1.
Emblem
–
An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Although the words emblem and symbol are used interchangeably, an emblem is a pattern that is used to represent an idea or an individual. An emblem crystallizes in concrete, visual terms some abstraction, a deity, an emblem may be worn or otherwise used as an identifying badge or patch. For example, in America, police officers badges refer to their personal metal emblem whereas their woven emblems on uniforms identify members of a particular unit. A real or metal shell, the emblem of St. James the Apostle, sewn onto the hat or clothes. In the Middle Ages, many saints were given emblems, which served to them in paintings and other images, St. Catherine had a wheel, or a sword, St. Anthony Abbot, a pig. These are also called attributes, especially when carried by or close to the saint in art. Kings and other grand persons increasingly adopted personal devices or emblems that were distinct from their family heraldry. The most famous include Louis XIV of Frances sun, the salamander of Francis I of France, the boar of Richard III of England, pisanello produced many of the earliest and finest of these. A symbol, on the hand, substitutes one thing for another, in a more concrete fashion, The Christian cross is a symbol of the Crucifixion. The Red Cross is one of three representing the International Red Cross. A red cross on a background is the emblem of humanitarian spirit. The crescent shape is a symbol of the moon, it is an emblem of Islam, the skull and crossbones is a symbol identifying a poison. The skull is an emblem of the nature of human life. A totem is specifically an animal emblem that expresses the spirit of a clan, heraldry knows its emblems as charges. The lion passant serves as the emblem of England, the lion rampant as the emblem of Scotland, an icon consists of an image, that has become standardized by convention. A logo is an impersonal, secular icon, usually of a corporate entity, since the 15th century the terms of emblem and emblematura belong to the termini technici of architecture. They mean an iconic painted, drawn, or sculptural representation of a concept affixed to houses, Emblem in this sense refers to a didactic or moralizing combination of picture and text intended to draw the reader into a self-reflective examination of his or her own life
Emblem
–
The
Wilton Diptych (c. 1395–99) features
angels wearing
white hart (a deer), the personal emblem of King
Richard II of England.
Emblem
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"The big eat the small", a political emblem from an
emblem book, 1617
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
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Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
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Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
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Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
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Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
3.
Albury-Wodonga
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Although in many senses the centre operates as one community, it has parallel municipal governments and state government services. Albury–Wodonga was selected as the focus of the federal Whitlam governments scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australias large coastal cities by encouraging decentralisation. Grand plans were made to turn Albury–Wodonga into an inland city. Some industries were enticed to move there, and an amount of population movement resulted. However, due to the subsequent Fraser Governments repudiation of Labors decentralisation policies, no other Commonwealth Government since, either conservative or Labor, has made any attempt at repopulating inland areas. Thus the current Albury–Wodonga population is far below the 300,000 projected by Gough Whitlam in the 1970s, the population increased by 1. 1% per year on average from 81,540 in 2008 to 86,274 in 2013. The industrial employment sector has meant that Albury–Wodonga, unusually for an Australian inland city, is not dependent on agriculture, albury City Council City of Wodonga Council
Albury-Wodonga
–
Aerial view of the Albury region
Albury-Wodonga
–
Aerial view of Wodonga, to the left of the stream of water
4.
Bathurst, New South Wales
–
Bathurst /ˈbæθəst/ is a regional city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 200 kilometres north-west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council, Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had an estimated population of 36,013 as at June 2015. Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery, today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy. The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city, Bathurst has an historic city centre with many buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 1800s. The median age of the population is 34.0 years, which is particularly young for a regional centre. Population growth has reached 1. 6% per annum over the five years until 2010 and this growth over recent years has resulted in increased urban development including retail precincts, sporting facilities, housing estates and expanding industrial areas. Bathurst is located on the edge of the Great Dividing Range in the Macquarie River plain. The city is located adjacent to the Macquarie River which is part of the Murray-Darling basin, the city is protected by a levee bank to protect the city from occasional flood events. Mount Panorama is located 3 kilometres from the CBD and effectively within the city limits, it is 877 metres AMSL, Bathurst is located adjacent to the Great Western Highway which begins in the centre of the city of Sydney and finishes at Bathurst. Within the city, two state highways start, the Mitchell Highway to Bourke and the Mid-Western Highway to Hay. Bathurst is located approximately mid-way along a road route from Canberra and Goulburn to Mudgee. Bathurst is also located on the Main Western Railway line that starts at Sydney Central Station, the Macquarie River divides Bathurst with the CBD located on the western side of the river. Four road bridges and two bridges span the river within the city area. Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region, the Bathurst Basin and they are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic, underlying Bathurst is the dominant feature of Bathurst granite and at Mount Panorama and Mount Stewart basalt occurs. Due to its elevation, Bathurst has a highland climate. Bathurst is in Australias cool temperate zone which is defined as having mild to warm summers
Bathurst, New South Wales
–
Bathurst skyline
Bathurst, New South Wales
–
Bathurst
New South Wales
Bathurst, New South Wales
–
Rotunda at Machattie Park, Bathurst NSW
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Kings Parade, Carillon Memorial and Evans Memorial
5.
Dubbo
–
Dubbo /ˈdʌboʊ/ is a city in the Orana Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the largest population centre in the Orana region, with a population of 40,975 as of 2012. It is located at the intersection of the Mitchell, Newell, the nearest city, Orange, is approximately 144 km away. Dubbo is located approximately 275 m above sea level,303 km north-west of Sydney and is a major road and it is linked by national highways north to Brisbane, south to Melbourne, east to Sydney and Newcastle, and west to Broken Hill and Adelaide. Dubbo is included in the records and weather forecast region for the Central West Slopes and in the Central West Slopes. Evidence of habitation by Indigenous Australians dates back approximately 40,000 years, the explorer and surveyor John Oxley was the first European to report on the area now known as Dubbo in 1818. The first permanent European settler in the area was English born Robert Dulhunty, there are records of squatters being given permission to set up large sheep and cattle stations in the area in 1824 but these were not maintained. Dulhunty occupied a property, known as Dubbo station, from the early 1830s on a squatting basis, with the passing of the Squatting Act in 1836 he took out a licence on the property. Dulhunty showed an affinity with Indigenous Australians, his party included some 40 Aborigines and he favoured using Aboriginal names for properties, a popular current theory is the word means red earth, consistent with the local landscape. Dundullimal Homestead is a farmhouse from that period, built around 1840 by John Maugham on his 26, the building is one of the oldest homesteads still standing in western NSW and today is open to visitors. In 1846, due to the number of settlers in the area, a constables residence was completed in 1847 and a wooden slab construction courthouse and lock-up in early 1848. By this time, the settlement had only four buildings, the residence, courthouse and lock-up, a store. Due to the lack of title for the land, in 1848 the storekeeper, Jean Emile Serisier, the plan was presented to the colonys Surveyor General in May 1849 by surveyor G. Boyle White. The settlement was gazetted as a village in November 1849 with the first land sales taking place in 1850, population growth was slow until the Victorian gold rush of the 1860s brought an increase in north-south trade. The first bank was opened in 1867, steady population growth saw the town proclaimed a municipality in 1872, when its population was 850. The railway extension of the western railway from Wellington to Dubbo was formally opened on 1 February 1881. By 1897, Dubbo had a store, Carrier Arms, a slab courthouse, a gaol. The final section of the Molong to Dubbo railway opened in late May 1925, Dubbo was officially proclaimed a city in 1966
Dubbo
–
Overlooking the city from West Dubbo
Dubbo
–
Japanese garden in Dubbo
Dubbo
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Dubbo War Memorial
Dubbo
–
The main commercial area of Dubbo
6.
Goulburn
–
Goulburn /ˈɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia approximately 195 kilometres south-west of Sydney, Australia, and 90 kilometres north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed to be Australias first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863, Goulburn had an estimated population of 23,005 as at June 2015. Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council, Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line, a service centre for the surrounding pastoral industry, and also stopover for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a park and many historic buildings. It is also home to the monument the Big Merino, a sculpture that is the worlds largest concrete constructed sheep, Goulburn was named by surveyor James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. The Aboriginal peoples of this belonged to the Gundungurra Nation, and the name for Goulburn is Barbing. The colonial government made grants to free settlers such as Hamilton Hume in the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within the Nineteen Counties, including Argyle County, the process displaced the local indigenous Gandangara population and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aborigines food supply. The reduction of the supply and the introduction of exotic diseases. Some local Aborigines survived at the Tawonga Billabong Aboriginal Settlement established under the supervision of the Tarago police, in the 1930s the local billabong dried up and the Aboriginal people moved away although some have, over time, made their way back to their traditional lands. George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a figure in the towns development. He established a store with a liquor licence in 1848. By 1841 Goulburn had a population of some 1,200 – a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area. A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which there were about 1,500 residents. The town was a station for Cobb & Co by 1855. A police station opened the year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863, Goulburn holds the unique distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of Royal Letters Patent issued by Queen Victoria on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn and it was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England
Goulburn
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Gouburn seen from Rocky Hill
Goulburn
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St Brigid's School, Goulburn, now closed; the scene of an education strike in 1962.
Goulburn
–
Courthouse 1847
Goulburn
7.
Orange, New South Wales
–
Orange /ˈɒrɪndʒ/ is a city in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 kilometres west of the capital, Sydney. Orange had an urban population of 40,075 as of June 2015 making the city a significant regional centre. According to the 2011 census, the key employment sectors within the City of Orange local government area include health care & social assistance, retail, a significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas. With a peak elevation of 1,395 metres it gives commanding views of the district, Orange is the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as V8 Supercar Championship Series, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960. In the late 1820s, the surveyor J. B. Richards worked on a survey of the Macquarie River below Bathurst, on a plan dated 1829, he indicated a village reserve, in the parish of Orange. Initial occupation by British graziers began in late 1829, and tiny settlements eventually turned into larger towns as properties came into connection with the road. In 1844, the surveyor Davidson was sent to check on encroachments onto the land reserved for a village and his choices were Fredericks Valley, Pretty Plains, or Blackmans Swamp. Blackmans Swamp was chosen, and it was proclaimed a village, at nearby Ophir, a significant gold find in Australia was made in 1851, resulting in a sporadic population movement which is known as the Australian gold rush. Additional gold finds in nearby areas led to the establishment of Orange as a trading centre for the gold. The growth of Orange continued as the conditions were well suited for agriculture, the railway from Sydney reached Orange in 1877. In 1946,100 years after it was first being established as a village, Orange was proclaimed as a minor city, in recent years, a large number of vineyards have been planted in the area for rapidly expanding wine production. The growth of wine industry, coupled with the further development of Orange as a gourmet food capital, has ensured Oranges status as a prominent tourism destination. Other large industries include, Cadia gold mine is an open cut gold. The mine has been developed throughout the 1990s and is an employer in the region with an expected lifespan of several decades. Cadia is the second largest open-cut mine in Australia, following the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie, large mineral deposits are also being uncovered from the more recently developed Ridgeway underground mine which is adjacent to the Cadia Mine
Orange, New South Wales
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The main street of Orange, Summer Street, as viewed from the vicinity of McNamara Street looking west in May 2008
Orange, New South Wales
–
Summer Street in 1929
Orange, New South Wales
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Orange Public School, Kite Street
Orange, New South Wales
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Holy Trinity Anglican Church
8.
Port Macquarie, New South Wales
–
Port Macquarie is a coastal town in the local government area of Port Macquarie-Hastings. It is located on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia, about 390 km north of Sydney, the town is located on the Tasman Sea coast, at the mouth of the Hastings River, and at the eastern end of the Oxley Highway. The town with its suburbs had a population of 45,698 in June 2016, the site of Port Macquarie was first visited by Europeans in 1818 when John Oxley reached the Pacific Ocean from the interior, after his journey to explore inland New South Wales. He named the location after the Governor of New South Wales, Oxley noted that the port abounds with fish, the sharks were larger and more numerous than I have ever before observed. The forest hills and rising grounds abounded with large kangaroos and the marshes afford shelter, independent of the Hastings River, the area is generally well watered, there is a fine spring at the very entrance to the Port. In 1821, Port Macquarie was founded as a penal settlement, the Penal settlement lasted from April 1820 to c.15 August 1830. The settlement peaked with 1500 convicts by 1825 but by 1828 this had fallen to 530, later on in the settlements history, in the 1830s, disabled convicts started to arrive. In 1823 the first sugar cane to be cultivated in Australia was planted there, the region was first opened to settlers in 1830 and later on in the decade the penal settlement was closed in favour of a new penal settlement at Moreton Bay. Settlers quickly took advantage of the areas good pastoral land, timber resources and fisheries, st Thomass Anglican Church is a Georgian building designed by Francis Greenway and built, under the supervision of military engineer Lieutenant T. Owen, by convicts during 1824-1828. This church is among the oldest in Australia and one of the few remaining convict-built churches, inside there are red cedar box pews that were peculiar to that period in church architecture. The Walker pipe organ is the one of its type in the southern hemisphere. The castellated tower permits excellent views of the coastline, town and this church is now classified by the National Trust of Australia and has been registered on the National Estate heritage list. In 1830 Major Archibald Clunes Innes built Lake Innes House which grew over the decade into a luxurious establishment. It is now a ruin and is managed by the NSW Parks, in 1840 the Wool Road from the Northern Tablelands was under construction to enable wool and other produce to be shipped from the port. Port Macquarie was declared a municipality in 1887, but the town never progressed as a port owing to a coastal bar across the mouth of the river. Over 20 shipwrecks occurred in the Tacking Point area before a lighthouse was designed by James Barnet and erected there in 1879 by Shepard, Tacking Point Lighthouse is classified by the National Trust of Australia. The estimated urban population of Port Macquarie was 45,341 as at June 2015, having grown 1. 1% on prior year, Port Macquarie is expected to be the fastest growing place in New South Wales. The town is expected to grow from an estimated 43,655 people in 2009 to 58,888 in 2027, Port Macquarie is a retirement destination, known for its extensive beaches and waterways
Port Macquarie, New South Wales
Port Macquarie, New South Wales
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St Thomas' Anglican Church
Port Macquarie, New South Wales
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St Thomas' Church, painted by
Joseph Backler in the 1830s
9.
Wagga Wagga
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Wagga Wagga is a major regional city in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The central business district is focused around the commercial and recreational grid bounded by Best and Tarcutta Streets and the Murrumbidgee River, the main shopping street of Wagga is Baylis Street which becomes Fitzmaurice Street at the northern end. The city is in a valley and much of the city has a problem with urban salinity. The original inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people, in 1829, Charles Sturt became the first European explorer to visit the future site of the city. The town, positioned on the site of a ford across the Murrumbidgee, was surveyed and gazetted as a village in 1849, in 1870, the town was gazetted as a municipality. During the negotiations leading to the federation of the Australian colonies, during World War I the town was the starting point for the Kangaroo recruitment march. The Great Depression and the resulting hardship saw Wagga Wagga become the centre of a movement for the Riverina region. Wagga Wagga became a town during World War II with the establishment of a military base at Kapooka and Royal Australian Air Force bases at Forest Hill. After the war, Wagga Wagga was proclaimed as a city in 1946, in 1982 the city was amalgamated with the neighbouring Kyeamba and Mitchell Shires to form the City of Wagga Wagga local government area. Wagga Wagga is at the end of the Riverina region where the slopes of the Great Dividing Range flatten. The city straddles the Murrumbidgee River, one of the rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin. This location astride some of the transport routes in the nation has made Wagga Wagga an important heavy truck depot for a number of companies including Toll Holdings. Wagga Wagga is upstream from the Riverina plain in the mid-catchment range of the Murrumbidgee River in an alluvial valley confined by low bedrock hills, much of Wagga Wagga is on heavy clay soils in a large drainage basin with a small catchment discharge point. Groundwater therefore cannot leave easily, leading to Wagga Wagga having a problem with waterlogged soil and soil salination, urban salination in Wagga Wagga is now the subject of a large multi-pronged approach to prevent further salination and reclaim salt-affected areas. The main shopping street of Wagga Wagga is Baylis Street which becomes Fitzmaurice Street at the northern end, the Wollundry Lagoon is the water focus of the city centre and has been a key element in the development and separation of the north and south parts of the city centre. Major industrial areas of Wagga Wagga include the suburb of Bomen. Thomas Mitchell, the surveyor who served under Lord Wellington named many of the streets after Peninsula War veterans, Wagga Wagga has a temperate climate with hot dry summers and cool to cold winters. Under the Köppen climate classification, the city has a subtropical climate
Wagga Wagga
–
Looking down Baylis Street
Wagga Wagga
–
Wagga Wagga, looking northwest from Willans Hill
Wagga Wagga
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Wagga CBD in 1897
Wagga Wagga
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Former CBC Bank
10.
Manly, New South Wales
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Manly is a beach-side suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 17 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district and is the centre of the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Manly was named by Captain Arthur Phillip for the people living there, stating that their confidence. These men were of the Kay-ye-my clan, Bennelong and Colebee spoke to them and Bennelong asked for Governor Phillip. Captain Nepean sent the Boatswain back to Governor Phillip at South Head, the Aboriginal men cut large chunks of whale off and put them in the boat for Governor Phillip. The military party then proceeded on their walk to Broken Bay, when Governor Phillips party arrived to see the Aboriginal men they held friendly conversation with Bennelong and Colebee for over half an hour. Later an older Aboriginal man appeared with a spear, Captain Tench remarked that he was seemingly a stranger and little acquainted with Bennelong and Colebee. The Governor moved towards this man and the man became agitated, Governor Phillip threw down his dirk to appease the man crying out confidently. The spear was thrown and Governor Phillip was hit in the shoulder, the muskets were brought to shore but only one would fire. The spear was broken and all hastened to Port Jackson. Manly had been envisaged as a resort by Henry Gilbert Smith in the 1850s. In 1853 Smith acquired two parcels of land. Initially John had chartered a paddle steamer to Manly and other vessels visited on an ad hoc excursion basis, Smith built a wharf in 1855 and eventually acquired an interest in steamers himself and soon more regular services to Manly had commenced. By 1873, Smith had sold the lease to the wharf and his share of the steamers to the operators of the ferries and eventually ownership passed to the once famous Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company. It was the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company which coined the expression about Manly being Seven miles from Sydney, the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company played an important part in Manlys development. It built several attractions including a large pool and bathing pavilion. In 1972 the company was sold to Brambles Limited and in 1974 to the Government of New South Wales and it is now part of Sydney Ferries. It was Australias first overseas military adventure, and the Little Boy from Manly, became a symbol either of patriotism or, among opponents of the adventure, especially due to a cartoon by Livingston Hopkins of The Bulletin
Manly, New South Wales
–
The northern end of
Manly Beach, as viewed from
Queenscliff
Manly, New South Wales
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Manly Cove including the ferry terminal
Manly, New South Wales
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The harbour side of Manly in the late 1880s
Manly, New South Wales
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Manly Beach
11.
Sydney
–
Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
Sydney
–
The
Sydney Opera House and
CBD at dusk from
Jeffrey Street,
Kirribilli in December 2008
Sydney
–
A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Sydney
–
Sydney Cove from
Dawes Point, 1817
12.
Melbourne, Victoria
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
Melbourne, Victoria
–
(From top left to bottom right)
Melbourne City Centre,
Flinders Street Station,
Shrine of Remembrance,
Federation Square,
Melbourne Cricket Ground,
Royal Exhibition Building.
Melbourne, Victoria
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Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)
Melbourne, Victoria
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"Canvas Town", South Melbourne in the 1850s depicting temporary accommodation for the thousands who poured into Melbourne each week during the gold rush.
Melbourne, Victoria
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Lithograph of the
Royal Exhibition Building, built to host the
Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880
13.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
New South Wales
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286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
New South Wales
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Flag
New South Wales
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Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
New South Wales
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A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
14.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
Victoria (Australia)
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Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross at the
Eureka Stockade on 1 December 1854 – watercolour by
Charles Doudiet
Victoria (Australia)
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Flag
Victoria (Australia)
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The Victorian
Parliament House, built in 1856, stands in
Spring Street, Melbourne. The building was intended to be finished with a
dome, but was not completed due to budget constraints.
Victoria (Australia)
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The
Legislative Council Chamber, as photographed in 1878
15.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
Queensland
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Flag (1876-1901)
Queensland
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Flag
Queensland
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Great Barrier Reef, which extends along most of Queensland's coastline
Queensland
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A coral garden in
Osprey Reef
16.
Australian Capital Territory
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The Australian Capital Territory is the federal district in the south east of Australia, enclaved within New South Wales. Its only city is Canberra, the city of Australia. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. The need for a territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century. Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that, following Federation in 1901, the territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913. The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo. The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra and this trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australias states and territories. There is a proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories. Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia, mainly in the United Kingdom, almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home, the most common being Chinese. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. Apart from the city of Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land, small townships and communities located within the ACT include Williamsdale, Naas, Uriarra, Tharwa and Hall. There are a range of mountains, rivers and creeks in the Namadgi National Park. These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers, Canberra is noted for its warm to hot, dry summers, and cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts. Many of the mountains in the territorys south-west are snow-covered for at least part of the winter. Thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 623 mm, with rainfall highest in spring and summer, the highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 °C at Acton on 11 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −14.6 °C at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971, notable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include the Canberra Formation, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale. In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon, at the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting, the oldest rocks in the ACT date from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago
Australian Capital Territory
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Canberra, located in the northern end of the territory, is an entirely planned city.
Australian Capital Territory
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Flag
Australian Capital Territory
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The ACT Legislative Assembly building
Australian Capital Territory
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ACT sign
17.
Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)
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See Captain for other versions of this army and marines rank. Captain is an officer rank of the British Army and Royal Marines. The rank is equivalent to a lieutenant in the Royal Navy, the rank of captain in the Royal Navy is considerably more senior and the two ranks should not be confused. In the 21st-century British Army, captains are appointed to be second-in-command of a company or equivalent sized unit of up to 120 soldiers. A rank of second captain existed in the Ordnance at the time of the Battle of Waterloo, from 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the junior officer rank of captain. RAF captains had a rank based on the two bands of a naval lieutenant with the addition of an eagle and crown above the bands. It was superseded by the rank of lieutenant on the following day. Badges of rank for captains were introduced on 30 January 1855 and were worn on shoulder epaulets, after the Crimean War a new rank system was introduced which contained the first complete rank insignia in British Army history. A captains rank insignia was worn on the collar and displayed a crown, the rank insignia were returned to the shoulder boards in 1880 for all officers in full dress, when the system of crowns and stars was reorganised. From this time, until 1902, a captain had just two stars, the 1902 change gave captains three stars, which continues to be used. In addition to the badges, officers ranks were also reflected in the amount. Based on equivalent naval ranks, captains had two rings of braid, in the case of Scottish regiments, the rings were around the top of the gauntlet-style cuff and the badges on the cuff itself. During World War I, some took to wearing similar jackets to the men, with the rank badges on the shoulder. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative, being made permanent in 1920 when the cuff badges were abolished
Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)
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World War I captain's rank insignia (general pattern)
18.
Charles Sturt
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Captain Charles Napier Sturt was a British explorer of Australia, and part of the European exploration of Australia. He led several expeditions into the interior of the continent, starting from both Sydney and later from Adelaide and his expeditions traced several of the westward-flowing rivers, establishing that they all merged into the Murray River. He was searching to determine if there was an inland sea, Charles Sturt was born in Bengal, British India, the eldest son of Thomas Lenox Napier Sturt, a judge under the British East India Company. At the age of five, Charles was sent to relations in England to be educated, an aunt made an appeal to the Prince Regent and, on 9 September 1813, Sturt was gazetted as an ensign with the 39th Regiment of Foot in the British Army. Sturt saw action with the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsular War and against the Americans in Canada, Sturt was gazetted lieutenant on 7 April 1823 and promoted captain on 15 December 1825. With a detachment from his regiment, Sturt escorted convicts aboard the Mariner to New South Wales, Sturt found the conditions and climate in New South Wales much better than he expected and he developed a great interest in the country. The Governor of New South Wales, Sir Ralph Darling, formed an opinion of Sturt and appointed him major of brigade. Sturt became friendly with John Oxley, Allan Cunningham, Hamilton Hume, Sturt was keen to explore the Australian interior, especially its rivers. Sturt received approval from Governor Darling on 4 November 1828 to explore the area of the Macquarie River in western New South Wales and it was not, however, until 10 November that the party started out. It consisted of Sturt, his servant Joseph Harris, three soldiers and eight convicts, on 27 November Sturt was joined by Hamilton Hume as his first assistant, humes experience proved to be very useful. A week was spent at Wellington Valley breaking in oxen and horses, 1828–29 was a period of drought and there was difficulty in getting sufficient water. The courses of the Macquarie, Bogan and Castlereagh rivers had been followed, and though its importance was scarcely sufficiently realized, the party returned to Wellington Valley on 21 April 1829. The expedition proved that northern New South Wales was not an inland sea, in 1829 Governor Darling approved an expedition to solve this mystery. Sturt proposed to travel down the Murrumbidgee River, whose upper reaches had been seen by the Hume, in place of Hume, who was unable to join the party, George Macleay went as a companion rather than as an assistant. A whaleboat built in sections was carried with them which was assembled, in January 1830 Sturts party reached the confluence of the Murrumbidgee and a much larger river, which Sturt named the Murray River. It was in fact the river which Hume and Hovell had crossed further upstream. Several times the party was in danger from the Aborigines but Sturt always succeeded in appeasing them, Sturt then proceeded down the Murray, until he reached the rivers confluence with the Darling. Sturt had now proved that all the western-flowing rivers eventually flowed into the Murray, in February 1830, the party reached a large lake which Sturt called Lake Alexandrina
Charles Sturt
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Charles Sturt
Charles Sturt
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Early expeditions of Sturt
Charles Sturt
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Sturt memorial at
Narrandera, New South Wales on the Murrumbidgee River.
Charles Sturt
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Charles Sturt monument in
Merbein, Victoria.
19.
Albury, New South Wales
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Albury /ˈɔːlbəri/ is a major regional city in New South Wales, Australia, located on the Hume Highway on the northern side of the Murray River. Said to be named after a village in England, Albury developed as a transport link between New South Wales and Victoria and was proclaimed a city in 1946. The explorers Hume and Hovell arrived at what their maps called Crossing Point and they named the river the Hume River, after Humes father, and the next day inscribed a tree by the river bank before continuing their journey south to Westernport in Victoria. In 1830, explorer Captain Charles Sturt discovered the Hume River downstream at its junction with the Murrumbidgee River, not realising it was the same river, he named it the Murray River. Both names persisted for some time, Hume falling into disuse eventually in favour of Murray, the aboriginal name for the river was Millewa. A crossing place for the Murray became popular close to where Hovell inscribed the tree, in summer it was usually possible to cross the river by foot. Among the first squatters to follow in the steps of the explorers and settle in the district were William Wyse, the first European buildings erected at the crossing place were a provisions store and some small huts. Albury is said to be named after a village in Kent, by 1847 the Albury settlement included two public houses and a handful of huts, a police barracks and a blacksmiths. A log punt established in 1844 serviced the crossing of the Murray River, Albury Post Office opened on 1 April 1843, closed in 1845, then reopened in the township on 1 February 1847. In 1851, with the separation of Victoria from New South Wales, with an increase in commerce with Melbourne, the first bridge was built in 1860 to the design of surveyor William Snell Chauncy. Albury at this time became a Customs Post between the two colonies as New South Wales held a protectionist stance after gaining its constitution in 1856, Albury was at this time starting to grow substantially with German speaking immigrants using the area to grow grapes for wine. By the 1870s a butter factory was established, a mill, wineries and locally brewed cider. The railway line from Sydney arrived at Albury in 1881, a temporary wooden railway bridge joined the line to the Victorian network in 1883. New South Wales and Victoria had different track gauges until 1962, the States could not initially agree which should be the transfer point so they had an expensive and attractive iron lattice bridge sent from Scotland which accommodated both gauges. The bridge is standing astride the Murray and is in daily use. In 1888, Albury built its first school house, the citys first mayor James Fallon was an innovator of the Public School, funding a demonstration High School to be built on Kiewa Street. At a public meeting, just one member of parliament voted in favour of Albury – Isaac Isaacs, the lack of support for other places ultimately led to the selection of Canberra as the preferred site. In 1934, a Douglas DC-2 airliner of KLM, a competitor in the MacRobertson Air Race, after signalling by Morse code A-L-B-U-R-Y to the lost aircrew by using the entire towns public lighting system, the Uiver was guided in to land safely
Albury, New South Wales
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The Albury township seen from the War Memorial
Albury, New South Wales
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Aerial view of the city
Albury, New South Wales
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Albury skyline at sunset
Albury, New South Wales
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Albury War Memorial by night
20.
Goulburn, New South Wales
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Goulburn /ˈɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia approximately 195 kilometres south-west of Sydney, Australia, and 90 kilometres north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed to be Australias first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863, Goulburn had an estimated population of 23,005 as at June 2015. Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council, Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line, a service centre for the surrounding pastoral industry, and also stopover for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a park and many historic buildings. It is also home to the monument the Big Merino, a sculpture that is the worlds largest concrete constructed sheep, Goulburn was named by surveyor James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. The Aboriginal peoples of this belonged to the Gundungurra Nation, and the name for Goulburn is Barbing. The colonial government made grants to free settlers such as Hamilton Hume in the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within the Nineteen Counties, including Argyle County, the process displaced the local indigenous Gandangara population and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aborigines food supply. The reduction of the supply and the introduction of exotic diseases. Some local Aborigines survived at the Tawonga Billabong Aboriginal Settlement established under the supervision of the Tarago police, in the 1930s the local billabong dried up and the Aboriginal people moved away although some have, over time, made their way back to their traditional lands. George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a figure in the towns development. He established a store with a liquor licence in 1848. By 1841 Goulburn had a population of some 1,200 – a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area. A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which there were about 1,500 residents. The town was a station for Cobb & Co by 1855. A police station opened the year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863, Goulburn holds the unique distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of Royal Letters Patent issued by Queen Victoria on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn and it was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England
Goulburn, New South Wales
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Gouburn seen from Rocky Hill
Goulburn, New South Wales
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St Brigid's School, Goulburn, now closed; the scene of an education strike in 1962.
Goulburn, New South Wales
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Courthouse 1847
Goulburn, New South Wales
21.
Port Macquarie
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Port Macquarie is a coastal town in the local government area of Port Macquarie-Hastings. It is located on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia, about 390 km north of Sydney, the town is located on the Tasman Sea coast, at the mouth of the Hastings River, and at the eastern end of the Oxley Highway. The town with its suburbs had a population of 45,698 in June 2016, the site of Port Macquarie was first visited by Europeans in 1818 when John Oxley reached the Pacific Ocean from the interior, after his journey to explore inland New South Wales. He named the location after the Governor of New South Wales, Oxley noted that the port abounds with fish, the sharks were larger and more numerous than I have ever before observed. The forest hills and rising grounds abounded with large kangaroos and the marshes afford shelter, independent of the Hastings River, the area is generally well watered, there is a fine spring at the very entrance to the Port. In 1821, Port Macquarie was founded as a penal settlement, the Penal settlement lasted from April 1820 to c.15 August 1830. The settlement peaked with 1500 convicts by 1825 but by 1828 this had fallen to 530, later on in the settlements history, in the 1830s, disabled convicts started to arrive. In 1823 the first sugar cane to be cultivated in Australia was planted there, the region was first opened to settlers in 1830 and later on in the decade the penal settlement was closed in favour of a new penal settlement at Moreton Bay. Settlers quickly took advantage of the areas good pastoral land, timber resources and fisheries, st Thomass Anglican Church is a Georgian building designed by Francis Greenway and built, under the supervision of military engineer Lieutenant T. Owen, by convicts during 1824-1828. This church is among the oldest in Australia and one of the few remaining convict-built churches, inside there are red cedar box pews that were peculiar to that period in church architecture. The Walker pipe organ is the one of its type in the southern hemisphere. The castellated tower permits excellent views of the coastline, town and this church is now classified by the National Trust of Australia and has been registered on the National Estate heritage list. In 1830 Major Archibald Clunes Innes built Lake Innes House which grew over the decade into a luxurious establishment. It is now a ruin and is managed by the NSW Parks, in 1840 the Wool Road from the Northern Tablelands was under construction to enable wool and other produce to be shipped from the port. Port Macquarie was declared a municipality in 1887, but the town never progressed as a port owing to a coastal bar across the mouth of the river. Over 20 shipwrecks occurred in the Tacking Point area before a lighthouse was designed by James Barnet and erected there in 1879 by Shepard, Tacking Point Lighthouse is classified by the National Trust of Australia. The estimated urban population of Port Macquarie was 45,341 as at June 2015, having grown 1. 1% on prior year, Port Macquarie is expected to be the fastest growing place in New South Wales. The town is expected to grow from an estimated 43,655 people in 2009 to 58,888 in 2027, Port Macquarie is a retirement destination, known for its extensive beaches and waterways
Port Macquarie
Port Macquarie
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St Thomas' Anglican Church
Port Macquarie
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St Thomas' Church, painted by
Joseph Backler in the 1830s
22.
Canberra
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Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
Canberra
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Canberra, with the old and new
Parliament House in the centre, viewed from
Mount Ainslie
Canberra
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Blundells Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first settlers of Canberra.
Canberra
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The opening of
Parliament House in May 1927.
Canberra
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Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks,
Parliament House and
Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display.
Questacon is on the right.
23.
Parramatta
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Parramatta is a suburb of Sydney, Australia,23 kilometres west of its central business district on the banks of the Parramatta River. Parramatta is the seat of the City of Parramatta, one of four cities within the Sydney metropolitan area. Parramatta, founded by the British in 1788, the year as Sydney, is the oldest inland European settlement in Australia. Since 2000, government agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force, Parramatta is a major business and commercial centre, and home to Westfield Parramatta, the ninth largest shopping centre in Australia. It is colloquially known as Parra, radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in Parramatta from around 30,000 years ago. The Darug people who lived in the area before European settlement regarded the area as rich in food from the river, the Parramatta Eels Rugby League club chose their symbol as a result of this phenomenon. Parramatta was founded in 1788, the year as Sydney. As such, Parramatta is the second oldest city in Australia, during 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip had reconnoitred several places before choosing Parramatta as the most likely place for a successful large farm. Parramatta was the furthest navigable point inland on the Parramatta River and also the point at which the river became freshwater, as a settlement developed, Governor Phillip gave it the name Rose Hill after George Rose, Secretary for the British Treasury. In 1791 he changed the name to Parramatta, approximating the term used by the local Aboriginal people, a neighbouring suburb acquired the name Rose Hill. In an attempt to deal with the crisis, Phillip in 1789 granted a convict named James Ruse the land of Experiment Farm at Parramatta on the condition that he develop a viable agriculture. There, Ruse became the first person to grow grain in Australia. The Parramatta area was also the site of the pioneering of the Australian wool industry by John Macarthurs Elizabeth Farm in the 1790s, Philip Gidley Kings account of his visit to Parramatta on 9 April 1790 is one of the earliest descriptions of the area. Walking four miles with Governor Phillip to Prospect he saw undulating grassland interspersed with magnificent trees, Governor Arthur Phillip built a small house for himself on the hill of The Crescent. It was used as a retreat by Governors until the 1850s, the house, Old Government House, is currently a historic site and museum within Parramatta Park and is Australias oldest surviving public building. In 1803, another incident occurred in Parramatta, involving a convicted criminal named Joseph Samuel. Samuel was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging, in the second attempt, the noose slipped off his neck. In the third attempt, the new rope broke, Governor King was summoned and pardoned Samuel, as the incident appeared to him to be divine intervention
Parramatta
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Church Street, Parramatta
Parramatta
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View of Parramatta in 1812
Parramatta
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Parramatta in the early 20th century
Parramatta
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Old Government House, Parramatta, erected circa 1799
24.
Wangaratta, Victoria
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Wangaratta is a cathedral city in the northeast of Victoria, Australia, approximately 250 km from Melbourne along the Hume Highway. The city had an urban population of 18,158 at June 2015. The city is located at the junction of the Ovens and King rivers, Wangaratta is the administrative centre and the most populous city in the Rural City of Wangaratta local government area. The original inhabitants of the area were the Pangerang peoples, who spoke a Gunai language, many of the Pangerang were killed in the Gippsland massacres. The first European explorers to pass through the Wangaratta area were Hume, major Thomas Mitchell during his 1836 expedition he made a favourable report of its potential as grazing pasture. The first squatter to arrive was Thomas Rattray in 1838 who built a hut founding a settlement known as Ovens Crossing, the Post Office in the area opened on 1 February 1843 as Ovens. The Ovens office, and the Kilmore office which opened the day, were the fifth and sixth to open in the Port Phillip District. The first land sales occurred shortly afterward and the population at the time was around 200, the first school was established by William Bindall on Chisholm Street with 17 students. Gold was found nearby at Beechworth in February 1852 and by the end of the more than 8,000 prospectors rushed the fields of Ovens. Wangaratta became a service centre to these goldfields. As a result, the first bridge over the Ovens was completed in early 1855, a seven-member council incorporated the Borough of Wangaratta on 19 June 1863. The 1870s saw the settlement establish a number of key infrastructure, Wangaratta hospital was opened in 1871 and the fire brigade was established in 1872. The railway to Melbourne was opened on 28 October 1873, on 28 June 1880 in the nearby small town of Glenrowan located some 10 km away the final shootout that led to the capture of Australias most famous bushranger, Ned Kelly occurred. In 1883, the railway was connected through to Sydney, the population at the turn of the century reached 2,500 and the centre had developed an imposing streetscape of hotels, commercial public and religious buildings. Bruck textile mills was established in 1946, employing over a thousand workers, Wangaratta was proclaimed a city on 15 April 1959 with a population of 12,000 people. New municipal offices were opened in 1980 which became the headquarters of the Rural City of Wangaratta after the amalgamation of municipalities in 1995. The geographical layout of the city is unusual in that the district is located at the north-eastern extremity of the urban area, with outlying suburbs extending only to the south. The reason for this arrangement is that the area beyond the rivers, to the north and east of the district, was until the 1990s prone to flooding
Wangaratta, Victoria
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Aerial view from the north-west, Hume Freeway bypass somewhere around top, One and Three Mile creeks meeting around the middle.
Wangaratta, Victoria
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Murphy Street in 1908
Wangaratta, Victoria
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Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral
Wangaratta, Victoria
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Government Centre
25.
Griffith, New South Wales
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It is also the seat of the City of Griffith local government area. Like the Australian capital, Canberra, and the town of Leeton, Griffith was designed by Walter Burley Griffin. Griffith was named after Arthur Hill Griffith, the first New South Wales minister of Public Works, Griffith was proclaimed a city in 1987, and had a population of 19,540 in 2015. The main dam was the large Burrinjuck Dam between Gundagai and Canberra, which stored water to be released down the river for irrigation, berembed Weir, near Narrandera, was built across the Murrumbidgee River, from which flows the Main Canal. The Canal, almost a river in its own right, flows through the MIA to Griffith, supplying water to the entire area, the water supply was further enhanced with the construction of the Snowy River scheme by the Australian Federal Government in the 1950s and 1960s. From the start of the MIA, citrus and other fruit, in the 1950s the irrigation area expanded to include large rice farms. Vineyards were established early, and wineries followed, beginning with McWilliams Wines at Hanwood and Yenda, from its earliest days, the MIA was populated by Italian workers, some of whom were initially employed by Australian farmers to run steamboats on the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers. Approximately 60% of todays Griffith population claim Italian background, in the 1970s, Griffith was often associated with drug distribution and organised crime, as depicted in 2009 by Underbelly, A Tale of Two Cities. However, Griffith is now associated with wine and food, primarily as a result of its diverse population. Griffiths multi-ethnic population is now absorbing new national groups, including a significant Sikh Indian community, the city is sister city with the Italian city of Treviso in the Veneto Region. Many Italians in Griffith are from the Veneto Region or the Calabria Region of Italy, De Bortoli, Rosetto and other wineries were established by Italian immigrants, and today they are well known around Australia. In recent times they have been joined by one of the countrys best known wine labels, Yellow Tail, Casella, DeBortoli, McWilliams, Warburn and Berton Vineyards are now among the top 20 wine producers in Australia. Griffith is the city of the Anglican Diocese of Riverina. The foundation stone of the Parish Church of St Alban the Martyr was dedicated in 1954 and it was proclaimed as a cathedral in 1984. The city of Griffith had contained no traffic lights up until February 2010 when the first set of lights was installed at the intersection of Burrell Place. Griffith has a semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification with hot summers, a record high temperature of 46.0 degrees was reached on 23 Jan 2001, while a record low of –6.0 degrees was recorded on 17 July 1977. Griffith is the service centre for the vast Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. Thanks to irrigation, Griffith is rich in agriculture and the city is known as Australias Wine
Griffith, New South Wales
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Griffith Court House
Griffith, New South Wales
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Banna Avenue, Griffith
Griffith, New South Wales
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Griffith from Scenic Hill lookout
26.
Parkes, New South Wales
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Parkes is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is the settlement in the local government area of Parkes Shire. Parkes had an population of 15,337 as at June 2015. Parkes was founded in 1853 as the settlement Currajong, named for the abundance of trees in the local area by the settlers. In August 1873, Henry Parkes visited the area and in December 1873 the town was officially renamed Parkes in his honour, in March 1885, Parkes was proclaimed a town. Bushmans Lead Post Office opened on 1 August 1872 and was renamed Parkes in 1873, the railway from Molong via Parkes to Forbes, was officially opened on 18 December 1893. Parkes attracted significant attention during the rush of the 1870s onwards. In 1939, Parkes became a city with Coventry in the United Kingdom. This was in honour of the fact Sir Henry Parkes was born in Coventry, Parkes today With the presence of the nearby Parkes Observatory, Parkes has had an important role in the scientific community. In addition to research conducted at the radio telescope, Parkes scientists have assisted NASA for several missions as a Southern Hemisphere relay. A rich variety of farming is conducted in the immediately surrounding Parkes, although the staple farming products are wheat. Parkes prides itself on its ideology, historically and culturally. The Dish, although set in Parkes, was filmed in Forbes historic precinct. This is due to very few buildings remaining in Parkes. Parkes is also home to the Parkes Spacemen rugby league club, the area is supported by a gold and copper mine, Northparkes,27 km north-north-west of the town. Parkes became a key country location after the completion of the railway in 1893, serving as a hub for a deal of passenger. Unfortunately, as successive governments reduced the NSW country rail systems, environmental studies are complete, development consents are in place, contracts have been exchanged, some properties have changed hands and studies are continuing. The site has been designed for the 24-hour, 7-day-per-week operation of a multi-modal transport facility
Parkes, New South Wales
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A statue of
Sir Henry Parkes, the town's namesake
Parkes, New South Wales
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Parkes Ambulance Station
Parkes, New South Wales
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Parkes ANZ Bank
Parkes, New South Wales
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Parkes Aquatic Centre
27.
Study Group International
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Study Group is a global company that prepares international students for university degree programmes, teaches high school education, and teaches English language courses. Study Group owns and operates colleges and also partners with more than 50 universities across the UK, Europe, North America, in 2014, Study Group enrolled more than 63,000 students from 170 countries. The companys trading names include Embassy, Bellerbys College in the UK, Study Group also operates International Study Centres within UK, European, US, Canadian and Australian universities. It has offices in London and Brighton, England, New York City, USA and Sydney, Australia and also operates in Canada and New Zealand, China and Singapore. The company dates the origin of Study Group from the Embassy language school in Hastings, England, acquired by businessmen Andrew Colin, a second language school was opened in Hove shortly after. Colin had previously acquired Bellerbys College, a college for international students. In 1996, 40% of the business was acquired by the Daily Mail Group, becoming Study Group International and expanding into the US, later, in 1999, the Daily Mail Group became the 100% owner of Study Group, paying an estimated UK£44 million. Embassy became Embassy CES, and then Embassy English, in 2006 Study Group was acquired by Australian private equity company Champ, having been sold by Daily Mail Group for A$176.4 million. In 2007, the Brighton school and UK head office moved to premises in the New England Quarter, next to Brighton station. On July 1,2010, Providence Equity Partners took ownership of Study Group for $660 million Australian dollars and these foundation courses are designed to prepare students for a regular undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses. The group has also had centres at University of Wales, Newport, under these arrangements, the Study Group programmes are validated by the host university and are marketed alongside the host universitys own degree courses. On each universitys website, information about Study Group courses are contained on Study Group web pages with the appearance to the universitys own web pages. Brighton-based Study Group established one of the first of these arrangements at the nearby University of Sussex and these partnerships are attractive to UK universities as they provide a way of increasing numbers of overseas students, whose fee income is important. Study Group has made the arrangements with a number of United States universities. The company website lists such arrangements at the universities, JMU, LIU Post, Roosevelt, UMaine, Vermont. Embassy English opened its first purpose-built school designed by Watkins Grey Associates LLP on a site in Greenwich/Deptford, London, the Embassy Summer school programme operates at the site of various university and college partners, in addition to several of the year-round Embassy centres. A range of activities are offered under the Embassy Summer Plus and Embassy Summer Academy brands, Bellerbys College is the name of four sixth form colleges for international students in the UK aimed at preparing students for university education. Established in 1920, Taylors College is a university preparation college providing University Foundation, Diploma and Australian High School programs in Australia, the Diploma of Commerce program gives students opportunity to enter a range of Degree programs from the second year at the The University of Western Australia
Study Group International
–
Study Group's new study centre and UK office in the
New England Quarter, Brighton.
28.
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
Sydney, New South Wales
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The
Sydney Opera House and
CBD at dusk from
Jeffrey Street,
Kirribilli in December 2008
Sydney, New South Wales
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A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney Cove from
Dawes Point, 1817
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney Harbour in 1932
29.
Brisbane, Queensland
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
30.
Distance Education
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Distance education or distance learning is the education of students who may not always be physically present at a school. Traditionally this usually involved correspondence courses wherein the student corresponded with the school via post, courses that are conducted are either hybrid, blended or 100% whole instruction. Massive open online courses, offering large-scale interactive participation and open access through the World Wide Web or other technologies, are recent developments in distance education. A number of terms are used roughly synonymously with distance education. The element of student feedback was an innovation of Pitmans system. This scheme was made possible by the introduction of postage rates across England in 1840. This early beginning proved extremely successful, and the Phonographic Correspondence Society was founded three years later to establish these courses on a formal basis. The Society paved the way for the formation of Sir Isaac Pitman Colleges across the country. The first correspondence school in the United States was the Society to Encourage Studies at Home, the University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees, establishing its External Programme in 1828. The issue soon boiled down to which institutions had degree-granting powers, as Sheldon Rothblatt states, thus arose in nearly archetypal form the famous English distinction between teaching and examining, here embodied in separate institutions. Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was copied elsewhere. In 1892 he also encouraged the concept of correspondence courses to further promote education. Enrollment in the largest private school based in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1888 to provide training for immigrant coal miners aiming to become state mine inspectors or foremen, it enrolled 2500 new students in 1894, by 1906 total enrollments reached 900,000. The growth was due to sending out complete textbooks instead of single lessons, and the use of 1200 aggressive in-person salesmen. There was a stark contrast in pedagogy, The regular technical school or college aims to educate a man broadly, our aim and we, on the contrary, are aiming to make our courses fit the particular needs of the student who takes them. Education was a priority in the Progressive Era, as American high schools. For men who were older or were too busy with family responsibilities, night schools were opened, outside the big cities, private correspondence schools offered a flexible, narrowly focused solution
Distance Education
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Sir
Isaac Pitman, pioneer of distance education in the 1840s.
Distance Education
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The London University in 1827, drawn by
Thomas Hosmer Shepherd
Distance Education
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William Rainey Harper, encouraged the development of external university courses at the new University of Chicago in the 1890s
Distance Education
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Walton Hall, renovated in 1970 to act as the headquarters of the newly established
Open University. (Artist: Hilary French)
31.
University of Sydney
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The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff
University of Sydney
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The University of Sydney in the early 1870s, viewed from
Parramatta Road
University of Sydney
–
Coat of arms of the University of Sydney
University of Sydney
–
The
Sydney University Regiment forming a guard of honour for the visiting
Duke of York, 1927
University of Sydney
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Former Vice-Chancellor
Gavin Brown (left) with wife Diane Ranck and
Brendon Coventry in 2009
32.
Burlington, Ontario
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Burlington is a city in the Regional Municipality of Halton at the northwestern end of Lake Ontario. Along with Milton to the north, Burlington forms the west end of the Greater Toronto Area, Burlington lies between Lake Ontarios north shore and the Niagara Escarpment. Economically, Burlington is strategically located near the centre of the Golden Horseshoe. By the time land beside the bay was deeded to Captain Joseph Brant at the turn of the 19th century, with the completion of the local survey after the War of 1812, the land was opened for settlement. Early farmers prospered in the Burlington area because of the fertile soil, produce from the farms was shipped out via the bustling docks of the lakeside villages of Port Nelson and Wellington Square, as well as Browns Wharf in the nearby village of Port Flamborough. Lumber taken from the forests also competed for space on the busy docks. However, in the half of the 19th century, increased wheat production from Western Canada convinced local farmers to switch to fruit. In 1874, Wellington Square and Port Nelson were incorporated into the Village of Burlington. However, the arrival of steamships on the Great Lakes made the small docks of the local ports obsolete. Farming still thrived though, and the resultant growth resulted in continued prosperity, by 1906, the town boasted its own newspaper—the Burlington Gazette—as well as a town library and a local rail line that connected Burlington to nearby Hamilton. During the First World War,300 local men volunteered for duty in the Canadian Expeditionary Force—38 did not return, in 1915, Burlington was incorporated into a town. As more settlers arrived and cleared the land, cash crops replaced subsistence farming, gradually, mixed farming and market gardens became the dominant form of agriculture, and in the early 20th century the area was declared the Garden of Canada. The first peaches grown in Canada were cultivated in the Grindstone Creek watershed in the citys south-west part, the farming tradition has passed down through the generations. Today over forty percent of the Grindstone Creek watershed is devoted to farms, orchards. The population skyrocketed as new homes were built, encouraging developers to even more new homes. On 1 January 1958, Burlington officially annexed most of the Township of Nelson, as well as Aldershot, by 1967, the last cash crop farm within the city had been replaced by the Burlington Mall. By 1974, with a population exceeding 100,000, Burlington was incorporated as a city, the extremely high rate of growth continued, and between 2001 and 2006, the population of Burlington grew by 9%, compared to Canadas overall growth rate of 5. 4%. By 2006, the population topped 160,000, continued high rates of growth are forecast as farmland north of Dundas Street and south of Highway #407 is developed into more suburban housing
Burlington, Ontario
–
Spencer Smith Park on Burlington's waterfront
Burlington, Ontario
–
The Brant Hotel in 1902. Located on the shore of Lake Ontario in Burlington, the hotel was erected on the former homestead of
Joseph Brant, and was the largest resort in Canada. The hotel was expropriated and used as a military hospital in 1917, demolished and rebuilt in the 1930s, and then demolished in 1964.
Burlington, Ontario
–
M. M. Robinson High School
Burlington, Ontario
–
"Royal Canadian Naval Association Naval Memorial"(1995) by
André Gauthier (sculptor) in Spencer Smith Park
33.
Swainsona formosa
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It is one of Australias best known wildflowers. It is native to the regions of central and north-western Australia. Specimens of Sturts desert pea were first collected by William Dampier who recorded his first sighting on 22 August 1699 and these specimens are today in the Fielding-Druce Herbarium at Oxford University in England. The taxonomy of Sturts desert pea has been changed on a number of occasions and it was initially treated in the 18th century in the genus Clianthus as Clianthus dampieri, and later became more widely known as Clianthus formosus. However it was reclassified under the genus Swainsona as Swainsona formosa. A further reclassification to Willdampia formosa was proposed in the publication Western Australian Naturalist in 1999, Sturts Desert Pea is a member of Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. It has pinnate, grey-green leaves which are arranged spirally on the axis of the plant. Its flowers are so different from its relatives that it is almost unrecognisable as a member of the pea family, the plant flowers from spring to summer, particularly after rain. There is a pure white form, as well as hybridised varieties which can have flowers ranging from blood scarlet, to pink and even pale cream. Several tricolour variants have been recorded, including the cultivars marginata, tricolour, flowers are bird-pollinated in the wild. The first recorded uses of common names for Swainsona formosa, the small seeds have a long viability, and can germinate after many years. Seeds have a seed coat, which protects them from harsh arid environments until the next rainfall. Once germinated, seedlings quickly establish a deep taproot, vital for desert survival, Sturts Desert Pea is not endangered, but it is illegal to collect specimens of the plant from Crown land without a permit. The plants must not be collected from land without the written consent of the land owner. Sturts Desert Pea was adopted as the emblem of the state of South Australia on 23 November 1961. Sturts Desert Pea has also made appearances in prose and verse. Sturts Desert Pea has appeared in several releases of Australian postage stamps depicting Australian floral emblems, large image of Sturts Desert Pea Sturts Desert Pea Fact-sheet from Gardening Australia, a TV programme of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Oxford University Herbaria Sturts Desert Pea costume
Swainsona formosa
–
Sturt's Desert Pea
Swainsona formosa
–
Sturt's Desert Pea, at
Uluru (Ayers Rock),
Australia
34.
Service management
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Service management in the manufacturing context, is integrated into supply chain management as the intersection between the actual sales and the customer point of view. The aim of high performance service management is to optimize the service-intensive supply chains, most service-intensive supply chains require larger inventories and tighter integration with field service and third parties. They also must accommodate inconsistent and uncertain demand by establishing more advanced information, moreover, all processes must be coordinated across numerous service locations with large numbers of parts and multiple levels in the supply chain. Among typical manufacturers, post-sale services account for less than 20 percent of revenue, but among the most innovative companies in service, those same activities often generate more than 50 percent of the profits. The main drivers for a company to establish or optimize its service management practices are varied, High service costs can be reduced, i. e. by integrating the service, inventory levels of service parts can be reduced and therefore reduce total inventory costs. Customer service or parts/service quality can be optimized, reduce obsolescence costs of service parts through improved forecasting. Reduce expediting costs - with optimized service parts inventory, there is no need to rush orders to customers, minimize technician visits - if they have the right part in hand, they can fix the problem on the first visit
Service management
–
Business administration
35.
Project management
–
Project management is the discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual, in practice, the management of these two systems is often quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies. The primary challenge of project management is to all of the project goals within the given constraints. This information is usually described in a user or project manual, the primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget. The secondary — and more ambitious — challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs, in the 1950s organizations started to systematically apply project-management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects. As a discipline, project management developed from fields of application including civil construction, engineering. Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylors theories of scientific management and his work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure and resource allocation. The 1950s marked the beginning of the project management era where core engineering fields come together to work as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model, in the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad-hoc basis, using mostly Gantt charts and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed, the Critical Path Method was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. PERT and CPM are very similar in their approach but still present some differences, CPM is used for projects that assume deterministic activity times, the times at which each activity will be carried out are known. PERT, on the hand, allows for stochastic activity times. Because of this difference, CPM and PERT are used in different contexts. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises, AACE continued its pioneering work and in 2006 released the first integrated process for portfolio, program and project management. The International Project Management Association was founded in Europe in 1967, IPMA maintains its federal structure today and now includes member associations on every continent except Antarctica. IPMA offers a Four Level Certification program based on the IPMA Competence Baseline, the ICB covers technical, contextual, and behavioral competencies. In 1969, the Project Management Institute was formed in the USA, PMI publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, which describes project management practices that are common to most projects, most of the time. There are a number of approaches for managing project activities including lean, iterative, incremental, a traditional phased approach identifies a sequence of steps to be completed
Project management
–
Henry Gantt (1861–1919), the father of planning and control techniques
Project management
–
Roman soldiers building a fortress,
Trajan's Column 113 AD
Project management
–
The
PRINCE2 process model
Project management
–
The project development stages
36.
Australian Institute of Project Management
–
The Australian Institute of Project Management is the largest professional project management institute in the Australasian region. The AIPM became an International Project Management Association Member Association in 2009, AIPM shares common objectives with IPMA, this includes the development of world project management standards and practices. AIPM is IPMA’s second largest Member Association, giving the AIPM having an influence within IPMAs PM community. The RegPM is AIPMs project management certification program, candidates who undertake the program are required to compile and show evidence that displays their competence in Project Management methodologies. The award is given at one of four levels and they must show this based around their current and previous workplace experiences. Accreditation or certification for the levels requires the completion of an Assessment Record Book, Project Management Project manager International Project Management Association AIPM official website IPMA Homepage
Australian Institute of Project Management
–
Australian Institute of Project Management
37.
Project Management Institute
–
The Project Management Institute is a US nonprofit professional organization for project management. PMI has recruited volunteers to create standards, such as A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. In 2012 ISO adapted the project management processes from the PMBOK Guide 4th edition, in the 1960s project management as such began to be used in the aerospace, construction and defense industries. It was incorporated in the state of Pennsylvania in the same year, in the 1970s standardization efforts represented 10 to 15 percent of the Institutes efforts. The functions were performed through the Professional Liaison Committee which called on and coordinated with the Technology, Research Policy, PMI did not deal with the US Federal Government directly, a number of members were Federal employees in agencies involved with project management. In the 1980s, efforts were made to project management procedures and approaches. The PMI produced the first Project Management Body of Knowledge in 1996, in the late 1990s Virgil R. Carter became president of the PMI. During his incumbency the number of members tripled to 90,000 members from 120 countries around the globe, in 2002 Carter was succeeded by Gregory Balestrero, who directed the Institute into the next decade. The current president is Mark Langley. The number of members tripled again to 260,000 members from 150 countries in 2008, the membership in 2015 exceeds 467,000 in 204 countries. Launched in 1984, PMIs first credential was the PMP and it has since become a de facto standard certification, along with the PRINCE2 certification, in project management. In 2007 it earned the ANSI/ISO/IEC17024 accreditation from the International Organization for Standardization, as of 2016 over 710,000 people held the PMP credential. PMI later introduced many other credentials and a certification, credential holders do not have to be members of PMI. To initially obtain a PMI credential, candidates must first document that they have met required education and they must then pass an examination consisting of multiple choice questions. Most credentials must be renewed every three years, recognized by the American National Standards Institute as American National Standard BSR/PMI 99-001-2013. The Standard for Program Management—Third Edition, recognized by ANSI as American National Standard BSR/PMI 08-002-2013. The Standard for Portfolio Management—Third Edition, recognized by ANSI as American National Standard BSR/PMI 08-003-2013. Organizational Project Management Maturity Model | Knowledge Foundation—Second Edition, recognized by ANSI as ANSI/PMI 08-004-2008. Recognized by ANSI as American National Standard PMI-978-1-933890-27-2, PMI honors project management excellence in various categories, i. e. project professionals, organizations, scholars, authors and continuing professional education providers
Project Management Institute
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Project Management Institute
38.
PRINCE2
–
PRINCE2® is a structured project management method, PRINCE2 and certification programme for practitioners in the methodology who are accredited, qualified through training. PRINCE2 emphases dividing projects into manageable and controllable stages, PRINCE has been derived from an earlier method called PROMPT II. In 1989 the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency adopted a version of PROMPT II as a UK Government standard for information systems project management and they gave it the name PRINCE, which originally stood for PROMPT II IN the CCTA Environment. PRINCE was renamed in a Civil service competition as an acronym for PRojects IN Controlled Environments, however, it soon became regularly applied outside the purely IT environment, both in UK government and in the private sector around the world. PRINCE2 was released in 1996 as a project management method. PRINCE2 has become popular and is now a de facto standard for project management in many UK government departments. In the 2009 revision, the acronym was changed to mean PRojects IN a Controlled Environment, in July 2013, ownership of the rights to PRINCE2 was transferred from HM Cabinet Office to AXELOS Ltd, a joint venture between the Cabinet Office and Capita plc. Since 2006, the method has been revised and it launched as PRINCE2,2009 Refresh in 2009. The name PRINCE2 remains to indicate that the remains faithful to its principles. PRINCE2 is a project management methodology. PRINCE2 is based on seven principles, seven themes and seven processes, in addition the overall approach to be taken is decided and the next stage of the project is planned. Once this work is done, the board is asked to authorize the initiation stage. This process builds on the work of the process. For example, the taken to ensure quality throughout the project is agreed. Project files are created, as is an overall plan for the project. A plan for the stage of the project is also created. The resultant information can be put before the board for them to authorize the project itself. This process dictates when the Project Board should control the overall project, as mentioned above, the project board must authorize the initiation stage and also authorize the project
PRINCE2
–
PRINCE2 - Structure
39.
ITIL
–
ITIL, formally an acronym for Information Technology Infrastructure Library, is a set of practices for IT service management that focuses on aligning IT services with the needs of business. In its current form, ITIL is published as a series of five core volumes, although ITIL underpins ISO/IEC20000, the International Service Management Standard for IT service management, there are some differences between the ISO20000 standard and the ITIL framework. It allows the organization to establish a baseline from which it can plan, implement and it is used to demonstrate compliance and to measure improvement. Since July 2013, ITIL has been owned by AXELOS, a joint venture between Capita and the Cabinet Office, AXELOS licenses organisations to use the ITIL intellectual property, accredits licensed examination institutes, and manages updates to the framework. Organizations that wish to implement ITIL internally do not require this license, responding to growing dependence on IT, the UK Governments Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency in the 1980s developed a set of recommendations. It recognized that, without standard practices, government agencies and private sector contracts had started creating their own IT management practices. The IT Infrastructure Library originated as a collection of books, each covering a specific practice within IT service management, ITIL was built around a process model-based view of controlling and managing operations often credited to W. Edwards Deming and his plan-do-check-act cycle. After the initial publication in 1989–96, the number of books quickly grew within ITIL v1 to more than 30 volumes, the Service Management sets were by far the most widely used, circulated, and understood of the ITIL v2 publications. In April 2001, the CCTA was merged into the OGC, in 2006, the ITIL v2 glossary was published. In May 2007, this organization issued version 3 of ITIL consisting of 26 processes and functions, now grouped into only 5 volumes, Version 3 is now known as ITIL2007 Edition. In 2009, the OGC officially announced that ITIL v2 certification would be withdrawn, in July 2011, the 2011 edition of ITIL was published, providing an update to the version published in 2007. The OGC is no longer listed as the owner of ITIL, ITIL2007 edition is an extension of ITIL v2 and fully replaced it following the completion of the withdrawal period on 30 June 2011. Most of the v2 activities remained untouched in 2007, but some significant changes in terminology were introduced in order to facilitate the expansion, a summary of changes has been published by the UK Government. In line with the 2007 edition, the 2011 edition consists of five core publications – Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation, and Continual Service Improvement. Twenty-six processes are listed in ITIL2011 edition and described below, ITIL2007 has five volumes, published in May 2007, and updated in July 2011 as ITIL2011 for consistency, ITIL Service Strategy, understands organizational objectives and customer needs. ITIL Service Design, turns the service strategy into a plan for delivering the business objectives, ITIL Service Transition, develops and improves capabilities for introducing new services into supported environments. ITIL Service Operation, manages services in supported environments, ITIL Continual Service Improvement, achieves services incremental and large-scale improvements. Due to the similarity between ITIL v3 of 2007 and ITIL2011, no bridge examinations for ITIL v3 certification holders were created or made available for ITIL2011 certification
ITIL
–
An ITILv2 Foundation Badge.
ITIL
–
ITIL Framework
40.
Cisco
–
Through its numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as OpenDNS, WebEx, and Jasper, Cisco specializes into specific tech markets, such as Internet of Things, domain security, and energy management. Cisco is the largest networking company in the world, the stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8,2009, and is also included in the S&P500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. By the time the company went public in 1990, when it was listed on the NASDAQ, Cisco was the most valuable company in the world by 2000, with a more than $500 billion market capitalization. Despite founding Cisco in 1984, Bosack, along with Kirk Lougheed, continued to work at Stanford on Ciscos first product and it consisted of exact replicas of Stanfords Blue Box router and a stolen copy of the Universitys multiple-protocol router software. The software was written some years earlier at Stanford medical school by research engineer William Yeager. Bosack and Lougheed adapted it into what became the foundation for Cisco IOS, in 1987, Stanford licensed the router software and two computer boards to Cisco. In addition to Bosack, Lerner and Lougheed, Greg Satz, a programmer, and Richard Troiano, the companys first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988. In 1988, John Morgridge was appointed CEO, the name Cisco was derived from the city name San Francisco, which is why the companys engineers insisted on using the lower case cisco in its early years. The logo is intended to depict the two towers of the Golden Gate Bridge, on February 16,1990, Cisco Systems went public and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. On August 28,1990, Lerner was fired, upon hearing the news, her husband Bosack resigned in protest. The couple walked away from Cisco with $170 million, 70% of which was committed to their own charity, although Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell dedicated network nodes, it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols. Classical, CPU-based architecture of early Cisco devices coupled with flexibility of operating system IOS allowed for keeping up with evolving technology needs by means of frequent software upgrades, some popular models of that time managed to stay in production for almost a decade virtually unchanged—a rarity in high-tech industry. This philosophy dominated the companys product lines throughout the 1990s, in 1995, John Morgridge was succeeded by John Chambers. The phenomenal growth of the Internet in mid-to-late 1990s quickly changed the telecom landspe, as the Internet Protocol became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. In late March 2000, at the height of the bubble, Cisco became the most valuable company in the world. In July 2014, with a cap of about US$129 billion. One of them, Juniper Networks, shipped their first product in 1999, Cisco answered the challenge with homegrown ASICs and fast processing cards for GSR routers and Catalyst 6500 switches. In 2004, Cisco also started migration to new high-end hardware CRS-1, as part of a massive rebranding campaign in 2006, Cisco Systems adopted the shortened name Cisco and created The Human Network advertising campaign
Cisco
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One of the many buildings on the Cisco Systems campus in San Jose
Cisco
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Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco
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A Cisco facility in
Chennai,
India. India is one of the company's largest overseas markets and production centers.
Cisco
–
Portuguese President
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Cisco CEO
John Chambers, and Cisco Sr. Director of Corporate Innovation
Helder Antunes.
41.
Novell
–
/noʊˈvɛl/ was a software and services company headquartered in Provo, Utah. It had been instrumental in making Utah Valley a focus for technology, Novell technology contributed to the emergence of local area networks, which displaced the dominant mainframe computing model and changed computing worldwide. The company began in 1979 in Orem, Utah as Novell Data Systems Inc. a hardware manufacturer producing CP/M-based systems, former Eyring Research Institute employee Dennis Fairclough was the member of the original team that started Novell Data Systems. It was co-founded by George Canova, Darin Field, and Jack Davis, victor V. Vurpillat brought the deal to Pete Musser, chairman of the board of Safeguard Scientifics, Inc. who provided the seed funding. The company initially did not do well, the microcomputer produced by the company was comparatively weak against performance by competitors. In order to compete on systems sales Novell Data Systems planned a program to more than one microcomputer to operate together. The former ERI employees Drew Major, Dale Neibaur and Kyle Powell, the Safeguard board then ordered Musser to shut Novell down. Davis left Novell Data Systems in November 1981, followed by Canova in March 1982, rubinstein and Dolin, along with Jack Messman, interviewed and hired Raymond Noorda. The required funding was obtained through an offering to Safeguard shareholders, managed by the Cleveland brokerage house, Prescott, Ball and Turben. Major, Neibaur and Powell continued to support Novell through their SuperSet Software Group, in January 1983, the companys name was shortened to Novell, Inc. and Raymond Noorda became the head of the firm. Later that same year, the company introduced its most significant product, a network interface card was developed for the IBM PC industry standard architecture bus. The server was using the first network operating system called ShareNet, later, ShareNet was ported to run on the Intel platform and renamed NetWare. The first commercial release of NetWare was version 1.5, Novell based its network protocol on Xerox Network Systems, and created its own standards from IDP and SPP, which it named Internetwork Packet Exchange and Sequenced Packet Exchange. File and print services ran on the NetWare Core Protocol over IPX, as did Routing Information Protocol, NetWare uses Novell DOS as a boot loader. Novell DOS is similar to MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS, but no license for DOS is required. Novell had already acquired Kanwal Rekhis company Excelan, which manufactured smart Ethernet cards and commercialized the Internet protocol TCP/IP, Novell did extremely well throughout the 1980s. It aggressively expanded its share by selling its expensive Ethernet cards at cost. By 1990, Novell had an almost monopolistic position in NOS for any business requiring a network, with this market leadership, Novell began to acquire and build services on top of its NetWare operating platform
Novell
–
Headquarters in
Provo,
Utah
Novell
–
Eric Schmidt
42.
VMWare
–
VMware, Inc. is a subsidiary of Dell Technologies that provides cloud and virtualization software and services and claims to be the first to successfully virtualize the x86 architecture commercially. Founded in 1998, VMware is based in Palo Alto, California, in 2004, it was acquired by and became a subsidiary of EMC Corporation, then on August 14,2007, EMC sold 15% of the company in a New York Stock Exchange IPO. The company trades under the symbol VMW, in anticipation of Dells acquisition of parent company EMC, VMware announced a restructuring in January 2016 to reduce about 800 positions, and some executives resigned. There were doubts about the future and its product lines. In August 2016, announcing the release of new desktop products, in 1998, VMware was founded by Diane Greene, Mendel Rosenblum, Scott Devine, Ellen Wang and Edouard Bugnion. Greene and Rosenblum, who are married, first met while at the University of California, Edouard Bugnion remained the chief architect and CTO of VMware until 2005, and went on to found Nuova Systems. For the first year, VMware operated in stealth mode, with roughly 20 employees by the end of 1998, the company was launched officially early in the second year, in February 1999, at the DEMO Conference organized by Chris Shipley. The first product, VMware Workstation, was delivered in May 1999, in 2003, VMware launched VMware Virtual Center, the VMotion, and Virtual SMP technology. The same year, the company was acquired by EMC Corporation for US$625 million, in August 2007, EMC released 15% of the companys shares in VMware in an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. The stock debuted at US$29 per share and closed the day at US$51, in the same news release VMware stated that 2008 revenue growth will be modestly below the previous guidance of 50% growth over 2007. As a result, market price of VMware dropped nearly 25%, then, on September 10,2008, Rosenblum, the companys chief scientist, resigned. On September 16,2008, VMware announced a collaboration with Cisco Systems, one result was the Cisco Nexus 1000V, a distributed virtual software switch, an integrated option in the VMware infrastructure. On April 12,2011, VMware released an open source platform-as-a-service system called Cloud Foundry, as well as a hosted version of the service. This supported application deployment for Java, Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, Node. js, in March 2013, VMware gave details of a spin-off of Pivotal. All of VMwares application- and developer-oriented products, including Spring, tc Server, Cloud Foundry, RabbitMQ, GemFire and it also announced that it was introducing its own IaaS service, vCloud Hybrid Service, in a shift of its strategy of selling software to cloud service providers. In April 2013, Pivotal was formally created with GE as a minority shareholder, in May 2013, VMware launched vCloud Hybrid Service at its new Palo Alto headquarters, announcing an early access program in a Las Vegas data center. The service is based on vCloud Director 5. 1/vSphere 5.1 and it also pre-announced a disaster recovery and desktop-as-a-service offering based on Desktone, which it went on to acquire in October 2013. In March 2015, the Software Freedom Conservancy announced it was funding litigation by Christoph Hellwig against VMware for violation of his copyrights in its ESXi product, the case will be heard in Hamburg, Germany
VMWare
–
VMware's Promontory Campus headquarters,
Palo Alto, California
43.
EC-Council
–
The International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants is a member-supported professional organization. The EC-Council is headquartered in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the EC-Council is known primarily as a professional certification body. Its best-known certification is the Certified Ethical Hacker and it also operates a series of IT security conferences, as well as the EC-Council University. EC-Council cosponsored SC Magazines 2007 salary survey, The EC-Council is best known for its professional certifications for the IT security field and it offers numerous certifications in a variety of fields related to IT security, including disaster recovery, secure programming, e-Business and general IT security knowledge. The EC-Council University, sister company to EC-Council, offers degrees in Security Science. The EC-Council University was founded in 2006 and is licensed by the state of New Mexico and is accredited by Distance Education Accrediting Commission, according to EC-Council, the MSS program attracted more than 150 candidates for its initial class, only six of whom were accepted. Users are required to take courses in ethical hacking and countermeasures, computer forensics and network intrusion detection
EC-Council
–
The International Council of E-Commerce Consultants (EC-Council)
44.
ISC2
–
The International Information System Security Certification Consortium, or ², is a non-profit organization which specializes in information security education and certifications. It has been described as the worlds largest IT security organization, the most widely known certification offered by ² is the Certified Information Systems Security Professional certification. The conference participants agreed to form a consortium that would attempt to bring together the competing agendas of the various organizations, in November 1988, the Special Interest Group for Computer Security, a member of the Data Processing Management Association, brought together several organizations interested in this. The ² was formed in mid-1989 as a organization with this goal in mind. By In 1990, the first working committee to establish something called the Common Body of Knowledge had been formed, in 2001, ² established its Europe, Middle East and Africa regional office in London. In 2002, ² opened its Asia-Pacific regional office in Hong Kong, in 2015, ² introduced its North America regional office in Washington, D. C. Since 2011, ² organizes the annual ² Security Congress and that accreditation covers the CISSP, SSCP, ISSEP, ISSAP, ISSMP, CAP, and CSSLP certifications. All ² certified professionals are required to earn Continuous Professional Education credits on a basis in order to maintain their certifications. CPE credits can be obtained by attending events or conferences, writing articles/book reviews/books. All certified ² professionals are required to support the ² code of ethics, violations of the code of ethics are each investigated by a peer review panel, within the potential of revoking the certification. ² has been criticized for lack of education in the area of ethics, CISSP UK Cyber Security Community the ² website
ISC2
–
International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium
45.
Massively Open Online Course
–
A massive open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web. MOOCs are a recent and widely researched development in education which were first introduced in 2006. Early MOOCs often emphasized open-access features, such as licensing of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse. Some later MOOCs use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students, before the Digital Age, distance learning appeared in the form of correspondence courses in the 1890s-1920s and later radio and television broadcast of courses and early forms of e-learning. Typically fewer than five percent of the students would complete a course, the 2000s saw changes in online, or e-learning and distance education, with increasing online presence, open learning opportunities, and the development of MOOCs. The first MOOCs emerged from the educational resources movement. The term MOOC was coined in 2008 by Dave Cormier of the University of Prince Edward Island in response to a course called Connectivism and Connective Knowledge. All course content was available through RSS feeds, and online students could participate through collaborative tools, including posts, threaded discussions in Moodle. Stephen Downes considers these so-called cMOOCs to be creative and dynamic than the current xMOOCs. These early MOOCs did not rely on posted resources, learning management systems, MOOCs from private, non-profit institutions emphasized prominent faculty members and expanded existing distance learning offerings into free and open online courses. As MOOCs have evolved, there appear to be two types, those that emphasize the connectivist philosophy, and those that resemble more traditional courses. To distinguish the two, Stephen Downes proposed the terms cMOOC and xMOOC, cMOOCs are based on principles from connectivist pedagogy indicating that material should be aggregated, remixable, re-purposable, and feeding forward. CMOOC instructional design approaches attempt to connect learners to each other to answer questions and/or collaborate on joint projects and this may include emphasizing collaborative development of the MOOC. Andrew Ravenscroft of the London Metropolitan University claimed that connectivist MOOCs better support collaborative dialogue, xMOOCs have a much more traditional course structure typically with a clearly specified syllabus of recorded lectures and self-test problems. They employ elements of the original MOOC, but are, in effect, the instructor is the expert provider of knowledge, and student interactions are usually limited to asking for assistance and advising each other on difficult points. According to The New York Times,2012 became the year of the MOOC as several well-financed providers, associated with top universities, emerged, including Coursera, Udacity, and edX. During a presentation at SXSWedu in early 2013, Instructure CEO Josh Coates suggested that MOOCs are in the midst of a hype cycle, dennis Yang, President of MOOC provider Udemy, later made the point in an article for the Huffington Post. Many universities scrambled to join in the big thing, as did more established online education service providers such as Blackboard Inc
Massively Open Online Course
–
Poster, entitled "MOOC, every letter is negotiable", exploring the meaning of the words "Massive Open Online Course"
Massively Open Online Course
–
Tabulation of the significant differences between xMOOC and cMOOC.
Massively Open Online Course
–
External video
46.
Australian Human Rights Commission
–
The Australian Human Rights Commission is a national human rights institution, established in 1986 as the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission and renamed in 2008. It is a body funded by, but operating independently of. It has the responsibility for investigating alleged infringements under Australias anti-discrimination legislation in relation to Commonwealth Agencies, the Commission falls under the portfolio of the Attorney-General of Australia. In 2010, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner was established, the Privacy Commissioner now came under the supervision of the new Australian Information Commissioner, who could exercise the Privacy Commissioners powers. But the Senate failed to pass the necessary legislation, several former judges suggested this pursuit of the abolition of a body created by Parliament without its support for that abolition raises constitutional and rule of law concerns. Then-Privacy Commissioner Pilgrim was appointed as Acting Australian Information Commissioner in July 2015 for three months, filling all three OAIC roles on a part-time basis. He was reappointed as Acting Australian Information Commissioner in October 2015 for three months, and again on 19 January 2016 until 19 April 2016. In early 2016, it remained unclear whether the Privacy Commissioner role would be returned to the AHRC if the abolition of the OAIC were to succeed and this was abandoned and instead the Gillard Labor Government introduced another bill – which is mentioned below. It became effective from 1 August 2013, making discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, transgender and for the first time in the world, Intersex people, illegal at a national level. Aged care providers who are owned by religious groups will no longer be able to exclude people from aged care services based on their LGBTI or same-sex relationship status. However, religious owned private schools and religious owned hospitals are exempt from gender identity, no religious exemptions exist on the basis of intersex status. Since 1987, the Human Rights Awards have been presented at the Commissions annual Human Rights Medal, the Human Rights Medal is the highest award of the Human Rights Awards to individuals for their outstanding contribution to human rights in Australia. In 2008 the Young Peoples Human Rights Medal was awarded for the first time, other awards are, Human Rights Community Award. The Commissions A status accreditation allows it access to the United Nations human rights system, including speaking rights at the Human Rights Council. The Commission can present parallel reports to UN treaty committees examining Australias compliance with human rights instruments. It has been active in developing NHRIs throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Human Rights Commission The Australian Human Rights Commission website
Australian Human Rights Commission
–
Australian Human Rights Commission
47.
List of universities in Australia
–
There are 43 universities in Australia,40 public universities, two international universities, and one private university
List of universities in Australia
List of universities in Australia
List of universities in Australia
List of universities in Australia
48.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
