1.
Hinds County, Mississippi
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Hinds County is a county located in the U. S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 245,285 and its county seats are Raymond and Jackson, the state capital. The county is named for General Thomas Hinds, a hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, Hinds County is part of the Jackson, MS Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is a center of professional, educational, business and industrial elites in the state and it is bordered on the northwest by the Big Black River and on the east by the Pearl River. It is one county away from the Yazoo River and the southern border of the Mississippi Delta. In the 19th century, the areas of the county were devoted to cotton plantations worked by enslaved African Americans. From 1877 to 1950, this county had 22 lynchings, the highest number in the state, Mississippi has the highest total number of lynchings of any state. This form of terrorism was at its height at the turn of the 20th century. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 877 square miles. It is the third-largest county in Mississippi by land area and fifth-largest by total area. 69. 1% were Black or African American,28. 4% White,0. 8% Asian,0. 2% Native American,0. 7% of some other race and 0. 9% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 250,800 people,91,030 households, the population density was 288 people per square mile. There were 100,287 housing units at a density of 115 per square mile. 0. 79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the family size was 3.22. In the county, the population was out with 27. 90% under the age of 18,12. 10% from 18 to 24,28. 90% from 25 to 44,20. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 88.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,991, and the median income for a family was $40,525
2.
Sunflower County, Mississippi
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Sunflower County is a county located in the U. S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,450 and its largest city and county seat is Indianola. Sunflower County comprises the Indianola, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Cleveland-Indianola and it is located in the Mississippi Delta region. Sunflower Country was created in 1844, the land mass encompassed most of Sunflower and Leflore Counties as we know them today. The first seat of government was Clayton, located near Fort Pemberton, later the county seat was moved to McNutt, also in the Leflore County of today. When Sunflower and Leflore Counties were separated in 1871, the new county seat for Sunflower County was moved to Johnsonville and this village was located where the north end of Mound Bayou empties into the Sunflower River. In 1882 the county seat was moved to Eureka, which was later renamed Indianola, the Boyer Cemetery, located in Boyer, goes back to the early days of Sunflower County. After the U. S. Civil War, across several decades African Americans migrated to Sunflower County to work in the Mississippi Delta, in 1870,3,243 black people lived in Sunflower County. This increased to 12,070 in 1900, making up 75% of the residents in Sunflower County, between 1900 and 1920, the black population almost tripled. Many African Americans who had migrated to the North from the 1940s to 1970 in the Great Migration struggled with the loss of jobs in their regions following industrial restructuring. In the 1980s and 1990s, they began to send their children to the Mississippi Delta to live with relatives, gangs and drug trade activity were transported to the Mississippi Delta from northern inner cities. As a result of this trend, crack cocaine began to be distributed in Sunflower County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 707 square miles. Sunflower County is the longest county in Mississippi, the traveling distance from the southern boundary at Caile to its northern boundary at Rome is approximately 71 miles. Coahoma County Tallahatchie County Leflore County Humphreys County Washington County Bolivar County The county reached its population in 1930. After that, population declined from 1940 to 1990, there was considerable migration out of the rural county, especially as mechanization reduced the need for farm labor. Both whites and blacks left the county, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 29,450 people residing in the county. 72. 9% were Black or African American,25. 4% White,0. 3% Asian,0. 2% Native American,0. 6% of some other race and 0. 5% of two or more races
3.
Delta blues
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The Delta blues style of blues music is one of the earliest. The Mississippi Delta is famous for its fertile soil and for its poverty, Delta blues is regarded as a regional variant of country blues. Guitar and harmonica are its dominant instruments, slide guitar is a hallmark of the style, vocal styles in Delta blues range from introspective and soulful to passionate and fiery. The major labels produced the earliest recordings, consisting mostly of one person singing and playing an instrument, live performances, however, more commonly involved a group of musicians. Current belief is that Freddie Spruell is the first Delta blues artist to have been recorded, record company talent scouts made some of the early recordings on field trips to the South, and some performers were invited to travel to northern cities to record. According to Dixon and Godrich, Tommy Johnson and Ishmon Bracey were recorded by Victor on that companys second field trip to Memphis, in 1928. Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, son House first recorded in Grafton, Wisconsin, in 1930 for Paramount Records. Charley Patton also recorded for Paramount in Grafton, in June 1929 and he also traveled to New York City for recording sessions in January and February 1934. Robert Johnson recorded his only sessions, for ARC, in San Antonio in 1936 and their recordings, numbering in the thousands, now reside in the Smithsonian Institution. However, this claim has been disputed, as John and Alan Lomax had recorded Bukka White in 1939, Lead Belly in 1933 and most likely others. Scholars disagree as to whether there is a substantial difference between blues that originated in the Mississippi Delta and blues from other parts of the country. Delta blues is a style as much as a form, Skip James and Elmore James. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, in big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues and it was not until late in the 1960s that women began to be heard in recorded performances at the level they had previously enjoyed. Other women influenced by Delta blues, who learned some of the most notable of the original artists still living, include Bonnie Raitt, Rory Block. Many Delta blues artists, such as Big Joe Williams, moved to Detroit and Chicago, traveling the Blues Highway, National Geographic Magazine, April 1999, vol. Dixon, R. M. W. and Godrich, J. Blues and Gospel Records, Ferris, William R. Blues from the Delta
4.
Slide guitar
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Slide guitar is a particular method or technique for playing the guitar. Instead of altering the pitch of the strings in the manner, an object called a slide is placed upon the string to vary its vibrating length. This slide can then be moved along the string without lifting, creating smooth transitions in pitch and allowing wide, Slide guitar is most often played, With the guitar in the normal position, using a slide on one of the fingers of the left hand. This same technique is used to play steel guitar and the Dobro resonator guitar used in Bluegrass music. The technique of using a slide on a string has been traced to one-stringed African instruments similar to a Diddley bow, the technique was made popular by African American blues artists. The first musician recorded using the style was Sylvester Weaver, who recorded two solo pieces Guitar Blues and Guitar Rag in 1923, Blues legend Muddy Waters was also very influential, particularly in developing the electric Chicago blues slide guitar from the acoustic Mississippi Delta slide guitar. Texas blues musician Johnny Winter developed his style through years of touring with Waters. Slide player Roy Rogers honed his skills by touring with blues artist John Lee Hooker. John Lees cousin Earl Hooker may have been the first to use wah-wah, the sound has since become commonplace in country and Hawaiian music. The Rolling Stones featured a guitar as early as their 1963 recording of the John Lennon/Paul McCartney song I Wanna Be Your Man. Guitarist Brian Jones played slide in a very blues-oriented style, Jones was also one of the first English guitarists to play slide and during the bands early years, he was considered one of the best slide guitarists in the music world. His successors Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood also displayed their own slide guitar skills while with the band, the album Let It Bleed features Keith Richards on slide guitar for the majority of the album, since the band were in-between guitarists during the making of the album. Rolling Stones vocalist Mick Jagger has also played guitar on occasion. Canned Heats Alan Wilson also helped bring slide guitar to music in the late 1960s. George Harrison experimented with slide guitar during the half of The Beatles career, first using the technique on an early outtake recording of Strawberry Fields Forever. The 1965 songs Drive My Car, and Run For Your Life have slide guitar, Harrison later used slide extensively in his solo career, on songs such as My Sweet Lord, Give Me Love, This Is Love, and Cheer Down. He played slide in the Traveling Wilburys as well as on The Beatles 1995 and 1996 reunion singles Free as a Bird, slides may be used on any guitar, but slides generally and steels in particular are often used on instruments specifically made to play in this manner. Often, the strings are raised a little higher off the fingerboard than they would be for conventional guitar playing—especially if the player isnt going to use the fingers for fretting
5.
Paramount Records
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Paramount Records was an American record label known for its recordings of jazz and blues in the 1920s and early 1930s, including such artists as Ma Rainey and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Paramount Records was founded in 1917 by the Wisconsin Chair Company, the labels offices were located in Port Washington, Wisconsin and the pressing plant was in Grafton. The label was managed by Fred Dennett Key, the Wisconsin Chair Company made wooden phonograph cabinets for Edison Records. In 1915 it started making its own phonographs in the name of its subsidiary and it made phonographs under the Vista brand name through the end of the decade, the line failed commercially. In 1918, a line of gramophone records debuted on the Paramount label, advertisements, however, stated, Paramounts are recorded in our own New York laboratory. In its early years, the Paramount label fared only slightly better than the Vista phonograph line, the product had little to distinguish itself. Paramount released pop recordings with average audio quality pressed on average quality shellac, in the early 1920s, Paramount was accumulating debt while producing no profit. Paramount began offering to press records for other companies on a basis at low prices. Paramount was contracted to press discs for Black Swan Records, when the Black Swan company later floundered, Paramount bought out Black Swan and made records by and for African-Americans. These so-called race music records became Paramounts most famous and lucrative business, Paramounts race record series was launched in 1922 with vaudeville blues songs by Lucille Hegamin and Alberta Hunter. The company had a large mail-order operation which was a key to its early success, most of Paramounts race music recordings were arranged by black entrepreneur J. Mayo Williams. Williams did not know at the time that the market had become Paramounts prime business. Problems with low fidelity and poor pressings continued, Blind Lemon Jeffersons 1926 hits, Got the Blues and Long Lonesome Blues, were quickly rerecorded in the superior facilities of Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used the rerecorded version. Both versions were released on compilation albums, in 1927, Ink Williams moved to competitor Okeh Records, taking Blind Lemon Jefferson with him for just one recording, Matchbox Blues. Paramounts recording of the song can be compared with Okehs on compilation albums. In 1929, Paramount was building a new studio in Grafton, so it sent Charley Patton —sent up by Jackson, Mississippi, storeowner H. C. Speir —to the studio of Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, where on June 14 he cut 14 famous sides, as the 12000 race series sold well, Paramounts 20000 popular series floundered. Paramount turned to its label, Broadway Records, which was taken over by Paramount following the collapse of Bridgeport Die & Machine Company in 1924
6.
Vocalion
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The name was derived from one of their corporate divisions, the Vocalion Organ Co. The fledgling label first issued single-sided, vertical-cut disc records but soon switched to double-sided and then, in 1920, aeolian pressed Vocalion discs in a good-quality reddish brown shellac, which set the product apart from the usual black shellac used by other record companies. Advertisements stated that Vocalion Red Records are best or Red Records last longer, however, Vocalions shellac was no more durable than good-quality black shellac. In 1925 the label was acquired by Brunswick Records, during the 1920s Vocalion also began the celebrated 1000 race series. The 15000 series continued, but after the Brunswick takeover, it seems that Vocalion took a seat to the Brunswick label. By 1928–1929, many of the records issued on the Vocalion 15000 series were hot jazz exclusive to Vocalion and are extremely rare, in retrospect, it seems that Brunswick never really had a plan for the Vocalion 15000 series. From 1925 to 1930, Brunswick appeared to use this series as a specialty label for other than general sale. This seems to also be an explanation as to why the early 1930s Vocalions are rarer than Brunswick records. In April 1930, Warner Bros. bought Brunswick Records and, for a time, in December 1931 Warner Bros. licensed the entire Brunswick and Vocalion operation to the American Record Corporation. ARC used Brunswick as their flagship 75-cent label and Vocalion as one of their 35-cent labels, the Vocalion race/blues series continued and continued to be popular. Starting in 1933, a number of Brunswick artists were assigned to Vocalions then-new 2500 series, new signings contributed to the growing popularity of the label. Coupled with other short-term signings, including Fletcher Henderson, Phil Harris, Earl Hines, and Isham Jones, also, starting in 1935, Vocalion started reissuing titles that were still selling from the recently discontinued OKeh label. In 1936 and 1937 Vocalion produced the recordings of the influential blues artist Robert Johnson. From 1935 through 1940, Vocalion was one of the most popular labels for small-group swing, blues, after the short-lived Variety label was discontinued, many titles were reissued on Vocalion, and the label continued to release new recordings made by Master/Variety artists through 1940. This added Cab Calloway and the Duke Ellington small groups-within-his-band to the label, ARC was purchased by CBS and Vocalion became a subsidiary of Columbia Records in 1938. The popular Vocalion label was discontinued in 1940, and the current Vocalions were reissued on the recently revived OKeh label with the catalog numbers. The name Vocalion was resurrected in the late 1950s by Decca as a label for back-catalog reissues. In 1975, MCA issued five albums on the Vocalion label
7.
Edwards, Mississippi
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Edwards is a town in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,347 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area. Edwards is named for Dick Edwards, owner and proprietor of the Edwards House in Jackson, Edwards was originally named Amsterdam and settled in the 1830s. In 1832 it suffered from an epidemic and was then bypassed by the Alabama. This happened in 1839 when R. O. Edwards plantation became a stop on the known as Edwards Depot. The depot was burned to prevent its use during the Civil War in 1863, the current site of Edwards was chosen in 1866 and was incorporated in 1871. In 1882 the Southern Christian Institute was opened by the Christian Church in the town to educate African-Americans, in 1897 Edwards suffered an attack of yellow fever that killed many residents of the town. Edwards is located at 32°19′51″N 90°36′15″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.7 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,347 people,461 households, the population density was 808.2 people per square mile. There were 505 housing units at a density of 303.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 78. 92% African American,20. 19% White,0. 15% Asian,0. 07% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 97% of the population. 23. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.47. In the town, the population was out with 29. 6% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 8% from 25 to 44,21. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 82.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $29,231, and the median income for a family was $31,786. Males had an income of $26,094 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,308, about 19. 0% of families and 22. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32. 4% of those under age 18 and 18. 7% of those age 65 or over. The Town of Edwards is served by the Hinds County School District, betty Currie - Personal secretary of Bill Clinton, moved to Waukegan, Illinois as a child
8.
Mississippi Delta
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The Mississippi Delta is the distinctive northwest section of the U. S. state of Mississippi which lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. The region has been called The Most Southern Place on Earth, because of its racial, cultural. It is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing circa 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. Originally covered in hardwood forest across the bottomlands, it was developed as one of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation before the American Civil War. As the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slow to be constructed, both black and white migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta, in 1890 the white-dominated state legislature passed a new state constitution effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. In the next three decades, most blacks lost their lands due to credit and political oppression. African Americans had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive and their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. African Americans developed the forms of blues and jazz. As the agricultural economy does not support many jobs or businesses, lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans have been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers. At times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, despite the name, this region is not part of the delta of the Mississippi River. Rather, it is part of a plain, created by regular flooding of the Mississippi. The land is flat and contains some of the most fertile soil in the world and it is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing circa 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. On the east, it is bounded by extending beyond the Yazoo River. The shifting river delta at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast lies some 300 miles south of this area, the two should not be confused. The Delta is strongly associated as the place where several genres of music originated, including the Delta blues and rock. The mostly black sharecroppers and tenant farmers had lives marked by poverty and hardship but they expressed their struggles in music became the beat, rhythm and songs of cities. Gussow examines the conflict between blues musicians and black ministers in the region between 1920 and 1942, the ministers condemned blues music as devils music
9.
Slavery in the United States
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Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By the time of the American Revolution, the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry, when the United States Constitution was ratified, a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens. During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, most of these states had a higher proportion of free labor than in the South and economies based on different industries. They abolished slavery by the end of the 18th century, some with gradual systems that kept adults as slaves for two decades. But the rapid expansion of the industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor. Congress during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective in 1808, domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation. As the West was developed for settlement, the Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a balance of power in Congress. The new territories acquired from Britain, France, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises, by 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, the first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Armys Fort Sumter, four additional slave states then seceded. In the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to attract and retain laborers under the frontier conditions. Most laborers came from Britain as indentured servants, having signed contracts of indenture to pay with work for their passage, their upkeep and training and these indentured servants were young people who intended to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were transported to the colonies as indentured servants, the indentured servants were not slaves, but were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay the cost of their passage and maintenance. Historians estimate that more than half of all immigrants to the English colonies of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came as indentured servants. The number of indentured servants among immigrants was particularly high in the South, many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south. The planters in the South found that the problem with indentured servants was that many left after several years, just when they had become skilled. In addition, an economy in England in the late 17th
10.
John Fahey (musician)
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John Aloysius Fahey was an American fingerstyle guitarist and composer who played the steel-string acoustic guitar as a solo instrument. Fahey borrowed from the folk and blues traditions in American roots music and he would later incorporate classical, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Indian music into his œuvre. He died in 2001 from complications from heart surgery, in 2003, he was ranked 35th in the Rolling Stone The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time list. Fahey was born in Washington, D. C. into a musical household, both his father, Aloysius John Fahey, and his mother, Jane, played the piano. In 1945, the moved to the Washington suburb of Takoma Park, Maryland. In 1952, after being impressed by guitarist Frank Hovington, whom he met while on a trip, he purchased his first guitar for $17 from the Sears. Along with his budding interest in guitar, Fahey was attracted to record collecting, much later, Fahey compared the experience to a religious conversion and remained a devout blues disciple until his death. In 1958, Fahey made his first recordings and these were for his friend Joe Bussards amateur Fonotone label. He recorded under the pseudonym Blind Thomas as well as under his own name and these Fonotone recordings, individually pressed in very small runs, were reissued as a box set in 2011. In 1959, Fahey recorded at St. Michaels and All Angels Church in Adelphi, Maryland, so Takoma Records was born, named in honor of his hometown. One hundred copies of this first album were pressed, on one side of the album sleeve was the name John Fahey and on the other, Blind Joe Death—the latter was a humorous nickname given to him by his fellow blues fans. He attempted to sell these albums himself and it took three years for Fahey to sell the remainder. After graduating from American University with a degree in philosophy and religion, Fahey moved to California in 1963 to study philosophy at the University of California, arriving on campus, Fahey—ever the outsider—began to feel dissatisfied with the programs curriculum and was equally unimpressed with Berkeleys music scene. Fahey loathed the polite Pete Seeger–inspired revivalists he found himself classed with, eventually, Fahey moved south to Los Angeles to join the folklore masters program at UCLA at the invitation of department head D. K. Wilgus. Faheys UCLA masters thesis on the music of Charley Patton was later published and he completed it with the musicological assistance of his friend Alan Wilson, who shortly after became a member of Canned Heat. While Fahey lived in Berkeley, Takoma Records was reborn, Fahey decided to track down blues legend Bukka White by sending a postcard to Aberdeen, Mississippi. When White responded, Fahey and ED Denson, a friend from the Washington, D. C. area, the recordings by White became the first non-Fahey Takoma release. Fahey also released an album in late 1963, called Death Chants, Breakdowns
11.
Mexican people
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Mexicans are the people of the United Mexican States, a multiethnic country in North America. Mexicans can also be those who identify with the Mexican cultural and/or national identity, the Mexica founded Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1325 as an altepetl located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. It became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century, at its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City. In 2015,21. 5% of Mexicos population in Mexico self-identify as being indigenous, there are about 12 million Mexican nationals residing outside of Mexico, with about 11.7 million living in the United States. The larger Mexican diaspora can also include individuals that trace ancestry to Mexico, the Nahuatl language was a common tongue in the region of modern Central Mexico during the Aztec Empire, but after the arrival of Europeans the common language of the region became Spanish. Mexicano is derived from the word Mexico itself, in the principal model to create demonyms in Spanish, the suffix -ano is added to the name of the place of origin. Another hypothesis suggests that Mēxihco derives from the Nahuatl words for Moon and this meaning might then refer to Tenochtitlans position in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey. The term Mexicano as a word to describe the different peoples of the region of Mexico as a group emerged in the 16th century. In that time the term did not apply to a nationality nor to the limits of the modern Mexican Republic. The document stated, el venturoso descubrimiento que los Mexicanos han hecho, Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje. The word has somewhat pejorative connotations and most of the Mexican citizens who would be defined as mestizos in the sociological literature would probably self-identify primarily as Mexicans, in Chiapas the word Ladino is used instead of mestizo. White Mexicans are Mexican citizens of full European descent, another group in Mexico, the mestizos, also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, with some having a European admixture superior to 90%. Because of this, the line between whites and mestizos has become rather blur, and the Mexican government decided to abandon racial classifications. Intermixing would produce a group which would become the majority by the time of Independence. However, at its height, the immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded twenty percent of the total. Many of these came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business
12.
Cherokee
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The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. The Cherokee were one of the first, if not the first, article 8 in the 1817 treaty with the Cherokee stated Cherokees may wish to become citizens of the United States. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma has around 300,000 tribal members, in addition, numerous groups claiming Cherokee lineage, some of which are state-recognized, have members who are among those 819, 000-plus people claiming Cherokee ancestry on the US census. Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians have headquarters in Tahlequah, the UKB are mostly descendants of Old Settlers, Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817. They are related to the Cherokee who were relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is on the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina, the Cherokee refer to themselves as Ani-Yunwiya, which means Principal People. Many theories—though none proven—abound about the origin of the name Cherokee and it may have originally been derived from the Choctaw word Cha-la-kee, which means people who live in the mountains, or Choctaw Chi-luk-ik-bi, meaning people who live in the cave country. The earliest Spanish rendering of the name Cherokee, from 1755, is Tchalaquei, Another theory is that Cherokee derives from a Lower Creek word, Cvlakke. The Iroquois in New York have historically called the Cherokee Oyata’geronoñ, Tsalagi is sometimes misused as a name for the people, Tsalagi is actually the Cherokee word for the Cherokee language. There are two theories of Cherokee origins. Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years, researchers in the 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee peoples migrating south from the Great Lakes region in ancient times. They may have moved south into Muscogee Creek territory and settled at the sites of mounds built by the Mississippian culture, in the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly attributed several Mississippian culture sites to the Cherokee, including Moundville and Etowah Mounds. However, the Cherokee did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, pre-contact Cherokee are considered to be part of the later Pisgah Phase of Southern Appalachia, which lasted from circa 1000 to 1500. During the late Archaic and Woodland Period, Indians in the region began to cultivate plants such as elder, lambsquarters, pigweed, sunflowers. People created new art forms such as shell gorgets, adopted new technologies, during the Mississippian Culture-period, local women developed a new variety of maize called eastern flint corn. It closely resembled modern corn and produced larger crops, the successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex chiefdoms with several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Corn became celebrated among numerous peoples in ceremonies, especially the Green Corn Ceremony. Much of what is known about pre-18th-century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions, the earliest ones of the mid-16th-century encountered people of the Mississippian culture, the ancestors to later tribes in the Southeast such as the Muscogee and Catawba
13.
Howlin' Wolf
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Chester Arthur Burnett, known as Howlin Wolf, was a Chicago blues singer, guitarist, and harmonica player, originally from Mississippi. With a booming voice and looming physical presence, he is one of the best-known Chicago blues artists. Musician and critic Cub Koda noted, no one could match Howlin Wolf for the ability to rock the house down to the foundation while simultaneously scaring its patrons out of its wits. Producer Sam Phillips recalled, When I heard Howlin Wolf, I said and this is where the soul of man never dies. Several of his songs, including Smokestack Lightnin, Back Door Man, Killing Floor, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 51 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Burnett was born on June 10,1910, in White Station, Mississippi and he was given the name Chester Arthur, after Chester A. Arthur, the 21st president of the United States. His physique garnered him the nicknames Big Foot Chester and Bull Cow as a man, he was 6 feet 3 inches tall. The blues historian Paul Oliver wrote that Burnett once claimed to have given his nickname by his idol Jimmie Rodgers. Burnetts parents separated when he was one year old and his mother, Gertrude, threw him out of the house while he was a child for refusing to work on the farm. He then moved in with his uncle, Will Young, who treated him badly, when he was 13, he ran away and claimed to have walked 85 miles barefoot to join his father, where he finally found a happy home with his fathers large family. In 1930, Burnett met Charlie Patton, the most popular bluesman in the Mississippi Delta at the time and he would listen to Patton play nightly from outside a nearby juke joint. There he remembered Patton playing Pony Blues, High Water Everywhere, A Spoonful Blues, the two became acquainted, and soon Patton was teaching him guitar. Burnett recalled that the first piece I ever played in my life was, a tune about hook up my pony and saddle up my black mare—Pattons Pony Blues. Burnett would perform the tricks he learned from Patton for the rest of his life. He played with Patton often in small Delta communities, Burnett was influenced by other popular blues performers of the time, including the Mississippi Sheiks, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Ma Rainey, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Red, Blind Blake, and Tommy Johnson. Two of the earliest songs he mastered were Jeffersons Match Box Blues and Leroy Carrs How Long, country singer Jimmie Rodgers was also an influence. Burnett tried to emulate Rodgerss blue yodel but found that his efforts sounded more like a growl or a howl, I couldnt do no yodelin, and its done me just fine. His harmonica playing was modeled after that of Sonny Boy Williamson II, lockwood, Willie Brown, Son House and Willie Johnson
14.
Cherokee Nation
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The Cherokee Nation is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States. The tribe also includes descendants of Cherokee Freedmen and Natchez Nation, over 299,862 people are enrolled in the Cherokee Nation, with 189,228 living within the state of Oklahoma. According to Bureau of Indian Affairs head Larry EchoHawk, the Cherokee Nation is not the historical Cherokee tribe, headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation has a tribal jurisdictional area spanning 14 counties in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma. These are Adair, Cherokee, Craig, Delaware, Mayes, McIntosh, Muskogee, Nowata, Ottawa, Rogers, Sequoyah, Tulsa, Wagoner, the tribe has a democratically elected government, led by a Principal Chief, Deputy Chief, and Tribal Council. Cherokee Nation has two courts, the District Court and the Judicial Appeals Tribunal. The Cherokee Nation Marshal Service polices the tribe, a wide range of tribal businesses are operated by Cherokee Nation Entertainment and Cherokee Nation Businesses, based in Catoosa, Oklahoma and Cherokee Nation Industries, based in Stilwell, Oklahoma. The tribal newspaper is the Cherokee Phoenix, the Cherokee Nation operates Sequoyah High School and W. W. Hastings Hospital, both based in Tahlequah. The Nation also operates a clinic, the Wilma P. Mankiller Clinic. From 1906 to 1938, the structure and function of the government was not clearly defined. The service time for each appointed chief was so brief that it became known as Chief for a Day, six men fell under this category, the first being A. B. Cunningham who served from November 8 to November 25. The short service times were often just long enough to have one sign a treaty, on August 8,1938, the Cherokee Nation convened a general convention in Fairfield, Oklahoma to elect a Chief. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt confirmed the election in 1941, W. W. Keeler was appointed chief in 1949. After the federal government under President Richard Nixon had adopted a self-determination policy, the people elected W. W. Keeler as chief. Keeler, who was also the president of Phillips Petroleum, was succeeded by Ross Swimmer, in 1975 the tribe drafted a constitution, under the name Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, which was ratified on June 26,1976. The tribe has also conducted using this name. In 1985 Wilma Mankiller was elected as the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation, in recent times, the modern Cherokee Nation has experienced an almost unprecedented expansion in economic growth and prosperity for its citizens. The Cherokee Nation has significant business, corporate, real estate, in the early 21st century, the tribe assumed control of W. W. Hastings Hospital in Tahlequah, previously operated by the US Indian Health Service. The Cherokee Nation hosts the Cherokee National Holiday on Labor Day weekend each year and it also publishes the Cherokee Phoenix, a tribal newspaper
15.
Indian Territory
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In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in an area purchased by the United States federal government from Napoleonic France, the Louisiana Purchase. The concept of an Indian Territory was an outcome of the 18th-, after the Civil War, the policy of the government was one of assimilation. The term Indian Reserve describes lands the British government set aside for indigenous tribes between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River in the time before the Revolutionary War. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various Organic Acts were passed by Congress to create incorporated territories of the United States. The 1907 Oklahoma Enabling Act created the state of Oklahoma by combining Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory. Indian Territory, also known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land within the United States of America reserved for the forced re-settlement of Native Americans, the general borders were set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834. The territory was located in the Midwest, while Congress passed several Organic Acts that provided a path for statehood for much of the original Indian Country, Congress never passed an Organic Act for the Indian Territory. Indian Territory was never an organized incorporated territory of the United States, in general, tribes could not sell land to non-Indians. The region never had a government until after the American Civil War. Therefore, the location commonly called Indian Territory was not a traditional territory. These re-written treaties included provisions for a legislature with proportional representation from various tribes. In time, the Indian Territory was reduced to what is now Oklahoma, the Organic Act of 1890 reduced Indian Territory to the lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes and the Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Agency. The remaining western portion of the former Indian Territory became the Oklahoma Territory, the Oklahoma organic act applied the laws of Nebraska to the incorporated territory of Oklahoma Territory, and the laws of Arkansas to the still unincorporated Indian Territory. The proclamation limited the settlement of Europeans to Crown-claimed lands east of the Appalachian Mountains, the territory remained active until the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War, and land was ceded to the United States. After the defeat of the British, the Americans twice invaded the Ohio Country and were twice defeated, the period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by Native Americans in the United States were called Indian country, in 1803 the United States of America agreed to purchase Frances claim to French Louisiana for a total of $15 million. President Thomas Jefferson doubted the legality of the purchase, however, the chief negotiator, Robert R. Livingston believed that the 3rd article of the treaty providing for the Louisiana Purchase would be acceptable to congress. Indian removal became the policy of the United States government with the passage of the 1830 Indian Removal Act
16.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
17.
Black Indian
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Black Indians are people of mixed African-American and Native American heritage, who have strong ties to Native American culture. Many Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, such as the Narragansett, Pequot, members of the Five Civilized Tribes also participated in enslaving Africans, and some Africans migrated with them to the West on the Trail of Tears in 1830 and later. The Chickasaw Nation never extended citizenship to Chickasaw Freedmen, until recently, historic relations between Native Americans and African Americans were relatively neglected in mainstream United States history studies. At various times, Africans had varying degrees of contact with Native Americans, most interaction took place in the Southern United States, where the largest number of people were enslaved. A significant number of African Americans thus have some Native American ancestry, relationships among different Native Americans, Africans, and African Americans have been varied and complex. Some groups were more accepting of Africans than others and welcomed them as members of their respective cultures and communities. Native peoples often disagreed about the role of ethnic African people in their communities, other Native Americans saw uses for slavery and did not oppose it for others. After the American Civil War some African Americans became members of the US Army and fought against the Native Americans and their military units became known as the Buffalo Soldiers. Black Seminole in particular were recruited and worked as Native American scouts for the Army, Black Indians, An American Story brings to light a forgotten part of Americans past – the cultural and racial fusion of Native and African Americans. Narrated by James Earl Jones, Black Indians, An American Story explores what brought the two together, what drove them apart and the challenges they face today. Records of contacts between Africans and Native Americans date back to April 1502, when the first enslaved African arrived in Hispaniola, some Africans escaped inland from the colony of Santo Domingo, those who survived and joined with the natives became the first circle of Black Indians. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllón established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in present-day South Carolina, the Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape, its inhabitants included 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526 the first enslaved African fled the colony and took refuge with local Native Americans, pueblo peoples had contact with the Moroccan slave Esteban de Dorantes in 1534 before any European contact. As part of the Spanish Pánfilo de Narváez expedition, Esteban traveled from Florida in 1528 to what is now New Mexico in 1539, intermarriage between enslaved African and Native Americans began in the early 17th century in the coastal settlements. In 1622 Native Americans attempted to overrun the European colony of Jamestown and they killed the Europeans but brought the African slaves as captives back to their own communities, gradually integrating them. Interracial relationships occurred between African Americans and members of tribes in the coastal states. Several colonial advertisements for runaway slaves made direct reference to the connections which Africans had in Native American communities, reward notices in colonial newspapers now told of African slaves who ran off with his Indian wife or had kin among the Indians or is part-Indian and speaks their language good. Colonists in South Carolina felt so concerned about the threat posed by the mixed African
18.
Dockery Plantation
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Dockery Plantation was a 10, 000-acre cotton plantation and sawmill in Dockery, Mississippi, on the Sunflower River between Ruleville and Cleveland, Mississippi. It is widely regarded as the place where Delta blues music was born, Blues musicians resident at Dockery included Charlie Patton, Robert Johnson and Howlin Wolf. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, the plantation was started in 1895 by Will Dockery, a graduate of the University of Mississippi who originally bought the land for its timber but soon recognised the richness of its soil. At the time, much of the Delta area was still a wilderness of cypress and gum trees, roamed by panthers and wolves, the land was gradually cleared and drained for cotton cultivation, which encouraged an influx of black labourers. Some became settled sharecroppers, who would work a portion of the land in return for a share of the crop, Dockery earned a good reputation for treating his workers and sharecroppers fairly and thus attracted workers from throughout the South. Dockery’s land was remote, but was opened up for development by a new branch of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad. Around 1900, Dockery had a terminal built on his plantation. Because of its circuitous route, this line was known as the Pea Vine. Dockery Plantation eventually supported over 2,000 workers, who were paid in the own coins. In addition to the terminal, it had its own general store, post office, school, doctor. The workers’ quarters included boardinghouses, where they lived, socialized and played music, particularly guitars, Dockery took no interest in his workers music, but he made it easy for them to travel and to spend their leisure time as they pleased. Charley Patton and his family are believed to have moved around 1900 to the Dockery Plantation, in turn, Patton became the central figure of a group of blues musicians including Willie Brown, Tommy Johnson, and Eddie Son House, who played around the local area. Because of its location, central to Sunflower County’s black population of some 35,000 in 1920, by the mid-1920s, the group widened to include a younger generation of musicians, including Robert Johnson, Chester Howlin’ Wolf Burnett, Roebuck Pops Staples, and David Honeyboy Edwards. Some of these were itinerant workers while others lived more permanently on the farms, in 1936, the plantation was inherited by Joe Rice Dockery. With agricultural mechanisation and the employment attractions of the cities further north. The farm later diversified to produce corn, rice and soybeans, later members of the Dockery family have established a foundation to fund research into the Delta blues. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, a marker designating Dockery Plantation as a site on the Mississippi Blues Trail is an acknowledgment of the important contribution of the plantation to the development of the blues in Mississippi. The marker was placed in Cleveland, Mississippi
19.
Ruleville, Mississippi
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Ruleville is a city in Sunflower County, Mississippi, United States, in the Mississippi Delta region. The population was 3,234 at the 2000 census and it is the second-largest community in the rural county. Ruleville was described as surrounded by a fertile country and timber lands. Development of the settlement followed construction of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad, the village was laid out in 1898 by J. W. Rule, for whom it was named. In September 1899 the official petition to Governor Anselm J. McLaurin to incorporate contained 98 names of the citizens, reside in the village noting that 150 people currently lived inside the village. The rural area was being developed for cotton plantations after the American Civil War, Ruleville was established as an important cotton shipping point on the railroad. The population in 1900 was 336, the Bank of Ruleville was established in 1903. During the Civil Rights Movement that expanded beginning in the 1950s, Fannie Lou Hamer, a farm worker, started a movement for poor people. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.5 square miles. Ruleville is along U. S. Route 49W, Ruleville is about 15 miles from the Mississippi State Penitentiary. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 3,007 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 3% Black,12. 8% White,0. 1% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,0. 1% from some other race and 0. 5% from two or more races. 0. 7% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,234 people,1,020 households, and 774 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,278.3 people per square mile, there were 1,096 housing units at an average density of 433.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 80. 77% Black,18. 65% White,0. 43% Asian,0. 06% Native American,0. 03% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 87% of the population. 21. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.55. In the city, the population was out with 31. 3% under the age of 18,11. 2% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 80.7 males
20.
Willie Brown (musician)
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Willie Lee Brown was an American blues guitar player and vocalist. He performed and recorded with other blues musicians, including Son House and Charlie Patton. Brown is considered one of the musicians of the Delta blues genre. Brown was best known as a player, performing mostly with House, Patton. He recorded four sides for Paramount Records in Grafton, Wisconsin, in 1930 and he made three recordings for the Library of Congress in 1941, accompanied by House. In 1952, Brown briefly joined House in Rochester, New York, but soon returned to Tunica, Mississippi, where he died the same year. Although known mostly as an accompanist rather than a soloist, Brown recorded three highly rated solo performances, M & O Blues, Make Me a Pallet on the Floor, and Future Blues. He disappeared from the scene during the 1940s, together with House. Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1900 and he learned to play the guitar as a teenager. He played with such notables as Charley Patton, Son House and he was not a self-promoting frontman, preferring to second other musicians. Little is known for certain about the man whom Johnson called my friend Willie Brown, Brown played with Patton on M & O Blues and Future Blues, recorded for Paramount Records in 1930. Both songs appear on the album Son House & the Great Delta Blues Singers 1928–1920 and are included in JSPs box set of Pattons recordings. At least four other songs Brown recorded for Paramount have never been found and it has been said that Brown played with other musicians, in addition to House and Patton, including Luke Thomson and Thomas Clubfoot Coles. There has been speculation and some dispute about whether Brown played backup on Rowdy Blues, the musicologist David Evans reconstructed the early biography of a Willie Brown living in Drew, Mississippi, until 1929. He was married by 1911, when he was 10 or 11 and he is recalled as singing and playing guitar with Patton and others in the neighborhood of Drew. Informants with conflicting memories led Gayle Dean Wardlow and Steve Calt to conclude that this was a different Willie Brown, alan Lomax, writing in 1993, suggesting that the William Brown he recorded in Arkansas in 1942 was the same man as the Paramount artist. The recording was for a joint project between Fisk University and the Library of Congress documenting the music of Coahoma County, Mississippi, in 1941 and 1942. Writing over fifty years later, Lomax seemed to have forgotten that he had actually recorded Brown the previous summer with Son House, Fiddlin Joe Martin, Brown played second guitar on three performances by the group and recorded one solo, Make Me a Pallet on the Floor
21.
Tommy Johnson (musician)
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Tommy Johnson was an American Delta blues musician who recorded in the late 1920s and was known for his eerie falsetto voice and intricate guitar playing. He was unrelated to the blues musician Robert Johnson, Johnson was born near Terry, Mississippi, and moved around 1910 to Crystal Springs, where he lived for most of his life. He learned to play the guitar and, by 1914, was supplementing his income by playing at parties with his brothers Major. In 1916 he married and moved to Webb Jennings plantation near Drew, Mississippi, there he met other musicians, including Charlie Patton and Willie Brown. By 1920 Johnson was an alcoholic and an itinerant musician, based in Crystal Springs but traveling widely around the South, sometimes accompanied by Papa Charlie McCoy. In 1928 he made his first recordings, with McCoy, for Victor Records, including Canned Heat Blues, the song features the refrain canned heat, mama, sure, Lord, killing me. The blues group Canned Heat took their name from this song, Johnsons Big Road Blues inspired Canned Heats song On the Road Again. A significantly different version of the song appears as Canned Heat on the album Big Road Blues by K. C. Douglas, Johnson recorded two further sessions, for Victor in August 1928 and for Paramount Records in December 1929. He did not record again, mistakenly believing that he had signed away his right to record, some suggest he had been intentionally given this misimpression by people at Paramount Records. This resulted in a settlement with the Mississippi Sheiks, who had used the melody of Johnsons Big Road Blues in their successful Stop. Johnson was party to the settlement but was too drunk at the time to understand what he had signed. Johnsons recordings established him as the premier Delta blues vocalist of his day and he also performed tricks with his guitar, playing it between his legs and behind his head and throwing it in the air while playing. His style influenced later singers, such as Robert Nighthawk and Howlin Wolf. Johnson was a composer, blending fragments of folk poetry. To enhance his fame, Johnson cultivated a sinister persona, according to his brother LeDell, he claimed to have sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads in exchange for his mastery of the guitar. This story was also associated with Robert Johnson, to whom Tommy Johnson was unrelated. Johnson remained a performer in the Jackson area through the 1930s and 1940s. He influenced other performers, partly because he was willing to teach his style and his influence on local traditions is described by David Evans in Tommy Johnson and Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues
22.
Robert Johnson
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Robert Leroy Johnson was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, Johnsons shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend. One Faustian myth says that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads of Mississippi highways to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style and he is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence, the blues and rock musician Eric Clapton has called Johnson the most important blues singer that ever lived. Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in its first induction ceremony, in 1986, as an influence on rock. In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone magazines 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, Johnson was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi, possibly on May 8,1911, to Julia Major Dodds and Noah Johnson. Julia was married to Charles Dodds, a prosperous landowner and furniture maker. Charles Dodds had been forced by a mob to leave Hazlehurst following a dispute with white landowners. Julia left Hazlehurst with baby Robert but after two years sent the boy to Memphis to live with her husband, who had changed his name to Charles Spencer, about 1919, Robert rejoined his mother in the Mississippi Delta area around Tunica and Robinsonville, Mississippi. Julias new husband, known as Dusty Willis, was 24 years her junior, Robert was remembered by some residents as Little Robert Dusty, but he was registered at Tunicas Indian Creek School as Robert Spencer. In the 1920 census he is listed as Robert Spencer, living in Lucas, Arkansas, with Will, Robert was at school in 1924 and 1927. The quality of his signature on his marriage suggests that he was relatively well educated for a boy of his background. A school friend, Willie Coffee, who was interviewed and filmed in later life, recalled that as a youth Robert was already noted for playing the harmonica and jaw harp. Coffee recalled that Robert was absent for long periods, which suggests that he may have been living and studying in Memphis. After school, Robert adopted the surname of his natural father and she died in childbirth shortly after. Surviving relatives of Virginia told the blues researcher Robert Mack McCormick that this was a punishment for Roberts decision to sing secular songs. McCormick believed that Johnson himself accepted the phrase as a description of his resolve to abandon the life of a husband
23.
Hillbilly
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Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks. Due to its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term can be offensive to those Americans of Appalachian or Ozark heritage, scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The Appalachian Mountains were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from the Province of Ulster in Ireland, the settlers from Ulster were mainly Protestants who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century from Scotland and Northern England. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, scholars argue that the term hillbilly originated from Scottish dialect. The term hill-folk referred to people that preferred isolation from the greater society and it is suggested that hill-folk and billie were combined when the Cameronians fled to the Highlands. Others have suggested the term originated in 17th century Ireland, during the Williamite War, some scholars disagree with this theory. … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, the term hillbilly spread in the years following the American Civil War. At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind, before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the frontier pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics, Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the Hatfields and McCoys, the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century. The classic hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the Great Depression when many left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. This movement North became known as the Hillbilly Highway, the movement brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. Poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets and eventually, authors at this time were inspired by historical figures such as Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the hillbilly stereotype emerged, pop culture has perpetuated the hillbilly stereotype. The misrepresentation of Appalachian people in the media has led to great cultural distortion of Appalachian beliefs, practices, scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as hillbillies. These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians, Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single identity. One of the associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When hillbilly became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue and they recycled the image and brought it to life through various forms of media
24.
Holly Ridge, Mississippi
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Holly Ridge is an unincorporated community in Sunflower County, Mississippi. It is located in the Mississippi Delta, approximately five miles west of Indianola, the early Delta blues guitarist and singer, Charley Patton, is buried in Holly Ridge. The Mississippi Blues Trail placed its first historic marker on Pattons grave in dedication to his status as a bluesman. Fellow blues musicians, Willie James Foster and Asie Payton, the latter of whom lived in the community, are buried in the same cemetery
25.
Indianola, Mississippi
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Indianola is a city in Sunflower County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta. The population was 12,066 at the 2000 census and it is the county seat of Sunflower County. The town was originally named Indian Bayou in 1882 because the site along the bank was formerly inhabited by a Choctaw Indian village. Between 1882 and 1886, the name was changed from Indian Bayou to Eureka, then to Belengate, and finally Indianola. The town population developed at this due to the location of a lumber mill on the river. In 1891, Minnie M. Cox was appointed postmaster of Indianola and her rank was raised from fourth class to third class in 1900, and she was appointed to a full four-year term. Coxs position was one of the most respected and lucrative posts in Indianola, as it served approximately 3,000 patrons. White resentment to Coxs prestigious position began to grow, and in 1902 some white residents in Indianola drew up a petition requesting Cox’s resignation. James K. Vardaman, editor of the The Greenwood Commonwealth and a white supremacist, began delivering speeches reproaching the people of Indianola for “tolerating a negro wench as a postmaster. ”Racial tensions grew, and threats of physical harm led Cox to submit her resignation to take effect January 1,1903. The incident attracted attention, and President Roosevelt refused to accept her resignation, feeling Cox had been wronged. Unless Coxs detractors could prove a reason for her other than the color of her skin. Roosevelt closed Indianola’s post office on January 2,1903, and rerouted mail to Greenville and that same month, the United States Senate debated the Indianola postal event for four hours, and Cox left Indianola for her own safety and did not return. In February 1904, the post office was reopened, but demoted in rank from third class to fourth class and its goal was to resist any implementation of racial integration in Mississippi. The Indianola Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, Indianola is located at the junction of U. S. Indianola is 30 miles from Greenwood, the topography of Indianola is flat, with the only significant elevation changes along waterways such as Indian Bayou and one Indian mound located on Main Street east of U. S.49. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 10,683 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 78. 8% Black,18. 5% White,0. 2% Native American,0. 5% Asian,1. 6% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the census of 2000, there were 12,066 people,3,899 households, the population density was 1,400.3 people per square mile
26.
John Fogerty
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Fogerty was listed on Rolling Stone magazines list of 100 Greatest Guitarists and the list of 100 Greatest Singers. Galen Fogerty was a native of South Dakota and Lucile Fogerty was a native of Great Falls, after one year, he was enrolled in nearby Harding Grammar School. He spent summer vacations at Putah Creek, near Winters, California, after signing with the jazz label Fantasy in 1965, they became The Golliwogs and released a few singles that were largely ignored. He joined an Army Reserve unit and he served at Fort Bragg, Fort Knox, and Fort Lee. Fogerty was discharged from the Army in July 1967, in the same year, the band changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival. At this time, John took his brothers place as singer for the band. By 1968, things started to pick up for the band, the band released their eponymous debut album and also had their first hit single, Susie Q. Many other hit singles and albums followed, beginning with Proud Mary, Fogerty, as writer of the songs for the band, felt that his musical opinions should count for more than those of the others, leading to resentments within the band. These internal rifts, and Toms feeling that he was being taken for granted, caused Tom to leave the group in January 1971, the two other group members, bassist Stu Cook and drummer Doug Clifford, wanted a greater role in the bands future. Cook and Clifford told Fogerty that the fans would not accept Mardi Gras as a CCR LP, but he said, My voice is a unique instrument and he gave them an ultimatum, either they would do it or he would quit immediately. They accepted his ultimatum, but the album received poor reviews and it was a commercial success, however, peaking at #12 and achieving gold record status. It generated weaker sales than their previous albums, the only reunion of all four original members would be at Tom Fogertys wedding in 1980. John, Doug and Stu played a 45-minute set at their 20th class reunion in 1983, as CCR was coming to an end, Fogerty began working on a solo album of country & western covers, on which he produced, arranged, and played all of the instruments. Despite the solo nature of the recordings, however, Fogerty elected to credit the album to The Blue Ridge Rangers—a band of which he was the only member. The group released The Blue Ridge Rangers, its album, in 1973, it spun off the Top 20 hit Jambalaya. Fogerty, still using The Blue Ridge Rangers name, then released a self-penned rock & roll single, You Dont Owe Me b/w Back in the Hills. It was a flop, failing to make the Hot 100 in the U. S. Fogerty thereafter abandoned the Blue Ridge Rangers identity. In early 1974, Fogerty released Comin Down The Road—backed with the instrumental Ricochet and his second solo album, John Fogerty, was released in 1975
27.
Boxed set
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A box set or boxed set is a set of items packaged in a box, for sale as a single unit. Artists and bands with a long and successful career often have anthology or essential collections of their boxes of music released as box sets. These often include rare and never-before-released tracks, some box sets collect previously released boxes of singles or albums by a music artist, and often collect the complete discography of an artist such as Pink Floyds Oh, by the Way. Other music box sets focus on a compilation of boxes of different artists from a genre such as Big Band jazz, 1960s rock and roll. They generally feature a collection of various hits from some of the top artists of a particular genre. The scope of such box sets varies widely, with some genre-specific box sets focusing on boxes of a specific style, two of the best known companies for making box sets are Legacy Recordings and Rhino Records, both have won multiple Grammy Awards. Prior to Rhino and Legacy, companies such as Time-Life Records, in rare cases, box sets contain all original material such as In Search of The, a 13-disc set by Buckethead, or Klaus Schulzes Contemporary Works duo. In classical music, box sets contain all works of a certain composer or all works in a certain genre, like symphonies or chamber music, performed by a certain orchestra. Films, television, and other programs on Blu-ray and DVD are sometimes sold as box sets, as were certain titles on the now discontinued VHS. Some box sets contain different versions of one film, as in the case of Blade Runner, for example, one can buy box sets of the plays of Shakespeare, collection of J. R. R. Tolkien novels, or Ansel Adams photographic prints, there are now also digital boxed set collections, such as 21 Shades of Night
28.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
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Pony Blues
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Pony Blues is a Delta blues song recorded by blues musician Charley Patton. Patton recorded the song in June 1929 during his very first session, the song was also the first song to be released by Patton on the Paramount label. Patton wrote Pony Blues sometime around the age 19, and is one of the first songs Patton ever wrote and he would record another rendition of this song later in Stone Pony Blues in 1934. With the help of record store owner H. C, speir, Patton obtained his first recording session, for Paramount Records, on June 14,1929. He cut 14 sides, including Pony Blues, pattons compositions Banty Rooster Blues and Down the Dirt Road were also recorded at this session
30.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
31.
Jack White
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Jack White is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He is known as the singer and guitarist of duo The White Stripes. On April 24,2012, White released his solo album. His second studio album, Lazaretto, was released on June 10,2014, both received wide commercial and critical acclaim. After moonlighting in several underground Detroit bands as a drummer, White founded The White Stripes with fellow Detroit native Meg White in 1997. Their 2001 breakthrough album, White Blood Cells, brought international fame with the hit single and accompanying music video. This recognition provided White opportunities to collaborate with artists, including Loretta Lynn. In 2006, White founded The Raconteurs with Brendan Benson, White has enjoyed consistent critical and popular success, and is widely credited as one of the key artists in the garage rock revival of the 2000s. He has won twelve Grammy Awards, and both of his albums have reached number one on the Billboard charts. Rolling Stone ranked him number 70 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, david Frickes 2011 list ranked him at number 17. White has a collection of guitars and other instruments, and has a preference for vintage items that often have connections to famous blues artists. He is an advocate for analog technology and recording techniques. His record label and studio Third Man Records releases vinyl recordings of his own work, as well as that of other artists and his latest album holds the record for most first-week vinyl sales since 1991. White values his privacy and has known to create misdirection about his personal life. He and Meg divorced in 2000 and he was married to model and singer Karen Elson from 2005 to 2013, together, they have a son and daughter. He currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee and he recently bought a house in Kalamazoo, Michigan. John Anthony Gillis was born in Detroit, Michigan, the youngest of ten children—and the seventh son—of Teresa and his mothers family was Polish, while his father was of Scottish-Canadian descent. He was raised a Catholic, and his father and mother worked for the Archdiocese of Detroit
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Third Man Records
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Third Man Records is an independent record label founded by Jack White in Detroit, Michigan, in 2001. Third Man established its first physical location—a combination record store, performance venue, the label opened a Detroit branch location in 2015, which added a pressing plant in 2017. Jack White founded Third Man Records in Detroit, Michigan, in 2001, White originally purchased the building to store his gear, and some plans to reissue the early White Stripes 45s. Third Man, which releases albums and singles primarily on vinyl record, established its first physical location in Nashville, Tennessee, the Nashville location serves as a record store, label offices and live venue. It includes The Blue Room, a studio and darkroom, a storage facility for master recording tapes. The Blue Room is the venue in the world to record live shows direct-to-acetate. To commemorate the opening of Third Man Records in Nashville, White debuted his new project, The Dead Weather, the labels motto is Your Turntables Not Dead. The labels name incorporates several elements of personal significance to White and his fondness for the number three is well documented. It refers to Carol Reeds The Third Man starring Joseph Cotten and his old upholstering company was named Third Man Upholstery. White also refers to himself as a third man in the song Ball. All six studio albums of The White Stripes appear with the Third Man logo, both albums of The Raconteurs also carry the labels logo. For The Raconteurs tour of the United Kingdom in October 2006,1,000 live albums were pressed and sold for each show, the Dead Weather, Jack White, The Black Belles, Karen Elson, and the Greenhornes are also core acts on the Third Man roster. Other artists who have released LPs on Third Man Records include Kelley Stoltz, Seasick Steve, the label released and pressed a 7-inch vinyl of Conan OBriens 2010 comedy album And They Call Me Mad. which featured an interview of OBrien by Jack White on its reverse. The Third Man Records Vault is a quarterly subscription service that began in September 2009 as a way to release special. Platinum members of the Vault receive a package containing limited-edition vinyl records, generally each cycles offerings include a 12” record, a 7” record and a “bonus item. The labels headquarters is located in a prosperous neighborhood, and is surrounded by a methadone clinic, a halfway house. Whites presence, however, has raised the areas provenance, motivating the city and business owners to rezone the area with more creative ventures, White opposes the idea, calling the environment a solid neighborhood everyone looks out for each other. The location is organized around five dedicated sections, the store, a novelties lounge, the label’s offices and distribution center, its recording studios
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Mississippi Blues Trail
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Within the state the trail extends from the Gulf Coast north along several highways to Natchez, Vicksburg, Jackson, Leland, Greenwood, Clarksdale, Tunica, Grenada, Oxford, Columbus, and Meridian. The largest concentration of markers is in the Mississippi Delta but other regions of the state are also represented, several out-of-state markers have also been erected where blues with Mississippi roots has had significance. The list of markers and locations was developed by a panel of blues scholars, the trail has been implemented in stages as funds have become available. Prior to the founding of the Mississippi Blues Trail, two markers were placed in Indianola, Mississippi, at a corner where B. B. King played as a young man. The first three Mississippi Blues Trail markers were dedicated on December 11,2006, the first, at Holly Ridge, is dedicated to Delta blues pioneer Charley Patton. The second marker is located in front of the Southern Whispers Restaurant on Nelson Street in Greenville. Nelson Street, the home of many nightclubs, cafes, and juke joints over the years, was once the center of African American business, entertainment. For many decades this historic strip drew crowds to the club scene to hear Delta blues, big band, jump blues, rhythm & blues. The third marker ceremony was at the location of WGRM radio station in Greenwood where B. B. King first broadcast as a gospel singer. Locations are in Mississippi unless otherwise stated, source, Mississippi Blues Trail official web site Delta Blues Museum Mississippi Blues Trail list and map Delta Blues in the Lower Mississippi Valley, Indianola Mississippi Blues Highway Registry
34.
Boyle, Mississippi
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Boyle is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi. The population was 650 at the 2010 census, the town is named after Andrew Boyle, who discovered the area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 1.5 square miles, of which 1.4 square miles is land and 0.077 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 720 people,268 households, the population density was 712.8 people per square mile. There were 290 housing units at a density of 287.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 52. 78% White,45. 14% African American,0. 14% Asian,0. 14% Pacific Islander,1. 11% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 39% of the population. 25. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.22. In the town, the population was out with 33. 3% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $26,429, and the median income for a family was $28,500. Males had an income of $25,625 versus $30,104 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,181, about 19. 5% of families and 27. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43. 2% of those under age 18 and 6. 2% of those age 65 or over. Boyle is served by the Cleveland School District, there is one school in Boyle, B. L. Bell Academy for Math, Science and Health Education, the Mississippi Blues Commission placed a historic marker at the Peavine Railroad site intersection with Highway 446 in Boyle, designating it as a site on the Mississippi Blues Trail. A common theme of songs was riding on the railroad
