1.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
–
The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
2.
Heber J. Grant
–
Heber Jeddy Grant was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16,1882, after the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death. The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage and he had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living. In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, in 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature. Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and his father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about age 20 and her cousin and later brother-in-law, Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey. Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old, after Jedediahs death, Rachel married Jedediahs brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism, so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Hebers life and she served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City. Heber J. Grant was known for his determination to achieve goals seemingly beyond his reach, as a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve, the team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper and he practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies. There were no public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child. After working as a bookkeeper in the business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zions Savings Bank. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings and he later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and for a time owned the Ogden Vinegar Works. In the late 1890s, Grant served as the manager for the newly formed official LDS magazine. Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle and he founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and also the founder of the Salt Lake Theatre. Grant lost an amount of money in the panic of 1893
3.
Anthon H. Lund
–
Anthon Henrik Lund was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a prominent Utah leader. Lund was born in Aalborg, Denmark, to unmarried parents, lunds mother died when he was less than four years old. At that time, his father was serving in the war over Schleswig-Holstein, Lund was baptized a member of the LDS Church at age 12, after his baptism, he assisted the missionaries and fulfilled his duties as first a teacher and then a priest by preaching with them. In 1862, Lund immigrated with his grandmother to the United States and he arrived in Utah Territory in September and settled in Sanpete County, following the tradition of many Scandinavian immigrants. In 1864, Lund was a teamster in a Down and Back Mormon pioneer company, the next winter, he served as a school teacher. In 1865, he responded to Brigham Youngs request that men come to Salt Lake City, in 1866, Lund became the telegraph operator for the Mount Pleasant station, where he was ordained as a seventy by Peter Madsen Peel. From 1884 to 1885, Lund served as president of the Scandinavian Mission of the church, Lund served in the Utah Territorial Legislature. He introduced the legislation resulted in the founding of Utah State Agricultural College. Lund served on the Utah Capitol Grounds Committee when it was formed in 1888, Lund became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 7,1889. Church president John Taylor had died two years earlier, Lund was ordained along with two other apostles, Marriner W. Merrill and Abraham H. Cannon. At the time of his ordination, Lund was the only monogamist in the Quorum of the Twelve and his wife was Sarah Ann Peterson, who he had married in 1870. In 1891, Lund became the president of the Manti Temple, from 1893 until 1896, Lund was the president of the European Mission. He made a journey to the Ottoman Empire in 1897, where he organized the Turkish Mission, in 1899, Lund laid and dedicated the southeast cornerstone of the Sanpete Stake Academy. That same year, Lund delivered a General Conference sermon in which he emphasized that it was no longer church policy to members of the church to emigrate to the western United States. In 1900, Lund became the superintendent of church religion classes, Church president Joseph F. Smith selected Lund as second counselor in the First Presidency on October 17,1901. He served in that position until April 7,1910, when Smith called him as first counselor, to replace John R. Winder, Lund assumed a myriad of duties, including heading various church agencies and again serving as a temple president. Lund also served as a member of several writing committees to revise the standard works. He participated in numerous businesses in Utah, including the Hotel Utah, the Amalgamated Sugar Company, Lund was the first member of the First Presidency whose native language was not English
4.
Anthony W. Ivins
–
Anthony Woodward Ivins was an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was a member of the churchs First Presidency from 1921 until his death. Ivins was born in Toms River, New Jersey, when Ivins was still an infant, his parents migrated to Utah Territory. In 1861 they moved in St. George, Utah, as part of the settling party for that city. Ivins was a cousin of Heber J. Grant, Ivinss father, in 1878, Ivins married Elizabeth A. Snow, a daughter of Erastus Snow, an apostle, they had nine children. His son Antoine R. Ivins also served as an authority of the LDS Church. On his return to St. George from an 1877 mission and he later served on the St. George city council and as a prosecuting attorney for Washington County, Utah. Ivins was an member of the Democratic Party. In 1875, Ivins was part of a mission that found many sites in New Mexico. In 1877, he served a mission to New Mexico, where he focused much of his attention on the Native Americans, in the years immediately after his marriage, he served as a member of the stake high council in St. George. In 1882, Ivins was called on a mission to Mexico City and he served as the first stake president in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, the Juárez Stake was the first stake in Mexico. Ivins served in this position until his call to the Quorum of the Twelve in 1907, Ivins was ordained an apostle and joined the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 6,1907, after the death of George Teasdale. From 1918 to 1921, Ivins was the superintendent of the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, in 1921, Ivins was called as second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the First Presidency, and was replaced in the Quorum of the Twelve by Alonzo A. Hinckley. In 1925, Ivins became the first counselor to Grant in the First Presidency, Ivins died in Salt Lake City of a coronary occlusion. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, the small city of Ivins, Utah, is named after him. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Young Womens Mutual Improvement Association General Board
5.
Joseph F. Smith
–
Joseph Fielding Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was the last president of the LDS Church to have personally known Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith was the son of church patriarch Hyrum Smith and his wife, Mary Fielding. In addition to her two children, Mary also raised the six children born to Hyrum and Jerusha, Smith was born in Far West, Missouri, on November 13,1838. Just a few days before he was born, his father had taken prisoner under the auspices of the Missouri Executive Order 44. At point of bayonet, Hyrum was marched to his home in Far West and he was told that his doom was sealed and that he would never see her again. Hyrum was still in custody in Liberty Jail, Missouri, when Smith was born and he was named after his uncle, Joseph Smith, and his mothers brother, Joseph Fielding. Hyrum was later released from custody during a transfer from Liberty Jail and his mother was later able to exchange their property in Illinois for a wagon and team of oxen. Smith and his family, along many other Latter Day Saints. The seven-year-old Smith drove the team of oxen with his family to the Latter Day Saint encampment at Winter Quarters, while at Winter Quarters, Smith and another boy, Thomas Burdick, were out on horseback some distance from the settlement, watching the cattle graze. They saw a band of twenty or thirty American Indians ride into the valley on the side of the cattle. Burdick rode back to camp to get help while Smith rode toward the Indians, Smith was able to turn the herd back toward the settlement, and, coupled with the noise and arrival of the Indians, started a stampede which saved the herd from capture. He was still riding with the herd at full speed when two Indians picked him up off of his horse from either side and dropped him to the ground. A company of men from the encampment then arrived, chased away the fleeing Indians, and recovered the herd, Smith and his family remained at Winter Quarters until the spring of 1848 when Smith drove his mothers wagon across the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. After arriving in the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, Smiths mother worked to raise her own children as well as the children of her husbands first wife, Mary Fielding Smith died in 1852, apparently of pneumonia, leaving Smith an orphan at the age of 13. Smith reported that he was devastated by his mothers death, and relied upon the support and help of Brigham Young. Even with the support of his older half-brother John Smith, Smith assumed primary responsibility for his sister, Martha Ann. His leaving school was linked to his resistance of a teachers attempt to whip Martha
6.
John Henry Smith
–
John Henry Smith was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was a prominent politician in Utah and played an important role in the transition from Utah as a territory to a state of the United States. From 1867 until 1869 Smith served as a counselor in the bishopric of the Provo 4th Ward, in 1874 and 1875, Smith served as a missionary in Europe. He spent most of this mission in England, particularly in, from 1875 to 1880, Smith was the bishop of the Salt Lake 17th Ward. In October 1880, LDS Church president John Taylor called Smith to be a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, on October 27 of that year, he was ordained an apostle by Wilford Woodruff, who at that time was the quorum president. John Henry Smith served in capacity until his death the next year. Smith was a prominent Republican in Utah politics, in 1882, he was elected a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature. Smith was unanimously elected by the 107 delegates to be the Chair of the Utah Constitutional Convention that was held between March 4 and May 8,1895. Born in Carbunca, Iowa, Smith was the son of Sarah Ann Libby and LDS Church apostle and First Presidency member and he came west to Utah in a company co-lead by his father in 1849, arriving in Salt Lake City on October 27,1849. Smith practiced plural marriage and was the father of 19 children, one of his sons was George Albert Smith, who became an LDS apostle and served as the churchs 8th president. Smith and George Albert Smith are the father and son pair to have been members of the Quorum of the Twelve at the same time. Smith was also the father of Nicholas G. Smith, smiths first wife, Sarah Farr, was the daughter of Lorin Farr, who was mayor of Ogden, Utah. Smiths second wife, Josephine Groesbeck, spent 1888 until 1896 in exile in Manassa, Colorado, Smith died of a pulmonary hemorrhage in Salt Lake City and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol, white, Jean Bickmore, ed. Church, State, and Politics, The Diaries of John Henry Smith, Signature Books, ISBN 0-941214-85-0
7.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
–
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum
8.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
9.
Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
–
‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
10.
Abraham O. Woodruff
–
Abraham Owen Woodruff was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was also the son of LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff and he was ordained an apostle at the relatively young age of 24, but served less than seven years until his death. Woodruff was born just south of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Wilford Woodruff and Emma Smith and he attended Latter-day Saints College after he graduated from high school. Upon completion of his studies, Woodruff became employed in a bank at the age of 18, in 1893, at age 21, he was called to the Swiss–German Mission. While on his mission, Woodruff had to endure persecution against the missionaries, to blend in, he dressed and acted like a common worker in the cities, and preached in secret in homes at night. He was released from his mission after three years of service in 1896, after his mission, Woodruff returned to work at the bank. On June 30,1896, he married Helen May Winters, the following October, in General Conference, he was called by his father as an apostle at the age of 24. He was ordained by his father on October 7,1897, like other apostles, he helped establish settlements and stakes throughout the area. Woodruff developed a close and very personal relationship with his father during this time as well, Woodruff took a second wife, Eliza Avery Clark, on November 1,1900, thus practicing plural marriage 10 years after his fathers 1890 Manifesto. It is not known who sealed the marriage or where it was performed and it is possible that the marriage was performed outside of the United States. Woodruff had one child with his second wife, in May 1904, Woodruff was called to visit the Mormon colonies in Mexico with his family. There, his wife, Helen Woodruff, contracted smallpox and died on June 7,1904. Woodruff contracted the disease around the time and died on June 20,1904, in El Paso, Texas, at the age of 31. Woodruff was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, media related to Abraham O. Woodruff at Wikimedia Commons Grampa Bills G. A. Pages, Abraham O. Woodruff Abraham Owen Woodruffs diary from at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
11.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
12.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
13.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
14.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
15.
Utah
–
Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
16.
Salt Lake City Cemetery
–
The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L
17.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
18.
Utah War
–
The confrontation lasted from May 1857 to July 1858. There were some casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians, the war had no notable military battles. In 1857-1858, President James Buchanan sent U. S. forces to the Utah Territory in what known as the Utah Expedition. The Mormons, fearful that the large U. S. military force had sent to annihilate them and having faced persecution in other areas. Though bloodshed was to be avoided, and the U. S. government also hoped that its purpose might be attained without the loss of life, firearms were manufactured or repaired by the Mormons, scythes were turned into bayonets, and long-unused sabres were burnished and sharpened. Rather than engaging the enemy directly, Mormon strategy was one of hindering and weakening them. Daniel H. Wells, lieutenant-general of the Nauvoo Legion, instructed Major Joseph Taylor, On ascertaining the locality or route of the troops, use every exertion to stampede their animals and set fire to their trains. Burn the whole country before them and on their flanks, keep them from sleeping, by night surprises, blockade the road by felling trees or destroying the river fords where you can. Watch for opportunities to set fire to the grass on their windward, so as, if possible, leave no grass before them that can be burned. Keep your men concealed as much as possible, and guard against surprise, the Mormons blocked the armys entrance into the Salt Lake Valley, and weakened the U. S. Army by hindering them from receiving provisions. They first claimed that the migrants were killed by Indians, and this event was later called the Mountain Meadows massacre, and the motives behind the incident remain unclear. The Aiken massacre took place the following month, in October 1857, Mormons arrested six Californians traveling through Utah and charged them with being spies for the U. S. Army. They were released, but were murdered and robbed of their stock. Other incidents of violence have also linked to the Utah War. They killed two Mormons and wounded several others, the historian Brigham Madsen notes, he responsibility for the lay mainly with the Bannock. David Bigler concludes that the raid was probably caused by members of the Utah Expedition who were trying to replenish their stores of livestock which had been stolen by Mormon raiders. Taking all incidents into account, MacKinnon estimates that approximately 150 people died as a result of the year-long Utah War. He points out that this was close to the number of people killed during the seven-year contemporaneous struggle in Bleeding Kansas. S
19.
Utah Territory
–
The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret
20.
Farmington, Utah
–
Farmington is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 18,275 at the 2010 census and was estimated at 22,159 in 2014. It is the county seat of Davis County, lagoon Amusement Park is located in Farmington. The city was ranked 12th on Money magazines Best Places to Live index in 2011, the region that is now Farmington was settled in 1847 by the Haight family, a Mormon pioneer family, that established a farm and an inn. Five more pioneering families migrated to this region in the autumn of 1849, the region developed into an undefined community originally called North Cottonwood Settlement. In 1852, the territorial legislature picked North Cottonwood as the county seat, following orders from Daniel H. Wells and Brigham Young, Farmington residents built a wall around the city in 1853 under the direction of Major Thomas S. Smith. This walled townsite became known as the Fort, early church meetings were held in a log school and then an adobe structure. The county courthouse was used for religious meetings from 1855 to 1863, the citys ward moved back to the schoolhouse and the first meetinghouse was dedicated in January 1864. By the early 1860s, the town of Farmington stretched for six miles between Centerville and Kaysville, the Childrens Primary Association of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized here on 11 August 1878. It was the birthplace of one of the longest-lived Latter-day Saint apostles and his maternal great-grandfather, Joseph Lee Robinson, was the first bishop of what was then the North Cottonwood Ward. Lagoon Amusement Park was founded here in 1886 and occupies 100 acres of the city, Farmington is located in east-central Davis County. It is bordered by Kaysville and Fruit Heights to the north, the Wasatch Mountains are to the east, and the Great Salt Lake is to the west. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.0 square miles, of which 9.8 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. Lake-enhanced snowfall occurs frequently during the winter, and cool downslope mountain breezes occur on most summer evenings and it may also be classified as humid continental, if the boundary between continental and subtropical climate is an average January temperature of 0 °C rather than −3 °C. In an 1850 census of Davis County, almost half of the Farmington residents were from New York. In the 2010 census there were 18,275 people,5,148 households, the population density was 1,557.8 people per square mile. There were 5,339 housing units at a density of 414.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 1% White,0. 7% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,1. 0% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races
21.
Daughters of Utah Pioneers
–
Travel through the geographic area covered by the State of Deseret/Utah Territory can be either east to west, west to east, north to south, or south to north. The Daughters of Utah Pioneers was organized 11 April 1901 in Salt Lake City, the DUP followed the lead of other national lineage societies, such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, in acting as a nonpolitical and nonsectarian organization. In 1925, the now International Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Kate B. Carter was President of Daughters of Utah Pioneers from April 1941 until her death in September 1976, serving the longest of any of its presidents. She served as President of the Days of 47 Parade from its start in 1947 until her death. In later decades, the ISDUP has worked to conserve historical sites and landmarks, to artifacts, relics, manuscripts, photographs, and to educate its members. The society maintains satellite museums in the intermountain west, eighty-six of them in Utah, ISDUP headquarters are located in the Pioneer Memorial Museum in Salt Lake City, Utah. The international organization is administered by a board, membership is organized into companies, whose presiding officers oversee the activities of camps of ten or more members in a geographic area. In 2006, the ISDUP consisted of 185 companies overseeing 1,050 camps in the United States, Daughters of the Utah Handcart Pioneers List of Mormon family organizations Mormon pioneers Sons of Utah Pioneers Carter, Kate B. editor. The Daughters of Utah Pioneers, article within the 12 volume series, Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, Salt Lake City, 1939-51. Official site Daughters of the Utah Pioneers biographies, MSS5888 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
22.
Ezra T. Benson
–
Ezra Taft Benson was an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Benson was born in Mendon, Massachusetts, the son of John Benson and his father moved to a farm in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, in 1817 where he lived for at least 16 of the next 18 years. Benson married Pamelia Andrus of Northbridge on January 1,1832 and they lived at Uxbridge for the next three years, between 1832 and 1835. Benson also had lived in Northbridge, on his sisters farm in 1830 and 1831 and he and Pamelia had children, one of whom died at Uxbridge in 1833. Benson managed a hotel in the center of Uxbridge and made a sum of money which he invested in a cotton mill at Holland, Massachusetts. Benson and his wife were baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on July 19,1840, in Quincy, Illinois. He had moved to Quincy previously, and first met members of the church when they came there at the time they were out of Missouri. In April 1841, the Bensons moved to Nauvoo, Benson was ordained to the office of apostle on July 16,1846. He replaced John E. Page in the Quorum of the Twelve, Benson arrived in the Salt Lake Valley as one of the first 148 Mormon settlers with the vanguard company of 1847, also known as the Brigham Young Pioneer Company. The company left Winter Quarters, Nebraska, on April 16,1847, Benson served as a church missionary in the United States and in the Sandwich Islands. Bensons first mission in the 1840s took him to his birthplace of Mendon, on this journey he also preached in Chambersburg, Illinois. During his second mission, Benson was in New Jersey, serving with John Pack, from December 1844 to May 1845, Benson served a mission to New England, during which he served as president of the Boston Conference. Benson served in the Utah Territorial Legislature, like many early Latter Day Saints, Benson practiced plural marriage. On April 27,1844, Benson married his first plural wife, Adeline Brooks Andrus, after moving to Utah, Benson married Adeline Brooks Andrus, Desdemona Fullmer, Eliza Ann Perry, Lucinda West, Elizabeth Gollaher, Olive Mary Knight, and Mary Larsen. Benson had eight wives and 35 children and he also owned a few Paiute slaves. One of Bensons descendants, John Dehlin, was excommunicated by the LDS Church for apostasy in 2015, Dehlin is the host of Mormon Stories Podcast and a prominent figure in the PostMormon Community. Benson died suddenly from an attack on September 3,1869, while in Ogden. He is buried in the Logan City Cemetery in Logan, Utah, Taft family Ezra T. Benson at Find a Grave Ezra T. Benson Family Web Site
23.
Brigham Young Jr.
–
Brigham Young Jr. served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1899 until his death. His tenure was interrupted for one week in 1901 when Joseph F. Smith was the president of the Quorum, Young was born in Kirtland, Ohio, the son of Brigham Young and Mary Ann Angell. Youngs twin sister, Mary, died at age seven from the effects of injuries received at age two in a wagon accident, at age twelve, Young drove an ox cart along the Mormon Trail, reaching Salt Lake City in 1848. Young served as a guard and scout in the years, operating in Salt Lake Valley. On November 15,1855, Young married Catherine Curtis Spencer, in Utah Territory, Young became a member of the reconstituted Nauvoo Legion. He was involved in the rescue of the Willie and Martin companies of Mormon handcart pioneers and he also served in the Utah War with the troops that worked to halt the advance of Johnstons Army. In 1861, Young was made a member of the Salt Lake Stake high council, unlike his brothers, Brigham Young Jr. would later become part of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles four years later in 1868, after the death of Heber C. Kimball and George A. Smith joining the First Presidency, in 1868, he was also a Representative to the Territory of Utah Legislative Assembly. Young Jr. also served as a counselor to his father in the First Presidency of the church from April 8,1873, from 1862 to 1863, Young served as a church missionary in England, spending most of the time in London. During this time, he also accompanied Joseph F. Smith on a trip to Paris, in 1864, Young returned to Europe, this time with his wife, Catherine, as his companion. He was an assistant to mission president Daniel H. Wells, in 1865, when Wells left for Utah, Young succeeded him as president of the European Mission. Brigham and Catherines son, Joseph Angel Young II, was born in England in 1866 while he was serving as mission president. As president of the churchs European Mission in 1866 and 1867, Young preached in France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, Young also oversaw the emigration of British Latter-day Saints to Utah Territory. It was from a conversation as Young was about to return to Utah at the end of his time as president that Charles W. Penrose wrote the hymn. From October 1890 until February 1893 Young served for a time as president of the European Mission. In the western United States, Young was involved in the colonization of Cache Valley, southern Utah, Young was also involved at times with the Mormon colonies in Mexico. In 1867, Young was involved with the formation of the Deseret Sunday School Union to provide centralized direction to the Sunday schools of the church, during 1868, Young acted as his fathers agent in finding workers for the Utah portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. From 1869 until 1877, Young presided over the Latter-day Saints in Cache Valley, preston, who was serving as the regional presiding bishop
24.
Millennial Star
–
The first issue of the Millennial Star was published in Manchester, England in May 1840, with Latter Day Saint Apostle Parley P. Pratt as editor and W. R. Thomas as printer. First mention of the newspaper being sold in Liverpool appeared in March 1842, Pratt was eventually replaced as editor by Thomas Ward. When Ward left England, the Star was thereafter edited or supervised by mission presidents of the churchs European Mission, when Orson Pratt was called as mission president in 1848, he also became the editor and publisher of the Millennial Star. In his first issue as editor, he printed an address to the members. During its 130-year history, the Millennial Star varied from being monthly, semi-monthly and even weekly, due to the Priesthood Correlation Program of the church that sought to encourage uniformity and extend control over printed materials, the Millennial Star was replaced by Ensign at the end of 1970. Millennial Star is also the name of an LDS-themed blog, part of the so-called Bloggernacle or community of Mormon blogs
25.
Logan, Utah
–
Logan is a city in Cache County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 48,174, Logan is the county seat of Cache County and the principal city of the Logan, UT-ID Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Cache County and Franklin County, Idaho. The Logan metropolitan area contained 125,442 people as of the 2010 census, in 2005 and 2007, Morgan Quitno declared the Logan metropolitan area the safest in the United States. Logan is the location of the campus of Utah State University. The town of Logan was founded in 1859 by settlers sent by Brigham Young to survey for the site of a fort near the banks of the Logan River and they named their new community Logan for Ephraim Logan, an early fur trapper in the area. Logan was incorporated on 17 January 1866, Brigham Young College was founded here in 1878, and Utah State University – then called the Agricultural College of Utah – was founded in 1888. Logans growth reflects settlement and post-war booms along with other changes incident to conditions in the West, Logan grew to about 20,000 in the mid-1960s, and according to Census estimates, exceeded 50,000 in 2015. Logan is located in northern Utah,47 miles north of Ogden and it is about 82 miles north of Salt Lake City. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 18.5 square miles, of which 18.0 square miles is land and 0.58 square miles. The city lies near the edge of Cache Valley on the western slopes of the Bear River Mountains. Mount Logan rises to an elevation of 9,710 feet immediately to the east, the Logan River later cut down through these sedimentary deposits following the draining of Lake Bonneville approximately 14,500 years ago. This created an area with very steep slopes that reach into the rest of town. To the west of Logan lie flatlands that contain both farmland and marshes, to the north and south of Logan are rapidly growing residential suburbs. Logan has a continental climate with very warm though usually dry summers. Precipitation tends to be heaviest in the spring months, similar to other areas in northern Utah, during mid-winter high pressure systems often situate themselves over Cache Valley, leading to strong temperature inversions. These temperature inversions trap cold air and pollutants and allow thick smog to accumulate in the valley about three percent of the time and this can result in the worst air-pollution levels in the U. S. reducing air quality to unhealthy level. Logans city grid originates from its Main and Center Street block, with Main Street running north and south, each block north, east, south, or west of the origin accumulates in additions of 100, though some streets have non-numeric names. This street grid is typical of towns and cities that were founded by Latter-day Saints in the Mormon Corridor
26.
Ogden, Utah
–
Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
27.
Deseret News
–
The Deseret News is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is Utahs oldest continuously published daily newspaper and has the largest Sunday circulation in the state, the News is owned by Deseret News Publishing Company, a subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation, a holding company owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The newspaper is printed by the Newspaper Agency Corporation, which it co-owns with The Salt Lake Tribune under a joint operating agreement, in 2006, combined circulation of the two papers was 151,422. The Church News includes news of the LDS Church and has published since 1931, while the Mormon Times is about the people, faith. Since 1974 the Deseret News has also published the Church Almanac, the editorial tone of the Deseret News is usually described as moderate to conservative, and is often assumed to reflect the values of its owner, the LDS Church. For example, the newspaper does not accept advertising that violates church standards, Phelps left Winter Quarters sometime in May, and went to Boston by way of the former Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois. In Boston, with the help of William I, appleby, the president of the Churchs Eastern States Mission, and Church member Alexander Badlam, Phelps was able to procure a wrought iron Ramage hand-press, type, and other required equipment. He returned to Winter Quarters on November 12,1847, with the press, due partly to its size and weight, the press and equipment would not be taken to Salt Lake City until 1849. By that time many of the Mormon pioneers had left Winter Quarters, in April 1849 the press and other church property was loaded onto ox drawn wagons, and traveled with the Howard Egan Company along the Mormon Trail. The wagon company, with the press, arrived in the Salt Lake Valley August 7,1849, the press was moved into a small adobe building that also served as a coin mint for the settlers. The press was at first used to print the necessary documents used in setting up the provisional State of Deseret, the first issue of the Deseret News was published June 15,1850, and was 8 pages long. Because it was meant to be the voice of the State of Deseret, it was called the Deseret News and it was at first a weekly Saturday publication, and published in pamphlet form in hopes that readers would have the papers bound into volumes. Subscription rate was $2.50 for six months, a jobs press, usually called the Deseret News Press, was also set up so the News could print books, booklets, handbills, broadsides, etc. for paying customers and other publishers. From the beginning paper shortages were a problem for the News staff, starting with the October 19,1850 issue—only four months after publication began—the paper had to be changed to a bi-weekly publication. Even so, many times in the 1850s there were periods when the News could not be published for lack of paper. The publishers asked everyone to donate old paper and cloth to the venture, in the summer of 1854 the first issues of the News were published on homemade paper that was very thick, and grayish in color. Even with paper shortages, occasionally a News extra would be published, during a turbulent time period, later known as the Utah War, the News presses and equipment were moved to the central and southern parts of the state. As armed forces of the United States camped just outside the state at Fort Bridger, Cannon was assigned to take some presses and equipment to Fillmore while Henry McEwan was to take the remainder to Parowan
28.
George Q. Cannon
–
He was the churchs chief political strategist, and was dubbed the Mormon premier and the Mormon Richelieu by the press. He was also a five-time Territorial Delegate to the US Congress, Cannon was born in Liverpool, England, to George Cannon and Ann Quayle, the eldest of six children. His mother and father were from Peel on the Isle of Man and his fathers sister, Leonora Cannon, had married future Latter Day Saint apostle John Taylor and was baptized in 1836. News reached the elder George Cannon and four years later, when Taylor came to Liverpool, Cannon was 13 years old at the time. Cannons siblings were Mary Alice Cannon, Ann Cannon, Angus M. Cannon, David H. Cannon, in 1842, the Cannon family set sail for the United States to join with the church in Nauvoo, Illinois. On the voyage over the Atlantic Ocean, Cannons mother died, the motherless family arrived safely in Nauvoo in the spring of 1843. George Sr. married Mary Edwards in 1844 and had another daughter, in Nauvoo, Cannons father sent him to live with his uncle and aunt, John and Leonora Taylor. Cannon worked in the office of Times and Seasons and the Nauvoo Neighbor for Taylor. In June 1844, Taylor accompanied Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, there, Joseph and Hyrum were killed, and Taylor sustained serious bullet wounds. Cannon tended the printing affairs while Taylor recovered and this training would serve him well in later life. In 1846, Taylor traveled to England to organize the affairs of the church after Smiths death, meanwhile, Cannon accompanied Taylors wife and family as they moved to Winter Quarters, Nebraska. When Taylor returned, Cannon traveled with the entire Taylor family to the Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Cannon was asked by church president Brigham Young to serve as a missionary for the church in the Sandwich Islands, where he served for four years. While in the islands, Cannon converted many Native Hawaiians, one of the most notable was Jonatana Napela, who assisted Cannon in translating the Book of Mormon into Hawaiian. Joseph F. Smith, a church president, would follow Cannon. Returning to Utah Territory, Cannon married Elizabeth Hoagland He was almost immediately called to assist apostle Parley P. Pratt in publishing a newspaper in California. Meeting Pratt in California, Cannon was told that he would remain behind and became president of the churchs Oregon and California Mission, during this period of time, Cannon published the Hawaiian translation of the Book of Mormon. In February 1856, he started the Western Standard, a publication based in San Francisco. Returning to Utah in 1857 to assist in the Utah War, during this time, Cannon served as printer of the Deseret News while it was publishing in exile in Fillmore, Utah
29.
Utah State Legislature
–
The Utah State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Utah. It is a body, comprising the Utah House of Representatives, with 75 state representatives. There are no limits for either chamber. The Legislature convenes at the Utah State Capitol in the capital of Salt Lake City on the fourth Monday of January for an annual 45-day session. The Utah State Legislature meets in the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City, the Republicans currently have super-majorities in both the House and Senate. They control the House by a margin of 63-12 and the Senate by 23-5-1, the current Senate President is Wayne Niederhauser, and the Speaker of the House is Greg H. Hughes. The state is divided into 29 Senate districts, each representing approximately 77,000 people, Senate districts overlap House districts allowing two legislators for each constituency in Utah. Senators are elected to a term, and Representatives to a two-year term. All state House districts and half of all state Senate districts are up for every two years. There are no limitations for either the Utah House of Representatives or the Utah Senate. The annual General Session is held for 45 calendar days, convening on the fourth Monday in January, the General Session must conclude by midnight on the 45th day according to the Utah State Constitution. These special sessions, except in the cases of impeachment, cannot exceed 30 calendar days, the House may convene for the purpose of impeachment if two-thirds of the members are in favor of convening for that purpose. The Speaker of the House shall determine by poll whether there is a sufficient number of members to convene for an Impeachment Session outside of the General Session, if the House impeaches an official, the Senate is required to convene to try that impeachment. The creation of the Territory of Utah was part of the Compromise of 1850 seeking to preserve the balance of power between the slave and free states. Following the organization of the territory, Brigham Young was inaugurated as its first governor on Sunday, February 9,1851, the legislative body of the Utah Territory continued to act until 1896 with the successful passage of the Utah Constitution and Utah achieving statehood. The first President of the Utah Territorial Senate was Willard Richards, in 1870, the length of a Representatives term was extended to two years, and in 1896 the Utah Territorial Council became the Utah Senate with a four-year term. The U. S. House of Representatives and Senate rejected the proposed state and it wasnt for another six years before the Fifth Territorial Legislature passed an act on December 10,1855 establishing a constitutional convention to make a second attempt at Statehood. This second constitutional convention was held on March 17,1856 in Salt Lake City and a proposed constitution was created which was subsequently rejected by the U. S. Congress
30.
Albert P. Rockwood
–
Albert Perry Rockwood was an early Latter Day Saint leader and member of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Rockwood was born in Holliston, Massachusetts to Luther Rockwood and Ruth Perry and he married Nancy Ruth Haven on April 4,1827. His interests were temperance, anti-slavery, military tactics and medicine and his wife Nancy Haven was a first cousin to Brigham Young and Willard Richards. In 1836, Brigham Young and Joseph Young stayed at the Rockwood home in Holliston, Mass. and left a copy of the Book of Mormon with Albert, who went by AP, and Nancy. Soon after Brigham and Josephs departure, Nancys cousin Willard Richards came to stay with AP, many in the family thought that Brigham and Joseph had gone mad and left behind a copy of the Devils Bible. Willard Richards proclaimed that he did not know whether the Book of Mormon was from God or the Devil and he read the book from cover to cover while staying in the Rockwood home and became convinced that the book was from God. In 1837, Willard Richards and Brigham Young visited AP and Nancy, in 1837, AP traveled to Kirtland, Ohio at the invitation of Brigham Young in order to meet the Prophet Joseph Smith firsthand. Despite hearing many slanders that were circulating about Joseph Smith in Kirtland at the time, Brigham Young baptized him in Kirtland on July 25,1837. Notwithstanding AP came from a family in the Holliston, Mass. area. Wilford Woodruff reported visiting AP in jail after charges were brought against him due to anti-Mormon prejudice, AP and Nancy traveled to Far West, Mo. to join with the Saints. They had to stay quiet about the fact they were Mormons to avoid harassment on the way, in Missouri, AP was a member of the Danite organization and participated in the Mormon militia that attempted to defend the saints against mob attacks on their settlements. He was appointed an officer for he Nauvoo Legion on March 9,1841 and was the commander of Joseph Smiths bodyguards. AP Rockwood was trusted by Joseph Smith and there are a few surviving stories of AP trying to protect the prophet. On one occasion AP received intelligence that an enemy of the prophet by the name of John C. Bennett was going to attempt an assassination of the prophet during an exercise of the Nauvoo Legion. AP ordered the body guard to surround him during the entire exercise. On another occasion, a sheriff from the state of Missouri crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois, AP led a posse that attempted to recover the prophet. After the mob murder of Joseph Smith, AP remained in Nauvoo where he was put in charge of quarrying the stone used to build the Nauvoo Temple and it was a dangerous occupation and wives of some of the men working in the quarry complained to Brigham Young. AP accepted responsibility to care for the family of any man killed in the quarry, having been ordained a seventy by Joseph Young January 5,1839, Young was set apart as one of the Presidents of the Seventy on December 2,1845
31.
Emmeline B. Wells
–
Emmeline Blanche Woodward Harris Whitney Wells was an American journalist, editor, poet, womens rights advocate and diarist. She served as the fifth Relief Society General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1910 until her death, Emmeline Blanche Woodward was born in on February 29,1828 in Petersham, Massachusetts. She was the child of David and Deiadama Hare Woodward. Her father died when Emmeline was four years old and she would later claim that her widowed mother inspired her to be womans rights advocate. As a child, she wrote poems and stories which she shared with her friends and she often enjoyed being in nature. Woodward was very intelligent and began studying in school until she enrolled in the New Salem Academy. She graduated from the Academy at the age of fourteen and she taught school briefly before her first marriage at the age of fifteen. Woodward joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on March 1,1842 and she married 16-year-old James Harris, also a new member of the church, on July 19,1843. In 1844, the couple, his parents, and other Latter Day Saints from their region migrated to the headquarters of the church, Nauvoo. After the death of their infant son, Eugene Henri, Harris left Nauvoo looking for work, the young Emmeline Harris returned to teaching. Through his children attending her school, Harris met and later married Newel K. Whitney, Emmeline Whitney left Nauvoo in 1846, and traveled to Utah Territory with the extended Whitney family in 1848. At this time, she began maintaining a personal journal, Wells would continue writing in her diaries until 1920, shortly before her death. On the first page of volume 1, dated Friday, February 27,1846, she recorded and she remained primarily responsible for supporting herself and her children for the rest of her life. Emmeline Whitney approached Daniel H. Wells, a friend of her late husband, in 1852, she became his seventh wife, bearing him three daughters. Their early marriage was distant, as Daniel Wells was heavily involved in civic, however, later in their lives, the couple became fond and loving companions. Wells was the editor of Utahs Womans Exponent, a periodical established in 1872 for Mormon women. Wells was a contributor to the magazine from its inception, Wells became the associate editor in 1875 when Cornelia H. Horne ended her term as business manager. Wells was the editor from 1877 until the publication ceased in 1914, as editor she wrote all the editorials, many of the articles and most biographical sketches contained in the publication
32.
Angus M. Cannon
–
Angus Munn Cannon was an early Latter Day Saint leader and Mormon pioneer. Cannon was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England and his Manx parents joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1840, being baptized by his uncle John Taylor. In 1842, the Cannon family went to Nauvoo, Illinois, by 1849, they were in Utah Territory. Cannon was the brother of George Q. Cannon and their lives followed very similar paths up until their arrival in Utah, in 1854, Cannon went on a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the Eastern United States, where he assisted John Taylor in publishing a periodical entitled The Mormon. He also preached and baptized in Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Cannon returned to Utah Territory due to the troubles connected with the Utah War. In 1864, Cannon helped establish Calls Landing on the Colorado River, later known as Callville, Callville was submerged when Lake Mead was filled. In 1869 and 1870, Cannon served a mission in the Eastern United States. In April 1876, Cannon became president of the Salt Lake Stake of the LDS Church and he served in this position until April 1,1904. After his time as president, Cannon served as a patriarch in the church. Cannon was the mayor of St. George, Utah Territory in 1861 and 1862, in 1896, after Utah had become a U. S. state, he stood for election as the Republican Party candidate for a state senate seat in Salt Lake County. He was defeated by one of his wives, Martha Hughes Cannon, like many early members of the LDS Church, Cannon practiced plural marriage. Cannon was the appellant in the case of Cannon v. United States, Cannon had been convicted under the Edmunds Act of unlawful cohabitation with more than one wife and sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $900 fine. Cannon appealed his conviction on the grounds that he had ceased having sexual relations with the two wives he was accused of cohabiting with after polygamy was criminalized. Cannon was pardoned in 1894 by U. S. President Grover Cleveland, Cannon died of apoplexy in Salt Lake City, Utah. Clara C. M. Cannon Cannon, Donald Q, angus M. Cannon, Pioneer, President, Patriarch. Supporting Saints, Life Stories of Nineteenth-Century Mormons, Religious Studies Center Specialized Monograph Series. Provo, Utah, Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University
33.
George Reynolds (Mormon)
–
Reynolds was born in Marylebone, England to George Reynolds and Julia Ann Tautz. He spent much of his childhood under the care of his maternal grandmother and his grandmother employed a maid, Sarah White, who invited nine-year-old Reynolds to attend a meeting of the LDS Church with her. However, Reynoldss parents refused to him to be baptized a member of the church. Often, he would evade his parents wishes and attend the Sunday meetings in Paddington, when Reynolds was 14 years old, he attended the Somers Town Branch of the church, where he was unknown, and asked to be received into the church by baptism. In December 1856, Reynolds was given the Aaronic priesthood and ordained to the office of deacon, in this capacity, he was responsible for opening the doors to the Sunday meetinghouse for the Somers Town Branch and organizing the seating in preparation for sacrament meeting. In May 1857, at the age of 15, Reynolds was ordained to the office of priest, in this calling, Reynolds engaged in open-air preaching in the streets of London, usually with an adult elder of the church. After Reynolds began street preaching, his parents discovered that he had become a Mormon, in August 1860, Reynolds was given the Melchizedek priesthood and ordained to the office of elder. In May 1861, he was called to be a missionary of the church in London. In 1863, Reynolds was reassigned as a missionary to the Liverpool area to work as a clerk for church apostle and mission president George Q. When Cannon returned to the United States later that year, Reynolds retained his position as a clerk under the new president, apostle. While acting as clerk, Reynolds was asked to serve as the branch president of the Liverpool Branch of the church. In May 1865, Reynolds was released as a missionary and invited to emigrate to Utah Territory and he traveled to Salt Lake City with fellow elders of the church William S. Godbe and William H. Sherman, arriving on July 5,1865. On July 22,1865, mere weeks after his arrival in Utah, Reynolds married his first wife, soon afterwards, LDS Church president Brigham Young hired Reynolds as secretary to the First Presidency of the church. Reynolds was ordained to the office of seventy by Israel Barlow on March 18,1866. In February 1869, Reynolds was elected by the legislature of the Utah Territory to be a member of the board of regency of the University of Deseret, Reynolds was re-elected to this position by the legislature a number of times. In May 1871, Young asked Reynolds to return to England to assist apostle Albert Carrington in the publication of the Millennial Star, a church newspaper for British Latter-day Saints. Reynolds did so, and in September of that year Carrington was required to return to the United States, leaving Reynolds as the de facto president of the churchs European Mission. However, Reynolds was suffering ill health due to a severe case of smallpox
34.
John R. Winder
–
John Rex Winder was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901 and he was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War, when the church came under heavy government pressure for its practice of plural marriage, Winder held the churchs assets to keep them from being seized by the federal government. He was a polygamist and had four wives and 20 children, Winder was born to Richard and Sophia Collins Winder in Biddenden, England. He worked in several trades as a youth, settling into a position as a shoe, there he married Ellen Walters in 1845. There also he was recruited to manage a shoe store in Liverpool, in the shoe store, he discovered the LDS Church and joined as a member. In February 1853, he and his wife set out to Utah to join the church there and he traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, nearly succumbing to smallpox on the way. He then traveled via steamboat up the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri, from there he traveled with a company of members heading towards Utah Territory under Joseph W. Young. They arrived on October 10,1853, engaged in leather work, Winder was quite successful in several ventures. His business sense became recognized and eventually he found seats on several corporate boards, of his ventures, one remains today, Winder Dairy. Winder was generous with his wealth, The poor, orphans, Winder also became a figure in politics and the militia in the territory. He led the Nauvoo Legion to stop the advance of Johnstons Army in the Utah War of 1857, in the Black Hawk War, he fought as Adjutant General. He was the chief aid to General Daniel H. Wells, Winder also served as chairman of the Peoples Party. His efforts to modernize the exercise of politics in the led from the church-dominated system to a two-party system much like the national political system. Serving as a delegate to state constitutional conventions, he was an instrument in Utah Territory achieving statehood. LDS Church president John Taylor called Winder to serve as Second Counselor to Presiding Bishop William B, during this time, the federal government began to put more pressure on the church for its practice of plural marriage. After the passage of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887, church leaders went into hiding, Winder assisted many people on the run from the federal government, by helping to hide them or to post bail. His poplar farm on the south of the city served as a temporary headquarters for Taylor
35.
Wilford Woodruff
–
Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. Woodruff was known as a religious man, but was also enthusiastically involved in the social. He was an outdoorsman, enjoying fishing and hunting. Woodruff learned to fly fish in England, and his 1847 journal account of his fishing in the East Fork River is the earliest known account of fly fishing west of the Mississippi River. As an adult, Woodruff was a farmer, horticulturist and stockman by trade, Woodruff was one of nine children born to Bulah Thompson and Aphek Woodruff, a miller working in Farmington, Connecticut. Wilfords mother Bulah Thompson died of spotted fever in 1808 at the age of 26 and he was raised by his step-mother Azubah Hart. As a young man, Woodruff worked at a sawmill and a mill owned by his father. Woodruff joined the Latter Day Saint church on December 31,1833, at that time, the church numbered only a few thousand believers clustered around Kirtland, Ohio. On January 13,1835, Woodruff left Kirtland on his first full-time mission, preaching without purse or scrip in Arkansas, like many early Latter Day Saints, Woodruff practiced plural marriage. He was married to nine women, however, not all of these marriages were concurrent and his wives, Phoebe Whittemore Carter, m. April 13,1837 Mary Ann Jackson, m, aug 2,1846 Sarah Elinor Brown, m. Aug 2,1846 Mary Caroline Barton, m, aug 2,1846 Mary Meek Giles Webster m. March 28,1852 Emma Smith m, March 13,1853 Sarah Brown, m. March 13,1853 Sarah Delight Stocking m, July 31,1857 Eudora Young Dunford m. March 10,1877 Woodruffs wives bore him a total of 34 children, Woodruff met his first wife, Phoebe Carter, in Kirtland shortly after his return from his first mission through Southern Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky. Woodruff came to Kirtland on November 25,1836, along with Abraham O. Smoot and he was introduced to Phoebe by Milton Holmes on January 28,1837. She was a native of Maine and had become a Latter Day Saint in 1834, Woodruff and Phoebe were married on April 13,1837, with the ceremony performed by Frederick G. Williams. Their marriage was sealed in Nauvoo by Hyrum Smith
36.
Brigham Young University
–
Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus
37.
Grover Cleveland
–
Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
38.
Daniel H. Wells
–
Daniel Hanmer Wells was an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the third mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, United States. Wells was born in Trenton, New York, a member of the generation of his family in America. A few years after the death of his father in 1826, Daniel H. Wells left New York with his mother Catherine Chapin Wells, Wells arrived in Hancock County, Illinois, in 1835. He lived in Commerce, Illinois—later renamed Nauvoo—and was a major landowner, in Nauvoo, he served on the city council and as a judge. Mobs invaded Nauvoo after the assassination of church founder Joseph Smith, Wells defended the city and fought as a Lieutenant General of the Nauvoo Legion, Wells was not baptized into the LDS Church until August 9,1846. He emigrated to the Salt Lake Valley with the Mormon pioneers in 1848, well respected for his integrity and loyal service, he was elected Attorney General of State of Deseret in 1849. When Jedediah M. Grant died in 1856, Wells was ordained an apostle of the LDS Church, although serving as an apostle, Wells was never sustained as a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Upon Youngs death in 1877, Wells was sustained as a Counselor to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, on behalf of Brigham Young, Wells dedicated the St. George Temple on April 6,1877. From 1888 to 1891, he was the first president of the Manti Utah Temple, from 1848 until 1863, Wells was superintendent of public works for the LDS Church and presided over the continuing construction of the Salt Lake Temple and the Salt Lake Tabernacle. When Wells was no longer in the position, the operation of the public works program was placed under the supervision of the Presiding Bishopric. In 1866, Wells was elected mayor of Salt Lake City as a member of the newly formed Peoples Party, in 1871, he was arrested by U. S. marshals on charges related to polygamy. Wells served twice as president of the European Mission of the LDS Church, first in 1864–65, on January 31,1850, Wells drafted orders for Captain George D. Grant to exterminate the Timpanogos, known as Special Order No.2. The decision was the result of a meeting with Isaac Higbee, bishop of Fort Utah, together with the First Presidency, Higbee reported conflict between the pioneers and the Timpanogos, and it was unanimously decided the only way to keep Fort Utah would be to exterminate the Timpanogos. The initial detachment commenced battle on February 8,1850 under Captain Grant, however, after hearing reports of poor attitude of the settlers in working with Grantss troops, Brigham Young asked Wells to lead a detachment. On February 11th, Wells arrived and split the army into two, one contingent followed the trail of some Timpanogos who had fled up Rock Canyon. Wells led the other contingent south towards Spanish Fork river and he divided them into smaller parties and searched the southern valley for native peoples to kill. On February 14th, at Table Rock near the shore of Utah lake. Lieutenant Gunnison of the Stansbury Expedition reported that the Mormons promised to be friendly to the Timpanogos men, some attempted to flee across the frozen lake, but the Mormons ran after them on horseback and shot them
39.
Genealogical Society of Utah
–
The Genealogical Society of Utah, established in 1894, does business as FamilySearch International, which is the genealogical arm of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All of these resources were created to help find their ancestors and are available free of charge to the public. Members of the LDS Church believe that tracing family lineage is essential for special ceremonies that seal family units together for eternity. According to Mormons, this fulfills a Biblical prophecy stating that the prophet Elijah would return to turn the heart of the fathers to the children, the headquarters of FamilySearch/GSU is in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, where hundreds of employees and volunteers help inquiring researchers. GSU began microfilming records of genealogical importance in 1938 and began digital imaging of records in 1998, FamilySearch preserves these images from more than 100 nations in the Granite Mountain Records Vault. The society published the Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine from 1910 to 1940, in 1975, the GSU became the Genealogical Department of the LDS Church, which later became the Family History Department. At that time, its head officer was renamed President from Executive Director, however, the title President of the Genealogical Society of Utah and other GSU titles were still used and bestowed upon department officers. This broke with tradition, since the President of the GSU was no longer the departments executive director or an authority of the LDS Church. Later this decision was reversed and the Family History Department was separated from the Church History Department, the Genealogical Society of Utah, Improvement Era,30, 1104–1106 Official website Taylor, Rebecca M. A Century of Genealogy The Friend, March 1994, Genealogical Society, A century of steady growth and development Church News, November 1994
40.
James E. Talmage
–
Talmage was born and raised in Hungerford, Berkshire, England. He was baptized into the LDS Church at age 10 on June 15,1873 and he moved with his family to Provo, Utah Territory, in 1877. In Provo, he studied the Normal Course at Brigham Young Academy, with Karl G. Maeser as one of his teachers, in 1881, Talmage received a collegiate diploma from BYAs Scientific Department, the first such diploma to be issued. His early predilection was for the sciences, and in 1882 and 1883 he took selected courses in chemistry and geology at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Talmage served on the Provo City Council in 1888 and 1889. Talmage married Merry May Booth on June 14,1888, Booth was a native of Alpine, Utah, and the daughter of immigrants from Lancashire. She started studies at the school connected with BYA in 1885. It was there she met Talmage, who was one of her instructors, while at BYA, Booth was secretary of the Polysophical Society. After completing her course of study, May took a job as a teacher in Kaysville. Among their children was John Talmage, who wrote a biography of his father, another of their children, Sterling B. Talmage, followed his fathers interests and became a geologist, Talmage studied chemistry and geology at Lehigh University and Johns Hopkins University. He received a B. S. degree from Lehigh University in 1891, though I very much dislike the idea of doing such a thing, for as yet I have never known what it is to be narcotized either by tobacco, alcohol, or any drug. Talmage taught science at BYA both before and after he went to study in the eastern United States and he was the president of Latter-day Saints University until 1894 and then was president of the University of Deseret from 1894 to 1897. From 1897 to 1907, Talmage was a professor of geology at the University of Utah, in 1909, Talmage was serving as the director of the Deseret Museum. He went to Detroit, Michigan, in November of that year to participate in diggings connected with the Scotford-Soper-Savage relics craze. Talmage would go on to denounce these findings as a forgery in the September 1911 edition of the Deseret Museum Bulletin in an article entitled, The Michigan Relics, A Story of Forgery and Deception. Talmage was the author of religious books, including The Articles of Faith, The Great Apostasy, The House of the Lord. These volumes remain in print and are widely read in the LDS Church. Other books include treatises on the origins of the Book of Mormon, a dictionary of the Book of Mormon, Talmage suggested that the First Presidency commission its own photographs of the temple
41.
Romania B. Pratt Penrose
–
Dr. Esther Romania Bunnell Pratt Penrose was a leading figure in Latter-day Saint and Utah culture during the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. She is widely known for being the first Mormon woman to receive an MD degree, Romania Bunnell was born in Washington Township, Indiana to Luther B. Bunnell and his wife Esther Mendenhall, Romanias parents joined the LDS church sometime before 1845 and within a year her family had moved from Indiana to Nauvoo, Illinois in order to join with others of the LDS community. In 1846, after having endured constant religious persecution in Nauvoo, Romanias family, along many other saints. During the next few years Romania and her family moved to the home of Luthers father in Ohio due to Esthers poor health conditions after giving birth to a second daughter. After hearing stories of gold in California, Luther went west in 1849 and her family then moved back to Indiana. From the ages of ten to sixteen, Romania attended the Quaker-sponsored Western Agricultural School in Ohio and then the Female Seminary in Crawfordsville, Indiana. Because of concerns regarding non-Mormon influences on her children, specifically that Romania would perhaps marry an admirer, her mother sold their home. Romania Bunnell was baptized in Atchison, Kansas on May 31,1855 and she went west with her mother, sister, and two brothers in the John Hindley company. They traveled for four months before arriving in the Salt Lake Valley. Shortly after arriving in Utah, Bunnell taught in Brigham Youngs school, on February 23,1859 she married her first husband, Parley P. Pratt, Jr. the eldest son of Parley P. Pratt. Over the next several years Romania and Parley had seven children, in 1881 Romania and Parley were divorced. She married her husband, Charles W. Penrose, on 11 March 1886. He was a member of the First Presidency at the time of their marriage until his death in May 1925, in 1873 Romania heard President Brigham Young implore women of the church to study medicine. Prior to going to school in Philadelphia, Romania spent time in New York assisting her husband in editing his father, Parley P. Pratts. Her willingness to become a doctor was partly the result of having two children who died before the age of three, knowing the pain that she went through with the loss of her young children, Romania did not want other mothers to experience that same heartache. With the understanding there was a great need for more skilled doctors in Utah, she wanted to make a difference and help relieve suffering. During the summer following her first experience in college, Romania worked ardently to not only catch-up to her classmates, while they were enjoying summer vacation, Romania worked hard enough to be the first woman admitted to Bellevue College
42.
Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean
–
Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean is a United States patriotic song which was popular during the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, especially during the Civil War era. It functioned as a national anthem in competition with Hail, Columbia. For many years, the melody was used as the Voice of Americas interval signal. Columbia was a common nickname for the United States of America in the 19th century. The United States was often represented in illustrations and cartoons as a female figure named Columbia dressed in flag-like bunting. Other nations used similar figures, notably the French Marianne and the British Britannia, historical sources generally agree that, in the autumn of 1843, an actor named David T. Shaw wanted a new patriotic song to sing at a benefit performance. He gained the assistance of fellow performer Thomas A. Becket, Sr. who wrote the lyrics, evidently, Shaw published the song under his own name, but Becket was able to prove his authorship by means of his original handwritten composition. There remains some disagreement as to other versions of the song predated Beckets composition or followed it. The British version of anthem, Britannia, the Pride of the Ocean, was first published in 1852. There is no evidence that it predated the American version, the tune was used repeatedly by the composer Charles Ives, featuring notably in his Second Symphony and A Symphony, New England Holidays as well as in his Piano Sonata No.2. The melody from Columbia, along with traditional songs, is included in American Patrol. Originally intended for piano, it was arranged for the swing band of Glenn Miller. The song is featured in the film Amistad, the song is sung at the Fourth of July celebration in the film The Music Man. The song is rehearsed by schoolchildren of 1881 in No Time Like the Past, the first line is sung a capella by Bruno Kirby in the film Donnie Brasco. An instrumental version of the song frequently marks Popeyes consumption of spinach, the song was played by the Columbia, New Hampshire, High School marching band in The West Wings third series episode where President Josiah Bartlet is preparing to announce his bid for reelection. It was also being played in the background just before President Bartlet was sworn in for his second term, the song can be heard in the title screen of Epyxs computer game Destroyer. The song is the last song heard in the 1944 Warner Bros. cartoon, The Weakly Reporter, carole Lombard can be heard singing a snippet of the song as she writes a letter outside the doctors office in 1939s Made for Each Other. The song is featured in two scenes in the film The Last Detail, the Song is heard several times in the 1958 Movie From the Earth to the Moon, based on the book by Jules Verne O Columbia
43.
Charles W. Nibley
–
Charles Wilson Nibley was the fifth presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1907 and 1925 and a member of the churchs First Presidency from 1925 until his death. Nibley was born in Hunterfield, Midlothian, Scotland to James Nibley, in 1855, his family moved to the United States to join with the main body of Latter-day Saints. They spent some time living in Rhode Island, in 1860, they moved to the Utah Territory. The family was sent north to settle in Cache Valley, as an adult, Nibley moved to Brigham City, Utah, where he worked for Morris Rosenbaum and later became a partner in the store where he worked. It was there he met Rebecca Neibar and was married in 1869, following the 19th century practice of plural marriage, Nibley married Ellen Ricks in 1880 and Julia Budge in 1885. In 1879 to 1885, Nibley managed a lumber company that was part of the LDS Churchs United Order program and he then joined with David Eccles and George Stoddard to form the Oregon Lumber Company in 1889. Nibley was a believer in monopolies, believing competition was economic waste. He also believed that LDS Church members who didnt support paying higher prices to Mormon businesses were betraying the church and this attitude of loyalty was also supported by Heber J. Grant in the October 1919 General Conference. Nibley also became involved in railroads, insurance, banking, politics, the sugar beet growing town of Nibley, Oregon was named for him. He was later instrumental in forming the Amalgamated Sugar Company and the Utah, Nibley was called as the presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1907. It was during Nibleys term as presiding bishop that the LDS Church built the Hotel Utah, Charles W. Nibley was one of the most liberal industrialists of his time. Thus to finish the Hotel Utah, it was necessary to borrow $2,000,000 and he succeeded, and President Smith was delighted, but he was also alarmed when he heard the terms, it would all have to be paid back in two years. How in the world will we ever pay it back in that time, not to worry, they would have the whole thing paid off in two years. Im going to build the largest and finest bar in the West in the basement of the Hotel, President Smith went through the ceiling, which was it to be, the Word of Wisdom or fiscal soundness. The dollar won In 1925, he was released as presiding bishop and was asked to be second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the churchs First Presidency. He is one of the few individuals to serve in the First Presidency without having been ordained to the office of apostle. Nibley died of pneumonia in Salt Lake City, Utah, he was buried in Logan City Cemetery, Nibley, Utah is named after him. Charless son Preston became a leader and author of several Mormon books
44.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
