloping with Snoopys fiancee, in 1988, Snoopy is convinced in a letter from Spike that the Summer Olympics were being moved from Yuma to Phoenix. Snoopy, of course, comes to realize that the claim was false, after Spike admitted that his friend, on February 15,1987, Spike attempts to bury his fedora in a time capsule for a future civilization to study Do not open until 6987. But abandons this idea when he cannot survive the cold nights without the warmth his hat provides
37.
Needles, California
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Needles is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It lies on the banks of the Colorado River in the Mohave Valley subregion of the Mojave Desert, near the borders of Arizona and Nevada. It is also the easternmost city of the Greater Los Angeles area, the city is accessible via Interstate 40 and U. S. Route 95. The population was 4,844 at the 2010 census, up from 4,830 at the 2000 census. Needles was named after The Needles, a group of pinnacles, the large Mohave Native American community shares the nearby Fort Mojave Indian Reservation and the town. Needles is a gateway to the Mojave National Preserve, in the Mohave language, they call themselves the ʼAha Makhav. Their name comes from two words, ʼaha, meaning river, and makhav, meaning along or beside, the historic Mojave Road now goes through the Mojave National Preserve. Along it, in 1859, Fort Mojave was built to protect new pioneer immigrants to California, the city was founded in May 1883 as a result of the construction of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which originally crossed the Colorado River at this point. The name was derived from the Needles, pointed mountain peaks where the holes in them. This point on the Colorado River was a site for such a bridge, lacking firm banks. Additionally, the bridge was not of the best quality, which led to criticism that it was a flimsy looking structure, the flooding and meandering of the Colorado River destroyed the bridge in 1884,1886 and 1888. Finally the railroad surrendered to nature and built a high cantilever bridge at a much narrower point with solid rock footings, ten miles downstream near modern Topock, completing it in May 1890. Originally a tent town for construction crews, the railroad company built a hotel, car sheds, shops. Within a month the town boasted a Chinese washhouse, a newsstand, a restaurant, a couple of general stores. The town became the largest port on the river above Yuma, the landmark building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is being restored. Needles was a stop on the historic U. S. Route 66 highway from the 1920s through the 1960s. For immigrants from the Midwest Dust Bowl in the 1930s it was the first town that marked their arrival in California, the city is lined with motels and other shops from that era. The Cartys Camp which appears briefly in The Grapes of Wrath as the Joad family enters California from Arizona is now a ghost tourist court, Needles is a tourism and recreation center, a tradition going back for decades
38.
Little Red-Haired Girl
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The Little Red-Haired Girl is an unseen character in the Peanuts comic strip by Charles M. Schulz, who serves as the object of Charlie Browns affection, and a symbol of unrequited love. While never seen in the strip, she appears onscreen in several television specials, Charlie Brown most often notices her while eating lunch outdoors, always failing to muster the courage to speak to her. She figures prominently in Valentines Day strips, several of which focus on Charlie Browns hope of getting a valentine from her, Charlie Brown typically attempts to give her a valentine but panics at the last minute. Charlie Brown first catches sight of her in the November 19,1961 strip, saying he would give anything in the world if that little girl with the red hair would come over, in July 1969, a story arc ran depicting the Little Red-Haired Girl moving away. Charlie Brown despaired that he would never see her again and he saw her from a distance later that year while skiing. Eventually, the Little Red-Haired Girl moved back to Charlie Browns neighborhood, the 1967 Peanuts animated TV special Youre in Love, Charlie Brown revolved entirely around Charlie Browns obsession with the Little Red-Haired Girl. After several failed attempts at making conversation with her on the last two days of school, she stuffs a note into Charlie Browns hands as students rush past him to board the school bus. Thinking he has ruined his chance at meeting her, he reads the letter. Ecstatic, Charlie Brown skips his way home, realizing he has triumphed against what he considers all odds, throughout the entirety of Youre in Love, Charlie Brown, the Little Red-Haired Girl is not seen once. The Little Red-Haired Girl returned in the 1977 special Its Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown, linus tells Charlie Brown that her name is Heather, and that she is the Homecoming Queen. Charlie Brown becomes a wreck, trying desperately to impress her once he learns that he has chosen to escort her to the dance after the football game. After spending nearly the duration of the special stressing about meeting her. Heather appeared onscreen again in the 1985 special Happy New Year, in neither of the aforementioned specials did she have a speaking role. Schulz did not consider these animated appearances to be canonical, although he wrote the screenplay himself, the Little Red-Haired Girl was once seen in the comics in silhouette on May 25,1998, dancing with Snoopy. The shot used here was most likely to provide a visual for the used at that particular point in the songs lyrics. Another appearance includes the 1988 special Snoopy and she also appears in A Charlie Brown Valentine. And Donna Wold, the inspiration behind the character. The film marked the first time the Little Red-Haired Girl spoke in all Peanuts-related media and she is voiced by Francesca Capaldi who also voiced Frieda
39.
Linus van Pelt
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Linus van Pelt is a character in Charles M. Schulzs comic strip Peanuts. The best friend of Charlie Brown, Linus is also the brother of Lucy van Pelt. He first appeared on September 19,1952, but was not mentioned by name until three days later and he was first referred to two months earlier, on July 14. Linus spoke his first words in 1954, the year he was shown with his security blanket. He invented his own legendary being, the Great Pumpkin, who, Linus claims, appears every Halloween at the most sincere pumpkin patch, bearing gifts. On one occasion, Linus had a lead in the polls for school president—until he brought up the subject of the Great Pumpkin. A similar occurrence was featured in a strip with the storyline, Charlie Brown asks him why he had to bring up the Great Pumpkin. After Linus says that Charlie Brown is looking at him as if he was crazy, Charlie Brown responds, Linus is almost never seen without his blue security blanket, which debuted in the June 1,1954, strip. He holds it over his shoulder while sucking his thumb, ridicule of the habit is not a major concern for him. The blanket, it out, is an autonomous entity. In the special A Boy Named Charlie Brown, it performed a dance routine with Linus upon being reunited with its owner. Linus had lost the blanket, causing him depression, panic attacks, sweating, in the earlier strips, Linuss relationship to his blanket was one of intense emotional attachment to the point of manifesting physical symptoms if he was deprived of it even for a short while. He suffered weakness and dizziness, for example, when Lucy took it from him long enough to have it laundered. In A Boy Named Charlie Brown, Linus manifested similar symptoms when he gave his blanket to Charlie Brown, on another occasion, Lucy snatched his blanket away and buried it in an effort to break Linus of his habit. Linus literally dug up the neighborhood for days trying to find it until Snoopy finally dug it up. Possession of the blanket is often sought by Snoopy, who has used many tricks and subterfuges to relieve Linus of it, even at one point having the blanket delivered to his doghouse. Snoopy commonly runs up, quickly grabs the blanket in his mouth, and drags Linus along with it, then swings him, once, Linus was so angry at Snoopy for snatching his blanket again and again that he retaliated by threatening Snoopys supper dish. Upon hearing that Linus had possession of his most prized possession, Snoopy gave Linus back the blanket fairly quickly, thinking, I never dreamed he would fight so dirty
40.
Peppermint Patty
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Patricia Peppermint Patty Reichardt is a fictional character featured in Charles M. Schulz comic strip Peanuts. She is one of a group in the strip who lives across town from Charlie Brown. She has freckles and auburn/brunette hair and generally displays the characteristics of a tomboy and she made her first appearance on August 22,1966. Uniquely, she refers to Charlie Brown and Lucy as Chuck and Lucille, Schulz described in one interview how, By 1966, I realized that it had been quite some time since Id introduced a new character, five years since Friedas debut and seven since Sallys. Schulz also said that Peppermint Patty was created in response to the liberation movement in the late 1960s as part of an attempt to have a character that defied standard gender norms. As a result, he gave her a personality in addition to being the first female character in the strip to wear a shirt. In addition, she was shown as being part of a single-parent household, Peppermint Patty was first voiced by Gail DeFaria in the CBS specials, then by various other child performers both male and female. Peppermint Patty was also the title of a song by pianist Vince Guaraldi, Peppermint Patty has short, auburn hair and wears a striped, green collared shirt, black or dark blue shorts with two white stripes and green sandals. She has freckles and is the most tomboyish girl in the comic strip, for a long time she seemed unaware that Snoopy was a dog, referring to him as the funny looking kid with the big nose. This was a recurrent gag in the strip until an incident in which Patty declared she was through with school, in a later phone call to Charlie Brown, Peppermint Patty finally accepted the truth, Lets just say my pride had the flu, okay, Chuck. Peppermint Patty has brown hair, and she has freckles on her face. She almost always wears sandals with bare feet, even in wintertime, in one series of strips, in which she was forbidden to wear the sandals in school, it was revealed that these were a gift from her father because she was a rare gem. For a time, Patty also put her candy cigarettes in her sleeve and she also thought a school for gifted children meant that she would get free gifts if she enrolled. Likewise she once confused a dog obedience school with a private school, going so far as to enroll. It was only later, when she tried to use that diploma to show that she did not have to go to regular school and she is widely known for receiving a D− grade on every test or assignment in school. In one comic strip, Patty got a Z−, which she called sarcasm, Peppermint Pattys bad grades are possibly exacerbated by her tendency to sleep through class. This was explained by the fact that her father works late, in one series of strips, Marcie suggests that it is Pattys unrequited love for Charlie Brown which causes her to fall asleep. Peppermint Patty hired Snoopy twice to serve as her watchdog so she could sleep better at night, besides guard duties, Peppermint Patty also retains Snoopys services as an attorney, once even enlisting his help to openly defy the schools dress code
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Milton Caniff
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Milton Arthur Paul Milt Caniff was an American cartoonist famous for the Terry and the Pirates and Steve Canyon comic strips. Caniff was born in Hillsboro, Ohio and he was an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Caniff did cartoons for local newspapers while studying at Stivers High School in Dayton Ohio, at Ohio State University, Caniff joined the Sigma Chi Fraternity and later illustrated for The Magazine of Sigma Chi and The Norman Shield. Graduating in 1930, Caniff began at the Columbus Dispatch where he worked with the noted cartoonists Billy Ireland and Dudley Fisher, but Caniffs position was eliminated during the Great Depression. Caniff related later that he had been uncertain of whether to pursue acting or cartooning as a career and he died on May 3,1988 and was buried in the Mount Repose Cemetery, Haverstraw, New York. In 1932, Caniff moved to New York City to accept an artist job with the Features Service of the Associated Press. Caniff continued Gilfeather until the spring of 1933, when it was retired in favor of a comedy panel cartoon called The Gay Thirties. In July 1933, Caniff began a fantasy strip, Dickie Dare, influenced by series such as Flash Gordon. The eponymous main character was a youth who dreamed himself into adventures with such literary and legendary persons as Robin Hood, Robinson Crusoe, in 1934, Caniff was hired by the New York Daily News to produce a new strip for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. The result was Terry and the Pirates, the strip which made Caniff famous, like Dickie Dare, Terry Lee began as a boy who is traveling with an adult mentor and adventurer, Pat Ryan. But over the years the character aged, and by World War II he was old enough to serve in the Army Air Force. During the 12 years that Caniff produced the strip, he introduced many fascinating characters, introduced during the early days of the strip was Terry and Pats interpreter and manservant Connie. They were later joined by the mute Chinese giant Big Stoop, both he and Connie provided the main source of comic relief. During the war, Caniff began a strip, a special version of Terry. Caniff donated all of his work on this strip to the armed forces—the strip was only in military newspapers. Another strip had her dancing with a man in civilian clothes, a disgruntled GI shoved and mocked him for having an easy life, Caniff continued Male Call until seven months after V-J Day, ending it in March 1946. In 1946 Caniff ended his association with Terry and the Pirates, while the strip was a major success, it was not owned by its creator but by its distributing syndicate, the Chicago Tribune-New York Daily News, a common practice with syndicated comics at the time. Caniff produced his last strip of Terry and the Pirates in December 1946, at the time, Caniff was one of only two or three syndicated cartoonists who owned their creations, and he attracted considerable publicity as a result of this circumstance
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Terry and the Pirates (comic strip)
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Terry and the Pirates was an action-adventure comic strip created by cartoonist Milton Caniff. The Dragon Lady leads the evil pirates, conflict with the pirates was diminished in priority when World War II started, the daily strip began October 22,1934, and the Sunday color pages began December 9,1934. Initially, the storylines of the strips and Sunday pages were different. In 1946, Caniff won the first Cartoonist of the Year Award from the National Cartoonists Society for his work on Terry, the strip was read by 31 million newspaper subscribers between 1934 and 1946. The adventure begins with young Terry Lee, a wide-awake American boy, arriving in contemporary China with his friend, seeking a lost gold mine, they meet George Webster Connie Confucius, interpreter and local guide. Initially, crudely drawn backgrounds and stereotypical characters surrounded Terry as he matched wits with pirates and he developed an ever larger circle of friends and enemies, including Big Stoop, Captain Judas, Cheery Blaze, Chopstick Joe, Cue Ball and Dude Hennick. Most notable of all was the famed femme fatale, the Dragon Lady, Caniff included a number of non-American female antagonists, all of whom referred to themselves in the third person. These included the Dragon Lady herself and crooks and spies like Sanjak, in a rather bold move for a 1940s comic strip, Sanjak was hinted at being a lesbian cross-dresser with designs on Terrys girlfriend April Kane. Caniff purportedly named the character after a next to the isle of Lesbos. Over time, owing to a collaboration with cartoonist Noel Sickles. Ray Bailey, Caniffs assistant on Terry and the Pirates, went on to create his own adventure strip, Terry Lee, A teenager when the series begins, he is excitable and loves adventure. As the series goes on, he matures and joins the U. S. Air Force, after the war, he works for the government in the post-war territories. In his last comic strip Feb 25,1973 Colonel Lee is a USAF officer who helps break up a smuggling ring which results in the arrest of its head. Pat Ryan, Terrys friend and mentor, a writer and man of action who helps his young protegé out of scrapes, when World War II begins, he joins the U. S. Navy and sees action in the Pacific. Connie, George Webster Confucius, a Chinese man Terry and Pat hire as a guide and he speaks in Pidgin English and refers to himself in the third person. He is fiercely loyal to the duo and he eventually works with Pat as part of the Chinese resistance against the Japanese in the war. Big Stoop, A 9-foot-tall Mongol whom Connie helped when he was being picked on by bullies and he remains with the trio out of gratitude. Immensely strong and mute, he earns his nickname from the phrase he stoops to conquer and he was once a servant of the Dragon Lady, she cut out his tongue when he was young, earning his hatred
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