Charlotte L. Brown
Videos
Charlotte L. Brown was an American educator and civil rights activist who was one of the first to legally challenge racial segregation in the United States when she filed a successful lawsuit against
Cover of Pioneers of Negro Origin in California, by Sue Bailey Thurman
Horse-drawn streetcar, San Francisco, 1860s
Judge Orville C. Pratt ruled in Brown's favor, calling streetcar segregation "a relic of barbarism"
Racist editorial cartoon published in 1864 after Charlotte Brown won a lawsuit against a segregated San Francisco streetcar company
Irene Morgan
Videos
Irene Amos Morgan, later known as Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, was an African-American woman from Baltimore, Maryland, who was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia, in 1944 under a state law imposing raci
Charlotte L. Brown
…end of the 19th century, segregation on public transportation became the official policy in many cities of the South. In the 20th century, women like Irene Morgan, Claudette Colvin, and Mary Louise Smith continued to battle segregation on public transportation. In 1954, Rosa Parks challenged the practice in…
Irene Morgan Kirkaldy's grave