1.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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Thomas S. Monson President of the Church
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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Henry B. Eyring First Counselor
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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Dieter F. Uchtdorf Second Counselor
2.
Heber J. Grant
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Heber Jeddy Grant was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16,1882, after the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death. The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage and he had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living. In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, in 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature. Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and his father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about age 20 and her cousin and later brother-in-law, Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey. Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old, after Jedediahs death, Rachel married Jedediahs brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism, so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Hebers life and she served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City. Heber J. Grant was known for his determination to achieve goals seemingly beyond his reach, as a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve, the team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper and he practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies. There were no public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child. After working as a bookkeeper in the business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zions Savings Bank. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings and he later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and for a time owned the Ogden Vinegar Works. In the late 1890s, Grant served as the manager for the newly formed official LDS magazine. Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle and he founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and also the founder of the Salt Lake Theatre. Grant lost an amount of money in the panic of 1893
Heber J. Grant
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Heber J. Grant
Heber J. Grant
Heber J. Grant
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Grave monument of Heber J. Grant
Heber J. Grant
3.
Anthon H. Lund
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Anthon Henrik Lund was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a prominent Utah leader. Lund was born in Aalborg, Denmark, to unmarried parents, lunds mother died when he was less than four years old. At that time, his father was serving in the war over Schleswig-Holstein, Lund was baptized a member of the LDS Church at age 12, after his baptism, he assisted the missionaries and fulfilled his duties as first a teacher and then a priest by preaching with them. In 1862, Lund immigrated with his grandmother to the United States and he arrived in Utah Territory in September and settled in Sanpete County, following the tradition of many Scandinavian immigrants. In 1864, Lund was a teamster in a Down and Back Mormon pioneer company, the next winter, he served as a school teacher. In 1865, he responded to Brigham Youngs request that men come to Salt Lake City, in 1866, Lund became the telegraph operator for the Mount Pleasant station, where he was ordained as a seventy by Peter Madsen Peel. From 1884 to 1885, Lund served as president of the Scandinavian Mission of the church, Lund served in the Utah Territorial Legislature. He introduced the legislation resulted in the founding of Utah State Agricultural College. Lund served on the Utah Capitol Grounds Committee when it was formed in 1888, Lund became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 7,1889. Church president John Taylor had died two years earlier, Lund was ordained along with two other apostles, Marriner W. Merrill and Abraham H. Cannon. At the time of his ordination, Lund was the only monogamist in the Quorum of the Twelve and his wife was Sarah Ann Peterson, who he had married in 1870. In 1891, Lund became the president of the Manti Temple, from 1893 until 1896, Lund was the president of the European Mission. He made a journey to the Ottoman Empire in 1897, where he organized the Turkish Mission, in 1899, Lund laid and dedicated the southeast cornerstone of the Sanpete Stake Academy. That same year, Lund delivered a General Conference sermon in which he emphasized that it was no longer church policy to members of the church to emigrate to the western United States. In 1900, Lund became the superintendent of church religion classes, Church president Joseph F. Smith selected Lund as second counselor in the First Presidency on October 17,1901. He served in that position until April 7,1910, when Smith called him as first counselor, to replace John R. Winder, Lund assumed a myriad of duties, including heading various church agencies and again serving as a temple president. Lund also served as a member of several writing committees to revise the standard works. He participated in numerous businesses in Utah, including the Hotel Utah, the Amalgamated Sugar Company, Lund was the first member of the First Presidency whose native language was not English
Anthon H. Lund
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Anthon H. Lund
Anthon H. Lund
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Front view of grave marker
Anthon H. Lund
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Back view of grave marker
4.
Anthony W. Ivins
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Anthony Woodward Ivins was an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was a member of the churchs First Presidency from 1921 until his death. Ivins was born in Toms River, New Jersey, when Ivins was still an infant, his parents migrated to Utah Territory. In 1861 they moved in St. George, Utah, as part of the settling party for that city. Ivins was a cousin of Heber J. Grant, Ivinss father, in 1878, Ivins married Elizabeth A. Snow, a daughter of Erastus Snow, an apostle, they had nine children. His son Antoine R. Ivins also served as an authority of the LDS Church. On his return to St. George from an 1877 mission and he later served on the St. George city council and as a prosecuting attorney for Washington County, Utah. Ivins was an member of the Democratic Party. In 1875, Ivins was part of a mission that found many sites in New Mexico. In 1877, he served a mission to New Mexico, where he focused much of his attention on the Native Americans, in the years immediately after his marriage, he served as a member of the stake high council in St. George. In 1882, Ivins was called on a mission to Mexico City and he served as the first stake president in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, the Juárez Stake was the first stake in Mexico. Ivins served in this position until his call to the Quorum of the Twelve in 1907, Ivins was ordained an apostle and joined the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 6,1907, after the death of George Teasdale. From 1918 to 1921, Ivins was the superintendent of the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, in 1921, Ivins was called as second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the First Presidency, and was replaced in the Quorum of the Twelve by Alonzo A. Hinckley. In 1925, Ivins became the first counselor to Grant in the First Presidency, Ivins died in Salt Lake City of a coronary occlusion. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, the small city of Ivins, Utah, is named after him. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Young Womens Mutual Improvement Association General Board
Anthony W. Ivins
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Taken in 1921 at age 68/69
Anthony W. Ivins
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Grave marker of Anthony W. Ivins.
5.
Joseph F. Smith
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Joseph Fielding Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was the last president of the LDS Church to have personally known Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith was the son of church patriarch Hyrum Smith and his wife, Mary Fielding. In addition to her two children, Mary also raised the six children born to Hyrum and Jerusha, Smith was born in Far West, Missouri, on November 13,1838. Just a few days before he was born, his father had taken prisoner under the auspices of the Missouri Executive Order 44. At point of bayonet, Hyrum was marched to his home in Far West and he was told that his doom was sealed and that he would never see her again. Hyrum was still in custody in Liberty Jail, Missouri, when Smith was born and he was named after his uncle, Joseph Smith, and his mothers brother, Joseph Fielding. Hyrum was later released from custody during a transfer from Liberty Jail and his mother was later able to exchange their property in Illinois for a wagon and team of oxen. Smith and his family, along many other Latter Day Saints. The seven-year-old Smith drove the team of oxen with his family to the Latter Day Saint encampment at Winter Quarters, while at Winter Quarters, Smith and another boy, Thomas Burdick, were out on horseback some distance from the settlement, watching the cattle graze. They saw a band of twenty or thirty American Indians ride into the valley on the side of the cattle. Burdick rode back to camp to get help while Smith rode toward the Indians, Smith was able to turn the herd back toward the settlement, and, coupled with the noise and arrival of the Indians, started a stampede which saved the herd from capture. He was still riding with the herd at full speed when two Indians picked him up off of his horse from either side and dropped him to the ground. A company of men from the encampment then arrived, chased away the fleeing Indians, and recovered the herd, Smith and his family remained at Winter Quarters until the spring of 1848 when Smith drove his mothers wagon across the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. After arriving in the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, Smiths mother worked to raise her own children as well as the children of her husbands first wife, Mary Fielding Smith died in 1852, apparently of pneumonia, leaving Smith an orphan at the age of 13. Smith reported that he was devastated by his mothers death, and relied upon the support and help of Brigham Young. Even with the support of his older half-brother John Smith, Smith assumed primary responsibility for his sister, Martha Ann. His leaving school was linked to his resistance of a teachers attempt to whip Martha
Joseph F. Smith
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Joseph F. Smith
Joseph F. Smith
Joseph F. Smith
Joseph F. Smith
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Joseph F. Smith in the
Sacred Grove, ca. 1905
6.
John Henry Smith
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John Henry Smith was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was a prominent politician in Utah and played an important role in the transition from Utah as a territory to a state of the United States. From 1867 until 1869 Smith served as a counselor in the bishopric of the Provo 4th Ward, in 1874 and 1875, Smith served as a missionary in Europe. He spent most of this mission in England, particularly in, from 1875 to 1880, Smith was the bishop of the Salt Lake 17th Ward. In October 1880, LDS Church president John Taylor called Smith to be a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, on October 27 of that year, he was ordained an apostle by Wilford Woodruff, who at that time was the quorum president. John Henry Smith served in capacity until his death the next year. Smith was a prominent Republican in Utah politics, in 1882, he was elected a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature. Smith was unanimously elected by the 107 delegates to be the Chair of the Utah Constitutional Convention that was held between March 4 and May 8,1895. Born in Carbunca, Iowa, Smith was the son of Sarah Ann Libby and LDS Church apostle and First Presidency member and he came west to Utah in a company co-lead by his father in 1849, arriving in Salt Lake City on October 27,1849. Smith practiced plural marriage and was the father of 19 children, one of his sons was George Albert Smith, who became an LDS apostle and served as the churchs 8th president. Smith and George Albert Smith are the father and son pair to have been members of the Quorum of the Twelve at the same time. Smith was also the father of Nicholas G. Smith, smiths first wife, Sarah Farr, was the daughter of Lorin Farr, who was mayor of Ogden, Utah. Smiths second wife, Josephine Groesbeck, spent 1888 until 1896 in exile in Manassa, Colorado, Smith died of a pulmonary hemorrhage in Salt Lake City and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol, white, Jean Bickmore, ed. Church, State, and Politics, The Diaries of John Henry Smith, Signature Books, ISBN 0-941214-85-0
John Henry Smith
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John Henry Smith
John Henry Smith
John Henry Smith
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Monument to four generations of a branch of the Smith family, prominent in LDS history.
John Henry Smith
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Back of monument.
7.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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The
First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in September 1898.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
8.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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Church members believe that
Joseph Smith was called to be a modern-day prophet through, among other events, a
visitation from
God the Father and
Jesus Christ.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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Brigham Young led the LDS Church from 1844 until his death in 1877.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The
Salt Lake Temple, which took 40 years to build, is one of the most iconic images of the church.
9.
Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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The
First Presidency and the Twelve Apostles in September 1898.
10.
Abraham O. Woodruff
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Abraham Owen Woodruff was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was also the son of LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff and he was ordained an apostle at the relatively young age of 24, but served less than seven years until his death. Woodruff was born just south of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Wilford Woodruff and Emma Smith and he attended Latter-day Saints College after he graduated from high school. Upon completion of his studies, Woodruff became employed in a bank at the age of 18, in 1893, at age 21, he was called to the Swiss–German Mission. While on his mission, Woodruff had to endure persecution against the missionaries, to blend in, he dressed and acted like a common worker in the cities, and preached in secret in homes at night. He was released from his mission after three years of service in 1896, after his mission, Woodruff returned to work at the bank. On June 30,1896, he married Helen May Winters, the following October, in General Conference, he was called by his father as an apostle at the age of 24. He was ordained by his father on October 7,1897, like other apostles, he helped establish settlements and stakes throughout the area. Woodruff developed a close and very personal relationship with his father during this time as well, Woodruff took a second wife, Eliza Avery Clark, on November 1,1900, thus practicing plural marriage 10 years after his fathers 1890 Manifesto. It is not known who sealed the marriage or where it was performed and it is possible that the marriage was performed outside of the United States. Woodruff had one child with his second wife, in May 1904, Woodruff was called to visit the Mormon colonies in Mexico with his family. There, his wife, Helen Woodruff, contracted smallpox and died on June 7,1904. Woodruff contracted the disease around the time and died on June 20,1904, in El Paso, Texas, at the age of 31. Woodruff was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, media related to Abraham O. Woodruff at Wikimedia Commons Grampa Bills G. A. Pages, Abraham O. Woodruff Abraham Owen Woodruffs diary from at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
Abraham O. Woodruff
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Abraham O. Woodruff
Abraham O. Woodruff
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Grave marker of Abraham O. Woodruff.
11.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
12.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
13.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The British
HMS Sandwich fires into the French
flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) during
Trafalgar. The Bucentaure also fights
HMS Victory (behind her) and
HMS Temeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar, it's a mistake by
Auguste Mayer, the painter.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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Flag
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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Signing of the
Treaty of Ghent (1814), by A. Forestier c. 1915
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The Duke of Wellington
14.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
Salt Lake City
–
Clockwise from top: The skyline in July 2011,
Utah State Capitol,
TRAX,
Union Pacific Depot, the
Block U, the
City and County Building, and the
Salt Lake Temple.
Salt Lake City
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Map showing Salt Lake as
Mexican territory in 1838. Source:
Britannica 7th Ed.
Salt Lake City
–
Part of Main Street 1890
Salt Lake City
–
Men lounging outside saloon & Chinese laundry, 1910
15.
Utah
–
The Utah Railway is a class III railroad operating in Utah and Colorado, and owned by Genesee & Wyoming Inc. The Utah Railway Company was incorporated on January 24,1912, with the name of Utah Coal Railway, shortened to Utah Railway in May of the same year. It was founded to haul coal from the mines to Provo, Utah, in reaction to company disappointment in the service and route of the existing Denver. In addition, the Utah Railway was the first to equip its air brakes with fourteen-pound tension springs instead of the standard seven-pound springs and these gondolas were known to the railroads employees as Battleships. Parent company Mueller Industries, a manufacturer of products, sold the Utah Railway in 2002 to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. a railroad holding company. As of January,2017, the no longer hauls coal. The Utah Railway also owns a railroad, the Salt Lake City Southern Railroad. In addition, switching services are provided in Ogden and elsewhere, the earliest logo was simply the words Utah Railway Company, spelled out on the locomotives and cabooses, and Utah Coal Route on the drop-bottom gondolas. On paper, however, the logo for many years was a circle with a white background. The wording and image in these circular logos changed over the years, the 1948 logo included the words Utah Railway surrounding a gondola with the initials U. C. R. The 1999 logo was an oval with an image of an SD diesel locomotive, in later years the symbol of the Utah Railway Company was the beehive, which is also the Utah state symbol. Genesee & Wyoming corporate website Trainwebs Utah Railway UtahRails. net Utah Railway page
Utah
–
Former Union Pacific CA-1
Caboose on display in
Helper. The Utah Railway purchased eight of these cabooses from the UP between 1918 and 1927.
Utah
16.
Salt Lake City Cemetery
–
The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L
Salt Lake City Cemetery
–
The northern section of the cemetery at night, looking towards Salt Lake City
17.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
Thomas S. Monson, 16th President of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
Joseph Smith, the founder of the
Latter-day Saint movement
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
Henry B. Eyring First Counselor
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
Dieter F. Uchtdorf Second Counselor
18.
London, England
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London, England
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London, England
London, England
London, England
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
19.
Utah Territory
–
The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret
Utah Territory
–
Territorial
coat of arms (1876)
Utah Territory
–
A map of the Utah Territory and its environs upon its establishment. Modern state boundaries are shown for reference.
20.
Ogden, Utah
–
Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
Ogden, Utah
–
Downtown Ogden
Ogden, Utah
–
Ogden Utah Temple
Ogden, Utah
–
"Ogden" sign over Washington Boulevard at the
Ogden River; toward downtown
Ogden, Utah
–
Ogden City Municipal Building
21.
Deseret News
–
The Deseret News is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is Utahs oldest continuously published daily newspaper and has the largest Sunday circulation in the state, the News is owned by Deseret News Publishing Company, a subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation, a holding company owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The newspaper is printed by the Newspaper Agency Corporation, which it co-owns with The Salt Lake Tribune under a joint operating agreement, in 2006, combined circulation of the two papers was 151,422. The Church News includes news of the LDS Church and has published since 1931, while the Mormon Times is about the people, faith. Since 1974 the Deseret News has also published the Church Almanac, the editorial tone of the Deseret News is usually described as moderate to conservative, and is often assumed to reflect the values of its owner, the LDS Church. For example, the newspaper does not accept advertising that violates church standards, Phelps left Winter Quarters sometime in May, and went to Boston by way of the former Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois. In Boston, with the help of William I, appleby, the president of the Churchs Eastern States Mission, and Church member Alexander Badlam, Phelps was able to procure a wrought iron Ramage hand-press, type, and other required equipment. He returned to Winter Quarters on November 12,1847, with the press, due partly to its size and weight, the press and equipment would not be taken to Salt Lake City until 1849. By that time many of the Mormon pioneers had left Winter Quarters, in April 1849 the press and other church property was loaded onto ox drawn wagons, and traveled with the Howard Egan Company along the Mormon Trail. The wagon company, with the press, arrived in the Salt Lake Valley August 7,1849, the press was moved into a small adobe building that also served as a coin mint for the settlers. The press was at first used to print the necessary documents used in setting up the provisional State of Deseret, the first issue of the Deseret News was published June 15,1850, and was 8 pages long. Because it was meant to be the voice of the State of Deseret, it was called the Deseret News and it was at first a weekly Saturday publication, and published in pamphlet form in hopes that readers would have the papers bound into volumes. Subscription rate was $2.50 for six months, a jobs press, usually called the Deseret News Press, was also set up so the News could print books, booklets, handbills, broadsides, etc. for paying customers and other publishers. From the beginning paper shortages were a problem for the News staff, starting with the October 19,1850 issue—only four months after publication began—the paper had to be changed to a bi-weekly publication. Even so, many times in the 1850s there were periods when the News could not be published for lack of paper. The publishers asked everyone to donate old paper and cloth to the venture, in the summer of 1854 the first issues of the News were published on homemade paper that was very thick, and grayish in color. Even with paper shortages, occasionally a News extra would be published, during a turbulent time period, later known as the Utah War, the News presses and equipment were moved to the central and southern parts of the state. As armed forces of the United States camped just outside the state at Fort Bridger, Cannon was assigned to take some presses and equipment to Fillmore while Henry McEwan was to take the remainder to Parowan
Deseret News
Deseret News
–
Front page of the first issue of the Deseret News, published June 15, 1850
Deseret News
–
The
Utah Territorial Statehouse, home of the News during the
Utah War
Deseret News
–
An early News printing press displayed in the statehouse basement
22.
Utah Territorial Legislature
–
The Utah State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Utah. It is a body, comprising the Utah House of Representatives, with 75 state representatives. There are no limits for either chamber. The Legislature convenes at the Utah State Capitol in the capital of Salt Lake City on the fourth Monday of January for an annual 45-day session. The Utah State Legislature meets in the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City, the Republicans currently have super-majorities in both the House and Senate. They control the House by a margin of 63-12 and the Senate by 23-5-1, the current Senate President is Wayne Niederhauser, and the Speaker of the House is Greg H. Hughes. The state is divided into 29 Senate districts, each representing approximately 77,000 people, Senate districts overlap House districts allowing two legislators for each constituency in Utah. Senators are elected to a term, and Representatives to a two-year term. All state House districts and half of all state Senate districts are up for every two years. There are no limitations for either the Utah House of Representatives or the Utah Senate. The annual General Session is held for 45 calendar days, convening on the fourth Monday in January, the General Session must conclude by midnight on the 45th day according to the Utah State Constitution. These special sessions, except in the cases of impeachment, cannot exceed 30 calendar days, the House may convene for the purpose of impeachment if two-thirds of the members are in favor of convening for that purpose. The Speaker of the House shall determine by poll whether there is a sufficient number of members to convene for an Impeachment Session outside of the General Session, if the House impeaches an official, the Senate is required to convene to try that impeachment. The creation of the Territory of Utah was part of the Compromise of 1850 seeking to preserve the balance of power between the slave and free states. Following the organization of the territory, Brigham Young was inaugurated as its first governor on Sunday, February 9,1851, the legislative body of the Utah Territory continued to act until 1896 with the successful passage of the Utah Constitution and Utah achieving statehood. The first President of the Utah Territorial Senate was Willard Richards, in 1870, the length of a Representatives term was extended to two years, and in 1896 the Utah Territorial Council became the Utah Senate with a four-year term. The U. S. House of Representatives and Senate rejected the proposed state and it wasnt for another six years before the Fifth Territorial Legislature passed an act on December 10,1855 establishing a constitutional convention to make a second attempt at Statehood. This second constitutional convention was held on March 17,1856 in Salt Lake City and a proposed constitution was created which was subsequently rejected by the U. S. Congress
Utah Territorial Legislature
Utah Territorial Legislature
–
Utah State Legislature
Utah Territorial Legislature
–
Inside the
Utah State Capitol in 2002
Utah Territorial Legislature
–
Council Hall as seen from in front of the
State Capitol c. 2002.
23.
Emmeline B. Wells
–
Emmeline Blanche Woodward Harris Whitney Wells was an American journalist, editor, poet, womens rights advocate and diarist. She served as the fifth Relief Society General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1910 until her death, Emmeline Blanche Woodward was born in on February 29,1828 in Petersham, Massachusetts. She was the child of David and Deiadama Hare Woodward. Her father died when Emmeline was four years old and she would later claim that her widowed mother inspired her to be womans rights advocate. As a child, she wrote poems and stories which she shared with her friends and she often enjoyed being in nature. Woodward was very intelligent and began studying in school until she enrolled in the New Salem Academy. She graduated from the Academy at the age of fourteen and she taught school briefly before her first marriage at the age of fifteen. Woodward joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on March 1,1842 and she married 16-year-old James Harris, also a new member of the church, on July 19,1843. In 1844, the couple, his parents, and other Latter Day Saints from their region migrated to the headquarters of the church, Nauvoo. After the death of their infant son, Eugene Henri, Harris left Nauvoo looking for work, the young Emmeline Harris returned to teaching. Through his children attending her school, Harris met and later married Newel K. Whitney, Emmeline Whitney left Nauvoo in 1846, and traveled to Utah Territory with the extended Whitney family in 1848. At this time, she began maintaining a personal journal, Wells would continue writing in her diaries until 1920, shortly before her death. On the first page of volume 1, dated Friday, February 27,1846, she recorded and she remained primarily responsible for supporting herself and her children for the rest of her life. Emmeline Whitney approached Daniel H. Wells, a friend of her late husband, in 1852, she became his seventh wife, bearing him three daughters. Their early marriage was distant, as Daniel Wells was heavily involved in civic, however, later in their lives, the couple became fond and loving companions. Wells was the editor of Utahs Womans Exponent, a periodical established in 1872 for Mormon women. Wells was a contributor to the magazine from its inception, Wells became the associate editor in 1875 when Cornelia H. Horne ended her term as business manager. Wells was the editor from 1877 until the publication ceased in 1914, as editor she wrote all the editorials, many of the articles and most biographical sketches contained in the publication
Emmeline B. Wells
–
Emmeline B. Wells
Emmeline B. Wells
–
Wells' grave marker
24.
1890 Manifesto
–
The 1890 Manifesto is a statement which officially advised against any future plural marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. S. Federal government, and imprisoned many prominent polygamist Mormons, upon its issuance, the LDS Church in conference accepted Woodruffs Manifesto as authoritative and binding. The Manifesto was a turning point in the history of the LDS Church. It advised against church members from entering into any marriage prohibited by the law of the land, though neither Manifesto dissolved existing plural marriages, plural marriage in the LDS Church gradually died by attrition during the early 1900s. Some Mormon fundamentalists dispute that Woodruff received any such revelation, the Manifesto was issued in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the federal government of the United States, and most especially the Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887. This law disincorporated the LDS Church and authorized the government to seize all of the church’s assets. The U. S. Supreme Court upheld the provisions of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States in May 1890. In April 1889, Woodruff, then president of the church and we have no thought of evading it or ignoring it. Because it had been Mormon practice for over 25 years to either evade or ignore anti-polygamy laws and that decision left the Mormons no further legal recourse to their current marriage practices and made it unlikely that without change Utah Territory would be granted statehood. Woodruff later said that on the night of September 23,1890, the following morning, he reported this to some of the general authorities and placed the hand-written draft on a table. Woodruff announced the Manifesto on September 25 by publishing it in the church-owned Deseret Weekly in Salt Lake City, on October 6,1890, it was formally accepted by the church membership, though many held reservations or abstained from voting. Utah applied for again in 1895, and it was granted on January 4,1896. One of the conditions for granting Utah and other western territories statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the state constitution, in consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land, wilford Woodruff President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Less than a month after the Manifesto was issued, the LDS Church used the procedure of common consent to make it binding upon church members, the conference proceedings recorded that the vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous. However, a modern author reports that at least some voted against the Manifesto, the Manifesto was the end of official church authorization for the creation of new plural marriages that violated local laws. It had no effect on the status of already existing plural marriages, as Woodruff explained at the general conference where the Manifesto was accepted by the church, his Manifesto only refers to future marriages, and does not affect past conditions. I did not, I could not, and would not promise that you would desert your wives and this you cannot do in honor
1890 Manifesto
–
A Mormon polygamist family in 1888.
25.
George Reynolds (Mormon)
–
Reynolds was born in Marylebone, England to George Reynolds and Julia Ann Tautz. He spent much of his childhood under the care of his maternal grandmother and his grandmother employed a maid, Sarah White, who invited nine-year-old Reynolds to attend a meeting of the LDS Church with her. However, Reynoldss parents refused to him to be baptized a member of the church. Often, he would evade his parents wishes and attend the Sunday meetings in Paddington, when Reynolds was 14 years old, he attended the Somers Town Branch of the church, where he was unknown, and asked to be received into the church by baptism. In December 1856, Reynolds was given the Aaronic priesthood and ordained to the office of deacon, in this capacity, he was responsible for opening the doors to the Sunday meetinghouse for the Somers Town Branch and organizing the seating in preparation for sacrament meeting. In May 1857, at the age of 15, Reynolds was ordained to the office of priest, in this calling, Reynolds engaged in open-air preaching in the streets of London, usually with an adult elder of the church. After Reynolds began street preaching, his parents discovered that he had become a Mormon, in August 1860, Reynolds was given the Melchizedek priesthood and ordained to the office of elder. In May 1861, he was called to be a missionary of the church in London. In 1863, Reynolds was reassigned as a missionary to the Liverpool area to work as a clerk for church apostle and mission president George Q. When Cannon returned to the United States later that year, Reynolds retained his position as a clerk under the new president, apostle. While acting as clerk, Reynolds was asked to serve as the branch president of the Liverpool Branch of the church. In May 1865, Reynolds was released as a missionary and invited to emigrate to Utah Territory and he traveled to Salt Lake City with fellow elders of the church William S. Godbe and William H. Sherman, arriving on July 5,1865. On July 22,1865, mere weeks after his arrival in Utah, Reynolds married his first wife, soon afterwards, LDS Church president Brigham Young hired Reynolds as secretary to the First Presidency of the church. Reynolds was ordained to the office of seventy by Israel Barlow on March 18,1866. In February 1869, Reynolds was elected by the legislature of the Utah Territory to be a member of the board of regency of the University of Deseret, Reynolds was re-elected to this position by the legislature a number of times. In May 1871, Young asked Reynolds to return to England to assist apostle Albert Carrington in the publication of the Millennial Star, a church newspaper for British Latter-day Saints. Reynolds did so, and in September of that year Carrington was required to return to the United States, leaving Reynolds as the de facto president of the churchs European Mission. However, Reynolds was suffering ill health due to a severe case of smallpox
George Reynolds (Mormon)
–
George Reynolds
26.
Smoot Hearings
–
The Reed Smoot hearings were a series of Congressional hearings on whether the United States Senate should seat U. S. Senator Reed Smoot, who was elected by the Utah legislature in 1903, Smoot was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one of the top 15 leaders of the church. The hearings began in 1904 and continued until 1907, when the Senate voted, the vote fell short of a two-thirds majority needed to expel a member so he retained his seat. For example, the President of the LDS Church Joseph F. Smith cohabited with his many wives, new plural marriages did end by 1909, but the practice continued until the polygamists died off. Smoot himself only had one wife, earlier, when it was well known that Brigham Young was a polygamist, the U. S. President appointed him twice as territorial governor and the Senate ratified the appointment. Much of the American Protestant establishment viewed the LDS Church with distrust, prior to being called as an apostle of the LDS Church, Smoot had run for a Senate position, but withdrew before the election. After becoming an apostle in 1900, he received the approval of church president Joseph F. Smith to run again in 1902 as a Republican, in January 1903, the Utah legislature elected Smoot with 46 votes, compared to his Democratic competitor, who won 16. When Senator Smoot arrived in Washington, D. C. in late February 1903, he was met with protests and charges that he was a polygamist, charges he could easily disprove. Unlike B. H. Roberts, who upon election to the House of Representatives was not allowed to sit while hearings took place, among the public, old charges of Danites, the Mountain Meadows massacre, and Brigham Youngs plural wives were discussed. In January 1904, Senator Smoot prepared a rebuttal to these criticisms with the help of several non-Mormon lawyers, the actual hearings began in March. LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith took the stand and was interrogated for three days. Apostles Matthias F. Cowley and John W. Taylor did not show up after being subpoenaed, apostle Marriner W. Merrill ignored one subpoena and died soon after being subpoenaed a second time. The public participated actively in the proceedings, in the Capitol, spectators lined the halls, waiting for limited seats in the committee room, and filled the galleries to hear floor debates. For those who could not see for themselves, journalists and cartoonists depicted each days admission, at the height of the hearing, some senators were receiving a thousand letters a day from angry constituents. What remains of public petitions fills 11 feet of shelf space. After years of hearings, the charges of the opposition included. Apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley were still performing plural marriages in Mexico and Canada and that the church was exerting too much influence on Utah politics. That members were required to take oaths in the temples to seek revenge on the United States and that members believed revelation was higher than the laws of the land
Smoot Hearings
–
Senator
Reed Smoot, the center of the hearings
Smoot Hearings
–
Illustration of Joseph F. Smith giving testimony to Senator
George Frisbie Hoar
Smoot Hearings
–
"The Real Objection to Smoot." 1904 political cartoon from
Puck Magazine depicting Senator Smoot in the hands of the "Mormon Hierarchy."
Smoot Hearings
–
A Mormon polygamist family in 1888.
27.
John R. Winder
–
John Rex Winder was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901 and he was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War, when the church came under heavy government pressure for its practice of plural marriage, Winder held the churchs assets to keep them from being seized by the federal government. He was a polygamist and had four wives and 20 children, Winder was born to Richard and Sophia Collins Winder in Biddenden, England. He worked in several trades as a youth, settling into a position as a shoe, there he married Ellen Walters in 1845. There also he was recruited to manage a shoe store in Liverpool, in the shoe store, he discovered the LDS Church and joined as a member. In February 1853, he and his wife set out to Utah to join the church there and he traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, nearly succumbing to smallpox on the way. He then traveled via steamboat up the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri, from there he traveled with a company of members heading towards Utah Territory under Joseph W. Young. They arrived on October 10,1853, engaged in leather work, Winder was quite successful in several ventures. His business sense became recognized and eventually he found seats on several corporate boards, of his ventures, one remains today, Winder Dairy. Winder was generous with his wealth, The poor, orphans, Winder also became a figure in politics and the militia in the territory. He led the Nauvoo Legion to stop the advance of Johnstons Army in the Utah War of 1857, in the Black Hawk War, he fought as Adjutant General. He was the chief aid to General Daniel H. Wells, Winder also served as chairman of the Peoples Party. His efforts to modernize the exercise of politics in the led from the church-dominated system to a two-party system much like the national political system. Serving as a delegate to state constitutional conventions, he was an instrument in Utah Territory achieving statehood. LDS Church president John Taylor called Winder to serve as Second Counselor to Presiding Bishop William B, during this time, the federal government began to put more pressure on the church for its practice of plural marriage. After the passage of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887, church leaders went into hiding, Winder assisted many people on the run from the federal government, by helping to hide them or to post bail. His poplar farm on the south of the city served as a temporary headquarters for Taylor
John R. Winder
–
Winder in 1901
John R. Winder
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Headstone of John R. Winder.
John R. Winder
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Family monument of John R. Winder.
28.
Wilford Woodruff
–
Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. Woodruff was known as a religious man, but was also enthusiastically involved in the social. He was an outdoorsman, enjoying fishing and hunting. Woodruff learned to fly fish in England, and his 1847 journal account of his fishing in the East Fork River is the earliest known account of fly fishing west of the Mississippi River. As an adult, Woodruff was a farmer, horticulturist and stockman by trade, Woodruff was one of nine children born to Bulah Thompson and Aphek Woodruff, a miller working in Farmington, Connecticut. Wilfords mother Bulah Thompson died of spotted fever in 1808 at the age of 26 and he was raised by his step-mother Azubah Hart. As a young man, Woodruff worked at a sawmill and a mill owned by his father. Woodruff joined the Latter Day Saint church on December 31,1833, at that time, the church numbered only a few thousand believers clustered around Kirtland, Ohio. On January 13,1835, Woodruff left Kirtland on his first full-time mission, preaching without purse or scrip in Arkansas, like many early Latter Day Saints, Woodruff practiced plural marriage. He was married to nine women, however, not all of these marriages were concurrent and his wives, Phoebe Whittemore Carter, m. April 13,1837 Mary Ann Jackson, m, aug 2,1846 Sarah Elinor Brown, m. Aug 2,1846 Mary Caroline Barton, m, aug 2,1846 Mary Meek Giles Webster m. March 28,1852 Emma Smith m, March 13,1853 Sarah Brown, m. March 13,1853 Sarah Delight Stocking m, July 31,1857 Eudora Young Dunford m. March 10,1877 Woodruffs wives bore him a total of 34 children, Woodruff met his first wife, Phoebe Carter, in Kirtland shortly after his return from his first mission through Southern Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky. Woodruff came to Kirtland on November 25,1836, along with Abraham O. Smoot and he was introduced to Phoebe by Milton Holmes on January 28,1837. She was a native of Maine and had become a Latter Day Saint in 1834, Woodruff and Phoebe were married on April 13,1837, with the ceremony performed by Frederick G. Williams. Their marriage was sealed in Nauvoo by Hyrum Smith
Wilford Woodruff
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Wilford Woodruff in 1889.
Wilford Woodruff
Wilford Woodruff
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Woodruff's funeral in the
Salt Lake Tabernacle
Wilford Woodruff
–
Grave marker of Wilford Woodruff
29.
Brigham Young Academy
–
Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus
Brigham Young Academy
Brigham Young Academy
Brigham Young Academy
Brigham Young Academy
30.
James E. Talmage
–
Talmage was born and raised in Hungerford, Berkshire, England. He was baptized into the LDS Church at age 10 on June 15,1873 and he moved with his family to Provo, Utah Territory, in 1877. In Provo, he studied the Normal Course at Brigham Young Academy, with Karl G. Maeser as one of his teachers, in 1881, Talmage received a collegiate diploma from BYAs Scientific Department, the first such diploma to be issued. His early predilection was for the sciences, and in 1882 and 1883 he took selected courses in chemistry and geology at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Talmage served on the Provo City Council in 1888 and 1889. Talmage married Merry May Booth on June 14,1888, Booth was a native of Alpine, Utah, and the daughter of immigrants from Lancashire. She started studies at the school connected with BYA in 1885. It was there she met Talmage, who was one of her instructors, while at BYA, Booth was secretary of the Polysophical Society. After completing her course of study, May took a job as a teacher in Kaysville. Among their children was John Talmage, who wrote a biography of his father, another of their children, Sterling B. Talmage, followed his fathers interests and became a geologist, Talmage studied chemistry and geology at Lehigh University and Johns Hopkins University. He received a B. S. degree from Lehigh University in 1891, though I very much dislike the idea of doing such a thing, for as yet I have never known what it is to be narcotized either by tobacco, alcohol, or any drug. Talmage taught science at BYA both before and after he went to study in the eastern United States and he was the president of Latter-day Saints University until 1894 and then was president of the University of Deseret from 1894 to 1897. From 1897 to 1907, Talmage was a professor of geology at the University of Utah, in 1909, Talmage was serving as the director of the Deseret Museum. He went to Detroit, Michigan, in November of that year to participate in diggings connected with the Scotford-Soper-Savage relics craze. Talmage would go on to denounce these findings as a forgery in the September 1911 edition of the Deseret Museum Bulletin in an article entitled, The Michigan Relics, A Story of Forgery and Deception. Talmage was the author of religious books, including The Articles of Faith, The Great Apostasy, The House of the Lord. These volumes remain in print and are widely read in the LDS Church. Other books include treatises on the origins of the Book of Mormon, a dictionary of the Book of Mormon, Talmage suggested that the First Presidency commission its own photographs of the temple
James E. Talmage
–
ca. 1875–1890
James E. Talmage
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Grave marker of James E. Talmage.
James E. Talmage
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Headstone of James E. Talmage.
31.
Columbia, Gem of the Ocean
–
Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean is a United States patriotic song which was popular during the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, especially during the Civil War era. It functioned as a national anthem in competition with Hail, Columbia. For many years, the melody was used as the Voice of Americas interval signal. Columbia was a common nickname for the United States of America in the 19th century. The United States was often represented in illustrations and cartoons as a female figure named Columbia dressed in flag-like bunting. Other nations used similar figures, notably the French Marianne and the British Britannia, historical sources generally agree that, in the autumn of 1843, an actor named David T. Shaw wanted a new patriotic song to sing at a benefit performance. He gained the assistance of fellow performer Thomas A. Becket, Sr. who wrote the lyrics, evidently, Shaw published the song under his own name, but Becket was able to prove his authorship by means of his original handwritten composition. There remains some disagreement as to other versions of the song predated Beckets composition or followed it. The British version of anthem, Britannia, the Pride of the Ocean, was first published in 1852. There is no evidence that it predated the American version, the tune was used repeatedly by the composer Charles Ives, featuring notably in his Second Symphony and A Symphony, New England Holidays as well as in his Piano Sonata No.2. The melody from Columbia, along with traditional songs, is included in American Patrol. Originally intended for piano, it was arranged for the swing band of Glenn Miller. The song is featured in the film Amistad, the song is sung at the Fourth of July celebration in the film The Music Man. The song is rehearsed by schoolchildren of 1881 in No Time Like the Past, the first line is sung a capella by Bruno Kirby in the film Donnie Brasco. An instrumental version of the song frequently marks Popeyes consumption of spinach, the song was played by the Columbia, New Hampshire, High School marching band in The West Wings third series episode where President Josiah Bartlet is preparing to announce his bid for reelection. It was also being played in the background just before President Bartlet was sworn in for his second term, the song can be heard in the title screen of Epyxs computer game Destroyer. The song is the last song heard in the 1944 Warner Bros. cartoon, The Weakly Reporter, carole Lombard can be heard singing a snippet of the song as she writes a letter outside the doctors office in 1939s Made for Each Other. The song is featured in two scenes in the film The Last Detail, the Song is heard several times in the 1958 Movie From the Earth to the Moon, based on the book by Jules Verne O Columbia
Columbia, Gem of the Ocean
–
Cover of sheet music for a circa 1862 publication of "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean"
32.
Utah War
–
The confrontation lasted from May 1857 to July 1858. There were some casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians, the war had no notable military battles. In 1857-1858, President James Buchanan sent U. S. forces to the Utah Territory in what known as the Utah Expedition. The Mormons, fearful that the large U. S. military force had sent to annihilate them and having faced persecution in other areas. Though bloodshed was to be avoided, and the U. S. government also hoped that its purpose might be attained without the loss of life, firearms were manufactured or repaired by the Mormons, scythes were turned into bayonets, and long-unused sabres were burnished and sharpened. Rather than engaging the enemy directly, Mormon strategy was one of hindering and weakening them. Daniel H. Wells, lieutenant-general of the Nauvoo Legion, instructed Major Joseph Taylor, On ascertaining the locality or route of the troops, use every exertion to stampede their animals and set fire to their trains. Burn the whole country before them and on their flanks, keep them from sleeping, by night surprises, blockade the road by felling trees or destroying the river fords where you can. Watch for opportunities to set fire to the grass on their windward, so as, if possible, leave no grass before them that can be burned. Keep your men concealed as much as possible, and guard against surprise, the Mormons blocked the armys entrance into the Salt Lake Valley, and weakened the U. S. Army by hindering them from receiving provisions. They first claimed that the migrants were killed by Indians, and this event was later called the Mountain Meadows massacre, and the motives behind the incident remain unclear. The Aiken massacre took place the following month, in October 1857, Mormons arrested six Californians traveling through Utah and charged them with being spies for the U. S. Army. They were released, but were murdered and robbed of their stock. Other incidents of violence have also linked to the Utah War. They killed two Mormons and wounded several others, the historian Brigham Madsen notes, he responsibility for the lay mainly with the Bannock. David Bigler concludes that the raid was probably caused by members of the Utah Expedition who were trying to replenish their stores of livestock which had been stolen by Mormon raiders. Taking all incidents into account, MacKinnon estimates that approximately 150 people died as a result of the year-long Utah War. He points out that this was close to the number of people killed during the seven-year contemporaneous struggle in Bleeding Kansas. S
Utah War
–
Governor
Brigham Young was appointed to office by President
Millard Fillmore in 1850.
Utah War
–
The
Utah Territory (blue with black outline) and proposed
State of Deseret (dotted line). Modern map underlaid for reference.
Utah War
–
President
James Buchanan was inaugurated in March 1857. The Presidential campaign of 1856 featured extensive denunciation of
polygamy and Mormon governance in Utah.
Utah War
–
Senator
Stephen A. Douglas was a leading proponent of
popular sovereignty.
33.
Charles W. Nibley
–
Charles Wilson Nibley was the fifth presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1907 and 1925 and a member of the churchs First Presidency from 1925 until his death. Nibley was born in Hunterfield, Midlothian, Scotland to James Nibley, in 1855, his family moved to the United States to join with the main body of Latter-day Saints. They spent some time living in Rhode Island, in 1860, they moved to the Utah Territory. The family was sent north to settle in Cache Valley, as an adult, Nibley moved to Brigham City, Utah, where he worked for Morris Rosenbaum and later became a partner in the store where he worked. It was there he met Rebecca Neibar and was married in 1869, following the 19th century practice of plural marriage, Nibley married Ellen Ricks in 1880 and Julia Budge in 1885. In 1879 to 1885, Nibley managed a lumber company that was part of the LDS Churchs United Order program and he then joined with David Eccles and George Stoddard to form the Oregon Lumber Company in 1889. Nibley was a believer in monopolies, believing competition was economic waste. He also believed that LDS Church members who didnt support paying higher prices to Mormon businesses were betraying the church and this attitude of loyalty was also supported by Heber J. Grant in the October 1919 General Conference. Nibley also became involved in railroads, insurance, banking, politics, the sugar beet growing town of Nibley, Oregon was named for him. He was later instrumental in forming the Amalgamated Sugar Company and the Utah, Nibley was called as the presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1907. It was during Nibleys term as presiding bishop that the LDS Church built the Hotel Utah, Charles W. Nibley was one of the most liberal industrialists of his time. Thus to finish the Hotel Utah, it was necessary to borrow $2,000,000 and he succeeded, and President Smith was delighted, but he was also alarmed when he heard the terms, it would all have to be paid back in two years. How in the world will we ever pay it back in that time, not to worry, they would have the whole thing paid off in two years. Im going to build the largest and finest bar in the West in the basement of the Hotel, President Smith went through the ceiling, which was it to be, the Word of Wisdom or fiscal soundness. The dollar won In 1925, he was released as presiding bishop and was asked to be second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the churchs First Presidency. He is one of the few individuals to serve in the First Presidency without having been ordained to the office of apostle. Nibley died of pneumonia in Salt Lake City, Utah, he was buried in Logan City Cemetery, Nibley, Utah is named after him. Charless son Preston became a leader and author of several Mormon books
Charles W. Nibley
–
ca. 1931
34.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
35.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
36.
WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities
WorldCat
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WorldCat
37.
George Albert Smith
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George Albert Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the eighth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was one of nineteen children of Mormon apostle John Henry Smith and one of his plural wives, Sarah Farr. His grandfather, for whom he was named, was also an LDS Church apostle as well as a cousin of church founder Joseph Smith, in his youth, Smith worked at the Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution factory and traveled throughout Utah as a salesman. Smith attended high school at Brigham Young Academy, graduating in 1884 and he then studied law at University of Deseret for a year. In 1896, he had joined the Republican Party and campaigned for William McKinley and he was appointed as a receiver for the Land Office in Utah in the years 1897 and 1902. While surveying for a railroad as a man, Smiths eyesight was permanently impaired by glare from the sun. After 1903, Smith found his frequent travels debilitating and began to show prominent symptoms of physical weakness and he was eventually diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease. Smith was known for his patriotism and joined various American patriotic groups and he was also an ardent supporter of the Boy Scouts. In 1934, the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America awarded him the prestigious Silver Buffalo Award, Smith was an avid genealogist and family historian and was named national vice president of the Sons of the American Revolution in 1922. On May 25,1892, Smith married Lucy Emily Woodruff, the couple later had three children. Lucy had spent much of her growing up in the household of her grandfather. Smiths son, George Albert Smith, Jr. became a professor at Harvard Business School, just prior to his marriage to Lucy, Smith served as a Mutual Improvement Association missionary throughout many areas in Southern Utah. Smith and his new wife, Lucy, were missionaries in the LDS Churchs Southern States Mission, golden Kimball as their president, from 1892 to 1894. Smith was called as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1903, from 1920 until 1923 Smith served as president of the churchs British and European missions. In this capacity, he preached in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, from 1921 to 1935, Smith was the general superintendent of the churchs Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association. In 1935 he was succeeded in this position by Albert E. Bowen, with the death of quorum president Rudger Clawson in 1943, Smith was sustained as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and served in the position for two years. With the death of Heber J. Grant, Smith became president of the church on May 21,1945, when World War II ended, Smith helped send supplies to Europe and was also known for his efforts to revitalize missionary work. He publicly denounced the activities and political influence of the American Ku Klux Klan, Smith dedicated the Idaho Falls Temple on September 23,1945
George Albert Smith
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George Albert Smith
George Albert Smith
George Albert Smith
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Lucy Emily Woodruff, wife of George Albert Smith
George Albert Smith
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George Albert Smith's grave marker
38.
George F. Richards
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George Franklin Richards was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from April 9,1906 until his death. He also served as Acting Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from 1937 to 1942, Richards was born in Farmington, Utah Territory, the son of Franklin D. Richards and Nanny Longstroth. Richards father was an apostle of the LDS Church and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Franklin D. Richards also served as President of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1898 to 1899. Richards was baptized by Oliver L. Robinson, who would become his father-in-law. In 1882, Richards married Alice A. Robinson, George and Alice had 15 children. One of the halls in Heritage Halls at Brigham Young University is named for Alice, Richards received a degree in English from the University of Deseret, later the University of Utah. Richards worked for the Utah Central Railway as a clerk from 1881 to 1882, from 1885 to 1888, Richards lived on a farm Fielding in Box Elder County, Utah. In 1888, he moved to Tooele, Utah, where he served on the school board, Richards engaged in farming and the lumber business in Tooele. Initially in Tooele, Richards and his family lived and worked on the ranch of his uncle, in 1896, he bought his own house and farmland in Tooele. From 1899 to 1900, Richards served as a member of the Utah House of Representatives from Tooele County, Richards was ordained an elder in the LDS Church at age fifteen. He received the endowment shortly after this, among various early callings he held were those of home missionary and president of the ward Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association. In 1890, Richards became second counselor in the presidency of the Tooele Utah Stake, in 1893, Richards was ordained a patriarch by Francis M. Lyman. At age 32, Richards was one of the youngest men to have held this office in the church. In 1905, two members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles resigned after an argument over LDS Church doctrine, john W. Taylor disagreed with the 1890 Manifesto forbidding plural marriage, Matthias F. Cowley felt that it should apply only to the territory of the United States. In February of the year, apostle Marriner W. Merrill died. On April 8,1906, at the LDS Churchs general conference and he was ordained and set apart the following day, ahead of Orson F. Whitney and David O. McKay. Richards was appointed to the General Boards of the YMMIA and the Religion Classes shortly after his call to the Twelve and he also served as an advisor to the Primary General Board. During his early days in the Twelve, Richards went on tours of missions in the United States as well as visiting many stake conferences
George F. Richards
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George F. Richards
George F. Richards
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Alice Richards
George F. Richards
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Grave marker of George F. Richards.
George F. Richards
39.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith
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Smith said he received golden plates from the
angel Moroni at the
Hill Cumorah.
Joseph Smith
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Cover page of the
Book of Mormon, original 1830 edition
Joseph Smith
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A mob
tarred and feathered Smith in 1832.
40.
Oliver Cowdery
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Oliver H. P. Cowdery was, with Joseph Smith, an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement between 1829 and 1836. He was the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormons golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles, in 1838, Cowdery left and was excommunicated from the church founded by Smith and later became a Methodist. In 1848, he returned to the Latter Day Saint movement and was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Cowdery was born October 3,1806, in Wells, Vermont. His father, William, a farmer, moved the family to Poultney in Rutland County, in his youth, Cowdery hunted for buried treasure using a divining rod. At age 20, Cowdery left Vermont for upstate New York and he clerked at a store for just over two years and in 1829 became a school teacher in Manchester, New York. Cowdery met Joseph Smith on April 5, 1829—a year and a day before the founding of the church—and heard from him how he had received golden plates containing ancient Native American writings. Cowdery told Smith that he had seen the plates in a vision before the two ever met. From April 7 to June 1829, Cowdery acted as Smiths primary scribe for the translation of the plates into what would become the Book of Mormon. Cowdery also unsuccessfully attempted to translate part of the Book of Mormon by himself, before meeting Cowdery, Smith had virtually stopped translating after the first 116 pages had been lost by Martin Harris. But working with Cowdery, Smith completed the manuscript in a short period. Cowdery and Smith said that on May 15,1829, they received the Aaronic priesthood from the resurrected John the Baptist, one of the three announced that he was the Apostle Peter and said the others were the apostles James and John. Later that year, Cowdery reported sharing a vision, along with Smith and David Whitmer, Martin Harris said he saw a similar vision later that day. Cowdery, Whitmer and Harris signed a statement to that effect and their testimony has been published in nearly every edition of the Book of Mormon. When the church was organized on April 6,1830, Smith became First Elder, Cowdery held the position of Assistant President of the Church from 1834 until his resignation/excommunication in 1838. Cowdery was also a member of the first presiding high council of the church, organized in Kirtland, Ohio, in 1834. On December 18,1832, Cowdery married Elizabeth Ann Whitmer and they had five children, of whom only one daughter survived to maturity. Cowdery helped Smith publish a series of Smiths revelations first called the Book of Commandments and later, as revised and expanded, the Doctrine and Covenants. Cowdery was also the editor, or on the board, of several early church publications, including the Evening and Morning Star, the Messenger and Advocate
Oliver Cowdery
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Daguerreotype of Oliver Cowdery found in the Library of Congress, taken in the 1840s by
James Presley Ball
Oliver Cowdery
41.
David Whitmer
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David Whitmer was an early adherent of the Latter Day Saint movement who eventually became the most interviewed of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormons golden plates. Whitmer was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the fourth of nine children of Peter Whitmer, Sr. Whitmers ancestry on both sides of his family were German, and the family spoke with a German accent. His grandfather was George Witmer, who was born in Prussia, by the 1820s, the Whitmer family had moved to a farm in Fayette, in New Yorks Finger Lakes area. On March 12,1825, Whitmer was elected sergeant in an organized militia called the Seneca Grenadiers. Whitmer and his family were among the earliest adherents to the Latter Day Saint movement, Whitmer eventually accepted the story and brought his fathers family to join the Smiths in Palmyra. Whitmer was baptized in June 1829, nearly a year prior to the organization of the Church of Christ. During that same month, Whitmer said that he, along with Smith and Cowdery, Martin Harris reported that he experienced a similar vision with Smith later in the day. Evidence places this event near his fathers home in Fayette, New York, Whitmer, Cowdery, and Harris then signed a joint statement declaring their testimony to the reality of the vision. The statement was published in the first edition of the Book of Mormon and has included in nearly every subsequent edition. Whitmer later said that Smith had received a revelation that Hiram Page, when Smith organized the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, Whitmer was one of six original members. Whitmer had been ordained an elder of the church by June 9,1830, soon after the organization of the church, Smith set apart Jackson County, Missouri, as a gathering place for Latter Day Saints. According to Smith, the area had once been the site of the biblical Garden of Eden, and would be the center place of the City of Zion. On July 7,1834, Smith ordained Whitmer to be the president of the church in Missouri and his own successor, should Smith not live to God. By virtue of his position as President of the High Council in Zion, David Whitmer was sustained as the president of the church in Zion, Cowdery and Whitmer did have a visionary experience and like Paul, were called to preach. They were also called to search out twelve disciples, who later were called apostles, none of the Three Witnesses were ordained to that apostleship. Whitmer continued to live in Kirtland, Ohio, and his counselors, W. W. Phelps, after the collapse of the Kirtland Safety Society bank, Smith and his counselor Sidney Rigdon, battered by creditors, moved to Far West, Missouri, to evade arrest. The ensuing leadership struggle led to the dissolution of the presidency of the church in Missouri, Whitmer resigned and Phelps, John Whitmer, and Cowdery were excommunicated. Whitmer and the other excommunicated Latter Day Saints became known as the dissenters, some of the dissenters owned land in Caldwell County, Missouri, which they wanted to retain
David Whitmer
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David Whitmer
David Whitmer
David Whitmer
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Photo of Whitmer By R. B. Rice, c. 1864
David Whitmer
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Advertisement for Whitmer's livery stable
42.
Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)
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Harris was born in Eastown, New York, the second of the eight children born to Nathan Harris and Rhoda Lapham. In 1808, Harris married his first cousin Lucy Harris, Harris served with the New York militia in the War of 1812. Until 1831, Harris lived in Palmyra, New York, where he was a prosperous farmer, Harriss neighbors considered him both an honest and superstitious man. A biographer wrote that Harriss imagination was excitable and fecund, for example, Harris once perceived a sputtering candle to be the work of the devil. An acquaintance said that Harris claimed to have seen Jesus in the shape of a deer, the local Presbyterian minister called him a visionary fanatic. Another friend said, Martin was a man that would do just as he agreed with you, but, he was a great man for seeing spooks. Nevertheless, even early anti-Mormons who knew Harris believed that he was honest, industrious, benevolent, mr. Harris was among the early settlers of this town, and has ever borne the character of an honorable and upright man, and an obliging and benevolent neighbor. He had secured to himself by honest industry a respectable fortune—and he has left a circle of acquaintances. The Smith family moved to Palmyra in 1816, and in 1824, Harris employed Joseph Smith, Sr. to dig a well, Smith, Sr. reportedly told Harris about the gold plates in 1824. Harris later recounted the first time he saw Joseph Smith use a seer stone, in the winter of 1828, Harris took the transcript of characters to New York City, where he met with Charles Anthon, a professor of linguistics at Columbia College. The two mens accounts of the conflict on almost every point. Harriss account is recorded in Smiths History of the Church, Anthon, for his part, gave written accounts in 1834 and 1841. Despite the years between, both accounts are in agreement, save a contradiction as to whether he had given Harris a written opinion about the transcript or not. In both accounts, Anthon maintained that he told Harris that he was a victim of a fraud, in either case, the episode apparently satisfied Harriss doubts about the authenticity of the golden plates and the translation enough to mortgage his farm to have the book printed. Harriss wife continued to oppose his collaboration with Smith, in both of Anthons accounts, he states that Harris visited him again after the Book of Mormon was printed and brought him a copy, which Anthon refused to accept. In February 1828, Harris traveled to Harmony, Pennsylvania to serve as a scribe while Smith dictated the translation of the golden plates, by June 1828, Smith and Harriss work on the translation had resulted in 116 pages of manuscript. Harris asked Smith for permission to take the 116 pages of manuscript back to his wife in order to convince her of its authenticity, after Harris had shown the pages to his wife and some others, the manuscript disappeared. The loss temporarily halted the translation of the plates, and when Smith began again, he used other scribes, the first extant written revelation to Joseph Smith, dated July 1828, refers to Smiths delivering the 116 pages to Harris
Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)
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Martin Harris
Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)
Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)
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The Martin Harris gravesite in Clarkston, Utah is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
43.
David W. Patten
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David Wyman Patten was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He was killed at the Battle of Crooked River and is regarded as a martyr by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and he is referred to twice in the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants—once in section 114 and posthumously in section 124. Patten was born to Benoni and Edith Cole Patten in Vermont and he was the 11th of 13 children. He was around 61 and of a dark complexion, as a youth, Patten moved to the town of Dundee in eastern Michigan. While there, at the age of 28 he married Phoebe Ann Babcock in 1828, the two had one stillborn child, they had no children live to adulthood. Patten allied himself with the local Methodist congregation during this time, in 1830, Patten heard about the publication of the Book of Mormon. He became greatly agitated in mind and desired to see it and that summer, he had the opportunity to read the preface and the Testimony of the Three Witnesses that was attached to the book. Two years later, Patten learned that his brother John had recently joined the Church of Christ, excited, David rode three hundred miles to his brothers house in Fairplay, Indiana, to investigate the church. On June 15,1832, Patten was baptized by his brother, Patten served several short missions for the church, and was one of the first missionaries to visit the southern United States. Two days after his baptism, Patten was ordained an elder by Elisha H. Groves, on this trip, he was accompanied by another recent convert, Joseph Wood. Together, the two traveled for 23 days without food or money, instead relying on nearby families for sustenance. This assignment lasted a season, during which time Patten baptized his wife. Healing was a feature of Pattens missionary labors. Abraham O. Smoot said that he never knew an instance in which Davids petition for the sick was not answered, Patten described some accounts of his healing, Jesus called upon me to lay hands on Coltrain who accidentally burned his hand and he received no harm. Brother William Smith had a pain in his eye and I laid my hand on him in the name of Jesus Christ, Patten was ordained a high priest by Hyrum Smith on September 2,1832. At the end of 1832, several missionaries, including Patten, were sent to states on the east coast in response to a received by Joseph Smith in September of the same year. Over the next few months, Patten traveled with other missionaries, including John Murdock, William Smith, Zebedee Coltrin, John F. Boynton, Hyrum Smith, and Reynolds Cahoon. Patten began preaching in Ohio and made his way to Pennsylvania, and then to New York and back to Kirtland, Ohio, the headquarters of the church
David W. Patten
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A map of the Battle of Crooked River.
44.
Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
Brigham Young
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Brigham Young
c. 1870
Brigham Young
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The five sons of John and Nabby Young From left to right: Lorenzo Dow, Brigham,
Phineas H.,
Joseph, and John.
Brigham Young
–
For other uses, see
Brigham Young (disambiguation).
Brigham Young
–
A Mormon polygamist family in 1888.
45.
Heber C. Kimball
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Heber Chase Kimball was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement. Agreeing to take on plural marriage, then part of doctrine, Kimball eventually married forty-three women. He had a total of children by seventeen of his wives. Heber Chase Kimball was born in Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont in 1801 and he was a descendant of the Kimball immigrants to Massachusetts from England in 1634. He was named after a judge Heber Chase, who had helped the family in their efforts to settle in the area, due to the embargo on trade with Britain preceding the War of 1812, his father lost his investments and the family moved into western New York. They settled in West Bloomfield, New York, Ontario County, Kimball left school at age 14, trained as a blacksmith and potter, and moved with his brother about 1820 to Mendon, Monroe County, New York. There he married his first wife, Vilate Murray, in 1822, after purchasing his brothers pottery business, for the next 10 years, he carried out his trades. He acquired five and a half acres of land, built a house and a barn, in 1823, Kimball received the three first degrees of Freemasonry in the lodge at Victor Flats, Ontario County, New York. In 1824, he sent a petition to the chapter at Canandaigua, New York and his petition was accepted, although, as he reported, Anti-Masons had burned down the chapter building in Canandaigua. When the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints established itself in Nauvoo, Illinois and he served as Nauvoo Lodge U. D. s first Junior Deacon. He remained active in Freemasonry throughout his stay in Nauvoo, but was not active once he moved to Utah Territory, there was no lodge in Utah in his lifetime that would admit Mormons. His son William Henry was born in Mendon, April 10,1826 and his daughter Helen Mar was born August 22,1828. She was the daughter to survive. Kimball claims to have witnessed an event on September 22,1827. According to his autobiography, he learned that it took place the same evening that Joseph Smith received the records of the Book of Mormon from the Angel Moroni. The most profound order existed throughout the army, when the foremost man stepped, every man stepped at the same time. When the front rank reached the Western horizon a battle ensued, as we could hear the report of the arms. No man could judge of my feelings when I beheld that army of men and this scenery was gazed upon for hours, until it began to disappear
Heber C. Kimball
Heber C. Kimball
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Heber C. Kimball
Heber C. Kimball
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Grave marker of Heber C. Kimball.
Heber C. Kimball
46.
Orson Hyde
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Orson Hyde was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Hyde was born to Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe in Oxford and he was raised in nearby Derby, Connecticut, under the care of Nathan Wheeler. In 1819, when he was just 14 years of age, he walked from Connecticut to Kirtland, while employed as a retail clerk in Kirtland, Hyde became involved with the Reformed Baptist Society, also called Campbellites, through the preaching of Sidney Rigdon. When Oliver Cowdery and other Latter Day Saint missionaries preached in Kirtland in late 1830, however, when his former minister, Sidney Rigdon joined the Latter Day Saint church, Hyde investigated the claims of the missionaries, and was baptized by Rigdon on October 30,1831. Hyde was called on a succession of missions for the church, serving with Hyrum Smith, Samuel H. Smith, in 1832 he was among the first missionaries in Connecticut, he was also among the first missionaries from the church to preach in Maine and Massachusetts. Hyde marched with Zions Camp in 1834 and became one of the members of the first presiding high council in Kirtland and he was ordained an apostle of the church on February 15,1835 as one of the original twelve, being fifth in seniority. An apostolic mission with Heber C, kimball to Great Britain in 1837 to 1838 was successful in bringing thousands of converts to the faith. Upon returning from Britain, during a period of persecution and internal dissension and he left the church on October 19,1838 with Thomas B. Marsh, the member of the Twelve. Marsh explained the reasons for their dissent in an affidavit which he and Hyde signed on October 24,1838 in Richmond, Missouri. Marsh and Hyde also claimed that Joseph Smith planned to take the State, the testimony of Marsh and Hyde added to the panic in northwestern Missouri and contributed to subsequent events in the 1838 Mormon War. Because a Mormon attack was believed imminent, a unit of the militia from Ray County was dispatched to patrol the border between Ray and Mormon Caldwell County to the north. On October 25,1838, reports reached Mormons in Far West that this state militia unit was a mob and had kidnapped several Mormons, the Mormons formed an armed rescue party and attacked the militia in what became known as the Battle of Crooked River. Although only one non-Mormon was killed on the Missourian side, initial reports held that half the unit had been wiped out, the Mormons suffered more casualties, Gideon Carter died in the battle and David W. Patten and Patrick Obanion died from wounds they received in the battle. This attack on the militia, coupled with the earlier expulsion of non-Mormons from Daviess County led Missouris governor to respond with force. On 27 October he called out 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived as a Mormon rebellion and signed Missouri Executive Order 44, because he had signed the Richmond affidavit with Marsh, Hyde was disfellowshipped in 1838. On May 4,1839, a conference in Quincy, Illinois voted to remove Hyde. The leadership of the church invited the two to explain their actions, on June 27, Hyde returned to the church and publicly explained himself, recanting his affidavit and asking to be restored
Orson Hyde
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Orson Hyde
47.
Parley P. Pratt
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Parley Parker Pratt Sr. was an early leader of the Latter Day Saint movement whose writings became a significant early nineteenth-century exposition of the Latter Day Saint faith. Named in 1835 as one of the first members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Pratt has been called the Apostle Paul of Mormonism for his promotion of distinctive Mormon doctrines. Pratt explored and surveyed Parleys Canyon in Salt Lake City, Utah and he was murdered in 1857 by the estranged husband of his twelfth wife. He had a total of 30 children, and his descendants in 2011 were estimated to number 30,000 to 50,000. Pratt was born in Burlington, New York, to Jared Pratt and his wife Charity Dickinson and he married Thankful Halsey in Canaan, New York, on September 9,1827. The young couple migrated west, where they settled near Cleveland, Ohio, in Ohio, Pratt became a member of the Reformed Baptist Society, also called Disciples of Christ, influenced by the preaching of Sidney Rigdon. Pratt soon decided to take up the Disciples ministry as a profession, while traveling to visit family in western New York, Pratt read a copy of the Book of Mormon owned by a Baptist deacon. Convinced of its authenticity, he traveled to Palmyra, and spoke to Hyrum Smith, Pratt was baptized in Seneca Lake by Oliver Cowdery on or about September 1,1830, formally joining the Latter Day Saints church. He was ordained to the office of an elder in the church, continuing on to his familys home, he introduced his younger brother, Orson Pratt, to Mormonism and baptized him on September 19,1830. Arriving in Fayette, New York, in October 1830, Pratt met Joseph Smith and was asked to join a group assigned to preach to the Native American tribes on the Missouri frontier. During the trip west, he and his companions stopped to visit Sidney Rigdon and they were instrumental in converting Rigdon and approximately 130 members of his congregation within three weeks. In early 1833, Pratt served as a missionary in Illinois, in the fall of 1833, he served as president of the Mormon branch number 8 in Jackson County and as a leader in the Mormon militia. He was among those Latter Day Saints driven into Clay County, Missouri, in February 1834, Pratt and Lyman Wight headed back to Kirtland to report on the events in Missouri to Joseph Smith. From Kirtland, Pratt traveled with Smith in Pennsylvania and western New York, after traveling together for three weeks, during some of this time with Pratt serving as Smiths scribe, Smith returned to Kirtland from Geneseo, New York, for a court case. Pratt continued his missionary efforts along with Henry Brown, Pratt and Brown went to eastern New York to give his family members money to move to Kirtland. They went to Richland, New York, where Pratt convinced Wilford Woodruff, Pratt returned to Missouri later in 1834 as a member of Zions Camp. After Zions Camp broke up, Pratt rejoined his wife Thankful, while working as a day laborer, Pratt served on the Missouri High Council. Thankful had run up debts in Pratts absence, and when he returned with her to Ohio, some felt he was trying to flee his creditors
Parley P. Pratt
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Parley P. Pratt's grave
Parley P. Pratt
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Pratt, ca. 1845
48.
Orson Pratt
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Orson Pratt, Sr. was an American mathematician and religious leader who was an original member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles of the Church of the Latter Day Saints. He became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was a leading Mormon theologian, Pratt was born in Hartford, New York, the son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickenson. He was the brother of Parley P. Pratt, who introduced him to Latter Day Saint church and baptized him on Orsons nineteenth birthday, September 19,1830, in Canaan. Pratt was ordained an Elder several months later, on April 26,1831, by Joseph Smith and immediately set out for Colesville, New York, his first mission. This was the first of a number of missions in which Pratt visited New York, Ohio, Missouri. Pratt was a member of the original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and he was ordained to this position on April 26,1835. He served as a member of the mission of the Twelve Apostles to the British Isles between 1839 and 1841 and he contributed to the mission by preaching in Scotland, and producing an early missionary tract, An Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions. This tract contains the earliest known printing of an account of Smiths First Vision. On his return to America in 1841, Pratt found the church membership in contention over several issues, rumors and gossip were rife in Nauvoo, Illinois, and Pratt found the religious principle of plural marriage difficult to accept. He rebelled against Joseph Smith when a report by disaffected Mormon John C. Bennett accused Smith of proposing marriage to Pratts wife, Sarah Pratt, additionally, a story was circulating that Sarah Pratt had been involved with Bennett himself. Pratt was torn between believing his wife or Smith, and wrote, My sorrows are greater than I can bear. After days of Smith and the members of the Twelve remonstrating with Pratt, they decided that he would not yield. Bennett claimed that Pratt and his wife were planning to leave Nauvoo and help him expose Mormonism, Pratt reconciled with Smith a few months after their falling out and requested re-baptism. Pratt was reinstated in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on January 20,1843, Smith and Pratt directly discussed Pratts wife, with Smith stating to him, She lied about me, I never made the offer which she said I did. In 1850, as president of the British Mission, Pratt told his missionaries that very soul in Britain should hear the gospel this year. Although this goal was not achieved, by the end of the year there were twice as many church members residing in Britain as in the United States, Pratt managed to make contacts with people in Paris who were willing to do this translation. In 1865, Pratt was one of the first Mormon missionaries to work in Austria, traveling with William W. Ritter, he was there for nine months, but did not baptize anyone. The missionaries were expelled by the Austrian government
Orson Pratt
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Orson Pratt
Orson Pratt
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Second issue of
The Seer February, 1853.
Orson Pratt
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Grave marker of Orson Pratt.
Orson Pratt
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Back view of grave marker of Orson Pratt.
49.
John F. Boynton
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John Farnham Boynton was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an American geologist and inventor. He was one of the members of the Latter Day Saint movements Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Boynton was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, to Eliphalet Boynton and he was married to Susan Lowell. In his teenage years, Boynton attended Columbia University and at age 20 began medical school in St. Louis, Boynton was baptized a member of the Church of Christ by Joseph Smith in September 1832 in Kirtland, Ohio. He was ordained to the office of an elder by Sidney Rigdon, Boynton proved to be an effective missionary for the church. He initially served in Erie County, Pennsylvania, with Zebedee Coltrin, in 1832, the following December, Smith sent him on a mission to Maine. In an 1834 letter written from Saco, Maine, Boynton states, I have baptized about forty in this section,1833, till October following, while together we baptized about 130. While in Maine and Massachusetts, Boynton also served with Horace Cowen, Boynton was chosen as one of the churchs apostles at the organization of the initial Quorum of Twelve Apostles on February 14,1835. He was the one of the original apostles who had attended university. Soon after, he accompanied the Twelve on their 1835 mission through the branches in the eastern United States. He attended a conference in Laboro, Upper Canada, with six members of the Quorum on June 29,1835. Boynton returned to Ohio in the fall, and preached to a gathering of members on October 18. After this mission, he began a business in Kirtland with church associate Lyman E. Johnson. Despite his dedication to the religious message, Boynton broke with Smith. This ultimately caused the Kirtland bank to fail, the failure of the financial institution, founded with the support of church leaders, led to widespread dissent in 1837. Two distinct factions developed in the community, with members of the churchs leadership aligned on both sides, a high council trial disfellowshipped and removed Luke Johnson, Lyman E. Johnson, and Boynton from the Quorum of the Twelve on September 3,1837. They also sought to control the church organization and led a high council which excommunicated Smith and Rigdon. In 1838, after Smith had relocated to Missouri, Boynton and other dissident church leaders, including Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, Boynton believed Smith to have become a fallen prophet and said to Heber C
John F. Boynton
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John F. Boynton
