1.
Sitcom
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
Sitcom
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Radio portal
2.
Ted Danson
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He also starred in the CBS dramas CSI, Crime Scene Investigation and CSI, Cyber as D. B. He also played a role on Larry Davids HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm, starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama Damages. In 2015 he starred as Hank Larsson in the season of FXs black comedy-crime drama anthology Fargo. Since 2016, he has played the afterlife architect Michael in the NBC sitcom The Good Place and he was ranked second in TV Guides list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean conservation, in March 2011, he published his first book, Oceana, Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them, written with journalist Michael DOrso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica Jess Danson and Edward Bridge Ned Danson, Jr. an archaeologist and he has an older sister, Jan Haury. He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona and his ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, where he was a basketball star and he became interested in drama while attending Stanford University. He transferred to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama in 1972, Danson began his television career as a contract player on the daytime soap opera Somerset. He played the role of Tom Conway from 1975 to 1976 and he then spent a few years as a doctor on the daytime soap opera The Doctors. He was also in a number of commercials, most recognizably as the Aramis man. He made a number of guest appearances in television in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including spots on Laverne and Shirley, B. J. The show had a run of 11 seasons and its finale was watched by 80 million people and it won four Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series and a Golden Globe for Best Series – Musical or Comedy. The show ran from 1982 to 1993, with Danson receiving 11 consecutive Emmy nominations and nine Golden Globe nominations, in 2002, TV Guide named Cheers the 18th Greatest Show of All Time. It was also included in Time Magazines 100 Greatest Shows of All Time, Danson also appeared as Sam Malone in guest-starring roles on other sitcoms, such as Frasier, The Jim Henson Hour, and The Simpsons. Danson went on to star in the successful CBS sitcom Becker, Danson also plays himself on Curb Your Enthusiasm. He reprised his role of Sam Malone in a episode of Frasier. He won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie and was nominated for an Emmy Award, in 1996, three years after Cheers concluded, Danson starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom Ink with his real-life wife Mary Steenburgen
Ted Danson
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Danson in 2008
Ted Danson
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Danson at the 42nd Emmy Awards, September 1990
Ted Danson
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Danson with wife Mary Steenburgen in December 2009
3.
Nicholas Colasanto
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Nicholas Colasanto was an American actor and television director, known for his role as Coach Ernie Pantusso in the American sitcom Cheers. He served in the United States Navy during World War II and he attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in the 1950s. He was diagnosed with heart disease in the mid-1970s, by 1984 his worsening symptoms forced him to stop working on Cheers, and he filmed his last full episode in November 1984. He died of an attack at his home on February 12,1985. Colasanto attended Bryant University and was a veteran of World War II. Around 1954 he was supposed to be an accountant for a company in Saudi Arabia, Colasanto appeared in feature films, including The Counterfeit Killer, Fat City, and Alfred Hitchcocks Family Plot. An in-demand actor and director, he had been diagnosed in the mid-1970s with heart disease, after twenty years of alcoholism, he became an active member of Alcoholics Anonymous from March 31,1976, and became sober in the same year. He began having trouble securing directing jobs by the end of the 1970s due to his declining health and his last major film role was a mob boss, Tommy Como in Raging Bull. Colasanto was prepared to retire when the role of Coach Ernie Pantusso was offered to him on Cheers, Coach would become Colasantos best known role. Suffering from heart disease, his health worsened by the season of Cheers. Castmates noticed his weight loss, though the actor chose to keep the severity of his illness a secret, shortly after the Christmas holiday in 1984, he was admitted to a local hospital due to water in his lungs. Co-star Ted Danson later commented that the actor had difficulty remembering his lines during production of the season. When Colasanto was released on the week of January 28 – February 3,1985, from the hospital after a two-week stay, his doctor recommended that he not return to work. Although he appeared in the opening of the third-season finale episode, Rescue Me, his last full episode was Cheerio Cheers. Colasanto died of an attack at his home on February 12,1985. On February 16,1985, more than three hundred people attended his funeral, including John Ratzenberger, the only cast member of Cheers to do so. NBC would not allow the entire cast to take a break from filming to fly to Providence, Ratzenberger, a New England native, was sent as a representative for the cast. The cast and crew held a memorial for Colasanto on the set in Los Angeles, Colasanto is buried in Saint Anns Cemetery in Cranston, Rhode Island
Nicholas Colasanto
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Colasanto on the set of
Cheers
Nicholas Colasanto
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Picture of
Geronimo, which was hung in Colasanto's dressing room
4.
Rhea Perlman
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Rhea Jo Perlman is an American actress, best known for her role as Carla Tortelli in the sitcom Cheers, for which she won four Emmy Awards. Perlman was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Adele and her father was an actor and a doll and toy-part salesman, he later played barfly Phil on Cheers. Her sister Heide Perlman was a writer, story editor, and producer on the television shows Cheers, Rhea Perlman attended Hunter College in New York and is an active Democrat. She began her career in 1972 when she played a bit role in the film Hot Dogs for Gauguin. That same year she appeared in Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collectives production of Up – An Uppity Revue, along with her future husband, Perlman began acting in the early 1970s with numerous appearances on TV films and short films. One of her first notable parts was a role on the television show Taxi as Zena. In 1982 she landed a role as Carla Tortelli on the hit sitcom Cheers and she won the Emmy four times, in 1984,1985,1986 and 1989. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe six times, during her Cheers career, she was nominated for an Emmy every year but 1992, becoming the Cheers star to have the most wins and nominations. In 1986, Perlman starred in an episode of Steven Spielbergs Amazing Stories titled The Wedding Ring, in the 1990s, Perlman starred in several TV movies and motion pictures. Other TV films in which she starred included the dramas A Place to Be Loved, perlmans motion picture roles included There Goes The Neighborhood, Canadian Bacon, Carpool, Sunset Park, and Matilda. She had a cameo in the film 10 Items Or Less, in 1994, Perlman voiced 9-Eye in The Timekeeper, a Circle-Vision show at the Magic Kingdom in Tomorrowland. She later starred in the 1996 sitcom Pearl as the character and was featured on the 2001 TV drama Kate Brasher. Among her notable guest appearances was on the season 4 premiere of Becker, Perlman also appeared in a 2000 television film How to Marry a Billionaire, A Christmas Tale, in which she impersonated Jacqueline Kennedy. She also portrayed a therapist called Dr. Parella in the 2000 film Secret Cutting, in 2007, Perlman appeared as Bertha in the West End of London in the comedy Boeing Boeing. In 2008, she starred in the Hallmark Channel original movie, The Christmas Choir, in 2009 she appeared as Tanyas mother on the series Hung for Home Box Office Networks. In 2011, Perlman had a guest appearance as Mittens in one episode of Wilfred, since 2014, she has starred in a recurring role on The Mindy Project as Dannys mother Annette Castellano. Perlman met actor Danny DeVito on January 17,1971, when she went to see a friend in the performance of the play The Shrinking Bride. They moved in two weeks after meeting
Rhea Perlman
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Perlman in August 2011
Rhea Perlman
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Perlman at the 1988 Emmy Awards
Rhea Perlman
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Perlman with husband Danny DeVito
5.
George Wendt
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George Robert Wendt III is an American actor and comedian, best known for the role of Norm Peterson on the television show Cheers. Wendt was born in the Beverly neighborhood on the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, the son of Loretta Mary and George Robert Wendt and his maternal grandfather was photographer Tom Howard. He is of German and Irish descent and he attended Campion High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He was expelled from the University of Notre Dame after he received a 0.00 GPA the first semester of his junior year and he later attended the Jesuit Rockhurst College in Kansas City, Missouri, where he graduated with a B. A. in economics. Actor and former SNL writer and cast member Jason Sudeikis is his nephew, Wendt is a 1975 alumnus of The Second City, which he discovered shortly after college. A viewing had inspired him to join and on his first day of employment, the woman working there handed him a broom and said Welcome to the theater, kid, thus, his first job in show business was sweeping the floors. Wendt appeared in the 1980 film My Bodyguard and he played a handyman working behind the check-in counter at the Ambassador East Hotel in Chicago. In 1981 Wendt appeared on an episode of the TV series Taxi as an exterminator and he starred as Private Mosconi in a 1982 episode of M*A*S*H, where he suffered from having a pool ball stuck in his mouth for much of the episode. He had an appearance in Airplane II, The Sequel as the ticketing agent who tells a woman that she can only have one carry-on bag. From 1982 to 1993, Wendt appeared as Norm Peterson in all 275 episodes of Cheers, for his work on Cheers, Wendt earned six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. His first appearance on Saturday Night Live was in a Season 11 episode where he shared hosting duties with director Francis Ford Coppola, in 1988 he played the part of Witten in the New Zealand-made film, Never Say Die. In the early 1990s, Wendt made cameo appearances on episodes of SNL as Bob Swerski. Having grown up as a fan of his hometown Chicago White Sox and Chicago Bears. In 1989, Wendt appeared as the eponymous protagonist in a BBC TV dramatization of Ivan Goncharovs novel Oblomov and he has also appeared twice on the original British edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway. In 1991, Wendt played the father in Michael Jacksons music video, in 1994 he appeared in the film Man Of The House as Chet Bronski, the stepfather of Norman, and played on this stage with Chevy Chase, Jonathan Taylor Thomas and Farrah Fawcett. He also played the role of Old Man Dunphys closeted homosexual friend Joey in the 1999 film, Outside Providence. Following his success on Cheers, Wendt starred in the short-lived The George Wendt Show, the George Wendt Show aired from March through April,1995. Wendt starred as the killer in one of the last episodes of the TV series Columbo, in the same year as his Frasier guest appearance, Wendt played the bartender to Ted Dansons character in Becker
George Wendt
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Wendt at the 41st Emmy Awards, September 17, 1989
George Wendt
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George Wendt's handprints in cement, in front of
Hollywood Hills Amphitheater at
Walt Disney World 's
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
6.
John Ratzenberger
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John Dezso Ratzenberger is an American actor, voice actor, and entrepreneur. He is best known as Cliff Clavin in Cheers and he is also known for his extensive vocal work in Pixar Animation Studios films, notably Hamm in the Toy Story franchise and Mack in the Cars franchise. Ratzenberger was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Bertha Veronica, who worked for Remington Arms, and Dezso Alexander Ratzenberger and his father was of Austrian and Hungarian descent, and his mother was of Polish ancestry. He attended St. Anns School in Bridgeport and Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, in 1969, Ratzenberger was a tractor operator at the Woodstock Festival. He moved to London in 1971 and stayed there for 10 years, Ratzenberger was a house framer living in London when he began his career in the performing arts. Through the 1970s, he performed with Ray Hassett as the comedic theatrical duo Sal’s Meat Market, peter Richardson and Nigel Planer as The Outer Limits and in The Comic Strip were heavily influenced by Sal’s Meat Market. His first role was a patron in The Ritz, Ratzenberger is well known for playing mail carrier Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers. He had read for the part of Norm Peterson, but after the audition, sensing an opportunity, he asked if they had written a bar know-it-all, which the producers decided was a great idea. Ratzenberger also came up with the idea for Cliffs trademark white socks, Cliff became known for his outlandish stories of plausible half-truths, uninteresting trivia, and misinformation, and in general for being a pretentious blowhard. Cliff and Norm, the primary characters, became iconic bar buddies. Ratzenberger provided the voice for a version of Cliff on The Simpsons sixth-season episode Fear of Flying. They were called Hank and Bob, Ratzenberger and George Wendt claimed Hank and Bob resembled them, the case languished in court for eight years before all sides settled in 2001. Ratzenberger has had a part in all of Pixars feature films made to date. His roles include, Hamm the Piggy Bank in the Toy Story series P. T, flea, the Circus Ring Leader in A Bugs Life The Abominable Snowman in the Monsters, Inc. His favorite of his Pixar characters was P. T, flea, because in real life, I always get a kick out of those kinds of characters, people who just go into a rage for explicable reason. His blood pressure was always way over the top, and everything that he did was done in a panicked state, so it was a lot of fun to play him. Although technically not Pixar films, Ratzenberger also voiced Harland the jet tug in DisneyToon Studios Planes, during season six of Last Comic Standing, Ratzenberger was a talent scout with his former Cheers co-star George Wendt. On March 2,2007, he replaced Vincent Pastore on the season of the American version of Dancing with the Stars
John Ratzenberger
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Ratzenberger at the 2011
Time 100 gala
John Ratzenberger
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Ratzenberger at the
1992 Primetime Emmy Awards
John Ratzenberger
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Ratzenberger at the 2008
Rhode Island International Film Festival
7.
Kelsey Grammer
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Allen Kelsey Grammer is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, producer, director, writer, singer, and activist. Grammer is known for his portrayal of psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane on the NBC sitcoms Cheers. Grammer has been married four times and has seven children, Grammer was two years old when his parents divorced. Grammer attended Pine Crest School, a preparatory school in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. After leaving Juilliard, he had an internship with the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego in the late 1970s before a stint in 1980 at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. He made his Broadway debut in 1981 as Lennox in Macbeth, Grammer then played Michael Cassio in a Broadway revival of Othello, with James Earl Jones and Christopher Plummer. In 1983 he performed on the demo of the Stephen Sondheim–James Lapine production Sunday in the Park with George, in 2000, Grammer again played Macbeth on Broadway, in a production that closed after only 10 days. Grammer originated the roles of Charles Frohman and Captain Hook in the Broadway premiere of the musical Finding Neverland in March 2015 and he returned to the stage from January 19,2016, to April 3. His television career began in the early 1980s when he portrayed Stephen Smith in the NBC miniseries Kennedy, Grammer came to broader public attention as Dr. Frasier Crane in the NBC sitcom Cheers. The character became the center of the spin-off Frasier, one of the most successful spin-offs in TV history. In addition to starring, he directed more than 30 episodes, especially during the second half of the series. Frasier was nominated for and won awards during its 11-year run. In 2001, he negotiated a US$700, 000-per-episode salary for Frasier and his 20-year run playing Dr. Frasier Crane ties a length set by James Arness in playing Marshal Matt Dillon on Gunsmoke from 1955 to 1975 but was surpassed by Richard Belzer in playing Det. John Munch on Homicide, Life on the Street and Law & Order, Frasier Crane also had a crossover appearance in 1993 Wings episode Planes, Trains, & Visiting Cranes. In 2005, Grammer returned to television and he produced and appeared in an American adaptation of the British show The Sketch Show, which aired on Fox. The main cast consisted of Malcolm Barrett, Kaitlin Olson, Mary Lynn Rajskub and Paul F. Tompkins, Grammer appeared in only short opening and closing segments in each episode. Many of the sketches from the British version were re-created, such as the California Dreamin, English Course, only six episodes of the show were made, and it was canceled after only four of them had aired. In 2007, Grammer starred with Patricia Heaton in the American sitcom Back to You and it was canceled by Fox after its first season
Kelsey Grammer
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Kelsey Grammer, May 2010
Kelsey Grammer
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Grammer during
Fleet Week in New York City, in May 2006
8.
Woody Harrelson
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Woodrow Tracy Woody Harrelson is an American actor, activist and playwright. He is a two-time Academy Award nominee and has won one Emmy Award out of seven nominations and his breakout role came in 1985, joining the television sitcom Cheers as bartender Woody Boyd, for which he earned five Emmy Award nominations. Larry Flynt, country singer Dusty in A Prairie Home Companion and he will be portraying the Colonel in War for the Planet of the Apes. Larry Flynt and The Messenger, Harrelson earned Academy Award nominations for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, Harrelson was born in Midland, Texas, the son of Diane and Charles Voyde Harrelson. He has two brothers, Jordan and Brett Harrelson, Charles Voyde Harrelson, who was a hitman, was arrested in 1979 for killing Federal Judge John H. Wood Jr. in San Antonio, Texas. His father was convicted and eventually died during his sentence in the United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility. In 1973, Harrelson moved to his mothers native city, Lebanon and he attended Lebanon High School, working through much of high school as a woodcarver at Kings Island amusement park. He attended Hanover College in Hanover, Indiana, where he joined the Sigma Chi fraternity and he received a Bachelor of Arts in theater and English in 1983. He told Playboy in October 2009, I was getting into theology and studying the roots of the Bible, I started seeing things that made me ask, Is God really speaking through this instrument. My eyes opened to the reality of the Bible being just a document to control people, at the time I was a real mamas boy and deeply mesmerized by the church. Harrelson is widely known for his work on the NBC sitcom Cheers and he played bartender Woody Boyd, who replaced Coach. He joined the cast in 1985 in season four, spending the final eight seasons on the show, for this role, Harrelson was nominated for five Emmy Awards, winning once in 1989. His character, Woody Boyd, was from Hanover, Indiana, in 1999, Harrelson guest-starred in the Cheers spin-off success Frasier, in which he reprised the role of Woody Boyd. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for this performance and he appeared in several 2001 episodes of Will & Grace as Graces new boyfriend Nathan. On the November 12,2009 episode of the Comedy Central show The Colbert Report, Harrelson was interviewed by Stephen Colbert, in response to Colberts questioning of his support for the troops, Harrelson agreed to let Colbert shave his head on camera. On June 6,2010, Harrelson took part playing in Soccer Aid 2010 for UNICEF UK at Old Trafford in Manchester, the match was broadcast live on UKs ITV television. After being brought on as a substitute for Gordon Ramsay, Harrelson took the penalty in the penalty shootout. When later interviewed he claimed that he didnt even remember the moment of scoring, Harrelson also took part in Soccer Aid 2012 on May 27,2012
Woody Harrelson
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Harrelson at the
Zombieland world premiere at the 2009
Fantastic Fest
Woody Harrelson
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Harrelson in April 2007
Woody Harrelson
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Harrelson in 2004
9.
Bebe Neuwirth
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Beatrice Bebe Neuwirth is an American actress, singer and dancer. On television, she is known for her portrayal of Dr. Lilith Sternin, Dr. Frasier Cranes wife, the role won her two Emmy Awards. On stage, she is known for her Tony Award winning roles of Nickie in the revival of Sweet Charity, other Broadway musical roles include Morticia Addams in The Addams Family. Since 2014, she has starred as Nadine Tolliver in the CBS drama Madam Secretary, Neuwirth was born in Newark, New Jersey, the daughter of Sydney Anne Neuwirth, a painter, and Lee Paul Neuwirth, a mathematician. She has an older brother Peter, an actuary, Neuwirth made her Broadway debut in the role of Sheila in A Chorus Line in 1980. She later appeared in revivals of Little Me Sweet Charity, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical,1996 saw her play Velma Kelly in the Broadway revival of Chicago. That role brought her her greatest stage recognition to date, and several including the Tony Award, Drama Desk Award. Neuwirth would later return to the revival of Chicago in 2006. The show ran from May 7 through October 3,2004, here Lies Jenny was also presented by Neuwirth in San Francisco in 2005. In 2009, Neuwirth toured a cabaret show with pianist Scott Cady. The cabaret included music by Kurt Weill, Stephen Sondheim, Tom Waits, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, John Kander, in 2010, she returned to Broadway to create the role of Morticia Addams in the original production of The Addams Family opposite Nathan Lane. Her screen credits include Green Card, Bugsy, Say Anything, jumanji, Summer of Sam, Liberty Heights, Tadpole, The Associate, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, Malice, The Big Bounce, The Faculty and Woody Allens Celebrity. On television, from 1986 to 1993 Neuwirth played Dr. Lilith Sternin, from the fourth to the seventh season, Neuwirth portrayed Lilith in a regular recurring role, and she appeared on the show as a main star from season eight to the final season, season eleven. She auditioned for this role with her arm in a sling, following a fall a week earlier and she won two Emmy Awards for the role, in 1990 and 1991. She appeared as herself in episodes of Will and Grace, Strangers with Candy, in 2009, she co-starred as Ms. Kraft in the remake of Fame. She recently had a role as Caroline, the literary editor of Jonathan Ames. She is currently a member of the cast in Madam Secretary on CBS, in 1996, Neuwirth starred in a pilot for a TV series called Dear Diary for ABC which was not picked up. The producers had it edited slightly and put into a theater for a single weekend in November 1996
Bebe Neuwirth
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At the
Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Annual Grand Auction and Flea Market, September 2006
Bebe Neuwirth
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At the Governor's Ball after the 43rd Annual Emmy Awards, August 25, 1991
10.
Kirstie Alley
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Kirstie Louise Alley is an American actress, comedian and spokesmodel. Her big break came in 1982 playing Lieutenant JG Saavik in the fiction film Star Trek II. She also has starred in number of movies, include Summer School, Shoot to Kill, Look Whos Talking and she received her second Emmy for Davids Mother as the Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie. From 1997 to 2000, Alley starred as leading character on the NBC sitcom Veronicas Closet, for which she received additional Emmy, in 2000s, Alley has appeared in reality shows revolving around her life. In 2013, she returned to acting with title role on the short-lived TV Land sitcom Kirstie, Kirstie Alley was born in Wichita, Kansas, the daughter of Lillian Mickie, a homemaker, and Robert Deal Alley, who owned a lumber company. She has two siblings, Colette and Craig, Alley attended Wichita Southeast High School, graduating in 1969. She attended college at Kansas State University in 1969, after moving to Los Angeles to pursue Scientology and work as an interior designer, Alley appeared as a contestant on the popular game show Match Game in 1979. She won both rounds winning $500 in the first round and winning $5500 in the second round and she also appeared on the game show Password Plus in 1980. In 1981, a car accident caused by a drunk driver killed her mother, before becoming an actress, Alley was an interior designer, as she announced during her appearance as a contestant on the game show Match Game. The following years, she has starred in a number of films, include One More Chance, Blind Date. In 1985 she played Virgilia Hazard in the ABC miniseries North and South, books I, in 1987, Alley starred alongside Mark Harmon in comedy film Summer School. The film was a box office success, grossing over $35 million in the United States, later that year she joined the cast of NBC sitcom Cheers, replacing Shelley Long and remaining on the show until its eleventh and final season. In 1989, Alley starred with John Travolta in Look Whos Talking and they then went on to make two other films centered around the same theme, Look Whos Talking Too and Look Whos Talking Now. Alley has won two Emmy Awards during her career and her first two nominations for her work on Cheers did not earn her the award, but her third, in 1991, garnered her the statuette for that series. In her speech, she thanked then-husband Parker Stevenson, calling him the man who has given me the big one for the last eight years and she won her second Emmy for 1994 television film Davids Mother. For contributions to the picture industry, Alley was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard in 1995. From 1997 to 2000, Alley played the character in the NBC sitcom Veronicas Closet. She served as the spokesperson for Pier One from 2000–04 and for Jenny Craig from 2005–08, TV Land aired a sitcom that centered on Alley as a Broadway star and a new parent
Kirstie Alley
11.
Where Everybody Knows Your Name
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Where Everybody Knows Your Name is the theme song from the 1980s television sitcom Cheers. The song was written by Julian A Williams, Gary Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo, shortly after the premiere of Cheers, Portnoy went back into the studio to record a version of the song that made the US and British pop charts. The full-length version was available on Portnoys album Keeper. By 1981 New York songwriter Gary Portnoy had already written songs for the likes of Air Supply and Dolly Parton, one night in the summer of that same year, his friend Judy Hart happened to be seated next to a Broadway producer at dinner. Upon finding out that Hart was working for a music publisher, on a whim, Hart, who had never written a song, approached Portnoy, who had never written for the theater. Together they set out to compose the words and music for the musical named Preppies, upon hearing it they each felt that with a lyric re-write People Like Us would be the perfect theme song for their upcoming NBC sitcom, Cheers. Upon learning that People Like Us was legally bound to the musical Preppies, the song that resulted, My Kind of People, was somewhat of a reworked version of People Like Us. Portnoy and Hart Angelo then wrote and submitted two more potential themes for Cheers, one of them, entitled Another Day contained a lyric line There are times when its fun to take the long way home that greatly appealed to the Charles brothers. But overall, the missed the mark and was passed on. The fourth song began with a catchy intro followed by simple alternating chords on a piano, the opening verse lines, both musically and lyrically, were something of a lament. The verse then transitioned into a refrain that seemed to capture the essence of why people might want to go to a place like Cheers — a place Where Everybody Knows Your Name. The two songwriters recorded a simple piano/voice demo of the new song for the Cheers producers, the original verse, Singing the blues when the Red Sox lose, its a crisis in your life. On the run cause all your girlfriends wanna be your wife, and the laundry tickets in the wash. was changed to, Making your way in the world today takes everything youve got. Taking a break all your worries sure would help a lot. Wouldn’t you like to get away, after several months of mulling over possible outside singers, the producers eventually asked Gary Portnoy to record the vocal for the opening credits of their new series. It was also decided to maintain the feel of the New York demo in the TV version by keeping the number of instruments to a minimum. The final Cheers Theme was recorded on August 13,1982 at Paramount Pictures in Los Angeles, the song received an Emmy Award nomination in 1983 for Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics. In a 2011 Readers Poll in Rolling Stone magazine, Where Everybody Knows Your Name was voted the best television theme of all time, in 2013, the editors of TV Guide magazine named Where Everybody Knows Your Name the greatest TV Theme of all time
Where Everybody Knows Your Name
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1983 7" vinyl single (UK)
12.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
Paramount Pictures
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Logo used as of 2012
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures logo, based on a design by founder
William Wadsworth Hodkinson, from 1917 to 1967.
Paramount Pictures
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Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.
Paramount Pictures
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The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and
Popeye shorts.
13.
Cheers Beacon Hill
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Cheers Beacon Hill is a bar/restaurant located on Beacon Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, across from the Boston Public Garden. Founded in 1969 as the Bull & Finch Pub, the bar is best remembered internationally as the exterior of the bar seen in the hit NBC sitcom Cheers, the show used the Bull & Finch exterior for the series establishing shots of the namesake bar Cheers. No interior shots were used, and the downstairs pub does not resemble the bar in any way, a slightly modernized replica of the set bar has been built on the ground floor. The Official Preppy Handbook published in 1980 described Quaffers as Clubby, library atmosphere, private club, but flexible, especially for ladies. The trademark, filed in 1982 has since been canceled, in 1982 Boston magazine awarded the Bull & Finch the title of Boston’s best bar. On May 20,1993, the night of Cheers series finale, many people gathered outside the bar, and watched the finale on two large TV screens specially set up for the event. The cast of Cheers watched the finale inside the bar, later, Leno played many games with the Cheers cast inside the bar, and at the end of the show, the Cheers theme was played outside the bar. In 2002, the Bull & Finch Pub was officially renamed Cheers Beacon Hill, since August 2001, there has been a branch location, Cheers Faneuil Hall, in Faneuil Hall. To capitalize on the popularity of the TV show, this location was built with a replica of the TV bar, Cheers Beacon Hill is owned by Thomas A. Kershaw, who also owns the Hampshire House restaurant upstairs and the nearby restaurant,75 Chestnut. On March 10,2009, the Boston Globe reported that longtime Cheers bartender Eddie Doyle, owner Tom Kershaw cited the recession as the reason for the decision. The block on which Cheers resides has been renamed Eddie Doyle square in his honor
Cheers Beacon Hill
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Bull And Finch Pub in the early 1990s. The original sign.
Cheers Beacon Hill
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Cheers Beacon Hill on Beacon Street in Boston.
Cheers Beacon Hill
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Cheers Beacon Hill (July 2008)
14.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
Multiple-camera setup
–
The Honeymooners was filmed using three
Electronicams.
Multiple-camera setup
–
Diagram showing a multicamera setup
15.
Paramount Television
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Paramount Television is an American television production/distribution company that was active from 1967 until 2006 and revived in 2013. Most of this time it served as the arm of the Paramount Pictures film studio. It later produced Balls follow-up series, The Lucy Show, as well as other shows as Our Miss Brooks, The Untouchables, Mission, Impossible, Mannix. Paramount Pictures had made a couple of attempts in the mid-1950s to produce series themselves under the Telemount banner, the first, Cowboy G-Men, was a joint effort with Mutual Broadcasting for syndication. The second, Sally starring Joan Caulfield, was a series on NBC during the 1957–58 season. Before that, Paramount owned a de facto television network, the Paramount Television Network, and had a stake in another network, Paramount Studios also had outright ownership of KTLA in Los Angeles. The spun-off United Paramount Theatres purchased control of the American Broadcasting Company, another attempt by Paramount was known as Paramount Pictures Television. One of the series was Destination Space, a pilot to a series that never got off the ground. In 1966, Paramount was on the verge of bankruptcy, when the studio was bought out by Gulf+Western. By that point, Paramount had pretty much distanced itself from television, having stopped production of its shows, closed down its networks. They also sold off most of their early theatrical library to such companies as EMKA, & M. TV Corporation, Associated Artists Productions – also called a. a. p. for short, Harvey Films, and National Comics. In 1967, Charles Bluhdorns Gulf+Western brought Desilu, which was merged with Paramount, the sale resulted in Desilus re-incorporation as Paramount Television in December of that year. The three Desilu lots – the original RKO Studios and two Culver City locations – were included in the sale, but the Justice Department forced Bluhdorn to sell the Culver Studios to avoid a monopoly. The old RKO globe is still in place at the corner of Gower, the first PTV production to premiere after the re-incorporation was Heres Lucy. Paramount only produced the first season however, selling their stake in the show to Ball after the season finale, Gulf+Western had plans to launch a television network in the late 1970s, the Paramount Television Service, with a new Star Trek series as the cornerstone of the network. But these plans were scrapped, and Star Trek, Phase II was reworked into Star Trek, in 1989, Gulf+Western was re-incorporated as Paramount Communications, named after the companys prime asset, Paramount Pictures. That firm was sold to Viacom in 1994, the Viacom merger gave Paramount a larger TV show library as well, since Viacom had television production and distribution units as well prior to the Paramount acquisition. The distribution company, Viacom Enterprises, was merged into Paramount Domestic Television while the company, Viacom Productions
Paramount Television
–
Paramount Television
16.
Paramount Domestic Television
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Paramount Domestic Television is the television distribution arm of American television production company Paramount Television, once the TV arm of Paramount Pictures. It was formed in 1982 originally as Paramount Domestic Television and Video Programming, the successor to Paramount Television Domestic Distribution, Paramount Television Sales, initially, it distributed the back library of Paramount Television and the post-1960 shows by Desilu, and several first-run syndicated shows. Originally, the company was owned by Gulf+Western, which was reincorporated as Paramount Communications in 1989, after that company was sold to Viacom in 1994, it absorbed the distribution functions of Viacom Enterprises the next year. Viacom had distributed the classic CBS library which included the pre-1960 Desilu library, alongside series from Viacom Productions, PDT also gained syndication rights to series from MTV Networks with the Viacom merger, though these have rarely been seen in syndication. MCA Television and Paramount Domestic Television had formed Premier Advertiser Sales, as a possible outgrowth of this sales joint venture, MCA and Paramount began plans for a new network, Premier Program Service. In 1999, Viacom acquired several other TV production firms such as Spelling Entertainment Group, as a result, the size of Paramounts TV library more than tripled, giving PDT a slew of new series to distribute. After Viacom split into two companies – one called Viacom and the other CBS Corporation – Paramounts TV operations became part of the latter company, as a result, Paramount Domestic Television became CBS Paramount Domestic Television. That was in turn merged with King World Productions in 2007 to become CBS Television Distribution, however, some former Paramount programs, such as Entertainment Tonight, then moved from being produced at the Paramount lot to CBS facilities. Currently, syndication rights to Paramounts theatrical film library lie with Trifecta Entertainment & Media, america The Party Machine The Montel Williams Show The Maury Povich Show Leeza The Jon Stewart Show The Howie Mandel Show Rendez-View The Arsenio Hall Show Dr
Paramount Domestic Television
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Final PDT logo, taken from that of the film studio
17.
CBS Television Studios
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CBS Television Studios is an American television production company that was formed on January 17,2006 by CBS Corporation merging Paramount Television and CBS Productions. It is the production arm of the CBS network, and. Television, it is also the production arm of The CW Television Network. 1952, The Columbia Broadcasting System forms an in-house television production unit, CBS Productions, also formed is CBS Television Film Sales as the distributor of off-network and first-run syndicated programming to local television stations in the United States and abroad. 1963, CBS Studio Center is established in Studio City, California,1971, CBS Films is spun off as Viacom International, Inc. 1974, The company is re-established as CBS, Inc,1978, The production unit gains the secondary/alternate name CBS Entertainment Productions 1994, Westinghouse Electric acquires CBS. 1999, Viacom merges with its creator CBS,1939, Established experimental television stations in Los Angeles as Television Productions Inc. and Chicago with Balaban and Katz. 1943, Began commercial broadcasting over WBKB in Chicago,1947, Began commercial broadcasting over KTLA in Los Angeles. 1949, The first major studio to establish program syndication as Paramount Television Network,1964, Paramount branched out of broadcasting with the sale of KTLA to Golden West Broadcasters. 1950, Desilu Productions formed by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball,1957, Desilu Studios is established in Hollywood and Culver City, after Arnaz/Ball purchased the RKO studio lot. 1962, Desilu Sales Inc. is formed as the syndication arm. 1967, Desilu Productions is acquired by Gulf+Western Industries, the company becomes the TV division of Paramount Pictures Corporation in July, retaining the Desilu name until the end of that year. Desilu Sales, in turn, merges with Paramounts syndication division to become Paramount Television Sales,1967, Paramount Television Enterprises releases 60 titles from their post-1949 feature film library to television broadcasters under the Paramount Portfolio I umbrella package. 1968, Paramount Television, formerly Desilu, is established as the television production unit. 1977, Paramount Television Service is formed,1982, Paramount Television Group and Paramount Domestic Television and Video Programming are established. 1989, September, Gulf+Western is reincorporated as Paramount Communications, Inc,1994, March 11, Viacom acquired Paramount Communications, resulting in the formation of Paramount/Viacom as a byline for several of Viacoms subsidiaries. 1995, Viacom launched the United Paramount Network with Chris-Craft Industries,1971, Viacom Enterprises is established for domestic and overseas syndication of off-network and first-run television programs from various independent producers. 1974, Viacom Productions is formed as the television production unit
CBS Television Studios
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CBS Television Studios
18.
CBS Television Distribution
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The current president is Paul Franklin. CBS also handles the TV rights to much of its own theatrical films, the company formerly distributed the film libraries from Paramount Pictures and Republic Pictures, among others. The company is responsible for international television distribution rights to series by Rysher Entertainment including certain HBO series through its CBS Studios International division. These distribution rights are now held by NBCUniversal Television Distribution and Trifecta Entertainment & Media, until May 2009, CTD distributed the Paramount Pictures library on television. By then, CBS also dropped the name Paramount from television for good, Paramount has also joined up with Trifecta. The current moniker for CTDs overseas distribution arm is CBS Studios International and its predecessors were CBS Broadcast International and CBS Paramount International Television. In 2012, CBS Television Distribution ceased to be an entity, becoming a division of CBS Studios
CBS Television Distribution
–
CBS Television Distribution
19.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
NBC
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The
Comcast Building in
New York City (or the GE Building, originally the
RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.
NBC
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National Broadcasting Company
NBC
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Radio City West was located at
Sunset Boulevard and
Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.
NBC
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Entrance at the GE Building.
20.
Stereophonic sound
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Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective. Thus the term applies to so-called quadraphonic and surround-sound systems as well as the more common two-channel. It is often contrasted with monophonic, or mono sound, where audio is heard as coming from one position, in the 2000s, stereo sound is common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek στερεός, firm, solid + φωνή, sound, tone, voice and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric, the signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound. Secondly artificial or pan-pot stereo, in which a sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker an artificial direction can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a pan-pot, by combining multiple pan-potted mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created. In technical usage, true stereo sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information, during playback, the listeners brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. Stereo recordings often cannot be played on systems without a significant loss of fidelity. This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation and this two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at EMI, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema, Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor across the screen. The genesis of ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, the application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and these discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935, in Blumleins short test films, his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised
Stereophonic sound
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Diagram of Clément Ader's
théatrophone prototype at the Opera during the World Exhibition in Paris (1881).
Stereophonic sound
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Label and sleeve from
Audio Fidelity Records ' second stereo demonstration record, ca. 1958.
Stereophonic sound
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HH Scott Model 350, ca. 1961: the first FM multiplex stereo tuner sold in the US
Stereophonic sound
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A compilation of LP stereo banners
21.
Dolby Surround
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Dolby Pro Logic is a surround sound processing technology developed by Dolby Laboratories, designed to decode soundtracks encoded with Dolby Surround. Dolby Stereo was originally developed by Dolby in 1976 for analog cinema sound systems, the format was adapted for home use in 1982 as Dolby Surround when HiFi capable consumer VCRs were introduced, it was then replaced by the newer and improved Pro-Logic system in 1987. Therefore, the term Dolby Surround can be used to describe the technology or matrix-encoded soundtrack, whereas Pro Logic refers to the decoding technology. The two technologies are mostly identical but a change in marketing was needed so as not to confuse cinema stereo which is at least four channels of audio with home stereo which is only two, Dolby Surround/Pro Logic is based on matrix technology. When a Dolby Surround soundtrack is created, four channels of sound are matrix-encoded into a stereo sound track. The centre channel is encoded by placing it equally in the left and right channels, one of the first was the MSP400 surround sound receiver and amplifier by RCA for their high-end Dimensia brand. It was released in 1987 for the Digital Command Component System, Dolby Surround is the earliest consumer version of Dolbys multichannel analog film sound decoding format Dolby Stereo. It was introduced to the public in 1982 during the home video recording formats were introducing Stereo. The term Dolby Surround is used so as not to confuse theater surround with home stereo, the term also applies to the encoding of material in this sound format. It was capable of decoding Dolby Stereo stereo tracks to 3.0 channels, in 1987 the decoding technology was updated and renamed Dolby Pro Logic. A Pro Logic decoder/processor unfolds the sound into the original 4.0 surround—left and right, center, a Pro-Logic decoder also uses Steering Logic, which drives amplifiers, to raise or lower the output volume of each channel based on the current dominant sound direction. For example, while a signal is played, the strong correlation to the center channel triggers the output volume of the left, right. This increases the channel separation achievable, to around 30 decibels between channels, by careful tuning of the response of the amplifiers, the total amount of signal energy remains constant and is unaffected by the operation of the channel steering. Dolby Surround and Dolby Pro Logic decoders are similar in principle, the terms Dolby Stereo, Dolby Surround and Lt/Rt are all used to describe soundtracks that are matrix-encoded using this technique. In 2000, Dolby introduced Dolby Pro Logic II, an implementation of Dolby Pro Logic created by Jim Fosgate. DPL II processes any high quality stereo signal source into five separate full frequency channels, Dolby Pro Logic II also decodes 5 channels from stereo signals encoded in traditional four-channel Dolby Surround. DPL II implements greatly enhanced steering compared to DPL, and as a result, DPL II forgoes this type of processing and replaces it with simple servo circuits used to derive five channels. It identifies spatial cues in low-level, uncorrelated information, such as ambience and effects like rain or wind in the side and rear surround channels, the channels it adds are matrixed, not discrete
Dolby Surround
22.
Frasier
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Frasier is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons, premiering on September 16,1993, and concluding on May 13,2004. The program was created and produced by David Angell, Peter Casey, the series was created as a spin-off of Cheers, continuing the story of psychiatrist Frasier Crane as he returned to his hometown of Seattle and started building a new life. Frasier stars Kelsey Grammer, David Hyde Pierce, John Mahoney, Jane Leeves, Peri Gilpin, psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane returns to his home town of Seattle, Washington, following the end of his marriage and his life in Boston. Frasier hires Daphne Moon as Martins live-in physical therapist and care giver, Frasier frequently spends time with his younger brother Niles, a fellow psychiatrist. Niles becomes obsessed with, and eventually falls in love with, Daphne, Frasier hosts The Dr. Frasier Crane Show, a call-in psychiatry show on talk radio station KACL. His producer Roz Doyle is very different from Frasier in many ways and she is down-to-earth, has basic tastes and, at least early in the series, has superficial relationships with many men. However, Roz and Frasier share a professional respect and over time they become best friends, Frasier and the others often visit the local coffee shop, Café Nervosa. The Crane sons, who possess fine tastes, intellectual interests, the brothers close relationship is often tense, and their sibling rivalry intermittently results in chaos. Niles Crane, Frasiers younger brother, also a psychiatrist, who works in private practice, Martin Crane, Frasier and Niless father, a police officer who was forced to retire by a gunshot wound to his hip that led to his living with Frasier. Daphne Moon, an English physiotherapist, hired by Frasier to help take care of Martin, Roz Doyle, the producer of Frasiers radio show, who becomes a close family friend. Eddie, Martin Cranes Jack Russell terrier, Bob Bulldog Briscoe, the male chauvinist, horny, boastful host of a sports radio talk show that followed Frasiers daily broadcast at KACL. He became a regular cast member for Seasons 4 through 6, noel Shempsky, KACL technical assistant and avid Star Trek aficionado who speaks Klingon, in love with Roz. Gil Chesterton, KACLs flamboyant, effeminate restaurant critic. Bebe Glazer, Frasiers manipulative, amoral agent, who is loathed by Frasiers family, the main cast remained unchanged for all 11 years. Grammer was briefly the highest paid actor in the United States for his portrayal of Frasier. Grammer had been the voice of Sideshow Bob on The Simpsons since 1990, in a 1997 episode, the characters brother, Cecil Terwilliger, was introduced, played by Pierce, as referenced in the episode title, Brother from Another Series. The episode contained numerous Frasier references, Pierce returned as Cecil for the second time alongside Grammer in the 2007 episode Funeral for a Fiend. The episode introduced the brothers father, Dr. Robert Terwilliger, cast member reunions also occurred on four episodes of Hot in Cleveland, which featured Leeves in the main cast along with Wendie Malick. In the Season 2 episode Unseparated at Birth and Season 3 episode Funeral Crashers, Gilpin appears in the episode I Love Lucci, and Tom McGowan appears in Love Thy Neighbor as a casting director
Frasier
–
Frasier title screen from the pilot episode, "The Good Son", has a lit antenna spire at the
Space Needle, one of the animated gags.
23.
The Tortellis
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The Tortellis is an American sitcom and the first spin-off of Cheers starring Dan Hedaya and Jean Kasem that aired on NBC from January 21 to May 12,1987. Hedaya and Kasem had appeared on Cheers on several occasions as Nick and Loretta Tortelli, the show co-stars Timothy Williams as Anthony Tortelli, Nick and Carlas teenage son, and Mandy Ingber as Annie Tortelli, Anthonys young bride, reprising their roles from Cheers. At the beginning of the series, Loretta leaves Nick and moved to Las Vegas to live with her sensible, divorced sister Charlotte, and Charlottes young son Mark. The series follows Nick as he moves to Las Vegas to try to reconcile with Loretta, vowing to change his sleazy, Nick and Loretta tentatively get back together, and Nick sets up a TV repair business and tries to reform—not always successfully. Anthony and Annie follow Nick to Las Vegas, and all six characters lived in the same house, the characters of Charlotte and Mark Cooper were never seen or even referred to on any episode of Cheers, either before or after The Tortellis run. George Wendt and John Ratzenberger appeared in episode 3, paying a visit to Las Vegas, mitchell Laurance was seen in a recurring role as Pete Bruno, Charlottes untrustworthy boyfriend. The series drew in low ratings, ranking 50th out of 79 shows with an average rating/share of 13. 3/20, as a result, NBC canceled The Tortellis after 13 episodes. The next attempt at a Cheers spin-off, Frasier, was more successful. The Tortellis at the Internet Movie Database The Tortellis at TV. com The Tortellis at epguides. com
The Tortellis
–
Series premiere print advertisement
24.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
25.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
–
A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
–
Flag
Massachusetts
–
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
26.
Must See TV
–
Ratings for NBCs lineup fell during the mid-to-late 2000s, and today the network ranks behind Fox, ABC and CBS on Thursday nights. In 2015, the network canceled comedy programming on Thursdays and switched entirely to dramas. However, contrary to belief, Must See TV originally applied to sitcoms only. At one point in the fall of 1997, the brand was used five nights a week, with four sitcoms a night from Monday to Thursday, and two on Sunday. Thursday nights are coveted by advertisers due to the proportion of young. The Must See slogan was created by Dan Holm, an NBC promotional producer, during a network promo brainstorming session in June 1993 at NBCs West Coast headquarters in Burbank, California. Must See TV made its first appearance in NBC promotions in August 1993 and included the day of the week, in late summer of 1993, NBC wanted viewers to tune in an hour prior to Seinfeld, and created the Must See TV slogan to brand the comedy block. The first Must See TV block promo aired during late summer repeats and promoted Mad About You, Wings, the advertisement ended with the sentence Get home early for Must See TV Thursday. The Must See TV slogan continued in every NBC Thursday night comedy promo throughout the fall/winter 1993 television season to promote the 8–10 p. m. comedy block. When Frasier and Wings were moved to Tuesday nights, NBC expanded the season of the Must See TV brand to include the Tuesday night comedy block. Branding the quality Thursday night lineup began as early as the 1982 fall season, NBC failed to develop hit shows to replace long-running staples Friends, Frasier, Seinfeld, and Will & Grace. Thursday programming has become increasingly stronger on other networks. CBS was first to break through with its lineup of Survivor, CSI, Crime Scene Investigation, ABC had success on Thursday nights with its hit reality series, Dancing with the Stars, before moving the program to Mondays in 2006. S. Television from 2004 to 2011, into the Thursday timeslot adversely affected NBCs ratings for Thursday primetime programming lineup since that television season. In January 2011, NBC rebranded the night again, renaming it Comedy Night Done Right – All Night. The three-hour comedy block was discontinued in the fall of 2011, prior to the 2013 fall season, NBC cancelled or ended nine of its eleven comedies, including the long-running 30 Rock and The Office, in an effort to broaden its comedy lineup. In May 2013, NBC picked up three comedies and rebranded its Thursday night lineup as NBCs New Family of Comedies for the fall season. The debut of The Michael J. Fox Show was the lowest-rated Thursday fall comedy series premiere in network history, one week later, the debut of Welcome to the Family became the new record-holder, with Sean Saves the World ranking as the second lowest ever
Must See TV
–
Title card for NBC's 2002 special, 20 Years of Must See TV
27.
Frasier Crane
–
Frasier Winslow Crane is a fictional character on the American television sitcoms Cheers and Frasier, portrayed by Kelsey Grammer. Grammer received award recognitions for portraying this character in two shows, in addition to a 1992 one-time appearance in Wings. The character debuts in the Cheers third season premiere, Rebound, as Diane Chamberss love interest, part of the Sam and Diane story arc. Intended to appear for only a few episodes, Grammers performance for the role was praised by producers, prompting them to expand his role, later in Cheers, Frasier is married to Lilith Sternin with a son, Frederick, and resides in Boston. After Cheers ended, the moved to his spin-off series Frasier. In the series finale, he is supposed to depart to San Francisco for his talk show, but instead he goes to Chicago. Also Dianes fiancé throughout the season, he and Diane are supposed to wed in Italy in Rescue Me. However, in Birth, Death, Love, and Rice, a despondent Frasier loses his license and his job. Later in season four, he begins to regularly attend Cheers for drinks, in The Triangle, Sam feigns symptoms of depression, planned by Diane, to help Frasier recover from alcoholism and regain his own self-confidence. This leads Frasier to conclude that Sams symptoms indicate his love for Diane, however, upon arrival Frasier sees Sam and Diane arguing in the bar office, Sam admits the whole plan. Furious, Frasier declares himself to be sober, refuses to be a part of their relationship, as his role is expanded, Frasier becomes romantically involved with a stereotypical intelligent, ice queen Lilith Sternin. Their first date in Second Time Around does not go well, they exchange insults toward each other until she leaves the bar, in Abnormal Psychology, Frasier and Lilith feel mutual attraction after Diane gives Lilith a makeover. At first reluctant to start anew, they decide to go on another date. They live together for a year before being married one month before Our Hourly Bread as revealed in the episode, in One Hugs, the Other Doesnt, Frasier is revealed to have been previously married to Nanette Guzman, now known as the popular childrens entertainer Nanny G. When Nanette sings a song implying her possible feelings for Frasier, in Teaching with the Enemy, Lilith admits her affair with another man Dr. Louis Pascal, dooming their marriage. In Is There a Doctor in the Howe, There, Lilith reveals that the eco-pod experiment with Pascal was a disaster—Pascal turned out to be claustrophobic among other mental problems—and she abandoned the project to return to Boston. Frasier, Rebecca, and eventually Pascal converge on Cheers in pursuit of Lilith, Pascal, armed with a pistol, demands Lilith return to him, threatening to shoot Frasier and the others. Lilith demands that he shoot her first, which causes him to back down, although Frasier initially refuses to take Lilith back after all this, her pathetic sobbing wins him over, suggesting a reconciliation can occur
Frasier Crane
–
Dr. Frasier Crane (
Kelsey Grammer) during his radio show at KACL.
Frasier Crane
–
Kelsey Grammer, portrayer of Frasier Crane since 1984
28.
Home Is the Sailor (Cheers)
–
Home is the Sailor is the sixth-season premiere of the American television sitcom Cheers. It originally aired on September 24,1987 on NBC and it is also the first episode including the fictional character Rebecca Howe, portrayed by Kirstie Alley, as the permanent female lead. It follows I Do, Adieu, which was Shelley Longs last of her appearances as the female lead, Diane Chambers. Six months after Sam sold the bar to a corporation, the place caters to a more up-market clientele, eddie Lebec turns up and is surprised when Carla Tortelli tells him she is pregnant. Sam Malone then returns to the bar after his attempt to sail around the world failed at the first hurdle when his sailboat ran ashore in the Caribbean. Though Cheers has new management, Woody Boyd and Carla are still employed at the bar, Sam then also needs a job, but the bar already has two bartenders, Woody and a new employee, Wayne. Diane Chambers attempts at writing her novel are said to have failed, Sam then meets Rebecca Howe, who is the new manager of Cheers and almost immediately turned off by him based on the rumors of Sams sexual prowess. Evan knows Sam as a player and wants to hire him to be a bartender. Sam is then hired, but one of the two current bartenders must be sacked to make room for him, the bar regulars want Wayne to go, but Rebecca wants to fire Woody. A competition then ensues to see if Wayne actually knows how to make every drink known to man, if Wayne loses the bet, he agrees to leave, but if he wins the bet, then he gets Sams now-damaged sailboat. The gang plays a prank to cause Wayne to lose over the then-fictional cocktail Screaming Viking and he walks out, though Rebecca is wise to their game and tells Sam to leave. As Les Charles observed, Sam was a man to Diane, with Diane gone, they made him more carefree. In seeking a new lead, James Burrows told People magazine that we thought of the part as a martinet. Then we met and there was this vulnerability, so we made her the woman of the 1980s. When Long decided to leave the show, the creators knew they wanted a new female lead who was unknown to viewers, would not have blonde hair. Kirstie Alley was one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe, although she met all the criteria, the producers continued to audition actresses, but none improved on Alleys portrayal of the character. Following which brunette-haired Alley debuted as Rebecca Howe, al Rosen, Michael Tulin, Tim Cunningham, Steve Giannelli, Alan Koss are credited for their background appearances. Home Is the Sailor scored a 28.4 rating and was placed in the list of top ten shows that were tuned-in by households on the week of September 21–27,1987
Home Is the Sailor (Cheers)
–
Kirstie Alley debuted as
Rebecca Howe in this episode after
Shelley Long left the series as
Diane Chambers in 1987.
29.
Give Me a Ring Sometime
–
Give Me a Ring Sometime is the first episode of the American situation comedy Cheers. Written by Glen and Les Charles and directed by James Burrows, the pilot episode introduces the employees of bar Cheers, Sam Malone, Diane Chambers, Coach Ernie Pantusso, and Carla Tortelli, and regular customers Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. In this episode, Diane, brought in by fiancé Sumner Sloan, meets the employees, when she realizes that her fiancé has left her alone in the bar, Diane accepts Sams offer to be the bars waitress to start over. In the original script the employees were the characters, and Norm. Later revisions added Norm and Cliff, and scenes were restructured, originally, Cheers set would be a hotel, but it was ultimatelly changed to a bar. Ratings were low when the episode first aired, but were successful in reruns. It has been praised over the years, and earned its writers awards for Best Writing in 1983. As owner Sam Malone opens the Cheers bar, a professor Sumner Sloane and they are planning to go to Barbados to be married, but do not have a wedding ring, Sumner leaves to get the ring from his ex-wife. While she waits, Diane learns about the people in the bar. Sam is a player and a recovering alcoholic. Waitress Carla Tortelli is a bitter divorcée with four children, male patrons are playing a body sweat in movies trivia game, which repulses Diane. Sumner returns a few later, suggesting Cool Hand Luke as a sweaty movie. His ex-wife calls the bar with a change of heart, Diane and Sam argue about Sumner, and Sam pointedly tells her Sumner is probably on a plane with his ex-wife. Diane calls the airport to change their flight reservation, and finds out that Mr. heartbroken, she prepares to go home before realizing that her job as Sumners teaching assistant is gone. Out of pity, Sam offers her a job at Cheers as a waitress, because of her educational background, Diane initially refuses, however, when she remembers a number of orders from a table she reluctantly accepts the job. The following day, Dianes first customer is an international tourist, Diane Chambers is a college student and bar misfit who is abandoned by her fiancé, Sumner Sloane. She becomes a waitress at the end of the episode, Ernie Pantusso is a forgetful, gravelly-voiced bartender, nicknamed Coach because he was Sams coach during his career as a relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. Carla Tortelli is a bitter, wisecracking, cynical waitress and divorcée whose husband, Nick, the creators rejected the idea of casting a star such as Mary Tyler Moore, and sought actors who were previously unknown to the public
Give Me a Ring Sometime
–
George Wendt
Give Me a Ring Sometime
–
John Ratzenberger
Give Me a Ring Sometime
–
Exterior (left) and interior of the Bull & Finch Pub (now
Cheers Beacon Hill), which inspired the show's set
Give Me a Ring Sometime
30.
Norm Peterson
–
Hilary Norman Peterson is a character on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by George Wendt. He is named Hilary after his grandfather, Norm appeared in all 275 episodes of Cheers between 1982–1993 and was initially the only customer featured in the main cast, later joined by Cliff Clavin, Frasier Crane, and Lilith Sternin. Along with Sam Malone and Carla Tortelli, Norm is one of three characters to appear in every episode of Cheers. He also made one guest appearance each in the three other sitcoms set in the Cheers universe, the Frasier episode Cheerful Goodbyes, the Wings episode The Story of Joe and the spin-off The Tortellis. In the original script of the 1982 pilot, Give Me a Ring Sometime, George Wendt and John Ratzenberger auditioned for the same role, originally named George, and Wendt was hired for that role. George was Diane Chamberss first customer, appeared at the end of episode, could not bear her long explanation of becoming a waitress. The writers expanded Wendts role, and the character evolved into Norm Peterson, the first onscreen customer to enter the bar, show co-creator Les Charles stated that the character was based on a frequent customer he met in a bar when Charles was its bartender during college. Meanwhile, Ratzenberger suggested to the producers that a character should be added. I have a hard time talking about Norm and its like hes too close to me, but I dont think hes changed over the years. They moved him from being an accountant to painter and decorator, I think hes the toughest to write for because hes not really anything. Norms entrance into the bar is a gag on Cheers. This is followed by the bar crowd yelling his name, Norm is also greeted by everyone at Garys Olde Towne Tavern, Cheers rival bar, with the customary Norm. When Sam asks why the people at Garys know him by name, a recurring gag in the series is, following a commercial, for the bartender to ask Norm if he wants another beer, Norm replies one quick one, after which he inevitably stays a lot longer. Norm is actually the first word of Frederick Crane, son of Frasier Crane, prior to the show, Norm was born in Chicago, and moved to Boston to become an accountant, and is a lifelong Boston Celtics fan who went to Boston Garden as a child. Norm previously served in the United States Coast Guard and he loses his job in an accounting firm by defending Diane from his boss, and after struggling for few years as an independent accountant, eventually becomes a housepainter. Norm was also revealed to be an interior decorator and beer taster. Ironically, even when unemployed, Norm is the bars best customer, a running gag throughout the series are the numerous jokes made about the enormous size of Norms tab at Cheers. In the few instances when Norm drinks at another bar, he is kicked out because the bartenders demand an immediate cash payment instead of a tab
Norm Peterson
–
Norm Peterson (
George Wendt) drinking beer
Norm Peterson
–
George Wendt
31.
Cliff Clavin
–
Cliff Clavin, Jr. is a fictional character on the American television show Cheers co-created by John Ratzenberger. A postal worker, he is the bars know-it-all and was a contestant on the game show Jeopardy, Cliff was not originally scripted in the series pilot episode, Give Me a Ring Sometime, but the producers decided to add a know-it-all character and Ratzenberger helped flesh it out. The actor made guest appearances as Cliff on St. Elsewhere, Wings, the original script for the 1982 pilot, Give Me a Ring Sometime, did not include Norm Peterson or Cliff Clavin. George Wendt and John Ratzenberger originally auditioned for a character, George. George was Diane Chambers first customer, had one line and was intended for one episode. Since Wendt was cast as George, Ratzenberger suggested to the producers that a character should be added. Ratzenberger based his role on an officer in his hometown of Bridgeport. Cliff was originally a security guard, but two days before the filming he was changed to a postman, the producers thought a postman would be more knowledgeable than a guard. Ratzenberger agreed to seven episodes of the first season, but his role expanded, Cliff is the kind of guy who wishes hed been a combat Marine, but maybe he was nearsighted or had flat feet and became a mailman. He loves the respect he gets, as for women, Cliff is like the construction workers who whistle at women but turn to a quivering mass when theyre face-to-face with a woman. The greatest fear of men is that they wont live up to their expectations, stephen Tobolowsky told SplitSider. com that he had auditioned for Cliff. On the Cheers 200th-episode special, host John McLaughlin asked Ratzenberger about Cliff Clavin, the actor replied that Cliff would describe himself as the wingnut that holds Western civilization together, however, Ratzenberger said he would describe Cliff simply as a winged nut. Cliff appeared in 273 episodes of Cheers between 1982 and 1993 and he also made guest appearances as an animated character in The Simpsons episode Fear of Flying, in the Wings episode The Story of Joe and the Frasier episode Cheerful Goodbyes. Cliff is a worker, and Norm Petersons best friend. He lives with his mother, Esther Clavin —first in his childhood two-story house and he is ridiculed by friends and enemies alike, including Carla and Norm, for his know-it-all attitude. He appears on Jeopardy. in the episode, What Is. The postman wins $22,000, but loses it all with an answer in Final Jeopardy. Cliff has a few relationships with women, though his attempts to impress other women bound to fail, then he has a relationship with fellow postal worker Margaret OKeefe, which begins during Cheers seventh season
Cliff Clavin
–
Cliff Clavin
Cliff Clavin
–
John Ratzenberger
32.
Woody Boyd
–
Woodrow Huckleberry Tiberius Woody Boyd is a character on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by Woody Harrelson. Woody came to Cheers at the beginning of the season of Cheers in 1985 in the episode Birth, Death, Love. Woody appeared in 200 episodes of Cheers between 1985 and 1993 and he also made a guest appearance on Frasier in the episode The Show Where Woody Shows Up and on The Simpsons episode Fear of Flying. Woody was born on July 23 and hails from Hanover, Indiana and he and his childhood sweetheart, Beth Curtis, were also voted Couple Most Likely to Explode, as they were both obese at the time. It was later revealed that they ate, to excess. Woody followed in Coachs footsteps in many ways, failing to understand the most obvious jokes, concepts, Woody was essentially a straight man for all of the other characters at Cheers, though his humor stemmed from his misunderstandings. Woody once told Dr. Crane he was the smartest man he knew, Woody seemed to have an off-center mentality, misunderstanding others comments much as Coach had done. For example, when Bill Medley of The Righteous Brothers appears and starts singing Youve Lost That Loving Feeling, Woody asks him, with the exception of Carla, Eddie, and Sam, Woody always addresses other characters by their honorific. Sometimes this leads to awkward phrasing such as referring to Lilith as Mrs. Dr. Sternin-Crane, Woody arrived at Cheers expecting to meet his pen pal Coach, with whom he exchanged pens instead of letters. Upon learning of Coachs death, he filled the open bartender position and he also developed a big brother/little brother relationship with Sam Malone, the owner of Cheers. In the final season, Frasier Crane orchestrated an experiment that went awry and he and Kelly were expecting their first child when Cheers ended. Frasier extrapolates on Woodys interest in a career to the point that Woody becomes President of the United States. Woody makes a guest appearance on Frasier, the show from Cheers. During a visit to Seattle he reconnects with Frasier Crane, who had moved there from Boston. The two men decide to part company on good terms, after sharing a drink with each other, leading Woody to utter his final line. Although this is Woodys only appearance on the show, he is referenced both prior to and after this. When Sam visits Frasier in the season 2 episode, The Show Where Sam Comes Back, he reveals that Kelly and Woodys first child was a boy, who is of normal intelligence. In the season 9 episode Cheerful Goodbyes, Frasier reveals that at his party at Cheers before returning to Seattle, Woody grabbed onto his legs
Woody Boyd
–
Woody Harrelson as Woody Boyd
33.
Rebecca Howe
–
Rebecca Howe is a fictional character of the American television sitcom Cheers, portrayed by Kirstie Alley and created by Glen and Les Charles. Rebecca appeared in 147 episodes of Cheers between 1987 and 1993 and in one episode of Wings and she debuts in the season six episode Home Is the Sailor after Shelley Long—who played waitress Diane Chambers—left the show to pursue a movie career. Rebecca was intended to fill the gap as Sams new female foil, from the characters debut, Rebecca manages the bar under corporation and frequently rejects Sams advances. She gradually becomes neurotic and falls in love with almost every man in Boston. For her performance as Rebecca, Alley won a Golden Globe Award in 1991 as the Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical Series, Rebecca Howe is first seen at Cheers as the manager assigned by the bars new corporate franchise owner, the Lillian Corporation. Elements of her story are revealed over several years. She was born in San Diego, one of four children, Rebeccas father is an ex-Navy man and her mother was a concert cellist. Rebeccas sister Susan is an actress and former Miss San Diego who has stolen her past boyfriends, revealed in The Last Angry Mailman, Rebecca was nicknamed Backseat Becky for her behavior as a party girl while at the University of Connecticut. In her early appearances, Rebecca appears as a confident, cool, however, in The Days of Wine and Neuroses, Rebecca becomes drunk and confesses her love for Sam. Her behavior slowly becomes neurotic as the series progresses and her competent façade crumbles away entirely by the series end, when she first meets bartender and ladies man Sam Malone, Rebeccas reaction to him is negative. Sam often tries to seduce her, in her first couple years at Cheers she always rejects his advances, in the sixth season, Rebecca has a crush on her boss, Evan Drake. Throughout the season she tries unsuccessfully to make Evan notice her until, toward the end of the season, Evan departs for Japan and is found to have a lover, in the seventh season, after Evans departure, his replacement fires Rebecca and promotes Sam to manager. Rebecca does occasional waitressing and eventually gets her job back, in the episode Love Is a Really, Really Perfectly Okay Thing, Rebecca finally gives in to Sam and they have sex in his office. However, the affair is short-lived because Sam becomes complacent about it, in the ninth season, Robin—now a wanted white-collar criminal—surrenders himself to the police and confesses his love for Rebecca. Meanwhile, Sam recovers his ownership of the bar just after the Lillian Corporation fires Rebecca, Robin proposes matrimony to Rebecca after he is released from jail, and she accepts. In Wedding Bell Blues, she questions her feelings for Robin after he loses millions of dollars, in the following episode Im Getting My Act Together and Sticking It in Your Face, Rebecca jilts Robin at their wedding and tells him, I only loved you for your money. Robin leaves her, taking millions of dollars hidden in the bar office under the desk with him, later in the season, Rebecca decides to buy Cheers for herself after John Allen Hill becomes the new owner of the restaurant upstairs. John also owns the back room
Rebecca Howe
–
Rebecca Howe weeping in "Rebecca Gaines, Rebecca Loses" (1993)
Rebecca Howe
–
Kirstie Alley debuted as Rebecca Howe in 1987 after Shelley Long left the show as Diane Chambers.
34.
Lilith Sternin
–
Lilith Sternin is a fictional character on the American television sitcoms Cheers and Frasier, portrayed by Bebe Neuwirth. The character first appears as a date for Frasier Crane, though mutual hostility, in the final season of Cheers, Lilith has an affair with another man and leaves Frasier. The affair later unravels and Lilith returns, seeking reconciliation with Frasier, Lilith occasionally appears in Frasier, sometimes with Frederick. Lilith first appears in the Cheers episode, Second Time Around, in the episode, their first date does not go well. Lilith walks out of the date because she disdains the bar as Frasiers location for their date, in Abnormal Psychology, they feel mutual attraction again when he becomes accustomed to her makeover, done by Diane Chambers. At first reluctant to start again, they then decide to go for another date. For years they live together since, as first shown in Dinner at Eight-ish and our Hourly Bread reveals that they wed one month before the episode. In The Stork Brings a Crane, Lilith gives birth to Frederick during the ride home after false labor in the hospital. The episodes epilogue is described as Many years later with an elderly Lilith, the lawyer opens the sealed envelope and is surprised to find Sams sperm count report, which turns out stable. In response to the mix-up, Lilith bitterly remarks, That damn bar, in the eleventh and final season, in Teaching with the Enemy, Lilith admits her affair with another man – Dr. Louis Pascal. In Is There a Doctor in the Howe, a depressed Frasier almost has sex with Rebecca Howe on his bed until Lilith unexpectedly returns. The other characters had no idea as the affair had started that very evening. Lilith reveals that the experiment with Pascal was a disaster—Pascal turned out to be claustrophobic. Frasier and Rebecca, and eventually Pascal, converge on Cheers in pursuit of Lilith, Pascal, armed with a pistol, demands Lilith return to him, threatening to shoot Frasier and the others. Lilith demands that he shoot her first, which causes him to back down, although Frasier initially refuses to take Lilith back after all this, her pathetic sobbing wins him over, suggesting a reconciliation can occur. In the spin-off Frasier, however, Lilith and Frasier turn out to have been divorced, furthermore, Lilith has custody of Frederick. In the opening scene of the 1993 pilot episode of Frasier, Frasier is hosting his radio show and relates the following, Six months ago. My wife had left me, which was very painful, then she came back to me, which was excruciating
Lilith Sternin
–
Bebe Neuwirth as Dr. Lilith Sternin
Lilith Sternin
–
The role of Lilith earned Bebe Neuwirth an Emmy as an Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1990 and 1991.
Lilith Sternin
–
Bebe Neuwirth reprised the role of Lilith in Frasier
35.
Sam Malone
–
Samuel Mayday Malone is a fictional character on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by Ted Danson and created by Glen and Les Charles. The central character of the series, Sam, a relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox baseball team, is the owner and bartender of the bar called Cheers. He is also an alcoholic and a notorious womanizer. Although his celebrity status was short-lived, Sam retains that standing within the confines of Cheers, along with Carla Tortelli and Norm Peterson, he is one of only three characters to appear in all episodes of Cheers. Sam has an on-again, off-again relationship with the bar waitress Diane Chambers for the series first five seasons until her departure from the series, then he tries to seduce Dianes replacement, Rebecca Howe, who frequently rejects his advances. Sam also appears in The Show Where Sam Shows Up, an episode of the spin-off Frasier. Other actors auditioned for the role, producers decided to give Danson the role for primarily his scenes with Shelley Long as Diane. Critical reception for the character has been mostly positive, some academics considered Sam an example of satirizing masculinity. At the time the series debuted in 1982, Sam has been the bartender and owner of Cheers for five years, chronologically within the series, Sam Malone with Irish Catholic background dropped out of high school in his senior year to play professional baseball. He became a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, where he met Coach Ernie Pantusso. Although his baseball career is not highly detailed throughout the series, Sam was at times a good pitcher, Sams baseball career declined when he became an alcoholic. Over time, Sams role as a bartender turns him into the resident ringleader for an assortment of poor souls, throughout the series, Sam has had casual female partners, usually one-dimensional or sexually very available, and sometimes takes them along in his red Chevrolet Corvette. However, in Sam Turns the Other Cheek, Sam reveals that he married, underage. In Teachers Pet, Sam earns his high school diploma despite a bad grade from the high school geography teacher. The episode Sams Women reveals that Sam was married to his more sophisticated ex-wife. Also, he has the key relationship with a bright, attractive graduate student. One time after Sam and Diane ended their relationship, in Rebound, Part One, Sam relapses into alcoholism. Diane finds that out from Coach, and involves her love interest Frasier Crane in helping Sam slowly regain his sobriety in the episode, Rebound
Sam Malone
–
Sam Malone cutting off lemon peels in the pilot "
Give Me a Ring Sometime "
Sam Malone
–
Ted Danson, portrayer of Sam Malone
36.
Bartender
–
A bartender is a person who formulates and serves alcoholic beverages behind the bar, usually in a licensed establishment. Bartenders also usually maintain the supplies and inventory for the bar, a bartender can generally mix classic cocktails such as a Cosmopolitan, Manhattan, Old Fashioned, and Mojito. The bartending profession was generally a second occupation, used as work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees. This however is changing around the world and bartending has become a profession by choice rather than necessity, in America, where tipping is a local custom, bartenders depend on tips for most of their income. Bartenders are also responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages. In certain countries, such as the United Kingdom and Sweden, as such, it lacks traditional employment protections and therefore has a high turnover. The high turnover of staff due to low wages and poor employee benefits results in a shortage of skilled bartenders, some pubs prefer experienced staff, although pub chains tend to accept inexperienced staff and provide training. Tipping bartenders in the United Kingdom is not considered mandatory but is appreciated by the bartender. Bartenders may attend special schools or learn while on the job, Bartenders in the United States may work in a large variety of bars. These include hotel bars, restaurant bars, sports bars, gay bars, piano bars, also growing in popularity is the portable bar, which can be moved to different venues and special events. Bar-back, a bartenders assistant Hospitality List of bartenders List of public house topics List of restaurant terminology Tavern Media related to Bartenders at Wikimedia Commons
Bartender
–
A bartender pouring some
vodka in to the metal cup of a
cocktail shaker
Bartender
–
A bartender making a classic cocktail
Bartender
Bartender
37.
Relief pitcher
–
Relief pitchers are further divided informally into various roles, such as closers, set-up relief pitchers, middle relief pitchers, left/right-handed specialists, and long relievers. A teams staff of relievers is normally referred to metonymically as a teams bullpen, which refers to the area where the relievers sit during games, in the early days of Major League Baseball, substituting a player was not allowed except for sickness or injury. An ineffective pitcher would switch positions with another player on the field, the first relief appearance in the major leagues was in 1876 with Boston Red Caps outfielder Jack Manning switching positions with pitcher Joe Borden. In this early era, relief pitchers changing from a role to the pitchers box in this way were often called change pitchers. This strategy of switching players between the mound and the outfield is still employed in modern baseball, sometimes in long extra inning games where a team is running out of players. In 1889, the first bullpen appearance occurred after rules were changed to allow a player substitution at any time, early relief pitchers were normally starting pitchers pitching one or two innings in between starts. In 1903, during the game of the inaugural World Series. Firpo Marberry is credited with being the first prominent reliever, from 1923 to 1935, he pitched in 551 games,364 of which were in relief. Baseball historian Bill James wrote that Marberry was a modern reliever—a hard throwing young kid who worked strictly in relief, worked often, another reliever, Johnny Murphy, became known as Fireman for his effectiveness when inserted into difficult situations in relief. Nonetheless, the full-time reliever who was entrusted with important situations was more the exception than the rule at this point, often, a teams ace starting pitcher was used in between his starts to close games. Later research would reveal that Lefty Grove would have been in his leagues top three in saves in four different seasons, had that stat been invented at the time, gradually after World War II, full-time relievers became more acceptable and standard. The relievers were usually pitchers that were not good enough to be starters, relievers in the 1950s started to develop oddball pitches to distinguish them from starters. For example, Hoyt Wilhelm threw a knuckleball, and Elroy Face threw a forkball, in 1969, the pitchers mound was lowered and umpires were encouraged to call fewer strikes to give batters an advantage. Relief specialists were used to counter the increase in offense, relievers became more respected in the 1970s, and their pay increased due to free agency. All teams began having a closer, the 1980s were the first time in MLB that the number of saves outnumbered complete games. In 1995, there were nearly four saves for every complete game and it is unclear whether the specialization and reliance on relief pitchers led to pitch counts and fewer complete games, or whether pitch counts led to greater use of relievers. As closers were reduced to one-inning specialists, setup men and middle relievers became more prominent, in past decades, the relief pitcher was merely an ex-starter who came into a game upon the injury, ineffectiveness, or fatigue of the starting pitcher. The bullpen was for old starters who had lost the ability to throw effectively, many of these pitchers would be able to flourish in this diminished role
Relief pitcher
–
Relief pitcher
Rheal Cormier warms up in the
bullpen during progression of the game.
38.
Boston Red Sox
–
The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 13, founded in 1901 as one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Red Sox home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The Red Sox name was chosen by the owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had known as the Boston Red Stockings. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also marked by the teams intense rivalry with the Yankees. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Liverpool F. C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in road attendance. From May 15,2003 to April 10,2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games for a professional sports record. Neil Diamonds Sweet Caroline has become an anthem for the Red Sox, the name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings. The team name Red Sox had previously used as early as 1888 by a colored team from Norfolk. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, the official Spanish site uses the variant Los Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, the Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league. Other names were used before Boston officially adopted the nickname Braves in 1912
Boston Red Sox
–
The 1901 Boston Americans team photograph
Boston Red Sox
–
Team logo
Boston Red Sox
–
Iconic photo of the Huntington Avenue Grounds before the first modern World Series game
Boston Red Sox
–
The Huntington Avenue Grounds during a game. Note building from which the famous 1903 "bird's-eye" photo was taken.
39.
Sam and Diane
–
Sam Malone and Diane Chambers, collectively known as Sam and Diane, are fictional characters in the American situation comedy television series Cheers. Sam Malone is a working-class, retired baseball player-turned-bartender played by Ted Danson, Danson appeared on Cheers for its entire run of the series, Long was part of the regular cast from the 1982 series premiere until the fifth-season finale, I Do, Adieu. Long returned for an appearance in the 1993 series finale. During the first five seasons Sam and Diane both flirt with and condemn each other as social opposites, repeatedly consummating their relationship and breaking up, each of the first four-season finales ends with a cliffhanger involving the story arc. In I Do, Adieu Sam and Diane are due to marry, but they cancel the wedding when Diane leaves Sam, in the series finale Sam and Diane are reunited, become engaged and break up again, realizing that they are never meant to be together. The pairing of Sam and Diane has evoked mixed reactions, some critics disliked the relationship, either for alienating viewers by dominating the show or because they saw Sam and Diane as a mismatch. Others praised the pair, seeing them as strengthening the show, some writers compared them to couples in later shows, such as Moonlighting, with their sexual tension and intermittent relationships. Originally, Sam Malone was a wide receiver for the New England Patriots. However, NBC executives praised test scenes between Ted Danson and Shelley Long, so the creators chose this pairing, Sams character was changed into a former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox baseball team. The concept evolved into a pretentious, college-student relationship with Sam, after Shelley Longs departure from the show and replacement with Kirstie Alley as Rebecca Howe, the original concept was revisited. Heide Perlman said, It wasnt quite Tracy-Hepburn, because she was a tight-ass, Burrows told the others several weeks after filming began, Sam & Diane – thats your show. The Sam and Diane romance dominated the show for five years, as Burrows hypothesized, the couple would have diminished the importance and relevance of the bar setting if Long had not left the show in 1987. With the exceptions of Longs last regular episode I Do, Adieu, with Long leaving Cheers, producers planned to revamp the show without losing its initial premise, and credited Longs departure for saving the series from cancellation. As Les Charles observed, Sam was a man to Diane, after Longs departure, he became more carefree. Shelley Long said in January 1983, the core of the show is Sam, the relationship has a wonderful chemistry, although they try to resist each other. She said that the felt that the producers did not want the relationship to proceed too quickly. The creators stated that Long and Danson were easier to write for and had more potential than, in the series premiere, Give Me a Ring Sometime, Diane Chambers, a college student, enters Cheers and meets Sam Malone, a recovering alcoholic and a womanizer. While she waits for her fiancé Sumner Sloan, Diane realizes that Sumner has left her, Sam offers Diane a job as a cocktail waitress, and she accepts
Sam and Diane
–
Shelley Long as
Diane Chambers (left) and
Ted Danson as
Sam Malone
Sam and Diane
–
Spencer Tracy (left) and
Katharine Hepburn in
Adam's Rib (1949)
Sam and Diane
–
Kelsey Grammer debuted in Cheers as Diane Chambers's lover,
Frasier Crane, and continued his role for 20 years in this show and his spin-off
Frasier.
Sam and Diane
–
Wedding of Rhoda and Joe (
Rhoda), who have been compared to the unmarried Sam and Diane
40.
Diane Chambers
–
Diane Chambers is a fictional character in the American television situation comedy show Cheers, portrayed by Shelley Long and created by Glen and Les Charles. After her fiancé Sumner Sloan abandons her in the Cheers bar in the pilot episode and she has an on-off relationship with the womanizing bartender Sam Malone and a one-year relationship with Frasier Crane, who later becomes a main character of the series and Frasier. When Long left the series during the season, the producers wrote her character out. Since then, they added her permanent replacement Rebecca Howe, a businesswoman played by Kirstie Alley, Shelley Long made a special guest appearance in the series finale as Diane. Long also appeared in Frasier as Dianes fantasy counterpart in Frasiers dreams, other actresses auditioned for the role of Diane Chambers. Producers decided to give Long the role primarily for her scenes with Ted Danson as Sam, critical reception for the character has been mostly positive, but some critics gave negative reviews about her. Diane Chambers premiered in Cheers in 1982 as a graduate who works as a cocktail waitress. Her mother is Helen, who appears in only an episode Someone Single, Someone Blue and she attended the private Bennington College and studied for her graduate degree at Boston University. Diane suffers occasional facial tics and uses long-winded, poetic speeches, in the 1982 series pilot Give Me a Ring Sometime, Diane arrives with her fiancé Sumner Sloane. When he abandons Diane at Cheers, she realizes that he not return. As a waitress, she gains a new nemesis Carla Tortelli, Diane also has on-and-off relationships with womanizing bartender Sam Malone, who is her non-intellectual opposite. At the end of the season, Diane leaves Boston to marry Frasier in Europe, however, at the start of the fourth season, she jilts Frasier at the wedding altar. In the season finale, I Do, Adieu, when Diane is offered the chance to fulfill her dream of becoming a writer, Sam, therefore, she leaves Boston, promising him that she will return to him for six months. However, in the finale, One for the Road, after six years of separation. Both try to rekindle their romance for old times sake and plan to leave Boston together for Los Angeles, however, they begin to reconsider their relationship and then amicably break it off. Therefore, Diane returns to Los Angeles without Sam, Diane appears three times in the Cheers spin-off, Frasier. She appears as a figure from Frasiers mind in Adventures In Paradise. Diane visits Seattle in The Show Where Diane Comes Back, in Los Angeles, she loses her job by accidentally setting Jane Seymours hair on fire on the set of Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman
Diane Chambers
–
Waitress Diane Chambers (
Shelley Long) serving drinks to customers
41.
Coach Ernie Pantusso
–
Ernie Pantusso, commonly known as Coach, is a fictional character on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by Nicholas Colasanto between 1982 and 1985. Coach was originally Sam Malones baseball coach before the shows premiere, then, he later became a bartender of Cheers while Sam became its owner and another bartender. He is not worldly wise but has some shred of wit and he also has a daughter named Lisa, who solely appeared in Coachs Daughter, from his late wife Angela. While he technically last appeared in the opening of Rescue Me, Colasantos last filmed appearance as Coach was an episode Cheerio. When Colasanto died in 1985, Coach was written out as deceased without explanation, since then, Colasantos replacement Woody Harrelson joined the cast as Woody Boyd in the fourth season of Cheers. Former umpire Ron Luciano auditioned for Coach Ernie Pantusso, but he failed to get the part because producers wanted an experienced actor. Robert Prosky, who appeared in the eleventh-season episode Daddys Little Middle-Aged Girl as the character Rebecca Howes Navy father, was offered the role of Coach. Therefore, the role was given to Nicholas Colasanto, according to Colasanto, Coach was nearly child-like and more of a surrogate son than a surrogate father to Sam Malone, while Sam was more of a father to Coach for dependency on Sams moral support. Moreover, Coach was beloved by everyone and a good lovable man, according to director and producer James Burrows, the character of Coach was much different from the actor Nick, Coach was slow, while Nick was sharp. Coach is a component of many people, is not a worldly man not well-read. He may be intelligent, but hes not worldly wise, hes so positive, thats what makes him funny. Hell say the most absurd thing, but, if someone corrects him, Ernie Coach Pantusso is a slow, forgetful bartender with a gravel voice, caring personality, shred of intelligence, and warm heart. The Coach doesnt have any worldly ambitions—hes very happy to make his paycheck, moreover, he listens to people and their problems very well. Ernie was nicknamed Coach because he was the coach of the Boston Red Sox and other teams. When Sam succumbed to alcoholism, leading to the end of his career, Sam bought the bar Cheers. He is still nicknamed Coach by everyone, although he has retired from coaching for years. As a young man, Ernie attended Catholic School, but dropped out of high school and he has a sister and two brothers, the younger brother has a daughter Joyce, who appears in only The Godfather, Part III. Coach is a widower since his wife Angela died before the show debuted and they have a daughter, Lisa, who only appears in Coachs Daughter
Coach Ernie Pantusso
–
Coach errs in preparing a fictional Hawaiian drink, Kon Tiki Tiki, by putting the coconut cup into the blender
Coach Ernie Pantusso
–
Picture of
Geronimo, used by the late Colasanto for his dressing room at set of Cheers
42.
Carla Tortelli
–
Carla Maria Victoria Angelina Teresa Apollonia Lozupone Tortelli LeBec, commonly known as Carla Tortelli, is a waitress on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by Rhea Perlman. Outwardly, at least, Carla is a woman who expresses disdain for many people. She had four children with her then-husband Nick when the series started, Carla appeared in all 271 episodes of Cheers in 1982–1993 and guest-starred in Cheerful Goodbyes, an episode of the spin-off Frasier. She has also appeared in Cheers, an episode of St. Elsewhere, Fear of Flying, an episode of The Simpsons, along with Sam Malone and Norm Peterson, she is one of only three characters to appear in every episode of Cheers. According to an interview Ted Danson, Perlman was the first person of all actors to be hired as part of a cast ensemble and then was cast as Carla Tortelli, a wisecracking, cynical waitress. Before she starred as Carla, she worked once as a waitress in a New York City restaurant, serving meals like spaghetti, also, she was trained in the Bull & Finch Pub by a waitress to prepare her character. Perlman previously appeared as Louie DePalmas sweet and kind girlfriend, in contrast to tomboy Carla, I think Carlas a lot of things Id like to be. Im not like her, but shes a person whos always got a wisecrack, I always think of something two hours later. But were both earthy and practical, the character is well-written, but you always put a lot of yourself into it. Carla is feisty, worldly-wise, and highly superstitious, when the show premiered in 1982, she has four children to support, fathered by her ex-husband Nick Tortelli, Anthony, Serafina, Gino, and Anne Marie. During marriage, he was a father and disloyal, unfaithful husband to Carla by cheating on her with other women. As a Catholic, she has practiced neither birth control nor traditional beliefs of monogamous sex, in Whodunit, as learned, when she attended high school, she was pregnant. She considers herself the most fertile woman alive, in Swear to God, when Sam vows to believe in God, Carla scaremongers Sam into avoiding violation of his oaths and further promiscuity in order to avoid superstitious events. Over time, she gives birth to four children, Lucinda fathered by Nick, Ludlow, nicknamed Lud, by Frasiers mentor Dr. Bennett Ludlow. All children but one out to be unruly, rotten. They defy whoever is substituting for their mother Carla, including babysitters, such as Cliff Clavin, Carla was born to the Catholic family her father Benito and her mother, whose maiden name was Mussolini. Grew up in the Federal Hill section of Providence, Rhode Island, according to her mother, Carla was named after her grandmothers mule. Carla has siblings, including two sisters and two brothers, six of her siblings are older
Carla Tortelli
–
Carla Tortelli (
Rhea Perlman) waitering with "
Boston Red Sox " banner on her apron.
Carla Tortelli
–
Jay Thomas portrays Carla's second husband, Eddie LeBec
43.
Superstition
–
The word superstition is generally used to refer to the religion not practiced by the majority of a given society regardless of whether the prevailing religion contains superstitions. In the classical era, the existence of gods was actively debated both among philosophers and theologians, and opposition to superstition arose consequently, the poem De rerum natura, written by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius further developed the opposition to superstition. Cicero’s work De natura deorum also had a influence on the development of the modern concept of superstition as well as the word itself. Where Cicero distinguished superstitio and religio, Lucretius used only the term religio, Cicero, for whom superstitio meant “excessive fear of the gods” wrote that “superstitio, non religio, tollenda est ”, which means that only superstition, and not religion, should be abolished. The Roman Empire also made laws condemning those who excited excessive religious fear in others, during the Middle Ages, the idea of God’s influence on the world’s events went mostly undisputed. Trials by ordeal were quite frequent, even though Frederick II was the first king who explicitly outlawed trials by ordeal as they were considered “irrational”, the rediscovery of lost classical works and scientific advancement led to a steadily increasing disbelief in religions. This led to studies of biblical exegesis, pioneered by Spinoza, opposition to superstition was central to the Age of Enlightenment. The word superstition is first used in English in the 15th century, the earliest known use as an English noun occurs in Friar Daws Reply, where the foure general synnes are enumerated as Cediciouns, supersticions, þe glotouns, & þe proude. The French word, together with its Romance cognates continues Latin superstitio, while the formation of the Latin word is clear, from the verb super-stare, to stand over, stand upon, survive, its original intended sense is less clear. The earliest known use as a Latin noun occurs in Plautus, Ennius and later by Pliny, Cicero derived the term from superstitiosi, lit. Those who are left over, i. e. survivors, descendants, while Cicero distinguishes between religio and superstitio, Lucretius uses only the term religio. Throughout all of his work, he distinguished between ratio and religio. The use of the noun by Cicero and Horace thus predates the first attestation of the verb and it doesnt exclude that the verb might have been created and used after the name. The term superstitio, or superstitio vana vain superstition, was applied in the 1st century to those religious cults in the Roman Empire which were officially outlawed. This concerned the religion of the druids in particular, which was described as a superstitio vana by Tacitus, such fear of the gods was what the Romans meant by superstition. Diderots Encyclopédie defines superstition as any excess of religion in general, the Catechism is a defense against the accusation that Catholic doctrine is superstitious, Superstition is a deviation of religious feeling and of the practices this feeling imposes. It can even affect the worship we offer the true God, to attribute the efficacy of prayers or of sacramental signs to their mere external performance, apart from the interior dispositions that they demand is to fall into superstition. Cf. Matthew 23, 16–22 As discussed above, there is distinction between superstition and religion
Superstition
–
Clay
hamsa on a wall, believed to protect the inhabitants of the house from harm
Superstition
–
Some
cultures consider
black cats to signify good or bad
luck
44.
Ice hockey
–
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
Ice hockey
–
The
San Jose Sharks (teal) attempt to prevent the
Anaheim Ducks (white) from scoring a goal during the
2007–08 NHL season.
Ice hockey
–
Winter landscape, with skaters playing Golf (
Hendrick Avercamp, 17th-century Dutch painter)
Ice hockey
–
The early Quebec Skating Rink, representative of early rinks
Ice hockey
–
Hockey at McGill University, Montreal, 1901
45.
Ice resurfacer
–
An ice resurfacer is a vehicle or hand-pushed device used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice sheet, usually in an ice rink. The first ice resurfacer was pioneered and developed by American inventor and engineer Frank Zamboni in 1949 in the city of Paramount, Zamboni /zæmˈboʊni/ is an internationally registered trademark. The first ice-resurfacer was the brainchild of Frank J. Zamboni and he provided services to businesses such as dairy farms and produce vendors. Zamboni created a plant for making ice blocks that could be used in refrigeration techniques, as the demand for ice blocks waned, he looked for another way to capitalize on his expertise with ice. His idea of the Zamboni however didnt come to him right away, in 1939, Zamboni created the Iceland Skating Rink in Paramount, California. In order to resurface the skating rink,3 or 4 workers had to scrape, wash, a thin layer of water was then added for the fresh ice. This process was time consuming, and Zamboni wanted to find a more efficient way to resurface the ice. From 1942 to 1947, he tried, fruitlessly, to develop a vehicle that could cut down on resurfacing time, in 1947, he decided on a machine that would shave, wash and squeegee the ice. This machine was mounted on an army surplus vehicle chassis, a blade was mounted on the machine, which would shave the ice, the ice would then receive a thin layer of water creating a smooth sheet of ice. The prototype had a tank that held the ice shavings, which were carried to the tank via a conveyor belt and this machine was powered by a Jeep engine and transmission. Zamboni abandoned this model in late 1947 because of deficiencies with the blade, a new machine was developed using another army surplus vehicle chassis. This machine had four-wheel drive as well as front and back wheel steering, by 1949, The Model A Zamboni Ice-Resurfacer became a working reality. Further modification to the Model A included the addition of a water tank. The front and back steering feature was removed in favor of front-wheel steering because the machine constantly got wedged against the boards, the Model A did not have the visual appeal of many of the ice-resurfacers of today. A journalist from the Brantford Expositor observed that he looks like the offspring of a field tractor. The Zamboni ice-resurfacer was patented in 1953, the Model B was the next ice resurfacer made by Zamboni. This Machine differed significantly from the Model A, instead of using a Jeep engine and transmission, Zamboni decided to build the necessary parts directly onto a Jeep frame. Zamboni model C was also built on a Jeep frame but more changes were applied
Ice resurfacer
–
An ice resurfacer lays down a layer of clean water, which will freeze to form a smooth ice surface.
Ice resurfacer
–
The Zamboni ice resurfacer at work in
Gdańsk.
Ice resurfacer
–
Prior to the invention of mechanized ice resurfacers, hand flooders such as this one were pulled around the rink laying an even layer of hot water. This flooder is in the collection of the
International Hockey Hall of Fame
46.
Bigamy
–
In cultures that practice marital monogamy, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another. Bigamy is a crime in most western countries, and when it occurs in context often neither the first nor second spouse is aware of the other. In countries that have laws, consent from a prior spouse makes no difference to the legality of the second marriage. In 393, the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I issued an edict to extend the ban on polygamy to Jewish communities. In 1000, Rabbi Gershom ben Judah ruled polygamy inadmissible within Ashkenazi Jewish communities, as a consequence, nominal Christian male bigamists were subjected to unprecedented harsh punishments, such as execution, galley servitude, exile, and prolonged imprisonment. McDougall argues that female bigamists were not as harshly punished due to womens perceived absence of moral agency, in ancient China, bigamy was a punishable offence, however, concubines and mistresses were tolerated as long as they were not acquired through an official marriage. A man, at any time, could only be married to one woman. Issue with the wife enjoyed preference in inheritance and social status, most western countries do not recognize polygamous marriages, and consider bigamy a crime. Several countries also prohibit people from living a polygamous lifestyle and this is the case in some states of the United States where the criminalization of a polygamous lifestyle originated as anti-Mormon laws, although they are rarely enforced. In diplomatic law, consular spouses from polygamous countries are exempt from a general prohibition on polygamy in host countries. In some such countries, only one spouse of a polygamous diplomat may be accredited, canada, Illegal under the Criminal Code, sect 290. Up to 2 years of imprisonment, and up to 3 years for bigamy with soldiers, egypt, Legal if first wife consents Eritrea, Illegal. All the 27 countries of the European Union, Illegal, iceland, Illegal according to the Icelandic Act on Marriage No. Up to 7 years of imprisonment, Republic of Ireland, Bigamy is a statutory offence. It is committed by a person who, being married to another person, the offence is created by section 57 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. This section replaces section 26 of the Act 10 Geo,4 c.34 for the Republic of Ireland. Iran, Legal with consent of first wife, rarely practiced, india, Legal only for Muslims but very rarely practiced. Up to ten years of imprisonment for others except in the state of Goa for Hindus due to its own civil code, indonesia, considered from each tribe, theres legal and another said illegal
Bigamy
–
Elkanah and his two wives,
Hannah and
Peninnah.
47.
Accountant
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In many jurisdictions, professional accounting bodies maintain standards of practice and evaluations for professionals. Such professionals are granted certain responsibilities by statute, such as the ability to certify an organizations financial statements, non-qualified accountants may be employed by a qualified accountant, or may work independently without statutory privileges and obligations. The Big Four auditors are the largest employers of accountants worldwide, however, most accountants are employed in commerce, industry and the public sector. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland received its Royal Charter in 1854 and is the worlds first professional body of accountants, a Chartered Management Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. A Chartered Public Finance Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance, an International Accountant is a member of the Association of International Accountants. An Incorporated Financial Accountant is a member of the Institute of Financial Accountants, a Public Accountant may be a member of the Institute of Public Accountants. Registered Qualified Accountant is a member of Accountants Institute, excepting the Association of Certified Public Accountants, each of the above bodies admits members only after passing examinations and undergoing a period of relevant work experience. Once admitted, members are expected to comply with ethical guidelines, the ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA and AAPA are five Recognised Supervisory Bodies RSB in the UK. It is illegal for any individual or firm that is not a Statutory Auditor to perform a company audit, the ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA, AIA and CIPFA are six Recognised qualifying bodies statutory RQB in the UK. A member of one them may become a Statutory Auditor in accordance with the Companies Act. All six RQBs are listed under EU mutual recognition directives to practise in 27 EU member states, further restrictions apply to accountants who carry out insolvency work. In addition to the bodies above, technical qualifications are offered by the Association of Accounting Technicians, ACCA and AIA, other international bodies such as ACCA and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales enjoy recognition for the purposes of supporting their members in their careers. For instance, ACCA has achieved recognition by the Tax Practitioner Board, as Tax and BAS agents, Chartered accountancy is governed in Bangladesh by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh. And The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh offers management accountant studies in Bangladesh, up to 2013, there were three nationally recognized accounting designations in Canada, Chartered Accountant, Certified General Accountant, and Certified Management Accountants. The national CA and CGA bodies were created by Acts of Parliament in 1902 and 1913 respectively, cGA-Canada integrated with CPA Canada on October 1,2014, completing the unification of Canada’s accounting profession at the national level. All recognized national and provincial accounting bodies in Canada have now unified under the CPA banner, the Canadian CPA designation is held by more than 200,000 members in Canada and around the world. Chartered accountancy is offered in India by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and this Institute was established in 1949 under the Chartered Accountants Act,1949 for the regulation of the profession of Chartered Accountants in India. The ICAI set up the Accountancy Museum of India in 2009 and it is currently located at ICAIs office in Noida
Accountant
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Accounting
48.
House painter
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A house painter and decorator is a tradesman responsible for the painting and decorating of buildings, and is also known as a decorator or house painter. The purpose of painting is to improve the aesthetic of a building and to protect it from damage by water, rust, corrosion, insects and mold. In England, little is known of the trade and its structures before the late 13th century, at which paint guilds began to form, amongst them the Painters Company and the Stainers Company. These two guilds eventually merged with the consent of the Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1502, the guild standardised the craft and acted as a protector of the trade secrets. In 1599, the guild asked Parliament for protection, which was granted in a bill of 1606. The Act legislated for an apprenticeship, and also barred plasterers from painting, unless apprenticed to a painter. The Act also enshrined a maximum fee of 16 old pence for their labour. The Construction Industry Joint Council, a body formed of both unions and business organizations, today has responsibility for the setting of pay levels, historically, the painter was responsible for the mixing of the paint, keeping a ready supply of pigments, oils, thinners and driers. The painter would use his experience to determine a suitable mixture depending on the nature of the job, more recently, professional painters are responsible for all preparation prior to painting
House painter
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A painter painting a staircase in India
House painter
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A painter painting a room in a house
House painter
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a
worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the
talk page. (December 2010)
House painter
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Commercial painter in Corpus Christi
49.
Interior decorator
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An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, coordinates, and manages such projects. Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, in the past, interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of building. The profession of design has been a consequence of the development of society. The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the interior design profession. The profession of design is separate and distinct from the role of Interior Decorator. The term is common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking. In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers and this can be seen from the references of Vishwakarma the architect - one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India, in ancient Egypt, soul houses or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete design for their buildings. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior design and management and this business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the interior design in the mid-20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, upholsterers began to expand their business remits and they framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogs with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes, as department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons. This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War, the Herter Brothers, founded by two German emigre brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and interior decorators. A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the class was the architect Owen Jones. His most significant publication was The Grammar of Ornament, in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design, in 1882, the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators
Interior decorator
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The lobby of Hotel Bristol
Interior decorator
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Historical example:
Balliol College Dining Hall, Oxford
Interior decorator
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Typical interior of one of the houses in the Folk Architecture Reservation in
Vlkolínec (
Slovakia).
Interior decorator
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Illustrated catalog of the
James Shoolbred Company, published in 1876.
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