1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
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United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
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Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
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Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
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House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
2.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
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St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
Florida
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Flag
Florida
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Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
Florida
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The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
3.
David Jolly
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David Wilson Jolly is an American attorney, former lobbyist, and a former U. S. Representative for Floridas 13th congressional district, a Republican, he previously served as general counsel to his predecessor, U. S. Rep. Bill Young. He won the race for Youngs seat in a 2014 special election against Democrat Alex Sink and he was subsequently re-elected in November 2014, winning 75 percent of the vote, but was unseated in 2016 by former Governor Charlie Crist. Jolly has become a prominent Republican critic of US President Donald Trump, Jolly was born in Dunedin, Florida. He graduated from Emory University in 1994 and earned his law degree from the George Mason University School of Law in 2001. Representative Bill Young full-time from 1995 to 2006 in various positions, in 2002, Jolly became Youngs general counsel and held that position until he left in 2006. He served as the attorney for Youngs family as well. In 2007, Jolly joined Washington, D. C. firm Van Scoyoc Associates as a lobbyist and in 2011, he left Van Scoyoc to open his own firm and he made political donations to both Republicans and Democrats during his time as a lobbyist. Jolly had his name removed from the Lobby Registry to run for the vacant House seat, as of January 2014, he still worked as a lobbyist but his main job was as a vice president of the Clearwater-based investment company Boston Finance Group. Jolly and his first wife bought a condo in Indian Shores, Florida, in 2005 and his divorce from his wife Carrie was finalized on January 16,2014, and Jolly married Laura Donahoe on July 3,2015. Jolly opposes the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and he supports the Balanced Budget Amendment, and says he would have voted to raise the debt limit in early 2014. Jolly supports sending special operations overseas, securing the border, increasing the vetting process for legal immigrants. In February 2014, Jolly introduced the Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Protection Act, Jolly pushed to extend the ban on oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico. In January 2015, Jolly announced plans to introduce a bill that would extend the reforms of the federal flood insurance program, in July 2015, Jolly introduced the Veterans Health Care Freedom Act. Jolly encouraged the U. S. House to extend the Treasure Island beach re-nourishment project, on July 21,2014, Jolly announced his support for the legality of same-sex marriage, stating, I believe in a form of limited government that protects personal liberty. To me, that means that the sanctity of marriage should be defined by their faith and by their church. He said As a matter of my Christian faith, I believe in traditional marriage, Jolly called it a careless staff mistake and said that he stands by his record and wants the public to be fully informed. Jolly faced Democratic nominee Alex Sink and a candidate, Lucas Overby
David Jolly
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David Jolly
4.
List of Governors of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
List of Governors of Florida
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Incumbent
Rick Scott since January 4, 2011
List of Governors of Florida
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Official seal
List of Governors of Florida
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Andrew Jackson
List of Governors of Florida
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William Pope Duval
5.
Governor of Florida
–
The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
Governor of Florida
–
Incumbent
Rick Scott since January 4, 2011
Governor of Florida
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Official seal
Governor of Florida
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Andrew Jackson
Governor of Florida
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William Pope Duval
6.
Jeff Kottkamp
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Jeffrey D. Kottkamp is an American politician from Florida who served as the states 17th lieutenant governor from 2007 until 2011. Kottkamp, a Republican, served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2006, in September 2006 he was selected as the running mate for Republican candidate for governor Charlie Crist. Crist and Kottkamp were elected in November 2006, and Kottkamp was subsequently sworn in as the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Florida on January 2,2007. During his term in office, Kottkamp pushed for the passage of the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program, in January 2010, Kottkamp announced a Statewide Prescription Drug Task Force called Operation Pain Killer to combat Floridas increasing prescription drug abuse in pill mills. The Florida Department of Law Enforcement announced in June 2010 that the anti-pill mill effort resulted in 172 arrests statewide, Kottkamp was appointed as chairman of the Space Florida Board of Directors in 2007. While he was chairman, Florida broke ground on a facility for Space Exploration Technologies at Launch Complex 40 located at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the facility opened a new era of commercial space operations in Florida. When President Barack Obama released his budget for 2011 which proposed ending NASAs Constellation Program. In March 2010, Kottkamp challenged the President to a debate on the future of the space program, Kottkamp served as chairman of Floridas Children and Youth Cabinet and also oversaw the Office of Adoption. Kottkamp was born in Martinsville, Indiana in 1960 and he moved to Florida in 1977 and graduated from North Fort Myers High School in 1979. He is the first person from his family to attend college, in 1982, he received his Associate of Arts degree from Edison Community College in Fort Myers. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Florida State University, while at Florida State he was active in Student Government and was a member of the Phi Alpha Theta National Honor Society. In 2007, the Florida State University Alumni Association named Kottkamp to the prestigious Circle of Gold, in 1987 he received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Florida College of Law. Kottkamp and his wife Cyndie, a native of Fort Myers, Kottkamp was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000 and was subsequently re-elected in 2002 and 2004. He served as Deputy Majority Whip, as a member of the Florida Legislature Kottkamp had a reputation for fighting to lower taxes. He sponsored legislation to repeal the Intangibles Tax, in 2000 a group of freshman members of the Florida House of Representatives, including Kottkamp, formed the Freedom Caucus. Members of the caucus included Representatives Connie Mack, Jeff Kottkamp, Bruce Kyle, Jim Kallinger, Don Brown, Mike Haridopolos, Dennis Baxley, Caucus members opposed any efforts to raise taxes. Kottkamp later became Co-Chair of the Taxpayer Protection Caucus and he served as Co-Chair of the Caucus from 2002 to 2006. On June 18,2008 Kottkamp became Acting Governor of the State of Florida while Governor Charlie Crist was under anesthesia for knee surgery, Crist filed a Proclamation with the Secretary of State transferring power to Kottkamp pursuant to Article IV Section 3 of the Florida Constitution
Jeff Kottkamp
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Jeff Kottkamp
7.
Jeb Bush
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John Ellis Jeb Bush Sr. is an American businessman and politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. Bush, who grew up in Houston, is the son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush. He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended the University of Texas, in 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development, and in 1986 became Floridas Secretary of Commerce until 1988. At that time, he joined his fathers campaign for the Presidency. In 1994, Bush made his first run for office, losing the election for governor by less than two points to the incumbent, Lawton Chiles. Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote and he ran for reelection in 2002, defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent, to become Floridas first two-term Republican governor. Bush announced his candidacy on June 15,2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20,2016, shortly after the South Carolina primary, Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for President, Donald Trump. Jeb Bush was born on February 11,1953 in Midland, when he was six years old, the family relocated to the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston, Texas. The nickname Jeb is composed of his initials J. E. B and he grew up with two younger brothers, Neil and Marvin, one younger sister, Dorothy, and one older brother, George, who is seven years older. Jeb Bush initially attended Grady Elementary School in Houston, Bush completed ninth grade in Houston, but was advised to repeat it at Andover, and was nearly expelled due to poor grades. Bush recreationally used marijuana, hashish, and cigarettes during his school years, although he made the honor roll by the end of his senior year. While in Mexico, he met his wife, Columba Garnica Gallo. Bush, who had largely avoided criticizing or supporting the Vietnam War, registered for the draft after his graduation from high school in 1971. In the fourth and final lottery drawing, on February 2,1972, for men born in 1953 and to be inducted during 1973. But no new orders were issued after 1972, because the U. S. changed to an all-volunteer military beginning in 1973. Though many in his family had attended Yale University, Bush chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin and he played on the Texas Longhorns varsity tennis team in 1973. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude from the University of Texas at Austin with a B. A. in Latin American studies and he completed his coursework in two and a half years
Jeb Bush
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Jeb Bush at
Southern Republican Leadership Conference May 2015
Jeb Bush
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Jeb Bush, front right, with family, early 1960s
Jeb Bush
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A portrait of Governor Jeb Bush.
Jeb Bush
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Bush at Rookery Bay participating in Earth Day activities in 2004
8.
Rick Scott
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Richard Lynn Rick Scott is an American businessman and politician who has been the 45th Governor of Florida, since 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party of Florida, born in Bloomington, Illinois, Scott is a graduate of the University of Missouri, Kansas City, later receiving his law degree from Southern Methodist Universitys Dedman School of Law. He served in the United States Navy before starting his business career, joining the Dallas firm Johnson & Swanson and he resigned as chief executive of Columbia/HCA in 1997, amid a controversy over the companys business and Medicare billing practices. Scott was not implicated and no charges were leveled against him personally, Scott later became a venture capitalist. Scott announced his intention to run for governor of Florida in 2010, in 2014, he won re-election over former Republican turned Democratic challenger, former governor Charlie Crist and several third-party and/or independent candidates. Scotts net worth was estimated at $218.6 million in 2010, $83.8 million in 2012, on July 1,2015, it was reported that Scotts net worth had grown to $147 million. For the United States presidential election in 2016, Scott endorsed fellow Republican Donald Trump, born in Bloomington, Illinois, he was raised in North Kansas City, Missouri, the second of five children in a lower middle-class, financially struggling family. His mother, Esther J. worked as a clerk at J. C. Penney and his parents divorced and, in 1954, his mother married Orba Scott, Jr. a truck driver. Orba adopted Rick, who took his stepfathers surname, Scott graduated from North Kansas City High School in 1970, and then attended one year of community college and enlisted in the United States Navy, also in 1970. Scott was in the U. S. Navy for 29 months and he later bought and revived another donut shop. He was licensed by the Texas Bar to practice law on November 6,1978, on April 20,1972, Scott, who was 19 years old, married his high school sweetheart, Frances Annette Holland, who was 20, the couple has two daughters. The Scotts live in Naples and are founding members of Naples Community Church, in April 1987, Scott made his first attempt to buy the Hospital Corporation of America. While still a partner at Johnson & Swanson, Scott formed the HCA Acquisition Company with two former executives of Republic Health Corporation, Charles Miller and Richard Ragsdale, however, HCA declined the offer, and the bid was withdrawn. Then they acquired a neighboring hospital and shut it down, within a year, the remaining two were doing much better. By the end of 1989, Columbia Hospital Corporation owned four hospitals with a total of 833 beds, in 1992, Columbia made a stock purchase of Basic American Medical, which owned eight hospitals, primarily in southwestern Florida. In September 1993, Columbia did another stock purchase, worth $3.4 billion, of Galen Healthcare, at the time, Galen had approximately 90 hospitals. After the purchase, Galen stockholders had 82 percent of the stock in the combined company, eight days after the initial raid, Scott signed his last SEC report as a hospital executive before resigning. He was succeeded by Thomas F. Frist Jr, four months later the board of directors pressured Scott to resign as Chairman and CEO
Rick Scott
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Rick Scott
Rick Scott
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Rick Scott gives a speech in July 2014
9.
Florida Attorney General
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The Florida Attorney General is an elected cabinet official in the U. S. state of Florida. The attorney general serves as the legal officer of the state and is head of the Florida Department of Legal Affairs. The office is one of Floridas three elected state cabinet posts, along with the Chief Financial Officer and Agriculture Commissioner, the current attorney general is Pam Bondi, who took office on January 4,2011. Her second term started on January 6,2015, as with the other two cabinet posts and the office of lieutenant governor, there is a limit of two four-year terms for the Attorney General. The Governor of Florida is restricted to two terms, with no lifetime limit on the number of terms he or she may serve. The Attorney General appoints the Florida Solicitor General who serves at his or her pleasure, the current solicitor is Amit Agarwal. In the event that the offices of the governor of Florida and lieutenant governor of Florida are vacated, the attorney general then becomes governor
Florida Attorney General
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Seal of the Attorney General of Florida
Florida Attorney General
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Incumbent
Pam Bondi since January 4, 2011
Florida Attorney General
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Augustus Maxwell, 1846-1848
Florida Attorney General
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James Westcott, Jr., 1868
10.
Bill McCollum
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Ira William Bill McCollum Jr. is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. As a member of the House, McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference and he voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate, which ended in acquittal. He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000, hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III, McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U. S. Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez. In 2006 he was elected Attorney General of Florida and in 2010 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida. Born and raised in Brooksville, Florida, McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree, mcCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972. McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander in the JAG Corps in 1992. In 1973, he entered practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics. In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and he defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary. While in Congress, McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare and he also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence, Analysis and Counterintelligence. Additionally, McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee, while serving the House, McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions, including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference. Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000, McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat, McCollum ran again in 2004, seeking the Republican nomination for the U. S. Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham. He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez, McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm, practicing in the federal policy area. He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations and he is also a board member of the James Madison Institute. In 2006, McCollum ran for the office of Attorney General of the State of Florida, McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare. He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law, while Attorney General, McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit, In re, Gill challenging the ban. McCollum hired Dr. George Rekers, a clinical psychologist. The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban, when an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling, McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court. He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008, on May 18,2009 McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida
Bill McCollum
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Bill McCollum
Bill McCollum
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1981, Congressional Pictorial Directory, McCollum as a first term Congressman
11.
Florida Department of Education
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The Florida Department of Education is the state education agency of Florida. It governs public education and manages funding and testing for local educational agencies and it is headquartered in the Turlington Building in Tallahassee. The Florida Commissioner of Education manages the operation of the department. The office of Education Commissioner was originally a Cabinet-level position filled by direct election, the 2002 Florida Constitution Revision Commission submitted a revision to the Florida Constitution, amending Article IV, Section IV to reduce the Cabinet from six elected officials to three. The revised constitution created a new Florida Board of Education with seven members. The department manages the Florida Information Resource Network, which provides Internet access to public schools, the State of Florida requires students to take the Florida Standards Assessments each year in grades 3-10. Students results from the FSA are compiled to generate a grade for public school under former Governor Jeb Bushs A+ Plan. The higher a public school scores, the funding it receives. Students in third grade are required to pass the English/language arts portion of the test in order to be promoted to the fourth grade. Students in Florida must also pass the tenth grade FSA in English/language arts, the department paid bonuses to teachers certified by the federal government. Up until 2010, the bonus was as much as $3,800 annually and this is expected to diminish with diminished income to the state. Thurston Chase Henry Quarles Rev. Charles Beecher Jonathan C. Gibbs Samuel B
Florida Department of Education
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Turlington Building, the headquarters
Florida Department of Education
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Seal of the State of Florida
12.
Tom Gallagher
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For other individuals with the same or similar names, see Thomas Gallagher C. Thomas Tom Gallagher III is an American politician from the state of Florida and a member of the Republican Party. Gallagher holds the distinction of having served more years as a state official than any other individual in Florida history. He began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1979 to 1987, after 2003, his office was merged with that of Comptroller to form the Chief Financial Officer of Florida, which he held from 2003 to 2007. Gallagher has also run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 2000 and four times for Governor of Florida, Gallagher was raised in Delaware where he participated on the high school swim team. In 1961, he entered the University of Miami with an athletic scholarship. After graduating, Gallagher enlisted in the United States Army with the 3rd U. S, Gallagher was honorably discharged and returned to Miami to start a business career. Gallagher married his wife, Laura Wilson, in 1998. Wilson comes from a sixth-generation Florida family, the Gallaghers have a son, Charlie, born in 2000. Gallagher and his wife became divorced in 2011. Gallagher began his career when he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1974. He ran in the 111th district and defeated the Democratic nominee, attorney Alan Rosenthal and he was re-elected in 1980, defeating John F. Cosgrove by 62% to 38%. He briefly ran for Governor of Florida in 1982 but dropped out early on after realising that incumbent Democrat Bob Graham would be re-elected, Representative Louis A. Bafalis in a landslide by 65% to 35%. Gallagher was re-elected from the 117th district in 1982, defeating attorney Charlene Carres by 57% to 43% and his final race was in 1984, when he defeated real estate agent and former actor Seth Sklarey by 70% to 30%. In the House he served as Minority Whip from 1980 to 1982, in 1984, he proposed a 10-year freeze on state taxes and spending. He declined to run for re-election in 1986, deciding instead to enter the Republican primary for Governor, in the election, he faced fellow State Representative Chester Clem, former U. S. Representative Louis Frey, Jr. and Tampa Mayor Bob Martinez and his running mate was State Representative Betty Easley. She had been running for Commissioner of Education but dropped out to pursue the office of Lieutenant Governor, Martinez finished first with 244,417 votes and advanced to a runoff with Frey, who came second with 137,967 votes. Gallagher came third with 131,265 votes and Clem finished last with 44,409 votes, Gallagher endorsed Martinez, who won the run-off and the general election
Tom Gallagher
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Tom Gallagher
Tom Gallagher
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Gallagher talking to a reporter on October 18, 2004, in the aftermath of
Hurricane Ivan.
13.
Florida Senate
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The Florida Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U. S. state of Florida. Along with the House of Representatives, it comprises the Florida Legislature, the Senate has 40 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of about 470,000. The Senate meets at the State Capitol in Tallahassee, senators generally serve four-year terms and are restricted by term limits, barring them from running for re-election if they have served in office for the past eight consecutive years. This ordinarily limits senators to two four-year terms, the Florida Constitution establishes the legislature’s powers and duties, which include passing laws, developing an annual state budget, and making investigations. Additionally, the Senate has the power to try officials impeached by the House. The Senate has its origins in Florida’s territorial period, when the Florida Territorial Council was made bicameral in 1838, the Florida Constitution requires state senators to be elected to staggered, four-year terms. Senators in odd-numbered districts are elected in U. S. presidential election years, while senators in even-numbered districts are elected in midterm election years. However, to reflect the results of the U. S. Census, thus, senators in even-numbered districts were elected to two-year terms in 2012, and senators in odd-numbered districts will be elected to two-year terms in 2022. All terms were truncated again in 2016, with all 40 seats up for election, State senators must be at least 21 years of age, an elector and resident of their electoral district, and a Florida resident for at least two years prior to election. The Florida Constitution authorizes the state legislature to create and amend the laws of the U. S. state of Florida, State senators propose legislation in the forms of bills drafted by a nonpartisan, professional staff. The entire Florida Legislature meets every year in a beginning on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March. Special sessions may be called either by the governor or by the leaders of both chambers acting jointly
Florida Senate
Florida Senate
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Florida Senate
14.
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Altoona is a city in south central Pennsylvania Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the city of the Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 46,320 at the time of the 2010 Census and this includes the adjacent boroughs of Hollidaysburg and Duncansville, adjacent townships of Logan, Allegheny, Blair, Frankstown, Antis, and Tyrone, as well as nearby boroughs of Bellwood and Newry. Having grown around the industry, the city is currently working to recover from industrial decline. The city is home to the Altoona Curve baseball team of the Double A Eastern League and it also houses the 75-plus-year-old Altoona Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Teresa Cheung. As a major town, Altoona was founded by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1849 as the site for a shop. Altoona was incorporated as a borough on February 6,1854, and as a city under legislation approved on April 3,1867, one explanation of the citys name is that the word Altoona is a derivative of the Latin word altus, meaning high. This explanation is contradicted by Pennsylvania Place Names, although Altoona, in Blair Country, is popularly known as the Mountain City, its name has no direct or indirect etymological relation to the Latin adjective altus, signifying elevated, lofty. Two very different explanations of the origin of name are current. He was then the oldest continuous resident of the city and he was much respected, and had long been one of the private pensioners of Andrew Carnegie. The etymological derivation of the name Altona is not known with certainty, the town grew rapidly in the late 19th century, its population approximately 2,000 in 1854,10,000 in 1870, and 20,000 in 1880. The demand for locomotives during the Civil War stimulated much of this growth, Altoona was also the site of the first Interstate Commission meeting to create and design the Gettysburg National Cemetery following the devastating Battle of Gettysburg. The centrality and convenience of the rail transportation brought these two important gatherings to the city during the war. Horseshoe Curve, a section of track built by the PRR, has become a tourist attraction. The curve was used to trains to a sufficient elevation to cross the Allegheny Ridge to the west. The PRR built many of its own locomotives at the Works, some 7,873 in all, PRR had significant influence on the city, creating the citys fire departments and relocating the hospital to a site nearer to the shops gates. Today, the department employs 65 personnel and is the largest career department between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. PRR sponsored a city band and constructed Cricket Field, in 1853, the PRR built the Mechanics Library, the first industrial library in the nation which exists today as the Altoona Area Public Library
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Altoona, Pennsylvania
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Altoona in 1895: a
Pennsylvania Railroad town. Lithograph by
Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler.
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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First Presbyterian Church from a pre-1923 postcard
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Map of Altoona Neighborhoods
15.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
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World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
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Flag
Pennsylvania
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Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
16.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
17.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
Democratic Party (United States)
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Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic
President of the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
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The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President
Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State
William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908),
Josephus Daniels,
Breckinridge Long,
William Phillips, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
Democratic Party (United States)
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John F. Kennedy,
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
18.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
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Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
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Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
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Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
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Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
19.
Carole Crist
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Carole Crist is an American businesswoman. She is the wife of U. S. Representative and former Florida Governor Charlie Crist and she served as First Lady of Florida from December 12,2008, to January 4,2011. Crist grew up in Roslyn, New York and she is the daughter of Robert Oumano, who was president of the Franco-American Novelty Company, a family-owned company in the novelties business. Crist graduated Magna Cum Laude from Georgetown University with a degree in accounting, Carole Crist has two children from her first marriage who reside with their father. She married Charlie Crist on December 12,2008 at St. Petersburgs First United Methodist Church, after nine years of marriage, in February 2017, Crist filed for divorce from Carole Rome stating, I think the world of Carole. It just didnt work out for us, I wish all the best for her, after her fathers death in 2000, Crist ran Franco-American Novelty for the next six years. She coined the slogan Where Fashion Meets Halloween and changed the focus of the company to more figure-flattering, in 2006, she handed over control of Franco-American to her sister, Michele Oumano Powell, and in January,2013 resigned from management of Franco American Novelty Co. llc. In 2012, Crist started a new Halloween Costume business in St. Petersburg, Florida called Goddessey, L. L. C
Carole Crist
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Crist and husband Charlie
20.
St. Petersburg, Florida
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St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. As of the 2015 census estimate, the population was 257,083, making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida, St. Petersburg is the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area, after Tampa. Together with Clearwater, these comprise the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area, the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million, St. Petersburg is located on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and is connected to mainland Florida to the north. St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C, Williams, who purchased the land, and by Peter Demens, who brought the railroad industry into the area. St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29,1892, the city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete. Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents, St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council. With an average of some 361 days of each year. Due to its weather and low cost of living, the city has long been a popular retirement destination. American Style magazine ranked St. Petersburg its top mid-size city in 2011, the city was co-founded by John C. Williams, formerly of Detroit, who purchased the land in 1875, the first major newspaper to debut in Tampa Bay was the St. Petersburg Times which established in 1884. St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29,1892, a local legend says that John C. Williams and Peter Demens flipped a coin to see who would have the honor of naming the city. The Detroit Hotel still exists downtown, but has turned into a condominium. The oldest running hotels are the historic Pier Hotel, built in 1921, formally Hotel Cordova and The Heritage Hotel, Philadelphia publisher F. A. Davis turned on St. Petersburgs first electrical service in 1897 and its first trolley service in 1904. Within a year, Hibbs Fish Company was shipping more than 1,000 pounds of fish each day, St. Petersburg was incorporated into a city in June 1903. With this transition, the development of the waterfront had dredging of a deeper shipping channel from 1906 to 1908 which opened St. Petersburg to larger shipping. Further dredging improved the facilities through the 1910s. By then the population had quadrupled to a population of 4,127 citizens
St. Petersburg, Florida
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1906 postcard of painting by W.L. Straub of St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg, Florida
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Downtown St. Petersburg in August 2008
St. Petersburg, Florida
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Central Avenue c. 1910
St. Petersburg, Florida
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St. Petersburg seen from Spot satellite
21.
Wake Forest University
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Wake Forest University is a private, independent, nonprofit, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, founded in 1834. The university received its name from its location in Wake Forest, north of Raleigh, North Carolina. The Reynolda Campus, the main campus, has been located north of downtown Winston-Salem since the university moved there in 1956. The university also occupies lab space at Biotech Plaza at Innovation Quarter, the Universitys Graduate School of Management maintains a presence on the main campus in Winston-Salem and in Charlotte, North Carolina. Wake Forest has produced 15 Rhodes Scholars, including 13 since 1986, Wake Forest has graduated many other successful alumni, including dozens of politicians, attorneys, physicians, scientists, and academicians. Dr. Samuel Wait, a Baptist minister, was selected as the principal, later president, in 1838, it was renamed Wake Forest College, and the manual labor system was abandoned. The town that grew up around the college came to be called the town of Wake Forest, in 1862, during the American Civil War, the school closed due to the loss of most students and some faculty to service in the Confederate States Army. The college re-opened in 1866 and prospered over the four decades under the leadership of presidents Washington Manly Wingate, Thomas H. Pritchard. In 1894, the School of Law was established, followed by the School of Medicine in 1902, the university held its first summer session in 1921. Lea Laboratory was built in 1887-1888, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The leading college figure in the early 20th century was Dr. William L. Poteat, a gifted biologist, Dr. Billy continued to promote growth, hired many outstanding professors, and expanded the science curriculum. The School of Medicine moved to Winston-Salem in 1941 under the supervision of Dean Coy Cornelius Carpenter, the school then became the Bowman Gray School of Medicine. The following year,1942, Wake Forest admitted its first female undergraduate students, Charles and Mary Babcock donated to the college about 350 acres of fields and woods at Reynolda, their estate. From 1952 to 1956, fourteen new buildings were constructed on the new campus and these buildings were constructed in Georgian style. The old campus in Wake Forest was sold to the Baptist State Convention to establish the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. On April 27,1962, Wake Forests Board of Trustees voted to accept Edward Reynolds and this made Wake Forest the first major private university in the South to desegregate. Reynolds, a student from Shaw University, later became the first black graduate of the university in 1964. Later, he went on to earn degrees at Ohio University and Yale Divinity School
Wake Forest University
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Wait Chapel located on the Hearn Plaza (or the 'Upper Quad').
Wake Forest University
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Wake Forest University
Wake Forest University
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The Benson University Center
Wake Forest University
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A formal lounge area used for studying inside Reynolda Hall overlooking the Magnolia Quad (Manchester Plaza).
22.
Florida State University
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Florida State University is an American public space-grant and sea-grant research university. Its primary campus is located on a 1,391. 54-acre campus in Tallahassee, Florida and it is a senior member of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1851, it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida, the university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, the university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $10 billion. Florida State is home to Floridas only National Laboratory – the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol. Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines, FSU officially launched the Raise the Torch, The Campaign for Florida State on October 17,2014. The campaign has a goal of more than $1 billion which will improve academics, research. As of September 30,2016, Florida State Universitys Raise the Torch campaign has raised $938,972,249, for 2017, U. S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 38th best public university in the United States. FSUs intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, in their 113-year history, Florida States varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships. In 1819 the Florida Territory was ceded to the United States by Spain as an element of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Territory was conventionally split by the Appalachicola or later the Suwannee rivers into East and West areas. Florida State University is traceable to a set by the 1823 U. S. Congress to create a system of higher education. The 1838 Florida Constitution codified the system by providing for land allocated for the schools. In 1845 Florida became the 27th State of the United States, in 1851 the Florida Legislature voted to establish two seminaries of higher education on opposite sides of the Suwannee River. Francis W. Eppes and other city leaders established an academy called the Florida Institute in Tallahassee as a legislative inducement to locate the West Florida Seminary in Tallahassee. The East Florida Seminary opened in Ocala in 1853, closed in 1861, the East Florida Seminary is the institution to which the modern University of Florida traces its foundation. Two years later the institution absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy founded in 1843 as the Misses Bates School, the West Florida Seminary stood near the front of the Westcott Building on the existing FSU campus, making this site the oldest continually used location of higher learning in Florida. In 1860–61 the legislature started formal training at the school with a law amending the original 1851 statute
Florida State University
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West Florida Seminary main building, circa 1880. Built in 1854 as the Florida Institute. This building was replaced with College Hall in 1891. The
Westcott Building now stands on this site – the oldest site of higher education in Florida
Florida State University
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Florida State University
Florida State University
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William Denham, West Florida Seminary cadet during the Civil War
Florida State University
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Chemistry lab in 1900, at what was then known as the West Florida Seminary
23.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
24.
Samford University
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Samford University is a private, coeducational, Christian university located in Homewood, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham. In 1841, the university was founded as Howard College, Samford University is the 87th oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Samford University is Alabamas top-ranked private university, the university enrolls 5,471 students from 47 states and 29 countries. Samford University has been ranked for academic programs, value and affordability by Kiplingers Personal Finance. In 1841, Samford University was founded as Howard College in Marion, some of the land was donated by Reverend James H. DeVotie, who served on the Samford Board of Trustees for fifteen years and as its President for two years. The first financial gift, $4,000, was given by Julia Tarrant Barron, the university was established after the Alabama Baptist State Convention decided to build a school for men in Perry County, Alabama. The colleges first nine students began studies in January 1842 with a curriculum of language, literature. In October 1854, a fire destroyed all of the colleges property, one student and a slave owned by the Universitys president died in the fire. The slave, Harry, was buried in the city cemetery with a significant obelisk marking his grave. Harry was remembered as a faithful servant, while the college recovered from the fire, the Civil War began. Howard College was converted to a hospital by the Confederate government in 1863. During this time, the remaining faculty offered basic instruction to soldiers recovering at the hospital. For a short period after the war, federal troops occupied the college, Howard Colleges board of trustees accepted real estate and funding from the city of Birmingham, Alabama in 1887. In 1913, the college became fully and permanently coeducational, Howard College added its School of Music in 1914 and School of Education and Journalism the following year. The college introduced its Department of Pharmacy in 1927, at the time, it was the only program of its kind in the Southeastern United States. During World War II, Howard College hosted a V-12 Navy College Training Program, the number of veterans attending the college after the war boosted enrollment beyond capacity. In result, the college was moved to the Shades Valley in Homewood, the new campus opened in 1957. In 1961, the college acquired Cumberland School of Law, one of the nations oldest law schools, in addition to the law school, Howard College added a new school of business and reorganized to achieve university status in 1965
Samford University
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Bird's-eye view of the campus
Samford University
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Cumberland School of Law in 2006
Samford University
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Beeson Divinity School
25.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
Juris Doctor
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Example of a diploma from
Suffolk University Law School conferring the Juris Doctor degree.
Juris Doctor
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The
Inns of Court of London served as a professional school for lawyers in England
Juris Doctor
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Tapping Reeve, founder of the first law school in North America, the
Litchfield Law School, in 1773
Juris Doctor
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Joseph Story, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, lecturer of law at Harvard and proponent of the scientific study of law
26.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
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United States Senate
United States Senate
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Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
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The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
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A typical Senate desk
27.
United States Senate election in Florida, 1998
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Senator Bob Graham won re-election to a third term. Bob Graham, incumbent United States Senator Charlie Crist, State Senator Andy Martin, perennial candidate Bob Graham, Senator Charlie Crist, State Senator Graham defeated Crist in a landslide, as Crist won just four counties in the state. There were no party or independent candidates
United States Senate election in Florida, 1998
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Nominee
United States Senate election in Florida, 1998
28.
Bob Graham
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Daniel Robert Bob Graham is an American politician and author. As a member of the American Democratic Party, he was the 38th governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987, Graham ran for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination, but dropped out of the race on October 6,2003. He announced his retirement from the Senate on November 3 of that year, Graham now works at the newly established Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida. He also served as Chairman of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation, through the WMD policy center he advocates for the recommendations in the Commissions report, World at Risk. In 2011 Graham published his first novel, the thriller The Keys to the Kingdom, Graham has written three nonfiction books, Workdays, Finding Florida on the Job, Intelligence Matters, and America, The Owners Manual. Graham was born in Coral Gables, Florida, the son of Hilda Elizabeth, a schoolteacher, and Ernest R. Graham, a Florida state senator, mining engineer and he is the youngest of four children. His siblings are Philip Graham, former publisher of the Washington Post, William Graham of Miami Lakes, Florida and he married Adele Khoury, of Miami Shores, in 1959. They have four daughters, Gwen Graham, Cissy Graham McCullough, Suzanne Graham Gibson, the Grahams also have 11 grandchildren. Bob Graham attended Miami Senior High School from 1952 to 1955 and he was International Trustee of the Key Club, the Kiwanis service organization. While at Miami High Graham was the recipient of the Sigma Chi Award and he went on to receive an LLB from Harvard Law School in 1962. His eldest brother, Philip, was also a Harvard Law alum, Graham was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1966 and reelected in 1967 and 1968, each time representing all of Dade County. He was elected to the Florida Senate in 1970, also from Dade County, redistricted into a seat encompassing portions of northern Dade and southern Broward County, Graham was reelected to District 33 in 1972 and 1976. Bob Grahams campaign trademark was to work a full day at various jobs that represented Floridas constituents. He began his Workdays in 1974, teaching a semester of civics at Miami Carol City Senior High School in Miami while serving in the Florida Senate, at that time, Bob Graham was chairman of the Education Committee. After a speech, M. Sue Riley, an English teacher at Carol City, approached Bob Graham and said, Bob Graham was taken aback at that assertion and asked, Well, what can I do about that. A few months later, Ms. Riley contacted Senator Graham with a proposal to teach the next semester of civics, following that teaching experience, he performed 102 additional work days during his successful 1978 gubernatorial campaign. Graham has continued doing workdays throughout his tenure as governor and in the United States Senate and his jobs have included service as a police officer, busboy, railroad engineer, construction worker, fisherman, garbageman, factory worker, and teacher. 365, he checked in customers, handled baggage and helped serve passengers on US Airways, Bob Graham was elected Governor of Florida in 1978 after a seven-way Democratic primary race in which he initially placed second to Robert L. Shevin
Bob Graham
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Bob Graham
Bob Graham
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Bob Graham signing books at the Miami Book Fair International 2011.
Bob Graham
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Former Senator Graham (center), with former Florida Governor
Buddy MacKay (right) at the dedication ceremony for Pugh Hall, home of the Graham Center for Public Service at the University of Florida.
29.
Florida gubernatorial election, 2006
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The 2006 Florida gubernatorial election took place on November 7,2006. Governor Jeb Bush was term-limited, and could not run for re-election, then Republican Charlie Crist, the states Attorney General, won the election. The election was notable in that for the first time, the state elected a Republican governor in three consecutive elections, turnout for the 2006 election was down 8. 5% from 2002 and down 2. 7% from 1998. With Republicans holding the seat, the state avoided the wave in which Democrats netted a gain of six governorships across the nation, Jim Davis won the Democratic primary on September 5. Davis was the Congressman from Floridas 11th congressional district and served in the Florida House of Representatives, on September 13, Davis selected former State Senator and 2002 gubernatorial candidate Daryl Jones of Miami as his running mate. The Democratic primary turned heated as it approached primary day, Rod Smith attacked Jim Davis for a 1990 legislative vote denying restitution for two black men wrongfully imprisoned for murder. David countered that Smith was a pawn of the industry. Representative Rod Smith, State Senator Carol Castagnero, retired teacher Glenn Burkett John M. S, Senate Charlie Crist, the Republican candidate, won the primary on September 5 with 64% of the vote. Crist was Floridas Attorney General at the time, previously he was elected State Education Commissioner, and has served in the Florida Senate. He faced Bob Graham for his seat in the United States Senate in 1998, on September 13,2006, Crist announced that State Representative Jeff Kottkamp of Cape Coral would be his running mate. The GOP primary did not end up being very competitive, Crist touted experience in statewide offices, and a strong fundraising capability. He portrayed himself as moderate on social issues, which created some misgivings among conservative Republicans in the state. Behm, paintball facility owner Charlie Crist won by over 7 points, winning all Republican-leaning areas of Florida, Davis performed well in the Democrat-leaning south Florida, Gainesville, and Tallahassee areas. Crist under-performed compared to his predecessor Jeb Bush, but still outpaced Davis, reform Party candidate Max Linn received nearly 2% of the vote, but his sizeable haul of over 92,500 votes was still not enough to sway the election. Also on the ballot the same day was an amendment to raise the requirement for all future ballot initiatives to a supermajority. Previously, constitutional amendments put on the ballot required only a majority to be approved. Support and opposition for the amendment fell loosely along party lines with Democrats generally opposing its passage, both Crist and Davis publicly opposed the measure, but it was passed anyway by the voters with a 55% margin - a higher margin than either candidate received. U. S. gubernatorial elections,2006 Governor of Florida List of Governors of Florida Florida United States Senate election,2006
Florida gubernatorial election, 2006
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Candidate
Florida gubernatorial election, 2006
30.
Florida gubernatorial election, 2010
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The 2010 Florida gubernatorial election took place on November 2,2010 to determine the Governor for the State of Florida. Republican-turned-Independent incumbent Governor Charlie Crist chose not to run for a second term and he instead ran for the Senate seat vacated by Mel Martínez. This resulted in a race for Governor of Florida in which Republican Rick Scott narrowly defeated Democrat Alex Sink. Despite mixed to unfavorable ratings, Rick Scott benefited greatly from the midterm GOP wave, Scott was one of six Republican gubernatorial pick-ups nationwide. Alex Sink, the wife of 2002 gubernatorial candidate Bill McBride, made an issue over Scotts connections to Columbia/HCA, Scott was labeled a crook by his detractors, but still managed to outspend Sink, to the tune of $78 million of his personal wealth. The tight, and highly contentious election was one of the races in 2010. Despite not professing direct allegiance to the movement, Scott benefited from support and endorsement by Tea Party activists, furthermore, Scott ran aggressively against the Affordable Care Act, and exit polls indicated considerable support for that position. When Charlie Crist announced he would not run for re-election, Sink immediately announced her campaign for governor, Sink was the wife of Bill McBride, who ran unsuccessfully for governor in 2002. Sink faced only token opposition in the primary and her lone opponent was Socialist Brian Moore. On primary day, Sink won the Democratic nomination with nearly 77% of the vote, in May 2009, Republican incumbent governor Charlie Crist announced he would not run for re-election, and instead would run for U. S. Senate. The move immediately turned the race competitive, as GOP-hopefuls lined up to run for the open seat, former congressman and Florida Attorney General Bill McCollum emerged as the early favorite. McCollum had previously lost the election for Senate in 2000, and this would be his third attempt at a major statewide campaign. Just before the deadline, Rick Scott jumped into the primary fight, Scott started dumping millions of his own personal fortune into the race. The race quickly became one of the most expensive and nasty primary campaigns in recent Florida history, Scott and McCollum lashed out with very negative attacks against each other. Scott ran as an outsider, and led some early polls. Scott benefited in the voting, while McCollum expected to make up the difference based on turnout. On primary day, Scott won the nomination with just over 46% of the vote, the dejected McCollum team reluctantly conceded after midnight. The race was dominated by the two major party candidates and spending on their behalf, by the October 25,2010, Tampa debate between Scott and Sink, Scott had spent $60 million of his own money on the campaign compared to Sinks $28 million
Florida gubernatorial election, 2010
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Nominee
